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Zeghoud S, Rebiai A, Hemmami H, Ben Seghir B, Elboughdiri N, Ghareba S, Ghernaout D, Abbas N. ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy, HPLC Chromatography, and Multivariate Analysis for Controlling Bee Pollen Quality in Some Algerian Regions. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:4878-4887. [PMID: 33644595 PMCID: PMC7905949 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bee pollen collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera) is one of the bee products, and it is as valuable as honey, propolis, royal jelly, or beebread. Its quality varies according to its geographic location or plant sources. This study aimed to apply rapid, simple, and accurate analytical methods such as attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) along with chemometrics analysis to construct a model aimed at discriminating between different pollen samples. In total, 33 samples were collected and analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and partial least squares regression (PLS) to assess the differences and similarities between them. The PCA score plot based on both HPLC and ATR-FTIR revealed the same discriminatory pattern, and the samples were divided into four major classes depending on their total content of polyphenols. The results revealed that spectral data obtained from ATR-FTIR acquired in the region (4000-500 cm-1) were further subjected to a standard normal variable (SNV) method that removes scattering effects from spectra. However, PCA, HCA, and PLS showed that the best PLS model was obtained with a regression coefficient (R 2) of 0.9001, root-mean-square estimation error (RMSEE) of 0.0304, and root-mean-squared error cross-validation (RMSEcv) of 0.036. Discrimination between the three species has also been possible by combining the pre-processed ATR-FTIR spectra with PCA and PLS. Additionally, the HPLC chromatograms after pre-treatment (SNV) were subjected to unsupervised analysis (PCA-HCA) and supervised analysis (PLS). The PLS model confers good results by factors (R 2 = 0.98, RMSEE = 8.22, and RMSEcv = 27.86). Prospects for devising bee pollen quality assessment methods include utilizing ATR-FTIR and HPLC in combination with multivariate methods for rapid authentication of the geographic location or plant sources of bee pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumeia Zeghoud
- Laboratory
Valorization and Technology of Saharan Resources (VTRS), University of El-Oued, P.O. Box 789, El-Oued 39000, Algeria
| | - Abdelkrim Rebiai
- Laboratory
Valorization and Technology of Saharan Resources (VTRS), University of El-Oued, P.O. Box 789, El-Oued 39000, Algeria
| | - Hadia Hemmami
- Laboratory
Valorization and Technology of Saharan Resources (VTRS), University of El-Oued, P.O. Box 789, El-Oued 39000, Algeria
| | - Bachir Ben Seghir
- Laboratory
of Industrial Analysis and Materials Engineering (LAGIM), University 8 May 1945, P.O. Box 401, Guelma 24000, Algeria
| | - Noureddine Elboughdiri
- Chemical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81441, Saudi Arabia
- Chemical
Engineering Process Department, National School of Engineering Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabes 6011, Tunisia
| | - Saad Ghareba
- Chemical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81441, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, ElMergib
University, Alkhums 40414, Libya
| | - Djamel Ghernaout
- Chemical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81441, Saudi Arabia
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Blida, P.O. Box 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Nadir Abbas
- Chemical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha’il 81441, Saudi Arabia
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Abdel-moneim A, Moreira-Santos M, Ribeiro R. A short-term sublethal toxicity assay with zebra fish based on preying rate and its integration with mortality. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 120:568-574. [PMID: 25462299 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Contaminant-induced feeding inhibition has direct and immediate consequences at higher levels of biological organization, by depressing the population consumption and thus hampering ecosystem functioning (e.g. grazing, organic matter decomposition). Thus, similarly to lethality and avoidance, feeding is mechanistically linked to ecosystem processes and is therefore an unequivocal ecologically meaningful response. The objective of the present study was to develop a short-term assay with the small freshwater fish Danio rerio, based on feeding. For this, a methodology to easily and precisely quantify feeding was first optimized: each fish was allowed to prey on ten live Daphnia magna juveniles, for 1h, just before the end of a 48-h exposure test period. Secondly, copper sensitivity of feeding relatively to survival and growth was evaluated. At the growth EC20 (40 μg L(-1)), feeding was inhibited by 53%, and at the feeding EC50 (36 μg L(-1)), mortality was negligible (1.3%). Integrating feeding and survival revealed a 97% depression in the population consumption at the LC50 (61 μg L(-1)). Thirdly, the influence of pH, conductivity and hardness on the feeding background variability was assessed by assaying waters collected at eight reference sites and was found to be negligible, within tested ranges. Fourthly, feeding assays with natural waters contaminated with acid mine drainage confirmed the integration of lethality and feeding to be pertinent at estimating contaminant effects at higher levels of biological organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdel-moneim
- IMAR - Instituto do Mar & MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Matilde Moreira-Santos
- IMAR - Instituto do Mar & MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Rui Ribeiro
- IMAR - Instituto do Mar & MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Hossen MF, Hamdan S, Rahman MR. Cadmium and lead in blood cockle (Anadara granosa) from Asajaya, Sarawak, Malaysia. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:924360. [PMID: 25538965 PMCID: PMC4236887 DOI: 10.1155/2014/924360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentrations were ranged from 1.35 ± 0.16 to 2.22 ± 0.34 µg/g (dry weight) and 2.65 ± 0.34 to 4.36 ± 0.53 µg/g (dry weight) for Cd and Pb, respectively, in blood cockle Anadara granosa from four sites of Sabang River, namely, Kampung Sambir, Kampung Tambirat, Beliong Temple, and Kampung Tanjung Apong, which are located at Asajaya, Sarawak, Malaysia. All values exceeded safety limits set by Malaysian Food Regulation (1985). It may be the cause of serious human health problems after long term consumption. Thus, consumer should have consciousness about such type of seafood from mentioned sites and need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Faruk Hossen
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Sinin Hamdan
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Md. Rezaur Rahman
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Crévecoeur S, Debacker V, Joaquim-Justo C, Gobert S, Scippo ML, Dejonghe W, Martin P, Thomé JP. Groundwater quality assessment of one former industrial site in Belgium using a TRIAD-like approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:2461-2466. [PMID: 21764196 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated industrial sites are important sources of pollution and may result in ecotoxicological effects on terrestrial, aquatic and groundwater ecosystems. An effect-based approach to evaluate and assess pollution-induced degradation due to contaminated groundwater was carried out in this study. The new concept, referred to as "Groundwater Quality TRIAD-like" (GwQT) approach, is adapted from classical TRIAD approaches. GwQT is based on measurements of chemical concentrations, laboratory toxicity tests and physico-chemical analyses. These components are combined in the GwQT using qualitative and quantitative (using zero to one subindices) integration approaches. The TRIAD approach is applied for the first time on groundwater from one former industrial site located in Belgium. This approach will allow the classification of sites into categories according to the degree of contaminant-induced degradation. This new concept is a starting point for groundwater characterization and is open for improvement and adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Crévecoeur
- Aquapôle, Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Wenger M, Ondračková M, Machala M, Neča J, Hyršl P, Šimková A, Jurajda P, von der Ohe P, Segner H. Assessing relationships between chemical exposure, parasite infection, fish health, and fish ecological status: a case study using chub (Leuciscus cephalus) in the Bílina River, Czech Republic. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:453-466. [PMID: 20821465 DOI: 10.1002/etc.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple stressor scenarios, as they are relevant in many watersheds, call for approaches extending beyond conventional chemical-focused approaches. The present study, investigated the fish population, represented by chub (Leuciscus cephalus), in the Bílina River (Czech Republic), which is impacted by various pollution sources and might pose a risk on the fish population. To confirm or reject this hypothesis it was examined whether there exists an association between abundance of chub and exposure to toxic chemicals as well as natural stressors, represented by parasites, and whether health-related suborganismal traits, namely, organ indices, tissue histopathology, and immune parameters, would help in revealing relationships between stressor impact and population status. Toxic pressure was assessed by the toxic unit approach, which gives an integrative estimate of toxic effect concentrations and by measuring the biomarkers cytochrome P4501A and vitellogenin, which indicate exposure to bioavailable arylhydrocarbon- or estrogen receptor ligands. Parasite pressure was estimated by determining abundance and species composition of ecto- and endoparasites of chub. Chub abundance was high upstream in the Bílina, low to zero in the middle stretches, and increased again downstream. Toxic pressure increased in the downstream direction, while parasite intensity decreased in this direction. Health status of chub did not differ clearly between up-, middle-, and downstream sites. Thus, it appears that neither toxic pressure nor parasite pressure nor their combination translates into a change of chub health status. By using varied assessment tools, this study provides evidence against a presumed causative role of toxicants impairing the fish ecological status of the Bílina River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wenger
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markéta Ondračková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, 60365 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Neča
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hyršl
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jurajda
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, 60365 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter von der Ohe
- Umweltforschungszentrum (UFZ), Department of Effect-Directed Analysis; Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Dauvin JC, Ruellet T. The estuarine quality paradox: Is it possible to define an ecological quality status for specific modified and naturally stressed estuarine ecosystems? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 59:38-47. [PMID: 19084874 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of the European Water Framework Directive has provoked enthusiastic debate between scientists and stakeholders, as they try to define the ecological quality status (EcoQS) of all water bodies, including estuaries (i.e., transitional waters). The issue is complex because estuarine environments are variable, due to fresh and marine water input and anthropogenic impacts. Benthic species and communities have adapted to tolerate temporal physico-chemical changes (e.g., salinity, substrata, depth, fine particles and a Maximum Turbidity Zone that is rich in organic matter). However, anthropogenization affects not only the water quality, but also estuarine surface size and navigation channel management. Though numerous bio-indicators and indices are used to define estuarine system EcoQS, very few of them were developed specifically for such variable anthropogenized systems comprising a variety of conditions. The critical question is: 'Is it possible to define an EcoQS for such specific modified and naturally stressed ecosystems?' Indicators must be chosen pragmatically so that they will be environmentally sustainable, economically viable, technologically feasible, socially desirable/tolerable, legally permissible and politically expedient. This contribution proposes an adaptation of the BOPA index, the Benthic Opportunistic Annelida Amphipod index (BO2A), for use in the freshwater zones of transitional waters (i.e., up to the upper limit of tidal range). Several possibilities are discussed in light of the diverse disturbances and the heterogeneity of such stressed zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Dauvin
- Station Marine de Wimereux, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, BP 80, 62930 Wimereux, France.
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Abbas Alkarkhi FM, Ismail N, Easa AM. Assessment of arsenic and heavy metal contents in cockles (Anadara granosa) using multivariate statistical techniques. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 150:783-9. [PMID: 17590506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cockles (Anadara granosa) sample obtained from two rivers in the Penang State of Malaysia were analyzed for the content of arsenic (As) and heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Hg) using a graphite flame atomic absorption spectrometer (GF-AAS) for Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, As and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometer (CV-AAS) for Hg. The two locations of interest with 20 sampling points of each location were Kuala Juru (Juru River) and Bukit Tambun (Jejawi River). Multivariate statistical techniques such as multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and discriminant analysis (DA) were applied for analyzing the data. MANOVA showed a strong significant difference between the two rivers in term of As and heavy metals contents in cockles. DA gave the best result to identify the relative contribution for all parameters in discriminating (distinguishing) the two rivers. It provided an important data reduction as it used only two parameters (Zn and Cd) affording more than 72% correct assignations. Results indicated that the two rivers were different in terms of As and heavy metal contents in cockle, and the major difference was due to the contribution of Zn and Cd. A positive correlation was found between discriminate functions (DF) and Zn, Cd and Cr, whereas negative correlation was exhibited with other heavy metals. Therefore, DA allowed a reduction in the dimensionality of the data set, delineating a few indicator parameters responsible for large variations in heavy metals and arsenic content. Taking into account of these results, it can be suggested that a continuous monitoring of As and heavy metals in cockles be performed in these two rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Abbas Alkarkhi
- School of Industrial Technology, Environmental Technology Division, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Valderrama P, Braga JWB, Poppi RJ. Variable selection, outlier detection, and figures of merit estimation in a partial least-squares regression multivariate calibration model. A case study for the determination of quality parameters in the alcohol industry by near-infrared spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:8331-8338. [PMID: 17927144 DOI: 10.1021/jf071538s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Practical implementation of multivariate calibration models has been limited in several areas due to the requirement of appropriate development and validation to prove their performance to standardization agencies. Herein, a detailed description of the application of multivariate calibration based on partial least-squares regression models (PLSR) for the determination of soluble solids (BRIX), polarizable sugars (POL), and reducing sugars (RS) in sugar cane juice, based on near infrared spectroscopy (NIR), for the alcohol industries is presented. The development of the models, including variable selection and outlier elimination, and their validation by determination of figures of merit, such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, analytical sensitivity, prediction intervals, and limits of detection and quantification, are described for a representative data set of 1381 sugar cane samples. Values estimated by PLSR are compared with appropriate reference methods, where the results indicated that the PLSR models can be used in the alcohol industry as an alternative to refractometry and lead clarification before polarization measurements (standard methods for BRIX and POL, respectively). For RS, the results of a titration reference method were compared with the PLSR estimates and also with an estimate based on BRIX and POL values, as actually used in the alcohol industry. The PLSR method presented a better agreement with the titration method. However, the results indicated that the RS estimates from both PLSR and those based on the BRIX and POL values, actually used, should be improved to a safe determination of RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Valderrama
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química, C.P. 6154, 13084-971, Campinas SP, Brazil
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Moens LN, Smolders R, van der Ven K, van Remortel P, Del-Favero J, De Coen WM. Effluent impact assessment using microarray-based analysis in common carp: a systems toxicology approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:2293-304. [PMID: 17267021 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Effluents are a main source of direct and continuous input of pollutants to the aquatic environment, and can cause ecotoxicological effects at different levels of biological organization. Since gene expression responses represent the primary interaction site between environmental contaminants and biota, they provide essential clues to understand how chemical exposure can affect organismal health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the applicability of a microarray approach for unraveling modes of action of whole effluent toxicity and impact assessment. A chronic toxicity test with common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was conducted where fish were exposed to a control and 100% effluent for 21 days under flow-through conditions. Microarray analysis revealed that effluent treatment mainly affected molecular pathways associated with the energy balance of the fish, including changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as digestive enzyme activity. These gene expression responses were in clear agreement with, and provided additional mechanistic information on various cellular and higher level effects observed for the same effluent. Our results demonstrate the benefit of toxicogenomic tools in a "systems toxicology" approach, involving the integration of adverse effects of chemicals and stressors across multiple levels of biological complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte N Moens
- Laboratory for Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlann 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Møhlenberg F, Petersen S, Petersen AH, Gameiro C. Long-term trends and short-term variability of water quality in Skive Fjord, Denmark - nutrient load and mussels are the primary pressures and drivers that influence water quality. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2007; 127:503-21. [PMID: 17058000 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen years of monitoring data from the eutrophic Skive Fjord, Denmark were examined for linkages to external pressures and drivers, including nutrient inputs, meteorology and stocks of blue mussels. Linkages were examined by: 1) time-series analysis to document effects of nutrient reduction programs, 2) Pearson Rank correlations, 3) multivariate statistical analysis (PLS) to identify water quality variables with high predictability and their linkages to pressures, and 4) regression analysis to quantify relationships between pressures and water quality. Freshwater input, nitrogen load and phosphorus load showed decreasing trends through the period 1984-2002. The load reductions were only partially translated into trends in water quality: phosphorus decreased in most seasons, while total nitrogen decreased during winter and spring only. Phosphorus concentration had the highest predictability (explained by seasonal temperature variation) followed by transparency, silicate, tot-N, chlorophyll-a, primary productivity, phytoplankton diversity and phytoplankton turnover. The variation in pressures other than nutrient input confounded the relations between loads and water quality. High biomass of mussels led to reduced chlorophyll-a and increased transparency, while short-term variability in water column mixing led to changes in chlorophyll-a due to nutrient entrainment and coupling to benthic mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Møhlenberg
- DHI - Institute for water and environment, Hørsholm, Denmark.
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An investigation of urban water and sediment ecotoxicity in relation to metal concentrations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6010-6_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Smolders R, Bervoets L, Blust R. In situ and laboratory bioassays to evaluate the impact of effluent discharges on receiving aquatic ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2004; 132:231-243. [PMID: 15312937 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Effluents are a main source of direct and often continuous input of pollutants into aquatic ecosystems with long-term implications on ecosystem functioning. Therefore, the study of the effects of effluent exposure on organisms, populations or communities within the framework of impact assessment has a high ecological relevance. The aim of this study was to assess the toxicological impact of two effluents, one household wastewater treatment effluent (Effluent 1) and one industrial effluent (Effluent 2), on the receiving aquatic ecosystem using two test species under both in situ and laboratory conditions. Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed under laboratory conditions in an online monitoring flow-through system (receiving different concentrations of Effluent 2) and under in situ conditions along the pollution gradient established by these two effluent discharges. Bioassays focussed on growth and condition related endpoints (i.e. condition, growth, lipid budget), since these are key functional processes within organisms and populations. Under laboratory conditions, increasing concentrations of the industrial effluent (Effluent 2) had a negative effect on both zebra mussel and carp energy reserves and condition. Under in situ conditions, the same negative impact of Effluent 2 was observed for zebra mussels, while Effluent 1 had no apparent effect on exposed zebra mussels. Carp growth and condition, on the other hand, were significantly increased at the discharge sites of both effluents when compared to the reference site, probably due to differences in food availability. The results indicate that a combination of in situ and laboratory exposures can illustrate how ecological processes influence bioassay studies. The incorporation of indirect, ecological effects, like changes in food availability, provides considerable benefit in understanding and predicting effects of effluents on selected species under realistic exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Smolders
- Laboratory for Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Antwerp (RUCA), Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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