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Du Y, Liu T, Yang LL, Song ZM, Dai X, Wang WL, Lai B, Wu QY. Ferrate(VI) assists in reducing cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to mammalian cells and organic bromine formation in ozonated wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121353. [PMID: 38401473 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Ozonation of wastewater containing bromide (Br-) forms highly toxic organic bromine. The effectiveness of ozonation in mitigating wastewater toxicity is minimal. Simultaneous application of ozone (O3) (5 mg/L) and ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)) (10 mg-Fe/L) reduced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity towards mammalian cells by 39.8% and 71.1% (pH 7.0), respectively, when the wastewater has low levels of Br-. This enhanced reduction in toxicity can be attributed to increased production of reactive iron species Fe(IV)/Fe(V) and reactive oxygen species (•OH) that possess higher oxidizing ability. When wastewater contains 2 mg/L Br-, ozonation increased cytotoxicity and genotoxicity by 168%-180% and 150%-155%, respectively, primarily due to the formation of organic bromine. However, O3/Fe(VI) significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed both total organic bromine (TOBr), BrO3-, as well as their associated toxicity. Electron donating capacity (EDC) measurement and precursor inference using Orbitrap ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry found that Fe(IV)/Fe(V) and •OH enhanced EDC removal from precursors present in wastewater, inhibiting electrophilic substitution and electrophilic addition reactions that lead to organic bromine formation. Additionally, HOBr quenched by self-decomposition-produced H2O2 from Fe(VI) also inhibits TOBr formation along with its associated toxicity. The adsorption of Fe(III) flocs resulting from Fe(VI) decomposition contributes only minimally to reducing toxicity. Compared to ozonation alone, integration of Fe(VI) with O3 offers improved safety for treating wastewater with varying concentrations of Br-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Tong Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Lu-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive Houghton, MI 49931, United States
| | - Xin Dai
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bo Lai
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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2
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Yin R, Heuzard A, Li T, Ruan X, Lu S, Shang C. Advanced oxidation of recalcitrant chromophores in full-scale MBR effluent for non-potable reuse of leachate co-treated municipal wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141228. [PMID: 38237782 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater non-potable reuse involves further processing of secondary effluent to a quality level acceptable for reuse and is a promising solution to combating water scarcity. Recalcitrant chromophores in landfill leachate challenge the water quality for non-potable reuse when leachate is co-treated with municipal wastewater. In this study, we first use multivariate statistical analysis to reveal that leachate is an important source (with a Pearson's coefficient of 0.82) of recalcitrant chromophores in the full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluent. We then evaluate the removal efficacies of chromophores by chlorination, breakpoint chlorination, and the chlorination-UV/chlorine advanced oxidation treatment. Conventional chlorination and breakpoint chlorination only partially remove chromophores, leaving a colour level exceeding the standards for non-potable reuse (>20 Hazen units). We demonstrate that pre-chlorination (with an initial chlorine dosing of 20 mg/L as Cl2) followed by UV radiation (with a UV fluence of 500 mJ/cm2) effectively degraded recalcitrant chromophores (>90%). By quantifying the electron donating capacity (EDC) and radical scavenging capacity (RSC) of the reclaimed water, we demonstrate that pre-chlorination reduces EDC and RSC by up to 64%, increases UV transmittance by 32%, and increases radical yields from UV photolysis of chlorine by 1.7-2.2 times. The findings advance fundamental understanding of the alteration of dissolved coloured substances by (photo)chlorination treatment and provide implications for applying advanced oxidation processes in treating wastewater effluents towards sustainable non-potable reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Arnaud Heuzard
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; China State Construction Engineering (Hong Kong) Limited, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
| | - Xinyi Ruan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Senhao Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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3
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Zhang Z, Zeng M, Li Z, Liu T, Gao X, Yu Y, Xi H, Zhou Y, Guo H, Song G. The synergistic role of ozonation and hydrolysis acidification on the enhanced pre-treatment of high-strength refractory 2-butenal manufacture wastewater: Performance, metabolism, and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132829. [PMID: 37898086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Targeted removal of three key refractory toxic organic compounds (TOMs) in 2-butenal manufacturing wastewater (2-BMW) is critical for enhancing pre-treatment by hydrolysis acidification (HA). We investigated the pre-treatment of 2-BMW with HA, coupled with ozonation in this study. Our results indicated that the removal rate of these key TOMs and the detoxification rate reached almost 100% and 46.3%, respectively, by ozonation under only 0.099 mg O3/mg chemical oxygen demand (COD). The organic load rate (OLR) reached 10.25 ± 0.43 kg COD/m3·d, and the acidification degree (AD) and detoxification efficiency reached 56.0% and 98.3%, respectively, with enhancements of 35.1% and 55.2%, respectively, compared with HA alone. The removal rate of the three key TOMs was improved by > 75%. The degradation pathways of these key TOMs were ring cleavage and ester formation by ozonation, followed by fermentation and acid production by HA. Ultimately, the synergistic role of ozonation and HA was revealed. The preferential cleavage of these key TOMs by ozonation was achieved because of their high electron cloud density and multiple reaction sites, which generated more fermentation-friendly products. The fermentation and acid production reactions may be directly involved in these products. Functional bacteria and key metabolic pathways were also enhanced by ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowei Zhang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mingxiao Zeng
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhitao Li
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoyi Gao
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yin Yu
- Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hongbo Xi
- Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuexi Zhou
- Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Guangqing Song
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China.
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Dwinandha D, Elsamadony M, Gao R, Fu QL, Liu J, Fujii M. Interpretable Machine Learning and Reactomics Assisted Isotopically Labeled FT-ICR-MS for Exploring the Reactivity and Transformation of Natural Organic Matter during Ultraviolet Photolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:816-825. [PMID: 38111239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Isotopically labeled FT-ICR-MS combined with multiple post-analyses, including interpretable machine learning (IML) and a paired mass distance (PMD) network, was employed to unravel the reactivity and transformation of natural organic matter (NOM) during ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. FT-ICR-MS analysis was used to assign formulas, which were classified on the basis of their molecular compositions and structural categories. Isotope (deuterium, D) labeling was utilized to unequivocally determine the photochemical products and examine the development of OD radical-mediated NOM transformation. With regard to the reactive molecular formulas, CHOS formulas exhibited the highest reactivity (86.5% of precursors disappeared) followed by CHON (53.4%) and CHO (24.6%) formulas. With regard to structural categories, the degree of reactivity decreased in the following order: tannins > condensed aromatics > lignin/CRAMs. The IML algorithm demonstrated that the crucial features governing the reactivity of formulas were the molecular weight, DBE-O, NOSC, and the presence of heteroatoms (i.e., N and S), suggesting that the large and unsaturated compounds containing S and N are more prone to photodegradation. The reactomics approach using the PMD network further indicated that 11 specific molecular formulas in the CHOS and CHO class served as hubs, implying a higher photoreactivity and participation in a range of transformations. The isotope labeling analyses also found that, among the reactions observed, hydroxylation (i.e., +OD) is dominant for lignin/CRAMs and condensed aromatics, and formulas containing ≤10 D atoms were developed. Overall, this study, by adopting rigorous and interpretable techniques, could provide in-depth insights into the molecular-level dynamics of NOM under UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhimas Dwinandha
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Mohamed Elsamadony
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Refining and Advanced Chemicals, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rongjun Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Qing-Long Fu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jibao Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Manabu Fujii
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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5
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Su L, Chen K, Cai Y, Sheng T, Chen S, Xiang H, Deng Y, Tan C. Advanced oxidation of bio-treated incineration leachate by persulfate combined with heat, UV 254 nm, and UV 365 nm: Kinetics, mechanism, and toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132670. [PMID: 37793259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
This study compared and evaluated the ultraviolet/persulfate (UV/PS) at 254 or 365 nm and heat/persulfate (heat/PS) systems for advanced treatment of biologically pre-treated incineration leachate. The UV365 nm/PS system with the highest removal reduced chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 81.7%, total organic carbon by 73.8%, NH3-N by 96.8%, total nitrogen by 47.3%, and color by 98.6% within 24 h, separately. Kinetics tests suggested that a highest concentrations of 4.8 × 10-10 M for [SO4·-]ss and 2.8 × 10-11 M for [·OH]ss were reported in UV365/PS and UV254/PS systems, respectively. Characterization of leachate organic matter species revealed that low molecular weight organic matter < 5 kDa was preferentially degraded in three systems. Ketones are relatively easily degraded by both heat/PS and UV/PS systems, whereas esters were the most recalcitrant. Three-dimensional fluorescence analysis revealed > 99% humic acid and fulvic acid removal in all three systems. In practical applications, it is crucial to consider the pH and toxicity of SR-AOPs in the treatment of bio-treated incineration leachate. Furthermore, the ecotoxicity of MBR effluent treated by the heat/PS system and UV365 nm/PS system increased, which was caused by the strong acidity exhibited in the systems. In addition, we found that PS could interfere with 3.3% of the COD's detection. The findings of this study suggest that secondary effects of PS on water quality at high doses should be investigated in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghu Su
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Kaiyang Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yiqing Cai
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tianyu Sheng
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Huiming Xiang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Chaoqun Tan
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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6
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Ojeda AS, Herron C, Olshansky Y, Malina N. Arsenic-dissolved organic matter complexation in water soluble extracts from lignite. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140036. [PMID: 37714477 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic in groundwater is a global threat to public health. Recently, As mobility has been tied to the concentration and chemical characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) through formation of As-DOM complexes. To date, there has been a wide range of DOM types studied to understand As-DOM interactions, but most of these have focused on surface water derived materials and not groundwater DOM. We address this gap in knowledge by simulating groundwater DOM using water extractable organic matter (WEOM) from two lignite deposits and treating the extracts with increasing concentrations of As. As-DOM complexes were measured using size-exclusion chromatography coupled to multiple detectors including an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICPMS) for As detection as well as fluorescence and variable wave detectors for organic matter detection. First, we found two different size fractions of As-DOM, one of ∼1 kDa and another of ∼15 kDa, depending on the DOM types. The smaller As-DOM complex (∼1 kDa) was approximately 10 times more abundant than the larger complex (∼15 kDa). Second, we found that the lignite derived DOMs showed higher conditional distribution coefficients than did the surface water reference material (Suwanee River Natural Organic Matter, SRNOM). Finally, the data showed good fit (R2 > 0.92) to one-site ligand binding models, and the lignite derived DOMs showed higher maximum sorbate concentrations (Bmax) compared to SRNOM. Together, this study shows that As-DOM complexation is an important control on As speciation, even in groundwater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann S Ojeda
- Department of Geosciences, Auburn University, USA.
| | | | - Yaniv Olshansky
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, USA
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Nurhayati M, You Y, Park J, Lee BJ, Kang HG, Lee S. Artificial neural network implementation for dissolved organic carbon quantification using fluorescence intensity as a predictor in wastewater treatment plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139032. [PMID: 37236275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although spectroscopic methods provide a fast and cost-effective means of monitoring dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in natural and engineered water systems, the prediction accuracy of these methods is limited by the complex relationship between optical properties and DOC concentration. In this study, we developed DOC prediction models using multiple linear/log-linear regression and feedforward artificial neural network (ANN) and investigated the effectiveness of spectroscopic properties, such as fluorescence intensity and UV absorption at 254 nm (UV254), as predictors. Optimum predictors were identified based on correlation analysis to construct models using single and multiple predictors. We compared the peak-picking and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) methods for selecting appropriate fluorescence wavelengths. Both methods had similar prediction capability (p-values >0.05), suggesting PARAFAC was not necessary for choosing fluorescence predictors. Fluorescence peak T was identified as a more accurate predictor than UV254. Combining UV254 and multiple fluorescence peak intensities as predictors further improved the prediction capability of the models. The ANN models outperformed the linear/log-linear regression models with multiple predictors, achieving higher prediction accuracy (peak-picking: R2 = 0.8978, RMSE = 0.3105 mg/L; PARAFAC: R2 = 0.9079, RMSE = 0.2989 mg/L). These findings suggest the potential to develop a real-time DOC concentration sensor based on optical properties using an ANN for signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mita Nurhayati
- Department of Advanced Science and Technology Convergence, Kyungpook National University, 2559 Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Indonesia University of Education, Setiabudhi 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
| | - Youngmin You
- Department of Advanced Science and Technology Convergence, Kyungpook National University, 2559 Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkwan Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Joon Lee
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 2559 Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Geun Kang
- BIN-TECH KOREA Co., Ltd., A 3S52, 158-10, Sajik-daero 361beon-gil, Sangdang-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyun Lee
- Department of Advanced Science and Technology Convergence, Kyungpook National University, 2559 Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 2559 Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si 37224, Republic of Korea.
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Ye B, Wu QY, Wang WL, Hu HY. PPCP degradation by ammonia/chlorine: Efficiency, radical species, and byproducts formation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119862. [PMID: 36924555 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are frequently detected in water bodies and have potential risks to human health and the ecosystem. The degradation of eight structurally diverse PPCPs by ammonia/chlorine was systematically investigated in this study. Compared with chlorination, ammonia/chlorine markedly enhanced PPCP degradation, and the degradation efficiencies of most PPCPs were greater than 70%. Tert-butanol strongly suppressed PPCP degradation, while bicarbonate suppressed it moderately, suggesting the importance of ClO⋅and ⋅CO3- in PPCP degradation. In neutral conditions, PPCP degradation was mainly attributed to ⋅OH, with its contribution ranging from 74% to 100% at a Cl2/N molar ratio of 1.6. Regarding the effect of natural organic matter, atrazine and primidone were inhibited the most, while carbamazepine (CBZ), metoprolol (MTP), and atenolol (ATN) were affected the least. PPCP degradation was suppressed in reclaimed water; the degradation of CBZ, MTP, and ATN was suppressed the least, with degradation efficiencies of 77.1%-85.4%, 75.1%-77.1%, and 64.6%-68.8%, respectively. Furthermore, compared with chlorination, fewer volatile halogenated byproducts were formed in reclaimed water when using the ammonia/chlorine process, and the concentration of each byproduct formed by ammonia/chlorine was less than 10 µg/L. This study suggests the feasibility of using ammonia/chlorine oxidation to degrade PPCPs in reclaimed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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9
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Berg SM, Wammer KH, Remucal CK. Dissolved Organic Matter Photoreactivity Is Determined by Its Optical Properties, Redox Activity, and Molecular Composition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6703-6711. [PMID: 37039298 PMCID: PMC11095828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the formation of photochemically produced reactive intermediates (PPRI) during the irradiation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) has remained challenging given the complex nature of this material and differences in PPRI formation mechanisms. We investigate the role of DOM composition in photoreactivity using 48 samples that span the range of DOM in freshwater systems and wastewater. We relate quantum yields for excited triplet-state organic matter (fTMP), singlet oxygen (Φ1O2), and hydroxylating species (Φ•OH) to DOM composition determined using spectroscopy, Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, and electron-donating capacity (EDC). fTMP and Φ1O2 follow similar trends and are correlated with bulk properties derived from UV-vis spectra and EDC. In contrast, no individual bulk property can be used to predict Φ•OH. At the molecular level, the subset of DOM that is positively correlated to both Φ•OH and EDC is distinct from DOM formulas related to Φ1O2, demonstrating that •OH and 1O2 are formed from different DOM fractions. Multiple linear regressions are used to relate quantum yields of each PPRI to DOM composition parameters derived from multiple techniques, demonstrating that complementary methods are ideal for characterizing DOM because each technique only samples a subset of DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Berg
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kristine H. Wammer
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105
| | - Christina K. Remucal
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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10
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Chen X, Huang N, Wang W, Wang Q, Hu HY. Enrichment and analysis methods for trace dissolved organic carbon in reverse osmosis effluent: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161393. [PMID: 36621505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) is an essential unit for producing high-quality ultrapure water. The increasingly severe water shortage and water quality deterioration result in reclaimed water as an alternative source for ultrapure water production. However, when using reclaimed water as water sources, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in RO permeate exhibits higher concentration and more sophisticated components than when using clean water sources, thus affecting the effluent quality of ultrapure water and the effectiveness of subsequent treatment processes. To optimize the treatment processes, it is crucial to analyze the components of DOC. This review summarizes the enrichment and analysis methods of trace organic matter, and provides recommendations for the analysis and characterization of DOC in RO permeate. The study summarizes the operating conditions and enrichment properties of different enrichment methods, including solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, purge-and-trap, lyophilization and rotary evaporation for low-concentration organic compounds, compares the applicability and limitations of different enrichment methods, and proposes the principles for the selection of enrichment methods. In this review, we discuss the application of mass spectrometry (including Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry) in the analysis of DOC components, and focus on data processing as the key procedure in analysis of DOC in RO permeate. Despite the advantages of mass spectrometry, an applicable workflow and open-source database are required to improve the reliability of the analysis. The treatability properties of DOC are suggested to be determined by analyzing the component characteristics or in combination with common removal techniques. This study provides theoretical support for a comprehensive analysis of DOC in RO permeates to improve the removal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Chen
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Nan Huang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China
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11
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High-performance nanofiltration membranes with a polyamide-polyester composite layer and a polydopamine surface layer for desalination and dye pollutant removal. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Uyguner-Demirel CS, Turkten N, Kaya D, Bekbolet M. Effect of oxidative and non-oxidative conditions on molecular size fractionation of humic acids: TiO 2 and Cu-doped TiO 2 photocatalysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:85413-85432. [PMID: 35790638 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural waters contain some carbonaceous materials referred to as dissolved organic matter, which is mainly composed of humic acids (HA). Owing to its polydispersed character related to the presence of diverse molecular size fractions (< 450 kDa to even < 1 kDa), HA displays curious reactivity in natural waters and during water treatment train. In this study, a system-based stepwise approach was tracked by characterizing HA following photolysis, adsorptive interactions, and solar photocatalysis using bare TiO2, sol-gel prepared TiO2, and their respective Cu-doped specimens complementary to kinetic evaluation on this respect. For this purpose, prior to and following each treatment, HA was monitored by dissolved organic carbon content, UV-vis parameters, and fluorescence features. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS), XRD, SEM, EDAX XPS, and DRS were used to characterize the materials and solutions reported in this study. Most significant quantitative variations were attained in UV-vis spectroscopic parameters along with fluorescence characteristics; however, infrared and Raman profiles displayed slight deviations in qualitative measures. Differentiation between the selected photocatalyst specimens could be visualized through molecular size effects pointing out the significance of HA 10 kDa fraction. For the first time, this study reports the degradation of specific fractions of HA as a function of their molecular size fraction. Cu-TiO2 seems to photocatalyze more effectively the degradation of the diverse HA fractions due to their more extended absorption of solar light by this photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazli Turkten
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kirsehir Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir, 40100, Turkey
| | - Dila Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, 34700, Turkey
| | - Miray Bekbolet
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul, 34342, Turkey
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13
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Saravanan A, Deivayanai VC, Kumar PS, Rangasamy G, Hemavathy RV, Harshana T, Gayathri N, Alagumalai K. A detailed review on advanced oxidation process in treatment of wastewater: Mechanism, challenges and future outlook. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136524. [PMID: 36165838 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The presence of several contaminants in waterbodies raises global pollution and creates major risks to mankind, wildlife, as well as other living organisms. Development of an effective, feasible, cost-effective and eco-friendly approach for treating wastewater that is discharged from various industries is important for bringing down the deposition of contaminants into environment. Advanced oxidation process is an efficient technique for treating wastewater owing to its advantages such as high oxidation efficacy and does not produce any secondary pollutants. Advanced oxidation process can be performed through various methods such as ozone, Fenton, electrochemical, photolysis, sonolysis, etc. These methods have been widely utilized for degradation of emerging pollutants that cannot be destroyed using conventional approaches. This review focuses on wastewater treatment using advanced oxidation process. A brief discussion on mechanism involved is provided. In addition, various types of advanced oxidation process and their mechanism are explained in detail. Challenges faced during wastewater treatment process using oxidation, electrochemical, Fenton, photocatalysis and sonolysis are discussed elaborately. Advanced oxidation process can be viewed as potential approach for treating wastewater with certain modifications and solving challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saravanan
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India.
| | - V C Deivayanai
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India.
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- University Centre for Research and Development & Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - R V Hemavathy
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - T Harshana
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - N Gayathri
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, 602105, India
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14
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Chow ATS, Ulus Y, Huang G, Kline MA, Cheah WY. Challenges in quantifying and characterizing dissolved organic carbon: Sampling, isolation, storage, and analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2022; 51:837-871. [PMID: 35899915 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advancements in analytical techniques, there are still great challenges and difficulties in accurately and effectively quantifying and characterizing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in environmental samples. The objectives of this review paper are (a) to understand the roles and variability of DOC along the water continuum; (b) to identify the constraints, inconsistences, limitations, and artifacts in DOC characterization; and (c) to provide recommendations and remarks to improve the analytical accuracy. For the first objective, we summarize the four ecological and engineering roles of DOC along the water continuum from source water to municipal utility, including nutrients and energy sources, controlling the fates of micropollutants, buffering capacity, and treatability and precursors of disinfection byproducts. We also discuss three major challenges in DOC analysis, including spatial and temporal variations, degradability and stability, and unknown structures and formulas. For the second objective, we review the procedures and steps in DOC analysis, including sampling in diverse environmental matrices, isolation of DOC fraction, storage and preservation techniques, and analyses on bulk chemical characteristics. We list and discuss the available options and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each choice. Last, we provide recommendations and remarks for each stage: sampling, isolation, storage, and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Tat-Shing Chow
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology & Forest Science, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Yener Ulus
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Guocheng Huang
- Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fuzhou Univ., Minhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Michael Alan Kline
- Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology & Forest Science, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Wing-Yee Cheah
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology & Forest Science, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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15
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Wang Q, Luo L, Huang N, Wang W, Rong Y, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Xu A, Xiong J, Wu Q, Hu H. Evolution of low molecular weight organic compounds during ultrapure water production process: A pilot-scale study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154713. [PMID: 35337873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the evolution of low molecular weight organic compounds in ultrapure water (UPW) production using a pilot-scale UPW production system and an ultrafiltration-reverse osmosis (UF-RO) system. During UPW production, a dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal efficiency of 99.4% was achieved with a feedwater DOC level of 1.42 mg/L. The pretreatment, make-up, and polishing stages accounted for 85.3%, 13.7%, and 0.4% of DOC removal, respectively. Urea, trichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane persisted throughout UPW production process, contributing 24.7%, 9.2%, and 22.6%, respectively, to the final effluent DOC level of 8.1 μg/L. The pretreatment and make-up stages of the UPW production process could remove N-nitrosodimethylamine, chloral hydrate, dichloroacetonitrile, and tribromomethane. The UF-RO system could remove approximately 90% of DOC. However, the proportion of halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the DOC increased by 1.4-4.5 times in the RO effluents. RO could completely reject haloacetaldehydes. However, RO could not completely remove trichloromethane, tribromomethane, bromodichloromethane, and dibromoacetonitrile, which remained the main halogenated DBPs in the RO effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liwei Luo
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuzhou Rong
- China Electronics System Engineering NO. 2 Construction Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, Wuxi 214135, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ao Xu
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Jiangsu, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Jianglei Xiong
- China Electronics System Engineering NO. 2 Construction Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, Wuxi 214135, China
| | - Qianyuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hongying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, China
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16
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Wang WL, Lee MY, Du Y, Zhou TH, Yang ZW, Wu QY, Hu HY. Understanding the influence of pre-ozonation on the formation of disinfection byproducts and cytotoxicity during post-chlorination of natural organic matter: UV absorbance and electron-donating-moiety of molecular weight fractions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106793. [PMID: 34332302 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pre-ozonation can reduce the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and related adverse effects during subsequent chlorination, but the change of each molecular weight (MW) fraction during each step of combined pre-ozonation and post-chlorination has not been well illustrated. In this study, it was investigated in terms of electron-donating-moieties (EDMs) and UVA254 for a representative natural organic matter from Suwanee river (SRNOM). Pre-ozonation suppressed the post-chlorination of SRNOM through oxidation of almost all EDMs (>85%) and UVA254 (>90%) in high MW fractions (HMW, >3.2 kDa) and moderate EDMs (43%) and UVA254 (72%) in medium MW fractions (MMW, 1.0-3.2 kDa). Furthermore, pre-ozonation led to comparable abatements of EDMs and UVA254 for HMW fractions, but lower abatement of EDMs than UVA254 for MMW fractions. However, when t-BuOH was used as an •OH-quencher, pre-ozonation led to a few instances in which there were higher abatements of EDMs than UVA254 for the MMW fraction. These findings suggested that the HMW fraction dominantly underwent ring-cleavage of phenols via O3- or •OH-oxidation. Differently, the MMW fraction underwent ring-cleavage of phenols and quinones-formation via O3-oxidation, but occasionally underwent hydroxylation and hydro-phenol formation via •OH-oxidation. Because of forehand elimination of reactive moieties (e.g. EDMs), pre-ozonation obviously inhibited the formation of representative DBPs (67%-84% inhibition), total organic chloride (51% inhibition) and cytotoxicity (31% inhibition), but may have promoted the formation of carbonyl-DBPs (trichloroacetone and chloral hydrate). When compared with UVA254, EDMs would better for surrogate of DBPs formation. EDM abatement surrogated the formation of total organic chlorine (TOCl) and cytotoxicity following a two-stage phase, possibly because the speciation of DBPs and transformation products varied with the abatement of EDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Min-Yong Lee
- Department of Environmental Resources Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Seogu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture & Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, PR China
| | - Tian-Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zheng-Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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17
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Shi Y, Zhang C, Liu J, Dai Q, Jiang Y, Xi M, Jia H. Distribution of persistent free radicals in different molecular weight fractions from peat humic acids and their impact in reducing goethite. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149173. [PMID: 34303988 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Humic substances, the most abundant component of soil organic matter, play vital roles in the biogeochemical cycles and pollutant redox reactions. However, the knowledge regarding the distribution of persistent free radicals (PFRs) and redox capacity in different molecular weight fractions (MWF) of humic acid (HA) and their impact on the transformation of iron oxide minerals remains unknown. In this study, we separated bulk HA into various MWF using dialysis methods and systematically investigated their PFRs properties, redox capacity, and the impact in reducing goethite. The results showed that the PFRs in the low MWF (<3500, <7000, and <14,000 Da) can be assigned to oxygen-centered organic radicals while those in the bulk and high MWF (14000-retentate) were assigned to carbon-centered organic radicals. The PFRs concentrations of low MWF were 0.20-0.45 × 1016 spins/g, far less than those of bulk HA (3.04 × 1016 spins/g) and 14000-retentate (1.30 × 1016 spins/g). The total concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by PFRs in HA fractions ranged from 8.04 × 1016 (in 14000-retentate) to 32.35 × 1016 spins/g (in bulk HA). Compared with the low MWF, the 14000-retentate fractions had the higher reducing capacity, which was positively related to the content of PFRs and phenolic hydroxyl in HA. The results obtained provide valuable insight into the geochemistry processes of Fe-containing minerals during their interaction with HA in the natural environment. Overall, the results obtained provide valuable insight into the geochemical behaviors of HA-associated PFRs under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Shi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qingyang Dai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuanren Jiang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Mengning Xi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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18
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Lu Y, Song ZM, Wang C, Liang JK, Hu Q, Wu QY. Combining high resolution mass spectrometry with a halogen extraction code to characterize and identify brominated disinfection byproducts formed during ozonation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:149016. [PMID: 34280624 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is widely used during water treatment but can generate a variety of toxic disinfection byproducts, especially in the presence of bromide. In the present study, our halogen extraction code was extended and modified to identify bromine isotopic patterns and combined with the R package MFAssignR in selectively identifying brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs) from high resolution mass spectra. In total, 127 Br-DBPs formed from a Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) solution were successfully detected from tens of thousands of mass spectrometry peaks. Kendrick mass defect analysis and structural characterization identified 17 structures, 15 of which were identified as brominated carboxylic acids and firstly reported here. Computational model predictions indicated that these brominated carboxylic acids may possess high toxic potencies and raise valid concerns. The adapted halogen extraction code described in this study is a powerful tool for a wider application of analyzing Br-DBPs in complex water matrices and provides an effective technique to characterize and identify these compounds in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qing Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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19
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Wu QY, Yang ZW, Du Y, Ouyang WY, Wang WL. The promotions on radical formation and micropollutant degradation by the synergies between ozone and chemical reagents (synergistic ozonation): A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126327. [PMID: 34116271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The combination of ozone (O3) and chemical reagents (such as H2O2) shows synergies on the radical formation and micropollutant degradation. The promoting performance was associated with various parameters including chemical reagents, micropollutants, solution pH, and the water matrix. In this review, we summarized existing knowledge on radical formation pathways, radical yields, and radical oxidation for different synergistic ozonation processes in various water matrices (such as groundwater, surface water, and wastewater). The increase of radical yields by synergistic ozonation processes was positively related to the increase of O3-decay, with the increase being 1.1-4.4 folds than ozonation alone (0.2). Thus, synergistic ozonation can promote the degradation rate and efficiency of O3-resistant micropollutants (second order rate constant, kP,O3 < 200 M-1 s-1), but only slightly affects or even minorly inhibits the degradation of O3-reactive micropollutants (kP,O3 > 200 M-1 s-1). The water matrices, such as the dissolved organic matters, negatively suppressed the degradation of micropollutant by quenching O3-oxidation and radical oxidation (i.e. maximum promoting was decreased by 1.3 times), but may positively extend the promoting effects of synergistic ozonation to micropollutants that are more reactive to O3 (i.e. kP,O3 was extended from <200 to <2000 M-1 s-1). The formation of bromate would be increased through increasing radical oxidation by synergistic ozonation, but can be depressed by relative higher H2O2 as the reducing agent of HOBr/OBr- intermediate. The increase in bromate formation by O3/permononsulfate is a considerable concern due to permononsulfate cannot reduce the HOBr/OBr- intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture & Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Wan-Yue Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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20
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Zhang H, Zheng Y, Wang XC, Wang Y, Dzakpasu M. Characterization and biogeochemical implications of dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 294:113041. [PMID: 34126535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is viewed as one of the most chemically active organic substances on earth. It plays vital roles in the fate, bioavailability and toxicity of aquatic exogenous chemical species (e.g., heavy metals, organic pollutants, and nanomaterials). The characteristics of DOM such low concentrations, salt interference and complexity in aquatic environments and limitations of pretreatment for sample preparation and application of characterization techniques severely limit understanding of its nature and environmental roles. This review provides a characterization continuum of aquatic DOM, and demonstrate its biogeochemical implications, enabling in-depth insight into its nature and environmental roles. A synthesis of the effective DOM pretreatment strategies, comprising extraction and fractionation methods, and characterization techniques is presented. Additionally, the biogeochemical dynamics of aquatic DOM and its environmental implications are discussed. The findings indicate the collection of representative DOM samples from water as the first and critical step for characterizing its properties, dynamics, and environmental implications. However, various pretreatment procedures may alter DOM composition and structure, producing highly variable recoveries and even influencing its subsequent characterization. Therefore, complimentary use of various characterization techniques is highly recommended to obtain as much information on DOM as possible, as each characterization technique exhibits various advantages and limitations. Moreover, DOM could markedly change the physical and chemical properties of exogenous chemical species, influencing their transformation and mobility, and finally altering their potential bioavailability and toxicity. Several research gaps to be addressed include the impact of pretreatment on the composition and structure of aquatic DOM, molecular-level structural elucidation for DOM, and assessment of the effects of DOM dynamics on the fate, bioavailability and toxicity of exogenous chemical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Mawuli Dzakpasu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Lu Y, Song ZM, Wang C, Liang JK, Hu Q, Wu QY. Nontargeted identification of chlorinated disinfection byproducts formed from natural organic matter using Orbitrap mass spectrometry and a halogen extraction code. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126198. [PMID: 34492962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter is a major source of precursors of hazardous chlorinated disinfection byproducts (Cl-DBPs) formed during water treatment, but the majority of Cl-DBPs are still unidentified. In this study, we used a self-written halogen extraction code to identify halogen isotopic patterns in combination with the R package MFAssignR, to identify Cl-DBPs from Orbitrap mass spectra. One hundred and eighty-nine Cl-DBPs were detected during chlorination of a Suwannee River natural organic matter solution, and the structures of 20 of these compounds are reported for the first time. Kendrick mass defect analysis and structural identification confirmed that chlorinated carboxylic acids are common and likely to form during chlorination. A toxicity prediction using quantitative structure-activity relationship models indicated that most of the chlorinated carboxylic acids may be highly toxic. Our analytical strategy can identify Cl-DBPs accurately from complex mixtures and may also be applicable to the identification of other halogenated disinfection byproducts formed during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qing Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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22
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Laboratory In-Situ Production of Autochthonous and Allochthonous Fluorescent Organic Matter by Freshwater Bacteria. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081623. [PMID: 34442702 PMCID: PMC8400322 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the origin and range of fluorescent organic matter (FOM) produced in-situ by environmentally sourced freshwater bacteria. Aquatic FOM is an essential component in global carbon cycling and is generally classified as either autochthonous, produced in-situ via microbial processes, or allochthonous, transported into aquatic systems from external sources. We have demonstrated that, within laboratory model systems, environmentally sourced mixed microbial communities and bacterial isolates can produce and/or export FOM associated with both autochthonous and allochthonous material. This study focuses on fluorescence peak B, T, M, C and C+, exploring (1) the cellular nature of FOM produced, (2) FOM exported as extracellular material into the water column and (3) the impact of physical cell lysis on FOM signature. For the laboratory model systems studied, Peak T fluorescence is retained within bacterial cells (>68%), while Peak C fluorescence is mainly observed as extracellular material (>80%). Peak M is identified as both cellular and extracellular FOM, produced by all isolated freshwater microorganisms investigated. The origin of Peak C+ is postulated to originate from functional metabolites associated with specific microorganisms, seen specifically within the Pseudomonas sp. monoculture here. This work challenges the binary classification of FOM as either allochthonous or autochthonous, suggesting that FOM processing and production occurs along a dynamic continuum. Within this study, fluorescence intensity data for the environmental bacteria isolate monocultures are presented as enumeration corrected data, for the first time providing quantitative fluorescence data per bacterial colony forming unit (cfu). From this, we are able to assess the relative contribution of different bacteria to the autochthonous FOM pool and if this material is cellular or extracellular.
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23
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Zhang B, Wang X, Fang Z, Wang S, Shan C, Wei S, Pan B. Unravelling molecular transformation of dissolved effluent organic matter in UV/H 2O 2, UV/persulfate, and UV/chlorine processes based on FT-ICR-MS analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 199:117158. [PMID: 33975087 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-based advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs) are very promising in advanced treatment of municipal secondary effluents. However, the transformation of dissolved effluent organic matter (dEfOM) in advanced treatment of real wastewater, particularly at molecular level, remains unclear. In this study, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) coupled with multiple statistical analysis were performed to better understand the transformation of dEfOM in UV/H2O2, UV/persulfate (UV/PS), and UV/chlorine treatments. An obvious increase in oxygen content of dEfOM was observed after every UV-AOPs treatment, and the detailed oxygenation processes were further uncovered by mass difference analysis based on 24 types of typical reactions. Generally, UV/H2O2 process was subjected to the most oxygenation reactions with the typical tri-hydroxylation one (+3O), whereas di-hydroxylation reaction (+H2O2) was dominant in UV/PS and UV/chlorine processes. Additionally, the three UV-AOPs shared the majority of precursors, and more proportions of unique products were identified for each process. The precursors with lower H/C and higher aromaticity were readily degraded by UV/chlorine over UV/H2O2 and UV/PS, with the products featuring lower molecular weight. Moreover, dEfOM of high aromaticity tended to produce chlorinated byproducts through addition reactions in chlorination and UV/chlorine processes. Among these UV-AOPs, the highest reduction of both acute toxicity and specific UV absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254) was observed for UV/chlorine, implying the potential for UV/chlorine process in advanced treatment of wastewater. In addition, acute toxicity was highly correlated with SUVA254 and CHOS compounds. This study is believed to help better understand the different fates of dEfOM in real wastewater during UV-AOPs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuening Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhuoyao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bingcai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Research Center for Environmental Nanotechnology (ReCENT), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Li X, Ma W, Huang T, Wang A, Guo Q, Zou L, Ding C. Spectroscopic fingerprinting of dissolved organic matter in a constructed wetland-reservoir ecosystem for source water improvement-a case study in Yanlong project, eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:144791. [PMID: 33736401 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between constructed wetlands and reservoir (CWs-R) afforded a novel ecosystem to improve the water quality and increase the emergency storage capacity of micro-polluted river drinking water source. In this study, spectroscopic characteristics of DOM in YL CWs-R ecosystem were first systematic studied based on a three-year field monitoring to investigate the chemical composition, sources and track the involved biogeochemical processes in the ecosystem. Three humic-like components (C1, C2, and C4, em >380 nm) and one protein-like component (C3, em < 380 nm) were identified by PARAFAC model. Significant spatiotemporal variations in concentration and composition of FDOM were observed in YL CWs-R ecosystem. The improved water transparency (SD) and, the increased hydraulic retention time (HRT) along YL CWs-R ecosystem enhance photochemical processes, leading to significant decreases in the intensities of humic-like components in effluent (P < 0.05) with lower degrees of aromaticity, molecular weights, and humification (decrease in HIX and increases in SR and BIX). In contrast, no significant spatial difference was observed for protein-like component (P > 0.05), which implies that the biodegradation and production of protein-like component may balance each other in the CWs-R ecosystem. The ecological pond unit plays a major role in the removal and transformation of DOM, especially in summer, while wetland purification unit contributes little to DOM reduction. In addition, the decay of aquatic macrophytes in wetland purification unit and the risk of algal bloom in the ecological pond unit might become important autochthonous sources of DOM, especially in summer and autumn. These findings are critical for further understanding the transformation processes of DOM in large-scale CWs-R ecosystems, and could provide important implications to improve sustainable safety of drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province 224051, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Weixing Ma
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province 224051, China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Aijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qingyuan Guo
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province 224051, China
| | - Lihang Zou
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province 224051, China
| | - Cheng Ding
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province 224051, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Environmental Protection Equipment, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province 224051, China.
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25
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Jeong S, Song KG, Kim J, Shin J, Maeng SK, Park J. Feasibility of membrane distillation process for potable water reuse: A barrier for dissolved organic matters and pharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124499. [PMID: 33191022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the feasibility of the membrane distillation (MD) process as a wastewater reclamation system for portable reuse was investigated. The flux was stably maintained at about 20 L/m2h (LMH) at ΔT 30 °C, compared to higher flux at ΔT 50 °C, which showed a rapid decrease in the flux due to severe fouling. MD produced excellent quality of potable water satisfied the drinking water standards of Korea from effluent of sewage treatment plant (ESTP). The fractions of the hydrophobic OC (HOC) and chromatographic DOC (CDOC) from LC-OCD analysis was firstly suggested to understand different organic transport during the MD process. The transport of organic matters across the MD membrane mitigated at low operation temperature and the transported organics in all the tested waters were mostly volatile low molecular weight organics, aromatic amino acids. All of thirteen selected pharmaceuticals were completely removed by MD, regardless of their properties. In order to retard the membrane fouling of the MD process, coagulation and filtration pre-treatments were applied. The pre-treatment process coupled MD process could successfully remove impurities including NH4-N without severe membrane fouling. Moreover, coagulation pretreatment reduced transport of ammonia due to decrease in pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongpil Jeong
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Kyung Guen Song
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, South Korea.
| | - Junki Kim
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Jaewon Shin
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, South Korea; School of Civil, Environmental & Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Maeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Joonhong Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
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26
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Song ZM, Xu YL, Liang JK, Peng L, Zhang XY, Du Y, Lu Y, Li XZ, Wu QY, Guan YT. Surrogates for on-line monitoring of the attenuation of trace organic contaminants during advanced oxidation processes for water reuse. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116733. [PMID: 33341034 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The large number of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) in wastewater has resulted in severe concerns to human health. Ozonation and UV/H2O2 are widely used to remove TrOCs in wastewater treatment process. Owing to the trace concentrations of TrOCs in wastewater, real-time monitoring of the abatement efficiency of TrOCs through ozonation and UV/H2O2 is quite challenging. Instead of a direct measurement of all the TrOCs, the research community has begun to use different surrogates to monitor the attenuation of TrOCs during AOPs. Various surrogates have been developed over the past few decades. In this review, the different types of surrogates are summarized, including ultraviolet spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Strong linear correlations have been found for the removal of TrOCs using AOPs, and the abatement of UV absorption spectroscopy at 254 nm or total fluorescence (TF). Moreover, a two-phase linear correlation can better describe the ozone-resistant TrOCs compared with a single linear correlation. Two different kinds of predictive models exist that use surrogates as the input for ozonation: the regression model and kinetic model. The development of the models requires a further understanding of the impacts of water quality, seasonal variations, and storm events on the kinetic parameters. For the in situ monitoring system, the light-emitting diode (LED) is one of the most promising light sources, although the sensitivity and accuracy still need to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Min Song
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ya-Lan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lu Peng
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ye Du
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin-Zheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yun-Tao Guan
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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27
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Lu Y, Song ZM, Wang C, Liang JK, Xu N, Hu Q, Wu QY. Combination of high resolution mass spectrometry and a halogen extraction code to identify chlorinated disinfection byproducts formed from aromatic amino acids. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116710. [PMID: 33285452 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination can lead to the formation of hazardous chlorinated disinfection byproducts (Cl-DBPs). We identified tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) as precursors of toxic Cl-DBPs and developed a halogen extraction code to complement ultra performance liquid chromatography in tandem with high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) in detecting and identifying Cl-DBPs. We detected 20 and 11 Cl-DBPs formed from chlorination of Tyr and Trp, respectively, and identified the structures of 15 Cl-DBPs. Fourteen structures were previously unreported. We also proposed the tentative formation pathways of these newly identified Cl-DBPs. Their incidence in real water sources demonstrated that these Cl-DBPs are likely to form during chlorination of reclaimed water. We computationally predicted the toxicity of these Cl-DBPs, which was relatively high, indicating that these Cl-DBPs could be hazardous and were of valid concern. Combining analytical data with the halogen extraction code can identify Cl-DBPs accurately from complex compounds. This analytical method can be used to identify Cl-DBPs of water treatment procedures in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Nan Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qing Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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28
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Lu Y, Wang C, Zhang XY, Wang ZW, Song ZM, Du Y, Hu Q, Wu QY, Hu HY. Tracing nitrogenous byproducts during ozonation in the presence of bromide and ammonia using stable isotope labeling and high resolution mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123612. [PMID: 32814238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia has been widely used to inhibit bromate formation during ozonation. However, our recent study found that during ozonation in the presence of bromide and ammonia, toxicity increased under certain conditions that might be attributed to the formation of nitrogenous byproducts. Herein, a typical structural moiety of natural organic matter (NOM), hydroquinone, was evaluated for its potential to form nitrogenous byproducts. During ozonation of the hydroquinone solution containing bromide and ammonia, toxicity of organic byproducts increased significantly. As organic bromine was hardly detected, organic nitrogen was responsible for the increased toxicity. An effective method combining ultra-performance liquid chromatography in tandem with high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) with an isotope labeling strategy was used to trace nitrogenous byproducts. Four newly formed nitrogenous byproducts were detected, two of which were also detected in Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) solution treated under the same ozonation condition. Furthermore, the molecular structures and formation pathways of these nitrogenous byproducts were proposed. This study highlights that, despite the widespread use, adding ammonia to inhibit bromate formation during ozonation might increase the toxicity posed by nitrogenous byproducts. During ozonation in the presence of bromide and ammonia, particular attention should be paid to nitrogenous byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xin-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Ye Du
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qing Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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29
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Bai L, Ding J, Wang H, Ren N, Li G, Liang H. High-performance nanofiltration membranes with a sandwiched layer and a surface layer for desalination and environmental pollutant removal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140766. [PMID: 32679500 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To overcome the permeability-selectivity limitation and improve the performance of desalination membranes, novel methods and design strategies are needed to prepare new types of thin film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membranes. In this work, a modified TFC membrane with a sandwiched layer and a surface layer was fabricated through a facile additional two-step approach. The microfiltration (MF) substrate and TFC surface were modified by a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) sandwiched layer and a polydopamine (PDA) layer, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated that the support modified by CNCs presented a more homogeneous surface than the control TFC. Cross-sectional SEM images showed that the underneath MF support, CNC interlayer, polyamide layer and PDA deposition layer were perfectly integrated. The surface charge was determined by an electrophoretic analyzer and revealed that the CNC interlayer increased the membrane electronegativity, while the PDA layer presented the opposite effect. Compared to the control TFC membrane, the solute permeability and rejection of the resultant CNC-TFC-PDA membrane were simultaneously increased, indicating a breakthrough in the trade-off limitation. The modified membranes exhibited a high removal rate for Congo red, Rose Bengal, sodium lignosulfonate and alkaline lignin, suggesting their excellent rejection performance for textile dyes and lignin derivatives. Fouling tests indicated that both the interlayer and surface layer exhibited positive effects on fouling alleviation. The effects of each functional layer were explored, and the main factors for performance improvement, including the modified hydrophilicity, surface charge, pore size and surface roughness, were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langming Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Junwen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Haorui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guibai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Wu QY, Liang ZF, Wang WL, Du Y, Hu HY, Yang LL, Huang WC. Non-volatile disinfection byproducts are far more toxic to mammalian cells than volatile byproducts. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:116080. [PMID: 32622238 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water is often chlorinated to protect public health, but chlorination causes harmful disinfection byproducts to form. Currently available in vitro assays generally determine non-volatile disinfection byproduct (NVDBP) toxicities because of the limitation of pretreatments used, but chemical analyses and regulations are focused on volatile disinfection byproducts (VDBPs) such as trihalomethanes. The gap of VDBP toxicities have been of concern for some time. In this study, we extracted VDBPs from two chlorinated effluent organic matters and one chlorinated natural organic matter, using a helium aeration-liquid nitrogen condensation system, and systematically assessed the VDBP and NVDBP toxicities to mammalian cells. VDBPs accounted for 10%-20% of the total organic halogen concentrations in three chlorinated water samples. VDBPs were much less cytotoxic, caused fewer DNA double-strand breaks, induced less reactive oxygen species and DNA/RNA oxidative damage marker of 8-hydroxyl(deoxy)guanosine in cells than did NVDBPs. Moreover, by collecting the VDBPs, toxicity measurement of the full range of DBPs was achieved. Cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species and 8-hydroxyl(deoxy)guanosine levels were significantly higher for cells exposed to the mixture of VDBPs and NVDBPs than only NVDBPs, but not by large percentages (20%-30% for cytotoxicity), suggesting NVDBPs mainly contributed to the toxicity of chlorinated water. Our study suggested that future research should focus more on NVDBP toxicity and identifying toxicity drivers from NVDBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zi-Fan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ye Du
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Lu-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Huang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
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