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Meng W, Kiesewetter G, Zhang S, Schöpp W, Rafaj P, Klimont Z, Tao S. Costs and Benefits of Household Fuel Policies and Alternative Strategies in the Jing-Jin-Ji Region. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:21662-21672. [PMID: 38079372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is still one of the most severe problems in northern China, especially in the Jing-Jin-Ji region around Beijing. In recent years, China has implemented many stringent policies to address the air quality issue, including promoting energy transition toward cleaner fuels in residential sectors. But until 2020, even in the Jing-Jin-Ji region, nearly half of the rural households still use solid fuels for heating. For residents who are not covered by the clean heating campaign, we analyze five potential mitigation strategies and evaluate their environmental effects as well as the associated health benefits and costs. We estimate that substitution with electricity or gas would reduce air pollution and premature mortality more strongly, while the relatively low investment costs of implementing clean coal or biomass pellet lead to a larger benefit-cost ratio, indicating higher cost efficiency. Hence, clean coal or biomass pellet could be transitional substitution options for the less developed or remote areas which cannot afford a total transition toward electricity or natural gas in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Meng
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Gregor Kiesewetter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Wolfgang Schöpp
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Peter Rafaj
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Shu Tao
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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2
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Cai W, Zhang C, Zhang S, Bai Y, Callaghan M, Chang N, Chen B, Chen H, Cheng L, Cui X, Dai H, Danna B, Dong W, Fan W, Fang X, Gao T, Geng Y, Guan D, Hu Y, Hua J, Huang C, Huang H, Huang J, Jiang L, Jiang Q, Jiang X, Jin H, Kiesewetter G, Liang L, Lin B, Lin H, Liu H, Liu Q, Liu T, Liu X, Liu X, Liu Z, Liu Z, Lou S, Lu C, Luo Z, Meng W, Miao H, Ren C, Romanello M, Schöpp W, Su J, Tang X, Wang C, Wang Q, Warnecke L, Wen S, Winiwarter W, Xie Y, Xu B, Yan Y, Yang X, Yao F, Yu L, Yuan J, Zeng Y, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zhang R, Zhang S, Zhang S, Zhao Q, Zheng D, Zhou H, Zhou J, Fung MFCC, Luo Y, Gong P. The 2022 China report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: leveraging climate actions for healthy ageing. Lancet Public Health 2022; 7:e1073-e1090. [PMID: 36354045 PMCID: PMC9617661 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Cai
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China; Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shihui Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqi Bai
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Max Callaghan
- Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, Berlin, Germany; Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nan Chang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqi Chen
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Cheng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Cui
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hancheng Dai
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bawuerjiang Danna
- School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxuan Dong
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Weicheng Fan
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Fang
- Research Center of Practical Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Gao
- School of Business, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Geng
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dabo Guan
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junyi Hua
- School of International Affairs and Public Administration, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Cunrui Huang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbin Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linlang Jiang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qiaolei Jiang
- School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hu Jin
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Integrated Research on Disaster Risk International Centre of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gregor Kiesewetter
- Pollution Management Research Group, Energy, Climate, and Environment Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Lu Liang
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Borong Lin
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hualiang Lin
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- School of Airport Economics and Management, Beijing Institute of Economics and Management, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhan Lou
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Lu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Zhenyu Luo
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Meng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Miao
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ren
- Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Marina Romanello
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Wolfgang Schöpp
- Pollution Management Research Group, Energy, Climate, and Environment Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Jing Su
- School of Humanities, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Tang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Integrated Research on Disaster Risk International Centre of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Can Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Laura Warnecke
- Pollution Management Research Group, Energy, Climate, and Environment Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Sanmei Wen
- School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wilfried Winiwarter
- Pollution Management Research Group, Energy, Climate, and Environment Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Yang Xie
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiu Yang
- Institute of Climate Change and Sustainable Development, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanghong Yao
- Department of Physical Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Le Yu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiacan Yuan
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Integrated Research on Disaster Risk International Centre of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Zeng
- Schwarzman Scholars, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shangchen Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- Pollution Management Research Group, Energy, Climate, and Environment Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria; Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Climate Change and Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dashan Zheng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Institute for Urban Governance and Sustainable Development, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingbo Zhou
- Business Intelligence Lab, Baidu Research, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yong Luo
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Earth Sciences and Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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3
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Shu Y, Hu J, Zhang S, Schöpp W, Tang W, Du J, Cofala J, Kiesewetter G, Sander R, Winiwarter W, Klimont Z, Borken-Kleefeld J, Amann M, Li H, He Y, Zhao J, Xie D. Analysis of the air pollution reduction and climate change mitigation effects of the Three-Year Action Plan for Blue Skies on the "2+26" Cities in China. J Environ Manage 2022; 317:115455. [PMID: 35751259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
City clusters play an important role in air pollutant and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction in China, primarily due to their high fossil energy consumption levels. The "2 + 26" Cities, i.e., Beijing, Tianjin and 26 other perfectures in northern China, has experienced serious air pollution in recent years. We employ the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies model adapted to the "2 + 26" Cities (GAINS-JJJ) to evaluate the impacts of structural adjustments in four major sectors, industry, energy, transport and land use, under the Three-Year Action Plan for Blue Skies (Three-Year Action Plan) on the emissions of both the major air pollutants and CO2 in the "2 + 26" Cities. The results indicate that the Three-Year Action Plan applied in the "2 + 26" Cities reduces the total emissions of primary fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5), SO2, NOx, NH3 and CO2 by 17%, 25%, 21%, 3% and 1%, respectively, from 2017 to 2020. The emission reduction potentials vary widely across the 28 prefectures, which may be attributed to the differences in energy structure, industrial composition, and policy enforcement rate. Among the four sectors, adjustment of industrial structure attains the highest co-benefits of CO2 reduction and air pollution control due to its high CO2 reduction potential, while structural adjustments in energy and transport attain much lower co-benefits, despite their relatively high air pollutant emissions reductions, primarily resulting from an increase in the coal-electric load and associated carbon emissions caused by electric reform policies..
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Jingnan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schöpp
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jinhong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Janusz Cofala
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Gregor Kiesewetter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Robert Sander
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Wilfried Winiwarter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria; Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, 65-417, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Jens Borken-Kleefeld
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Markus Amann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Haisheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Youjiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Deyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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4
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Cai W, Zhang C, Suen HP, Ai S, Bai Y, Bao J, Chen B, Cheng L, Cui X, Dai H, Di Q, Dong W, Dou D, Fan W, Fan X, Gao T, Geng Y, Guan D, Guo Y, Hu Y, Hua J, Huang C, Huang H, Huang J, Jiang T, Jiao K, Kiesewetter G, Klimont Z, Lampard P, Li C, Li Q, Li R, Li T, Lin B, Lin H, Liu H, Liu Q, Liu X, Liu Y, Liu Z, Liu Z, Liu Z, Lou S, Lu C, Luo Y, Ma W, McGushin A, Niu Y, Ren C, Ren Z, Ruan Z, Schöpp W, Su J, Tu Y, Wang J, Wang Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Watts N, Xiao C, Xie Y, Xiong H, Xu M, Xu B, Xu L, Yang J, Yang L, Yu L, Yue Y, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao M, Zhao Z, Zhou J, Gong P. The 2020 China report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change. Lancet Public Health 2021; 6:e64-e81. [PMID: 33278345 PMCID: PMC7966675 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Cai
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hoi Ping Suen
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Ai
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Bai
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Junzhe Bao
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangliang Cheng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Cui
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hancheng Dai
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Di
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxuan Dong
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Weicheng Fan
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Tong Gao
- School of Business, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Geng
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dabo Guan
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; The Bartlett School of Construction and Project Management, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yafei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junyi Hua
- Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Cunrui Huang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbin Huang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kedi Jiao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gregor Kiesewetter
- Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Programme, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Programme, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Pete Lampard
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Chuanxi Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiwei Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqi Li
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Borong Lin
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hualiang Lin
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yufu Liu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhan Lou
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Lu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Alice McGushin
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yanlin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ren
- Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhehao Ren
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zengliang Ruan
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wolfgang Schöpp
- Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Programme, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Jing Su
- School of Humanities, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Tu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- People's Bank of China School of Finance, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nick Watts
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Congxi Xiao
- School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Xie
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- Rutgers Business School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Mingfang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianping Yang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Le Yu
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujuan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Programme, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Jiyao Zhao
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhen Zhao
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Peng Gong
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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5
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Amann M, Kiesewetter G, Schöpp W, Klimont Z, Winiwarter W, Cofala J, Rafaj P, Höglund-Isaksson L, Gomez-Sabriana A, Heyes C, Purohit P, Borken-Kleefeld J, Wagner F, Sander R, Fagerli H, Nyiri A, Cozzi L, Pavarini C. Reducing global air pollution: the scope for further policy interventions. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 378:20190331. [PMID: 32981437 PMCID: PMC7536039 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, energy and pollution control policies combined with structural changes in the economy decoupled emission trends from economic growth, increasingly also in the developing world. It is found that effective implementation of the presently decided national pollution control regulations should allow further economic growth without major deterioration of ambient air quality, but will not be enough to reduce pollution levels in many world regions. A combination of ambitious policies focusing on pollution controls, energy and climate, agricultural production systems and addressing human consumption habits could drastically improve air quality throughout the world. By 2040, mean population exposure to PM2.5 from anthropogenic sources could be reduced by about 75% relative to 2015 and brought well below the WHO guideline in large areas of the world. While the implementation of the proposed technical measures is likely to be technically feasible in the future, the transformative changes of current practices will require strong political will, supported by a full appreciation of the multiple benefits. Improved air quality would avoid a large share of the current 3-9 million cases of premature deaths annually. At the same time, the measures that deliver clean air would also significantly reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and contribute to multiple UN sustainable development goals. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Amann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
- e-mail:
| | - Gregor Kiesewetter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schöpp
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Wilfried Winiwarter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Janusz Cofala
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Peter Rafaj
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Lena Höglund-Isaksson
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Chris Heyes
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Pallav Purohit
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Jens Borken-Kleefeld
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Fabian Wagner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Robert Sander
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, IIASA, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Hilde Fagerli
- Norwegian Meteorological Institute (met.no), Oslo, Norway
| | - Agnes Nyiri
- Norwegian Meteorological Institute (met.no), Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura Cozzi
- International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France
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6
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Purohit P, Amann M, Kiesewetter G, Rafaj P, Chaturvedi V, Dholakia HH, Koti PN, Klimont Z, Borken-Kleefeld J, Gomez-Sanabria A, Schöpp W, Sander R. Mitigation pathways towards national ambient air quality standards in India. Environ Int 2019; 133:105147. [PMID: 31518932 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient particulate matter is a leading risk factor for environmental public health in India. While Indian authorities implemented several measures to reduce emissions from the power, industry and transportation sectors over the last years, such strategies appear to be insufficient to reduce the ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration below the Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 40 μg/m3 across the country. This study explores pathways towards achieving the NAAQS in India in the context of the dynamics of social and economic development. In addition, to inform action at the subnational levels in India, we estimate the exposure to ambient air pollution in the current legislations and alternative policy scenarios based on simulations with the GAINS integrated assessment model. The analysis reveals that in many of the Indian States emission sources that are outside of their immediate jurisdictions make the dominating contributions to (population-weighted) ambient pollution levels of PM2.5. Consequently, most of the States cannot achieve significant improvements in their air quality and population exposure on their own without emission reductions in the surrounding regions, and any cost-effective strategy requires regionally coordinated approaches. Advanced technical emission control measures could provide NAAQS-compliant air quality for 60% of the Indian population. However, if combined with national sustainable development strategies, an additional 25% population will be provided with clean air, which appears to be a significant co-benefit on air quality (totaling 85%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallav Purohit
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Markus Amann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Gregor Kiesewetter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Peter Rafaj
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Hem H Dholakia
- Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Jens Borken-Kleefeld
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Schöpp
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Robert Sander
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
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7
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Li N, Chen W, Rafaj P, Kiesewetter G, Schöpp W, Wang H, Zhang H, Krey V, Riahi K. Air Quality Improvement Co-benefits of Low-Carbon Pathways toward Well Below the 2 °C Climate Target in China. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:5576-5584. [PMID: 31070360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This research links the Integrated MARKAL-EFOM system model of China (China TIMES) and the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies model (GAINS) to assess the co-benefits of air quality improvement under the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and the well below 2 °C (WBD2) target. Results show that the industry sector and power sector are the key sources necessary to reduce air pollutant emissions, mainly due to the phasing out of fossil fuels. The electrification in the building sector will be another main source by which to decrease PM2.5 emissions. The adoption of various low-carbon constraints and further air pollutant control strategies will significantly alleviate the current air pollution problems in China by reducing the concentration and scope of the air pollutants and reducing the corresponding number of premature deaths. A stricter air pollutant control strategy will lead to increases in air pollutant control costs; however, the low-carbon targets will help reduce these costs in the long run. Compared to the current national policy, within the same air pollutant control strategy, the reduction of air pollutant control cost can cover the incremental CO2 mitigation cost under the NDC target, while this cannot be realized under the WBD2 target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Energy Science Building , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Wenying Chen
- Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Energy Science Building , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | | | | | | | - Huan Wang
- Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Energy Science Building , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Energy Science Building , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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8
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Liu J, Kiesewetter G, Klimont Z, Cofala J, Heyes C, Schöpp W, Zhu T, Cao G, Gomez Sanabria A, Sander R, Guo F, Zhang Q, Nguyen B, Bertok I, Rafaj P, Amann M. Mitigation pathways of air pollution from residential emissions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in China. Environ Int 2019; 125:236-244. [PMID: 30731373 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the most harmful consequences of China's rapid economic development and urbanization. Particularly in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) regions, particulate matter concentrations have consistently exceeded the national air quality standards. Over the last years, China implemented ambitious measures to reduce emissions from the power, industry and transportation sectors, with notable success during the 11th and 12th Five Year Plan (FYP) periods. However, such strategies appear to be insufficient to reduce the ambient PM2.5 concentration below the National Air Quality Standard of 35 μg m-3 across the BTH region within the next 15 years. We find that a comprehensive mitigation strategy for the residential sector in the BTH region would deliver substantial air quality benefits. Beyond the already planned expansion of district heating and natural gas distribution in urban centers and the foreseen curtailment of coal use for households, such a strategy would redirect some natural gas from power generation units towards the residential sector. Rural households would replace biomass for cooking by liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity, and substitute coal for heating by briquettes. Jointly, these measures could reduce the primary PM2.5 and SO2 emissions by 28% and 11%, respectively, and the population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations by 13%, i.e., from 68 μg m-3 to 59 μg m-3. We estimate that such a strategy would reduce premature deaths attributable to ambient and indoor air pollution by almost one third.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Gregor Kiesewetter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Janusz Cofala
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Chris Heyes
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schöpp
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guiying Cao
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Adriana Gomez Sanabria
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Robert Sander
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Fei Guo
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Binh Nguyen
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Imrich Bertok
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Peter Rafaj
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Markus Amann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
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9
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Limaye VS, Schöpp W, Amann M. Applying Integrated Exposure-Response Functions to PM 2.5 Pollution in India. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 16:E60. [PMID: 30587830 PMCID: PMC6339055 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5, diameter ≤2.5 μm) is implicated as the most health-damaging air pollutant. Large cohort studies of chronic exposure to PM2.5 and mortality risk are largely confined to areas with low to moderate ambient PM2.5 concentrations and posit log-linear exposure-response functions. However, levels of PM2.5 in developing countries such as India are typically much higher, causing unknown health effects. Integrated exposure-response functions for high PM2.5 exposures encompassing risk estimates from ambient air, secondhand smoke, and active smoking exposures have been posited. We apply these functions to estimate the future cause-specific mortality risks associated with population-weighted ambient PM2.5 exposures in India in 2030 using Greenhouse Gas-Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model projections. The loss in statistical life expectancy (SLE) is calculated based on risk estimates and baseline mortality rates. Losses in SLE are aggregated and weighted using national age-adjusted, cause-specific mortality rates. 2030 PM2.5 pollution in India reaches an annual mean of 74 μg/m³, nearly eight times the corresponding World Health Organization air quality guideline. The national average loss in SLE is 32.5 months (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 29.7⁻35.2, regional range: 8.5⁻42.0), compared to an average of 53.7 months (95% CI: 46.3⁻61.1) using methods currently applied in GAINS. Results indicate wide regional variation in health impacts, and these methods may still underestimate the total health burden caused by PM2.5 exposures due to model assumptions on minimum age thresholds of pollution effects and a limited subset of health endpoints analyzed. Application of the revised exposure-response functions suggests that the most polluted areas in India will reap major health benefits only with substantial improvements in air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay S Limaye
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA.
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Schöpp
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Markus Amann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
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10
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Helliwell RC, Wright RF, Jackson-Blake LA, Ferrier RC, Aherne J, Cosby BJ, Evans CD, Forsius M, Hruska J, Jenkins A, Kram P, Kopáček J, Majer V, Moldan F, Posch M, Potts JM, Rogora M, Schöpp W. Assessing recovery from acidification of European surface waters in the year 2010: evaluation of projections made with the MAGIC model in 1995. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:13280-13288. [PMID: 25325669 DOI: 10.1021/es502533c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In 1999 we used the MAGIC (Model of Acidification of Groundwater In Catchments) model to project acidification of acid-sensitive European surface waters in the year 2010, given implementation of the Gothenburg Protocol to the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). A total of 202 sites in 10 regions in Europe were studied. These forecasts can now be compared with measurements for the year 2010, to give a "ground truth" evaluation of the model. The prerequisite for this test is that the actual sulfur and nitrogen deposition decreased from 1995 to 2010 by the same amount as that used to drive the model forecasts; this was largely the case for sulfur, but less so for nitrogen, and the simulated surface water [NO3(-)] reflected this difference. For most of the sites, predicted surface water recovery from acidification for the year 2010 is very close to the actual recovery observed from measured data, as recovery is predominantly driven by reductions in sulfur deposition. Overall these results show that MAGIC successfully predicts future water chemistry given known changes in acid deposition.
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11
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Wagner F, Schöpp W, Amann M. Dealing with fixed emissions ceilings in an uncertain future: Offsetting under environmental integrity. J Environ Manage 2013; 129:25-32. [PMID: 23792887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
National emission ceilings are a policy instrument to reduce adverse environmental impacts of transboundary air pollution. Such ceilings for SO2, NOx, NH3 and VOC are established, for example, in the Gothenburg Protocol of the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (UNECE, 1999) and the National Emission Ceilings (NEC) Directive of the European Union (EC, 2001a, b). They prescribe for each pollutant a fixed upper limit on emissions for a specific year. Flexibility in achieving them could lower implementation costs if reality develops differently from what was foreseen during negotiations. In this paper, we explore the conditions under which emission reductions for one pollutant (e.g., SO2) could be offset by additional cuts of another pollutant (e.g., NOx) within the same country, without compromising the environmental improvements that are envisaged from the original set of emission ceilings. We employ the impact module of the GAINS (Greenhouse gas - Air pollution Interactions and Synergies) model to examine possible exchange rates across pollutants for the 2012 negotiations on the revision of the Gothenburg Protocol in Europe. Our analysis shows that exchange rates that satisfy the environmental integrity condition can be established, but that their values vary substantially across countries. Extending the environmental integrity condition to downwind countries will require significantly higher exchange rates. We discuss aspects that decision makers would need to consider before adopting an offsetting schema for future international environmental agreements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Wagner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
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12
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Abstract
Over the past decade, India has experienced rapid economic growth along with increases in levels of air pollution. Our goal is to examine how alternative policies for air pollution abatement affect well-being there. In particular, we estimate the effects of policies to reduce the levels of ambient fine particulates (PM2.5), which are especially harmful to human health, on well-being, quantified using the United Nations' human development index (HDI). Two of the three dimensions of this index are based on gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and life expectancy. Our approach allows reductions in PM2.5 to affect both of them. In particular, economic growth is affected negatively through the costs of the additional pollution control measures and positively through the increased productivity of the population. We consider three scenarios of PM2.5 abatement, corresponding to no further control, current Indian legislation, and current European legislation. The overall effect in both control scenarios is that growth in GDP is virtually unaffected relative to the case of no further controls, life expectancy is higher, and well-being, as measured by the HDI, is improved. In India, air pollution abatement investments clearly improve well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Sanderson
- Wittgenstein Centre (IIASA, VID/ÖAW, WU), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis , A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
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13
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Schöpp W, Sorger H, Kleber HP, Aurich H. Kinetische Untersuchungen zum Reaktionsmechanismus der Carnitindehydrogenase aus Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Wright RF, Larssen T, Camarero L, Cosby BJ, Ferrier RC, Helliwell R, Forsius M, Jenkins A, Kopácek J, Majer V, Moldan F, Posch M, Rogora M, Schöpp W. Recovery of acidified European surface waters. Environ Sci Technol 2005; 39:64A-72A. [PMID: 15757325 DOI: 10.1021/es0531778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
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15
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Abstract
Tropospheric ozone concentrations regarded as harmful for human health are frequently encountered in Central Europe in summertime. Although ozone formation generally results from precursors transported over long distances, in urban areas local effects, such as reactions due to nearby emission sources, play a major role in determining ozone concentrations. Europe-wide mapping and modeling of population exposure to high ozone concentrations is subject to many uncertainties, because small-scale phenomena in urban areas can significantly change ozone levels from those of the surroundings. Currently the integrated assessment modeling of European ozone control strategies is done utilizing the results of large-scale models intended for estimating the rural background ozone levels. This paper presents an initial study on how much local nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentrations can explain variations between large-scale ozone model results and urban ozone measurements, on one hand, and between urban and nearby rural measurements, on the other. The impact of urban NOx concentrations on ozone levels was derived from chemical equations describing the ozone balance. The study investigated the applicability of the method for improving the accuracy of modeled population exposure, which is needed for efficient control strategy development. The method was tested with NOx and ozone measurements from both urban and rural areas in Switzerland and with the ozone predictions of the large-scale photochemical model currently used in designing Europe-wide control strategies for ground-level ozone. The results suggest that urban NOx levels are a significant explanatory factor in differences between urban and nearby rural ozone concentrations and that the phenomenon could be satisfactorily represented with this kind of method. Further research efforts should comprise testing of the method in more locations and analyzing the performance of more widely applicable ways of deriving the initial parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Syri
- Finnish Environment Institute, PO Box 140, FIN-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
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16
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Abstract
The process of purifying superoxide dismutases was simplified using charge-controlled hydrophobic chromatography on 10-carboxydecyl Sepharose. In only one chromatographic step following ammonium sulphate precipitation, Fe-containing superoxide dismutase from Pseudomonas putida and Cu,Zn-containing superoxide dismutase from bovine erythrocytes were purified with an overall yield of about 70% to electrophoretic homogeneity. The specific activities of the crystalline enzyme preparations were expressed in McCord and Fridovich units and were 3000 and 3200 U/mg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grunow
- Bereich Biochemie der Sektion Biowissenschaften, Universität Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Janke D, Kujau M, Zippel M, Schöpp W. Enzyme regulation inin vivo-constructedPseudomonas putida strains with two alternative routes for oxidative degradation of phenol. J Basic Microbiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620300303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Wolf G, Richter K, Schünzel G, Schöpp W. Histochemically demonstrable activity of phosphate-activated glutaminase in the postnatally developing rat hippocampus. Brain Res 1988; 469:101-8. [PMID: 3401793 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(88)90173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) mediating the conversion of glutamine to glutamate and ammonia, appears to be the major glutamate metabolizing enzyme in brain. The functional relevance of PAG in postnatally maturing glutamatergic/aspartatergic structures of the rat hippocampus was studied by means of quantitative enzyme histochemistry as an alternative to immunocytochemical techniques. The calibration of the histochemical PAG reaction as well as several control experiments for specificity were carried out to ensure reliability of findings. PAG activity increased markedly during the first weeks of life with a drastic rise between postnatal days 12 and 15. On the other hand, activity of NADH diaphorase involved in the histochemical PAG assay as an auxiliary enzyme, showed a different distribution pattern as well as a different developmental sequence with high levels early in ontogenesis. The topographical and temporal parallelisms of PAG activity to several other parameters which are putatively associated with postnatally maturing glutamatergic/aspartatergic transmission processes, mutually indicate their significance in such a functional context.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wolf
- Institute of Biology, Medical Academy of Magdeburg, G.D.R
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19
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Schöpp W, Toaspern C, Tauchert H. [Characterization and differentiation of fluorescent pseudemonads by substrate utilization studies]. J Basic Microbiol 1985; 25:187-95. [PMID: 3925122 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620250307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A rapid procedure is described for detecting and differentiating pseudomonads by their ability to degrade substrates with diverse physico-chemical properties, including volatile and non-volatile water-insoluble compounds, strong organic acids and bases, surfactants, disinfectants, and other toxic substances. The bacteria are embedded in an agar medium containing mineral salts and exposed to about 5 mg amounts of six to eight different substrates placed on the surface of an agar plate. After incubation at 25 degrees C for 24 hrs, growth zones around utilizable substrates may be used to differentiate various Pseudomonas strains and species.
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20
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Schöpp W. [Chronic cardiac insufficiency. Treatment with a vasoactive diuretic. Effectiveness and tolerance of piretanide (Arelix mite)]. ZFA (Stuttgart) 1983; 59:1767-72. [PMID: 6659668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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Schöpp W. [Conservative treatment of arthrosis. Results of a comparative study with a new antiphlogistic agent, flurbiprofen (Froben) under the conditions of general practice]. Fortschr Med 1982; 100:88-91. [PMID: 7040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Schöpp W. [Long-term treatment of chronic bronchitis with ambroxol]. ZFA (Stuttgart) 1981; 57:1778-86. [PMID: 7303838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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24
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25
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Abstract
Kinetic studies of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase with NAD+ and ethanol, hexanol or decanol as substrates invariably result in non-linear Lineweaver-Burk plots if the alcohol is the variable substrate. The kinetic coefficients determined from secondary plots are consistent with an 'equilibrium random-order' mechanism for extremely low alcohol concentrations and for all alcohols, the transformation of the ternary complexes being the rate-limiting step of the reaction. This mechanism also applies to long-chain substrates at high concentrations, whereas the rate of the ethanol-NAD+ reaction at high ethanol concentrations is determined by the dissociation of the enzyme-NADH complex. The dissociation constants for the enzyme-NAD+ complex and for the enzyme-alcohol complexes obtained from the kinetic quotients satisfactorily correspond to the dissociation constants obtained by use of other techniques. It is suggested that the non-linear curves may be attributed to a structural change in the enzyme itself, caused by the alcohol.
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Abstract
The binding of dehydrogenases, especially alcohol dehydrogenase, and other proteins to several ion exchangers and hydrophobic polymers was investigated. Quantitative parameters for the stability of the polymer-protein complexes (obtained form double reciprocal plots) indicate a high but different affinity of many proteins for polyaminomethylstyrene. The chromatography of a mixture of five dehydrogenases and human serum albumin on polyaminomethylstyrene is described.
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Tauchert H, Roy M, Schöpp W, Aurich H. [Pyridine nucleotide-independent oxidation of long chain aliphatic alcohols by an enzyme of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus]. Z Allg Mikrobiol 1975; 15:457-60. [PMID: 850 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630150609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Schöpp W, Sorger H, Kleber HP, Aurich H. [Kinetic studies of the reaction mechanism of carnitine dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. Eur J Biochem 1969; 10:56-60. [PMID: 4310279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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