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Joffe R, Tosens T, Berthe A, Jolivet Y, Niinemets Ü, Gandin A. Reduced mesophyll conductance under chronic O 3 exposure in poplar reflects thicker cell walls and increased subcellular diffusion pathway lengths according to the anatomical model. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39101376 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is one of the most harmful and widespread air pollutants, affecting crop yield and plant health worldwide. There is evidence that O3 reduces the major limiting factor of photosynthesis, namely CO2 mesophyll conductance (gm), but there is little quantitative information of O3-caused changes in key leaf anatomical traits and their impact on gm. We exposed two O3-responsive clones of the economically important tree species Populus × canadensis Moench to 120 ppb O3 for 21 days. An anatomical diffusion model within the leaf was used to analyse the entire CO2 diffusion pathway from substomatal cavities to carboxylation sites and determine the importance of each structural and subcellular component as a limiting factor. gm decreased substantially under O3 and was found to be the most important limitation of photosynthesis. This decrease was mostly driven by an increased cell wall thickness and length of subcellular diffusion pathway caused by altered interchloroplast spacing and chloroplast positioning. By contrast, the prominent leaf integrative trait leaf dry mass per area was neither affected nor related to gm under O3. The observed relationship between gm and anatomy, however, was clone-dependent, suggesting that mechanisms regulating gm may differ considerably between closely related plant lines. Our results confirm the need for further studies on factors constraining gm under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Joffe
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, Nancy, France
| | - Tiina Tosens
- Department of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Audrey Berthe
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, Nancy, France
| | - Yves Jolivet
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, Nancy, France
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Department of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Anthony Gandin
- Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, Nancy, France
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2
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Krzesłowska M, Mleczek M, Luboński A, Weręża K, Woźny A, Goliński P, Samardakiewicz S. Alterations in the Anatomy and Ultrastructure of Leaf Blade in Norway Maple ( Acer platanoides L.) Growing on Mining Sludge: Prospects of Using This Tree Species for Phytoremediation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1295. [PMID: 38794365 PMCID: PMC11125827 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Alterations in leaf architecture can be used as an indicator of the substrate toxicity level as well as the potential of a given plant species in the phytoremediation of polluted areas, e.g., mining sludge. In this work, we demonstrated, for the first time, the nature and scale of alterations in leaf architecture at the tissue and cellular levels occurring in Norway maple growing on mining sludge originating from a copper mine in Lubin (Poland). The substrate differs from other mine wastes, e.g., calamine or serpentine soils, due to an extremely high level of arsenic (As). Alterations in leaf anatomy predominantly included the following: (1) a significant increase in upper epidermis thickness; (2) a significant decrease in palisade parenchyma width; (3) more compact leaf tissue organization; (4) the occurrence of two to three cell layers in palisade parenchyma in contrast to one in the control; (5) a significantly smaller size of cells building palisade parenchyma. At the cellular level, the alterations included mainly the occurrence of local cell wall thickenings-predominantly in the upper and lower epidermis-and the symptoms of accelerated leaf senescence. Nevertheless, many chloroplasts showed almost intact chloroplast ultrastructure. Modifications in leaf anatomy could be a symptom of alterations in morphogenesis but may also be related to plant adaptation to water deficit stress. The occurrence of local cell wall thickenings can be considered as a symptom of a defence strategy involved in the enlargement of apoplast volume for toxic elements (TE) sequestration and the alleviation of oxidative stress. Importantly, the ultrastructure of leaf cells was not markedly disturbed. The results suggested that Norway maple may have good phytoremediation potential. However, the general shape of the plant, the significantly smaller size of leaves, and accelerated senescence indicated the high toxicity of the mining sludge used in this experiment. Hence, the phytoremediation of such a substrate, specifically including use of Norway maple, should be preceded by some amendments-which are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krzesłowska
- Department of General Botany, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland (A.W.)
| | - Mirosław Mleczek
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland; (M.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Aleksander Luboński
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (A.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Karolina Weręża
- Department of General Botany, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland (A.W.)
| | - Adam Woźny
- Department of General Botany, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland (A.W.)
| | - Piotr Goliński
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland; (M.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Sławomir Samardakiewicz
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (A.L.); (S.S.)
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Kushwaha P, Tran A, Quintero D, Song M, Yu Q, Yu R, Downes M, Evans RM, Babst-Kostecka A, Schroeder JI, Maier RM. Zinc accumulation in Atriplex lentiformis is driven by plant genes and the soil microbiome. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165667. [PMID: 37478925 PMCID: PMC10529914 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Successful phytoremediation of acidic metal-contaminated mine tailings requires amendments to condition tailings properties prior to plant establishment. This conditioning process is complex and includes multiple changes in tailings bio-physico-chemical properties. The objective of this project is to identify relationships between tailings properties, the soil microbiome, and plant stress response genes during growth of Atriplex lentiformis in compost-amended (10 %, 15 %, 20 % w/w) mine tailings. Analyses include RNA-Seq for plant root gene expression, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing for bacterial/archaeal communities, metal concentrations in both tailings and plant organs, and phenotypic measures of plant stress. Zn accumulation in A. lentiformis leaves varied with compost levels and was the highest in the intermediate treatment (15 %, TC15). Microbial analysis identified Alicyclobacillus, Hydrotalea, and Pseudolabrys taxa with the highest relative abundance in TC15, and these taxa were strongly associated with Zn accumulation. Furthermore, we identified 190 root genes with significant gene expression changes. These root genes were associated with different pathways including, abscisic acid and auxin signaling, defense responses, ion channels, metal ion binding, oxidative stress, transcription regulation, and transmembrane transport. However, root gene expression changes were not driven by the increasing levels of compost. For example, there were 15 genes that were up-regulated in TC15, whereas 106 genes were down-regulated in TC15. The variables analyzed explained 86 % of the variance in Zn accumulation in A. lentiformis leaves. Importantly, Zn accumulation was driven by Zn shoot concentrations, leaf stress symptoms, plant root genes, and microbial taxa. Therefore, our results suggest there are strong plant-microbiome associations that drive Zn accumulation in A. lentiformis and different plant gene pathways are involved in alleviating varying levels of metal stress. Future work is needed to gain a mechanistic understanding of these plant-microbiome interactions to optimize phytoremediation strategies as they will govern the success or failure of the revegetation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kushwaha
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Alexandria Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Diego Quintero
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Miranda Song
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qi Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ruth Yu
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alicja Babst-Kostecka
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Raina M Maier
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Günthardt-Goerg MS, Schläpfer R, Vollenweider P. Responses to Airborne Ozone and Soilborne Metal Pollution in Afforestation Plants with Different Life Forms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3011. [PMID: 37631222 PMCID: PMC10458031 DOI: 10.3390/plants12163011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
With the current increases in environmental stress, understanding species-specific responses to multiple stress agents is needed. This science is especially important for managing ecosystems that are already confronted with considerable pollution. In this study, responses to ozone (O3, ambient daily course values + 20 ppb) and mixed metal contamination in soils (MC, cadmium/copper/lead/zinc = 25/1100/2500/1600 mg kg-1), separately and in combination, were evaluated for three plant species (Picea abies, Acer pseudoplatanus, Tanacetum vulgare) with different life forms and ecological strategies. The two treatments elicited similar stress reactions, as shown by leaf functional traits, gas exchange, tannin, and nutrient markers, irrespective of the plant species and life form, whereas the reactions to the treatments differed in magnitude. Visible and microscopic injuries at the organ or cell level appeared along the penetration route of ozone and metal contamination. At the whole plant level, the MC treatment caused more severe injuries than the O3 treatment and few interactions were observed between the two stress factors. Picea trees, with a slow-return strategy, showed the highest stress tolerance in apparent relation to an enhancement of conservative traits and an exclusion of stress agents. The ruderal and more acquisitive Tanacetum forbs translocated large amounts of contaminants above ground, which may be of concern in a phytostabilisation context. The deciduous Acer trees-also with an acquisitive strategy-were most sensitive to both stress factors. Hence, species with slow-return strategies may be of particular interest for managing metal-polluted sites in the current context of multiple stressors and for safely confining soil contaminants below ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine S. Günthardt-Goerg
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland;
| | - Rodolphe Schläpfer
- EPFL ENAC IIE Plant Ecology Research Laboratory, GR B2 407 Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Pierre Vollenweider
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland;
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Ante- and post-mortem cellular injury dynamics in hybrid poplar foliage as a function of phytotoxic O3 dose. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282006. [PMID: 36857351 PMCID: PMC9977006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
After reaching phytotoxic levels during the last century, tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution is likely to remain a major concern in the coming decades. Despite similar injury processes, there is astounding interspecific-and sometimes intraspecific-foliar symptom variability, which may be related to spatial and temporal variation in injury dynamics. After characterizing the dynamics of physiological responses and O3 injury in the foliage of hybrid poplar in an earlier study, here we investigated the dynamics of changes in the cell structure occurring in the mesophyll as a function of O3 treatment, time, phytotoxic O3 dose (POD0), leaf developmental stage, and mesophyll layer. While the number of Hypersensitive Response-like (HR-like) lesions increased with higher O3 concentrations and POD0, especially in older leaves, most structural HR-like markers developed after cell death, independent of the experimental factors. The pace of degenerative Accelerated Cell Senescence (ACS) responses depended closely on the O3 concentration and POD0, in interaction with leaf age. Changes in total chlorophyll content, plastoglobuli and chloroplast shape pointed to thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts as being especially sensitive to O3 stress. Hence, our study demonstrates that early HR-like markers can provide reasonably specific, sensitive and reliable quantitative structural estimates of O3 stress for e.g. risk assessment studies, especially if they are associated with degenerative and thylakoid-related injury in chloroplasts from mesophyll.
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Liu Y, Zhao X, Liu R, Zhou J, Jiang Z. Biomonitoring and phytoremediation potential of the leaves, bark, and branch bark of street trees for heavy metal pollution in urban areas. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:344. [PMID: 35389092 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tree tissues can accumulate heavy metals from the environment. We therefore aimed to evaluate the presence of the metals Pb, Cr, Mn, Cu, and Zn in four street tree species, namely Ailanthus altissima, Broussonetia papyrifera, Pinus tabuliformis, and Rhus typhina, along the highway side of Beijing, China. Sampling from the leaves, trunk bark, and branch annual segment bark of trees was conducted in the summer of 2021, and the concentration of heavy metals was determined. The results revealed the highest average concentration of total heavy metals in the R. typhina leaves (23.724 mg/kg) and barks (14.454 mg/kg). The maximum bio-concentration factor was noted for Zn in the B. papyrifera leaves (0.36) and P. tabuliformis barks (0.21). The maximum comprehensive bio-concentration index was observed for the B. papyrifera leaves (0.225) and P. tabuliformis bark (0.108). The maximum metal accumulation index was measured in the R. typhina leaves (29.682) and bark (12.407). Based on the air-originated metals, P. tabuliformis showed the highest dust collection capacity. In general, B. papyrifera and P. tabuliformis exhibited the highest absorption rate from the soil relative to the other studied species. R. typhina demonstrated the strongest phytoremediation ability for heavy metal pollution in air. In addition, our results proved that the branch annual segment bark of P. tabuliformis is an excellent record carrier that can be used to monitor heavy metal pollution in a specific time duration in an urban area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Liu
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Nature Conservation, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiulian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiming Liu
- Gansu Province Academy of Qilian Water Resource Conservation Forests Research Institute, Zhangye, China
| | - Jinxing Zhou
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeping Jiang
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Nature Conservation, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
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Individual and Interactive Effects of Elevated Ozone and Temperature on Plant Responses. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
From the preindustrial era to the present day, the tropospheric ozone (O3) concentration has increased dramatically in much of the industrialized world due to anthropogenic activities. O3 is the most harmful air pollutant to plants. Global surface temperatures are expected to increase with rising O3 concentration. Plants are directly affected by temperature and O3. Elevated O3 can impair physiological processes, as well as cause the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to decreased plant growth. Temperature is another important factor influencing plant development. Here, we summarize how O3 and temperature elevation can affect plant physiological and biochemical characteristics, and discuss results from studies investigating plant responses to these factors. In this review, we focused on the interactions between elevated O3 and temperature on plant responses, because neither factor acts independently. Temperature has great potential to significantly influence stomatal movement and O3 uptake. For this reason, the combined influence of both factors can yield significantly different results than those of a single factor. Plant responses to the combined effects of elevated temperature and O3 are still controversial. We attribute the substantial uncertainty of these combined effects primarily to differences in methodological approaches.
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Fernandes FF, Moura BB. Foliage visible injury in the tropical tree species, Astronium graveolens is strictly related to phytotoxic ozone dose (PODy). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:41726-41735. [PMID: 33791962 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the development of visible injury related to phytotoxic ozone dose (PODy) in native tropical species Astronium graveolens Jacq. (Anacardiaceae) and validates the symptoms using structural markers attributed to oxidative burst and hypersensitive responses. Increasing POD0 was associated with increasing O3 visible injury using different metrics as the incidence (INC = number of injured plants/total number of plants × 100), severity (SF = number of injured leaves/total number of leaves on injured plant × 100), and severity leaflet (SFL = number of injured leaflets/total number leaflets injured plant × 100). The effective dose (ED), which represents the POD0 dose responsible for inducing 20 (ED20), 50 (ED50), or 80% (ED80) of visible injury, were used to demonstrate that for this species, the response is similar even when the plants are exposed to diverse climate environments. Further investigation of the INC and SF index may help in long-term forest monitoring sites dedicated to O3 assessment in forests, while the SFL index seems to be an excellent indicator to be used in the short term to investigate the effects of O3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bárbara Baesso Moura
- Department of Agriculture, Environment, Food, and Forestry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Integrated Evaluation of Vegetation Drought Stress through Satellite Remote Sensing. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12080974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the coming decades, Bulgaria is expected to be affected by higher air temperatures and decreased precipitation, which will significantly increase the risk of droughts, forest ecosystem degradation and loss of ecosystem services (ES). Drought in terrestrial ecosystems is characterized by reduced water storage in soil and vegetation, affecting the function of landscapes and the ES they provide. An interdisciplinary assessment is required for an accurate evaluation of drought impact. In this study, we introduce an innovative, experimental methodology, incorporating remote sensing methods and a system approach to evaluate vegetation drought stress in complex systems (landscapes and ecosystems) which are influenced by various factors. The elevation and land cover type are key climate-forming factors which significantly impact the ecosystem’s and vegetation’s response to drought. Their influence cannot be sufficiently gauged by a traditional remote sensing-based drought index. Therefore, based on differences between the spectral reflectance of the individual natural land cover types, in a near-optimal vegetation state and divided by elevation, we assigned coefficients for normalization. The coefficients for normalization by elevation and land cover type were introduced in order to facilitate the comparison of the drought stress effect on the ecosystems throughout a heterogeneous territory. The obtained drought coefficient (DC) shows patterns of temporal, spatial, and interspecific differences on the response of vegetation to drought stress. The accuracy of the methodology is examined by field measurements of spectral reflectance, statistical analysis and validation methods using spectral reflectance profiles.
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Turc B, Vollenweider P, Le Thiec D, Gandin A, Schaub M, Cabané M, Jolivet Y. Dynamics of Foliar Responses to O 3 Stress as a Function of Phytotoxic O 3 Dose in Hybrid Poplar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:679852. [PMID: 34262582 PMCID: PMC8273248 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.679852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With background concentrations having reached phytotoxic levels during the last century, tropospheric ozone (O3) has become a key climate change agent, counteracting carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems. One of the main knowledge gaps for implementing the recent O3 flux-based critical levels (CLs) concerns the assessment of effective O3 dose leading to adverse effects in plants. In this study, we investigate the dynamics of physiological, structural, and morphological responses induced by two levels of O3 exposure (80 and 100 ppb) in the foliage of hybrid poplar, as a function of phytotoxic O3 dose (POD0) and foliar developmental stage. After a latency period driven by foliar ontological development, the gas exchanges and chlorophyll content decreased with higher POD0 monotonically. Hypersensitive response-like lesions appeared early during exposure and showed sigmoidal-like dynamics, varying according to leaf age. At current POD1_SPEC CL, notwithstanding the aforementioned reactions and initial visible injury to foliage, the treated poplars had still not shown any growth or biomass reduction. Hence, this study demonstrates the development of a complex syndrome of early reactions below the flux-based CL, with response dynamics closely determined by the foliar ontological stage and environmental conditions. General agreement with patterns observed in the field appears indicative of early O3 impacts on processes relevant, e.g., biodiversity ecosystem services before those of economic significance - i.e., wood production, as targeted by flux-based CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Turc
- University of Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, Nancy, France
- Section Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vollenweider
- Section Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Didier Le Thiec
- University of Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, Nancy, France
| | - Anthony Gandin
- University of Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, Nancy, France
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Section Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Mireille Cabané
- University of Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, Nancy, France
| | - Yves Jolivet
- University of Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, Nancy, France
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Sharps K, Hayes F, Harmens H, Mills G. Ozone-induced effects on leaves in African crop species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115789. [PMID: 33120352 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric (ground-level) ozone is a harmful phytotoxic pollutant, and can have a negative impact on crop yield and quality in sensitive species. Ozone can also induce visible symptoms on leaves, appearing as tiny spots (stipples) between the veins on the upper leaf surface. There is little measured data on ozone concentrations in Africa and it can be labour-intensive and expensive to determine the direct impact of ozone on crop yield in the field. The identification of visible ozone symptoms is an easier, low cost method of determining if a crop species is being negatively affected by ozone pollution, potentially resulting in yield loss. In this study, thirteen staple African food crops (including wheat (Triticum aestivum), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana)) were exposed to an episodic ozone regime in a solardome system to monitor visible ozone symptoms. A more detailed examination of the progression of ozone symptoms with time was carried out for cultivars of P. vulgaris and T. aestivum, which showed early leaf loss (P. vulgaris) and an increased rate of senescence (T. aestivum) in response to ozone exposure. All of the crops tested showed visible ozone symptoms on their leaves in at least one cultivar, and ozone sensitivity varied between cultivars of the same crop. A guide to assist with identification of visible ozone symptoms (including photographs and a description of symptoms for each species) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Sharps
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Felicity Hayes
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Harry Harmens
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Gina Mills
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
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Cekstere G, Osvalde A, Elferts D, Rose C, Lucas F, Vollenweider P. Salt accumulation and effects within foliage of Tilia × vulgaris trees from the street greenery of Riga, Latvia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 747:140921. [PMID: 32777490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Green infrastructures within sprawling cities provide essential ecosystem services, increasingly undermined by environmental stress. The main objective in this study was to relate the allocation patterns of NaCl contaminants to injury within foliage of lime trees mechanistically and distinguish between the effects of salt and other environmental stressors. Using field material representative of salt contamination levels in the street greenery of Riga, Latvia, the contribution of salt contaminants to structural and ultrastructural injury was analyzed, combining different microscopy techniques. On severely salt-polluted and dystrophic soils, the foliage of street lime trees showed foliar concentrations of Na/Cl up to 13,600/16,750 mg kg-1 but a still balanced nutrient content. The salt contaminants were allocated to all leaf blade tissues and accumulated in priority within mesophyll vacuoles, changing the vacuolar ionic composition at the expense of especially K and Ca. The size of mesophyll cells and vacuoles was increased as a function of NaCl concentration, suggesting impeded transpiration stream. In parallel, the cytoplasm showed degenerative changes, suggesting indirect stress effects. Hence, the lime trees in Riga showed tolerance to the dystrophic environmental conditions enhanced by salt pollution but their leaf physiology appeared directly impacted by the accumulation of contaminants within foliage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunta Cekstere
- Laboratory of Plant Mineral Nutrition, Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Miera street 3, Salaspils LV-2169, Latvia; Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Anita Osvalde
- Laboratory of Plant Mineral Nutrition, Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Miera street 3, Salaspils LV-2169, Latvia.
| | - Didzis Elferts
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas street 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Christophe Rose
- Centre INRA, Grand Est Nancy, UMR Silva-Silvatech Microscopy, 54280 Champenoux, France.
| | - Falk Lucas
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy (ScopeM) of the ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre Vollenweider
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
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13
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Hoshika Y, Haworth M, Watanabe M, Koike T. Interactive effect of leaf age and ozone on mesophyll conductance in Siebold's beech. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 170:172-186. [PMID: 32394437 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mesophyll conductance (Gm ) is one of the most important factors determining photosynthesis. Tropospheric ozone (O3 ) is known to accelerate leaf senescence and causes a decline of photosynthetic activity in leaves. However, the effects of age-related variation of O3 on Gm have not been well investigated, and we, therefore, analysed leaf gas exchange data in a free-air O3 exposure experiment on Siebold's beech with two levels (ambient and elevated O3 : 28 and 62 nmol mol-1 as daylight average, respectively). In addition, we examined whether O3 -induced changes on leaf morphology (leaf mass per area, leaf density and leaf thickness) may affect CO2 diffusion inside leaves. We found that O3 damaged the photosynthetic biochemistry progressively during the growing season. The Gm was associated with a reduced photosynthesis in O3 -fumigated Siebold's beech in August. The O3 -induced reduction of Gm was negatively correlated with leaf density, which was increased by elevated O3 , suggesting that the reduction of Gm was accompanied by changes in the physical structure of mesophyll cells. On the other hand, in October, the O3 -induced decrease of Gm was diminished because Gm decreased due to leaf senescence regardless of O3 treatment. The reduction of photosynthesis in senescent leaves after O3 exposure was mainly due to a decrease of maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax ) and/or maximum electron transport rate (Jmax ) rather than diffusive limitations to CO2 transport such as Gm . A leaf age×O3 interaction of photosynthetic response will be a key for modelling photosynthesis in O3 -polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Italy
| | - Matthew Haworth
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Italy
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8689, Japan
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14
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Agathokleous E, Feng Z, Oksanen E, Sicard P, Wang Q, Saitanis CJ, Araminiene V, Blande JD, Hayes F, Calatayud V, Domingos M, Veresoglou SD, Peñuelas J, Wardle DA, De Marco A, Li Z, Harmens H, Yuan X, Vitale M, Paoletti E. Ozone affects plant, insect, and soil microbial communities: A threat to terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc1176. [PMID: 32851188 PMCID: PMC7423369 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Elevated tropospheric ozone concentrations induce adverse effects in plants. We reviewed how ozone affects (i) the composition and diversity of plant communities by affecting key physiological traits; (ii) foliar chemistry and the emission of volatiles, thereby affecting plant-plant competition, plant-insect interactions, and the composition of insect communities; and (iii) plant-soil-microbe interactions and the composition of soil communities by disrupting plant litterfall and altering root exudation, soil enzymatic activities, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. The community composition of soil microbes is consequently changed, and alpha diversity is often reduced. The effects depend on the environment and vary across space and time. We suggest that Atlantic islands in the Northern Hemisphere, the Mediterranean Basin, equatorial Africa, Ethiopia, the Indian coastline, the Himalayan region, southern Asia, and Japan have high endemic richness at high ozone risk by 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Elina Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, POB 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 route du Pin Montard, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Costas J. Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Valda Araminiene
- Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Girionys 53101 Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - James D. Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Felicity Hayes
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, c/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, PO Box 68041, 04045-972 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stavros D. Veresoglou
- Freie Universität Berlin-Institut für Biologie, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Plant Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia E-08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia E-08193, Spain
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome I-00123, Italy
| | - Zhengzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Harry Harmens
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome I-00185, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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15
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Dox I, Gričar J, Marchand LJ, Leys S, Zuccarini P, Geron C, Prislan P, Mariën B, Fonti P, Lange H, Peñuelas J, Van den Bulcke J, Campioli M. Timeline of autumn phenology in temperate deciduous trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1001-1013. [PMID: 32348497 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cessation of xylem formation or wood growth (CWG) and onset of foliar senescence (OFS) are key autumn phenological events in temperate deciduous trees. Their timing is fundamental for the development and survival of trees, ecosystem nutrient cycling and the seasonal exchange of matter and energy between the biosphere and atmosphere, and affects the impact and feedback of forests to global change. A large-scale experimental effort and improved observational methods have allowed us to compare the timing of CWG and OFS for different deciduous tree species in Western Europe, particularly in silver birch, a pioneer species, and European beech, a late-succession species, at stands of different latitudes, of different levels of site fertility, for 2 years with contrasting meteorological and drought conditions, i.e., the low moderately dry 2017 and the extremely dry 2018. Specifically, we tested whether foliar senescence started before, after or concurrently with CWG. Onset of foliar senescence and CWG occurred generally between late September and early November, with larger differences across species and sites for OFS. Foliar senescence started concurrently with CWG in most cases, except for the drier 2018 and, for beech, at the coldest site, where OFS occurred significantly later than CWG. The behavior of beech in Spain, the southern edge of its European distribution, was unclear, with no CWG, but very low wood growth at the time of OFS. Our study suggests that OFS is generally triggered by the same drivers of CWG or when wood growth decreases in late summer, indicating an overarching mechanism of sink limitation as a possible regulator of the timing of foliar senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Dox
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lorène J Marchand
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), Université de Rennes, Campus Beaulieu, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, Rennes, France
| | - Sebastien Leys
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Paolo Zuccarini
- Centre for Research on Ecology and Forestry Applications (CREAF), 08290, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charly Geron
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Faculty of Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Peter Prislan
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bertold Mariën
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Dendro-Sciences Research Unit, Subunit Palaeo-Ecology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Holger Lange
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Postboks 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Centre for Research on Ecology and Forestry Applications (CREAF), 08290, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matteo Campioli
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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16
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Hartikainen K, Kivimäenpää M, Nerg AM, Mäenpää M, Oksanen E, Rousi M, Holopainen T. Elevated temperature and ozone modify structural characteristics of silver birch (Betula pendula) leaves. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:467-483. [PMID: 31860708 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To study the effects of slightly elevated temperature and ozone (O3) on leaf structural characteristics of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), saplings of four clonal genotypes of this species were exposed to elevated temperature (ambient air temperature +0.8-1.0 °C) and elevated O3 (1.3-1.4× ambient O3), alone and in combination, in an open-air exposure field over two growing seasons (2007 and 2008). So far, the impacts of moderate elevation of temperature or the combination of elevated temperature and O3 on leaf structure of silver birch have not been intensively studied, thus showing the urgent need for this type of studies. Elevated temperature significantly increased leaf size, reduced non-glandular trichome density, decreased epidermis thickness and increased plastoglobuli size in birch leaves during one or both growing seasons. During the second growing season, O3 elevation reduced leaf size, increased palisade layer thickness and decreased the number of plastoglobuli in spongy cells. Certain leaf structural changes observed under a single treatment of elevated temperature or O3, such as increase in the amount of chloroplasts or vacuole, were no longer detected at the combined treatment. Leaf structural responses to O3 and rising temperature may also depend on timing of the exposure during the plant and leaf development as indicated by the distinct changes in leaf structure along the experiment. Genotype-dependent cellular responses to the treatments were detected particularly in the palisade cells. Overall, this study showed that even a slight but realistic elevation in ambient temperature can notably modify leaf structure of silver birch saplings. Leaf structure, in turn, influences leaf function, thus potentially affecting acclimation capacity under changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Hartikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Anne-Marja Nerg
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Maarit Mäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, Yliopistokatu 2, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
| | - Elina Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, Yliopistokatu 2, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
| | - Matti Rousi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, PO Box 2, Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki FI-00790, Finland
| | - Toini Holopainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
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17
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Paoletti E, Alivernini A, Anav A, Badea O, Carrari E, Chivulescu S, Conte A, Ciriani ML, Dalstein-Richier L, De Marco A, Fares S, Fasano G, Giovannelli A, Lazzara M, Leca S, Materassi A, Moretti V, Pitar D, Popa I, Sabatini F, Salvati L, Sicard P, Sorgi T, Hoshika Y. Toward stomatal-flux based forest protection against ozone: The MOTTLES approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:516-527. [PMID: 31325852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
European standards for the protection of forests from ozone (O3) are based on atmospheric exposure (AOT40) that is not always representative of O3 effects since it is not a proxy of gas uptake through stomata (stomatal flux). MOTTLES "MOnitoring ozone injury for seTTing new critical LEvelS" is a LIFE project aimed at establishing a permanent network of forest sites based on active O3 monitoring at remote areas at high and medium risk of O3 injury, in order to define new standards based on stomatal flux, i.e. PODY (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold Y of uptake). Based on the first year of data collected at MOTTLES sites, we describe the MOTTLES monitoring station, together with protocols and metric calculation methods. AOT40 and PODY, computed with different methods, are then compared and correlated with forest-health indicators (radial growth, crown defoliation, visible foliar O3 injury). For the year 2017, the average AOT40 calculated according to the European Directive was even 5 times (on average 1.7 times) the European legislative standard for the protection of forests. When the metrics were calculated according to the European protocols (EU Directive 2008/50/EC or Modelling and Mapping Manual LTRAP Convention), the values were well correlated to those obtained on the basis of the real duration of the growing season (i.e. MOTTLES method) and were thus representative of the actual exposure/flux. AOT40 showed opposite direction relative to PODY. Visible foliar O3 injury appeared as the best forest-health indicator for O3 under field conditions and was more frequently detected at forest edge than inside the forest. The present work may help the set-up of further long-term forest monitoring sites dedicated to O3 assessment in forests, especially because flux-based assessments are recommended as part of monitoring air pollution impacts on ecosystems in the revised EU National Emissions Ceilings Directive.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Paoletti
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - A Alivernini
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - A Anav
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; ENEA, SSPT-PVS, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Santa Maria di Galeria (Rome), Italy
| | - O Badea
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - E Carrari
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - S Chivulescu
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - A Conte
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - M L Ciriani
- GIEFS, 69 avenue des Hespérides, 06300 Nice, France
| | | | - A De Marco
- ENEA, SSPT-PVS, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Santa Maria di Galeria (Rome), Italy
| | - S Fares
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - G Fasano
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - A Giovannelli
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - M Lazzara
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - S Leca
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - A Materassi
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - V Moretti
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - D Pitar
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - I Popa
- INCDS, 128 Eroilor Bvd., 077030 Voluntari, Romania
| | - F Sabatini
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - L Salvati
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - P Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 route du Pin Montard, 06410 Biot, France
| | - T Sorgi
- CREA - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Viale S. Margherita 80, 52100 Arezzo, Italy
| | - Y Hoshika
- CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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18
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Bertold M, Manuela B, Inge D, Sebastien L, Lorène MJ, Charly G, Miguel PE, Hamada A, Han A, Matteo C. Detecting the onset of autumn leaf senescence in deciduous forest trees of the temperate zone. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:166-176. [PMID: 31209882 PMCID: PMC6713559 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Information on the onset of leaf senescence in temperate deciduous trees and comparisons on its assessment methods are limited, hampering our understanding of autumn dynamics. We compare five field proxies, five remote sensing proxies and two data analysis approaches to assess leaf senescence onset at one main beech stand, two stands of oak and birch, and three ancillary stands of the same species in Belgium during 2017 and 2018. Across species and sites, onset of leaf senescence was not significantly different for the field proxies based on Chl leaf content and canopy coloration, except for an advanced canopy coloration during the extremely dry and warm 2018. Two remote sensing indices provided results fully consistent with the field data. A significant lag emerged between leaf senescence onset and leaf fall, and when a threshold of 50% change in the seasonal variable under study (e.g. Chl content) was used to derive the leaf senescence onset. Our results provide unprecedented information on the quality and applicability of different proxies to assess leaf senescence onset in temperate deciduous trees. In addition, a sound base is offered to select the most suited methods for the different disciplines that need this type of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariën Bertold
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Balzarolo Manuela
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dox Inge
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Leys Sebastien
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marchand J. Lorène
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, Av du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Geron Charly
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Portillo-Estrada Miguel
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - AbdElgawad Hamada
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Asard Han
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Campioli Matteo
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160 Wilrijk, Belgium
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19
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Bouraoui D, Cekstere G, Osvalde A, Vollenweider P, Rasmann S. Deicing Salt Pollution Affects the Foliar Traits and Arthropods' Biodiversity of Lime Trees in Riga's Street Greeneries. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Ma B, Rodriguez RD, Bogatova E, Ruban A, Turanov S, Valiev D, Sheremet E. Non-invasive monitoring of red beet development. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 212:155-159. [PMID: 30634132 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural monitoring is required to enhance crop production, control plant stress, and predict pests and crop infection. Apart from monitoring the external influences, the state of the plant itself must be tracked. However, the modern methods for plant analysis are expensive and require plants processing often in a destructive way. Optical spectroscopy can be used for the non-invasive monitoring requiring no consumables, and little to none sample preparation. In this context, we found that the red beet growth can be monitored by Raman spectroscopy. Our analysis shows that, as plants age, the rate of betalain content increases. This increase makes betalain dominate the whole Raman spectra over other plant components. The dominance of betalain facilitates its use as a molecular marker for plant growth. This finding has implications in the understanding of plant physiology, particularly important for greenhouse growth and the optimization of external conditions such as artificial illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Raul D Rodriguez
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, 634034 Tomsk, Russia.
| | - Elena Bogatova
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexey Ruban
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Turanov
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, 634034 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Damir Valiev
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, 634034 Tomsk, Russia
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21
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Fernandes FF, Esposito MP, da Silva Engela MRG, Cardoso-Gustavson P, Furlan CM, Hoshika Y, Carrari E, Magni G, Domingos M, Paoletti E. The passion fruit liana (Passiflora edulis Sims, Passifloraceae) is tolerant to ozone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:1091-1101. [PMID: 30625641 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Passiflora edulis Sims is a liana species of high economic interest and is an interesting model plant for understanding ozone action on disturbed vegetation. In this work we hypothesized that P. edulis has adaptive responses to oxidative stress that enable it to tolerate ozone damage based on its capacity to grow under a diversity of environmental conditions and to dominate disturbed areas. We exposed seedlings to three levels of ozone in a Free-Air Controlled Exposure (FACE) system (22, 41 and 58 ppb h AOT40 and 13.52, 17.24 and 20.62 mmol m-2 POD0, over 97 days) for identifying its tolerance mechanisms. Anatomical (leaf blade structure and fluorescence emission of chloroplast metabolites), physiological (leaf gas exchange, growth rate and biomass production) and biochemical (pigments, total sugars, starch, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant metabolites, reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation derivatives) responses were assessed. Ozone caused decreased total number of leaves, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the mesophyll cells, and accelerated leaf senescence. However, O3 did not affect carbohydrates content, net photosynthetic rate, or total biomass production, indicating that the carboxylation efficiency and associated physiological processes were not affected. In addition, P. edulis showed higher leaf contents of ascorbic acid, glutathione (as well high ratio between their reduced and total forms), carotenoids, and flavonoids located in the chloroplast outer envelope membrane. Our results indicate that P. edulis is an O3-tolerant species due to morphological acclimation responses and an effective antioxidant defense system represented by non-enzymatic antioxidants, which maintained the cellular redox balance under ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Faia Fernandes
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, Miguel Stéfano Ave. 3687, 04045-972 SP, Brazil.
| | - Marisia Pannia Esposito
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, Miguel Stéfano Ave. 3687, 04045-972 SP, Brazil
| | | | - Poliana Cardoso-Gustavson
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Arcturus St. 03, 09606-070 SBC, Brazil
| | - Claudia Maria Furlan
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Matão St. 257, 05508-090 SP, Brazil
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elisa Carrari
- National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giada Magni
- National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, Miguel Stéfano Ave. 3687, 04045-972 SP, Brazil
| | - Elena Paoletti
- National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Dalstein L, Ciriani ML. Ozone foliar damage and defoliation monitoring of P.cembra between 2000 and 2016 in the southeast of France. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:451-461. [PMID: 30359927 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Dalstein
- GIEFS (Groupe International d'Études des Forêts Sud-Européennes), 69 avenue des Hespérides, 06300, Nice, France.
| | - Marie-Lyne Ciriani
- GIEFS (Groupe International d'Études des Forêts Sud-Européennes), 69 avenue des Hespérides, 06300, Nice, France
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Moura BB, Alves ES, Marabesi MA, de Souza SR, Schaub M, Vollenweider P. Ozone affects leaf physiology and causes injury to foliage of native tree species from the tropical Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:912-925. [PMID: 28830051 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In southern Brazil, the recent increase in tropospheric ozone (O3) concentrations poses an additional threat to the biodiverse but endangered and fragmented remnants of the Atlantic Forest. Given the mostly unknown sensitivity of tropical species to oxidative stress, the principal objective of this study was to determine whether the current O3 levels in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (MRC), downwind of São Paulo, affect the native vegetation of forest remnants. Foliar responses to O3 of three tree species typical of the MRC forests were investigated using indoor chamber exposure experiments under controlled conditions and a field survey. Exposure to 70ppb O3 reduced assimilation and leaf conductance but increased respiration in Astronium graveolens while gas exchange in Croton floribundus was little affected. Both A. graveolens and Piptadenia gonoacantha developed characteristic O3-induced injury in the foliage, similar to visible symptoms observed in >30% of trees assessed in the MRC, while C. floribundus remained asymptomatic. The underlying structural symptoms in both O3-exposed and field samples were indicative of oxidative burst, hypersensitive responses, accelerated cell senescence and, primarily in field samples, interaction with photo-oxidative stress. The markers of O3 stress were thus mostly similar to those observed in other regions of the world. Further research is needed, to estimate the proportion of sensitive forest species, the O3 impact on tree growth and stand stability and to detect O3 hot spots where woody species in the Atlantic Forest are mostly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Baêsso Moura
- Botanical Institute of São Paulo, P. O. Box 4005, 01061-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Edenise Segala Alves
- Botanical Institute of São Paulo, P. O. Box 4005, 01061-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vollenweider
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Bjerke JW, Treharne R, Vikhamar-Schuler D, Karlsen SR, Ravolainen V, Bokhorst S, Phoenix GK, Bochenek Z, Tømmervik H. Understanding the drivers of extensive plant damage in boreal and Arctic ecosystems: Insights from field surveys in the aftermath of damage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1965-1976. [PMID: 28558420 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The exact cause of population dieback in nature is often challenging to identify retrospectively. Plant research in northern regions has in recent decades been largely focussed on the opposite trend, namely increasing populations and higher productivity. However, a recent unexpected decline in remotely-sensed estimates of terrestrial Arctic primary productivity suggests that warmer northern lands do not necessarily result in higher productivity. As large-scale plant dieback may become more frequent at high northern latitudes with increasing frequency of extreme events, understanding the drivers of plant dieback is especially urgent. Here, we report on recent extensive damage to dominant, short, perennial heath and tundra plant populations in boreal and Arctic Norway, and assess the potential drivers of this damage. In the High-Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, we recorded that 8-50% of Cassiope tetragona and Dryas octopetala shoots were dead, and that the ratios of dead shoots increased from 2014 to 2015. In boreal Norway, 38-63% of Calluna vulgaris shoots were dead, while Vaccinium myrtillus had damage to 91% of shoots in forested sites, but was healthy in non-forested sites. Analyses of numerous sources of environmental information clearly point towards a winter climate-related reason for damage to three of these four species. In Svalbard, the winters of 2011/12 and 2014/15 were documented to be unusually severe, i.e. insulation from ambient temperature fluctuation by snow was largely absent, and ground-ice enforced additional stress. In boreal Norway, the 2013/14 winter had a long period with very little snow combined with extremely low precipitation rates, something which resulted in frost drought of uncovered Calluna plants. However, extensive outbreaks of a leaf-defoliating geometrid moth were identified as the driver of Vaccinium mortality. These results suggest that weather and biotic extreme events potentially have strong impacts on the vegetation state of northern lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarle W Bjerke
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, PO Box 6606, Langnes, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Rachael Treharne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Stein R Karlsen
- Northern Research Institute - Tromsø, Science Park, NO-9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Virve Ravolainen
- Norwegian Polar Institute, FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, PO Box 6606, Langnes, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stef Bokhorst
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, PO Box 6606, Langnes, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gareth K Phoenix
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Hans Tømmervik
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, PO Box 6606, Langnes, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
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Souza VL, de Almeida AAF, Mangabeira PAO, Silva DDC, de Jesus RM, Valle RR. Morphophysiological, ultrastructural, and nutritional changes induced by Cu toxicity in young Erythrina fusca plants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2017; 19:621-631. [PMID: 28084783 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2016.1278421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Erythrina fusca is an important legume used for shade cover in cacao plantations in Brazil. Cacao plantations receive large quantities of copper (Cu)-containing agrochemicals, mainly for control of diseases. Therefore, Cu toxicity was investigated in seedlings grown in hydroponics with increasing concentrations of Cu (0.005-32 mg L-1) in a greenhouse. Ultrastructural analyses showed cell plasmolysis in the root cortical area and changes in thylakoid membranes at 8 mg Cu L-1 and higher. There were changes in epicuticular wax deposition on the leaf surface at the 16 and 32 mg Cu L-1 treatments. Leaf gas exchanges were highly affected 24 hours after application of treatments beginning at 8 mg Cu L-1 and higher Cu concentrations. Chemical analyses showed that Cu content in E. fusca roots increased as Cu concentration in the nutrient solution increased, whereas the shoot did not show significant changes. It is also observed that excess Cu interfered with Zn, Fe, Mn, Mg, K, P, and Ca content in the different E. fusca organs. Investigation of Cu toxicity symptoms focusing on morphophysiological, ultrastructural, gas exchange, and nutritional changes would be useful to alleviate Cu toxicity in E. fusca under field conditions, an important agroforestry species in cacao plantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia L Souza
- a Instituto Federal da Bahia, campus Eunápolis , Rosa Neto, Eunápolis , BA , Brazil
| | - Alex-Alan F de Almeida
- b Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , Ilhéus , BA , Brazil
| | - Pedro A O Mangabeira
- b Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , Ilhéus , BA , Brazil
| | - Delmira da C Silva
- b Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , Ilhéus , BA , Brazil
| | - Raildo M de Jesus
- b Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , Ilhéus , BA , Brazil
| | - Raúl René Valle
- b Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , Ilhéus , BA , Brazil
- c CEPEC/CEPLAC , Ilhéus , BA , Brazil
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Kováts N, Horváth E, Eck-Varanka B, Csajbók E, Hoffer A. Adapting the Vegetative Vigour Terrestrial Plant Test for assessing ecotoxicity of aerosol samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15291-15298. [PMID: 28502046 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants, being recognized to show high sensitivity to air pollution, have been long used to assess the ecological effects of airborne contaminants. However, many changes in vegetation are now generally attributed to atmospheric deposition of aerosol particles; the dose-effect relationships of this process are usually poorly known. In contrast to bioindication studies, ecotoxicological tests (or bioassays) are controlled and reproducible where ecological responses are determined quantitatively. In our study, the No. 227 OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals: Terrestrial Plant Test: Vegetative Vigour Test (hereinafter referred to as 'Guideline') was adapted and its applicability for assessing the ecotoxicity of water-soluble aerosol compounds of aerosol samples was evaluated. In the aqueous extract of the sample, concentration of metals, benzenes, aliphatic hydrocarbons and PAHs was determined analytically. Cucumis sativus L. plants were sprayed with the aqueous extract of urban aerosol samples collected in a winter sampling campaign in Budapest. After the termination of the test, on day 22, the following endpoints were measured: fresh weight, shoot length and visible symptoms. The higher concentrations applied caused leaf necrosis due to toxic compounds found in the extract. On the other hand, the extract elucidated stimulatory effect at low concentration on both fresh weight and shoot length. The test protocol, based on the Guideline, seems sensitive enough to assess the phytotoxicity of aqueous extract of aerosol and to establish clear cause-effect relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Kováts
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Horváth
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - Bettina Eck-Varanka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - Eszter Csajbók
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - András Hoffer
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
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Labidi S, Firmin S, Verdin A, Bidar G, Laruelle F, Douay F, Shirali P, Fontaine J, Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui A. Nature of fly ash amendments differently influences oxidative stress alleviation in four forest tree species and metal trace element phytostabilization in aged contaminated soil: A long-term field experiment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 138:190-198. [PMID: 28061412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aided phytostabilization using coal fly ashes (CFAs) is an interesting technique to clean-up polluted soils and valorizing industrial wastes. In this context, our work aims to study the effect of two CFAs: silico-aluminous (CFA1) and sulfo-calcic (CFA2) ones, 10 years after their addition, on the phytostabilization of a highly Cd (cadmium), Pb (lead) and Zn (zinc) contaminated agricultural soil, with four forest tree species: Robinia pseudoacacia, Alnus glutinosa, Acer pseudoplatanus and Salix alba. To assess the effect of CFAs on trees, leaf fatty acid composition, malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized and reduced glutathione contents ratio (GSSG: GSH), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), Peroxidase (PO) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were examined. Our results showed that CFA amendments decreased the CaCl2-extractable fraction of Cd and Zn from the soil. However, no significant effect was observed on metal trace element (MTE) concentrations in leaves. Fatty acid percentages were only affected by the addition of sulfo-calcic CFA. The most affected species were A. glutinosa and R. pseudoacacia in which C16:0, C18:0 and C18:2 percentages increased significantly whereas the C18:3 decreased. The addition of sulfo-calcic CFA induced the antioxidant systems response in tree leaves. An increase of SOD and POD activities in leaves of trees planted on the CFA2-amended plot was recorded. Conversely, silico-aluminous CFA generated a reduction of lipid and DNA oxidation associated with the absence or low induction of anti-oxidative processes. Our study evidenced oxidative stress alleviation in tree leaves due to CFA amendments. MTE mobility in contaminated soil and their accumulation in leaves differed with the nature of CFA amendments and the selected tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Labidi
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 50, rue Ferdinand Buisson, F-62228 Calais cedex, France; Université de Carthage, Laboratoire des Sciences Horticoles LR13AGR01, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43 Ave Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Mahrajène, Tunisia
| | - Stéphane Firmin
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 50, rue Ferdinand Buisson, F-62228 Calais cedex, France; UniLaSalle, Beauvais, UP-HydrISE2012.10.102, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 19 rue Pierre Waguet, Beauvais Cedex, France
| | - Anthony Verdin
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 50, rue Ferdinand Buisson, F-62228 Calais cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Bidar
- ISA Lille, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo Environnement (LGCgE), 48 boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Laruelle
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 50, rue Ferdinand Buisson, F-62228 Calais cedex, France
| | - Francis Douay
- ISA Lille, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo Environnement (LGCgE), 48 boulevard Vauban, 59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Pirouz Shirali
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 50, rue Ferdinand Buisson, F-62228 Calais cedex, France
| | - Joël Fontaine
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 50, rue Ferdinand Buisson, F-62228 Calais cedex, France
| | - Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 50, rue Ferdinand Buisson, F-62228 Calais cedex, France.
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Automatically diagnosing leaf scorching and disease symptoms in trees/shrubs by using RGB image computation with a common statistical algorithm. ECOL INFORM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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González-Zurdo P, Escudero A, Nuñez R, Mediavilla S. Losses of leaf area owing to herbivory and early senescence in three tree species along a winter temperature gradient. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2016; 60:1661-1674. [PMID: 27034266 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In temperate climates, evergreen leaves have to survive throughout low temperature winter periods. Freezing and chilling injuries can lead to accelerated senescence of part of the leaf surface, which contributes to a reduction of the lifespan of the photosynthetic machinery and of leaf lifetime carbon gain. Low temperatures are also associated with changes in foliar chemistry and morphology that affect consumption by herbivores. Therefore, the severity of foliar area losses caused by accelerated senescence and herbivory can change along winter temperature gradients. The aim of this study is to analyse such responses in the leaves of three evergreen species (Quercus ilex, Q. suber and Pinus pinaster) along a climatic gradient. The leaves of all three species presented increased leaf mass per area (LMA) and higher concentrations of structural carbohydrates in cooler areas. Only the two oak species showed visible symptoms of damage caused by herbivory, this being less intense at the coldest sites. The leaves of all three species presented chlorotic and necrotic spots that increased in size with leaf age. The foliar surface affected by chlorosis and necrosis was larger at the sites with the coldest winters. Therefore, the effects of the winter cold on the lifespan of the photosynthetic machinery were contradictory: losses of leaf area due to accelerated senescence increased, but there was a decrease in losses caused by herbivory. The final consequences for carbon assimilation strongly depend on the exact timing of the appearance of the damage resulting from low temperature and grazing by herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- P González-Zurdo
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37071, Salamanca, Spain
| | - A Escudero
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37071, Salamanca, Spain
| | - R Nuñez
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37071, Salamanca, Spain
| | - S Mediavilla
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37071, Salamanca, Spain.
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Miri M, Ehrampoush MH, Reza Ghaffari H, Aval HE, Rezai M, Najafpour F, Abaszadeh Fathabadi Z, Aval MY, Ebrahimi A. Atmospheric Heavy Metals Biomonitoring Using a Local Pinus eldarica Tree. HEALTH SCOPE 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/jhealthscope-39241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Acclimation Changes of Flavonoids in Needles of Conifers during Heat and Drought Stress 2015. CLIMATE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cli4030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Miri M, Allahabadi A, Ghaffari HR, Fathabadi ZA, Raisi Z, Rezai M, Aval MY. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metal (HM) pollution in the ambient air using a new bio-indicator. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14210-14220. [PMID: 27053049 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this descriptive-analytical study was to measure the concentration of heavy metals (HMs) in the leaf and bark of Ulmus carpinifolia as new biological indicators, and the ecological risk assessment of these metals in the ambient air. To achieve these goals, 48 sampling locations were selected in the city and concentration of four HMs-zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd)-was measured in the mentioned indicator using atomic absorption spectroscopy method. After this, ecological risk assessment, source appointment, and spatial distribution were conducted. In this regard, the enrichment factor (EF), potential ecological risk factor (E r), potential ecological risk index (RI), correlation coefficient (r), and other indices were calculated. The results showed that the concentration of HMs in the leaf and bark in ascending order is as Cd<Cu<Pb<Zn and Cd<Pb<Cu<Zn, respectively. The EF results indicated that the main origin of all measured HMs except Zn is anthropogenic sources. Also, the principal component analysis (PCA) and spatial distribution proved that the concentration of HMs is mainly originated from the traffic and other human activities. On the other hand, the results RI presented that the majority of locations sampled in the study area was exposed to serious ecological risk in terms of surveyed HMs. The leaf and bark of U. carpinifolia can be applied as bio-indicators of the presence of heavy metals in the ambient air and ecological risk imposed by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Miri
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Allahabadi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Ghaffari
- Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Abaszadeh Fathabadi
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Raisi
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mehrab Rezai
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Fernandes FF, Cardoso-Gustavson P, Alves ES. Synergism between ozone and light stress: structural responses of polyphenols in a woody Brazilian species. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 155:573-582. [PMID: 27155473 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic studies on isolated ozone (O3) effects or on those in synergy with light stress commonly report the induction of polyphenols that exhibit different aspects within the vacuole of photosynthesizing cells. It has been assumed that these different aspects are randomly spread in the symptomatic (injured) regions of the leaf blade. Interestingly, secretory ducts that constitutively produce polyphenols also exhibit these same variations in their vacuolar aspect, in a spatial sequence related to the destiny of these cells (e.g., programmed cell death (PCD) in lytic secretion processes). Here, we demonstrate that the deposition pattern of polyphenols prior to the establishment of the hypersensitive-like response, a type of PCD caused by O3, follows the same one observed in the epithelial cells of the constitutive lysigenous secretory ducts. Astronium graveolens, an early secondary Brazilian woody species, was selected based on its susceptibility to high light and presence of secretory ducts. The synergism effects were assessed by exposing plants to the high O3 concentrations at an urban site in São Paulo City. Confocal, widefield and light microscopies were used to examine polyphenols' occurrence and aspects. The spatial pattern of polyphenols distribution along the leaflets of plants submitted to the synergism condition, in which a dense vacuolar aspect is the target of a cell destined to death, was also observed in the constitutive secretory cells prior to lysis. This similar structural pattern may be a case of homology of process involving both the constitutive (secretory ducts) and the induced (photosynthesizing cells) defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Faia Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Botânica, Av. Miguel Stefano 3687, Água Funda, 04301-902, SP, Brazil.
| | - Poliana Cardoso-Gustavson
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Arcturus 03, Jardim Antares, São Bernardo do Campo, 09606-070, Brazil.
| | - Edenise Segala Alves
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Anatomia, Instituto de Botânica, Av. Miguel Stefano 3687, Água Funda, 04301-902, SP, Brazil.
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Cassimiro JC, Moura BB, Alonso R, Meirelles ST, Moraes RM. Ozone stomatal flux and O3 concentration-based metrics for Astronium graveolens Jacq., a Brazilian native forest tree species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:1007-1015. [PMID: 26805742 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The current levels of surface ozone (O3) are high enough to negatively affect trees in large regions of São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil, where standards for the protection of vegetation against the adverse effects of O3 do not exist. We evaluated three O3 metrics - phytotoxic ozone dose (POD), accumulated ozone exposure over the threshold of 40 ppb h (AOT40), and the sum of all hourly average concentrations (SUM00) - for the Brazilian native tropical tree species Astronium graveolens Jacq. We used the DO3SE (Deposition of Ozone for Stomatal Exchange) model and calculated PODY for different thresholds (from 0 to 6 mmol O3 m(-2) PLA s(-1)), evaluating the model's performance through the relationship between measured and modelled conductance. The response parameters were: visible foliar injury, considered as incidence (% injured plants), severity (% injured leaves in relation to the number of leaves on injured plants), and leaf abscission. The model performance was suitable and significant (R(2) = 0.58; p < 0.001). POD0 was better correlated to incidence and leaf abscission, and SUM00 was better correlated to severity. The highest values of O3 concentration-based metrics (AOT40 and SUM00) did not coincide with those of POD0. Further investigation may improve the model and contribute to the proposition of a national standard for the protection of native species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bárbara B Moura
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, R. Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, SP, 13 083 872, Brazil
| | - Rocio Alonso
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sérgio T Meirelles
- Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 321, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Regina M Moraes
- Instituto de Botânica, Caixa Postal 3005, São Paulo, SP, 01061-970, Brazil.
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Sicard P, De Marco A, Dalstein-Richier L, Tagliaferro F, Renou C, Paoletti E. An epidemiological assessment of stomatal ozone flux-based critical levels for visible ozone injury in Southern European forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:729-741. [PMID: 26437347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Southern forests are at the highest ozone (O3) risk in Europe where ground-level O3 is a pressing sanitary problem for ecosystem health. Exposure-based standards for protecting vegetation are not representative of actual field conditions. A biologically-sound stomatal flux-based standard has been proposed, although critical levels for protection still need to be validated. This innovative epidemiological assessment of forest responses to O3 was carried out in 54 plots in Southeastern France and Northwestern Italy in 2012 and 2013. Three O3 indices, namely the accumulated exposure AOT40, and the accumulated stomatal flux with and without an hourly threshold of uptake (POD1 and POD0) were compared. Stomatal O3 fluxes were modeled (DO3SE) and correlated to measured forest-response indicators, i.e. crown defoliation, crown discoloration and visible foliar O3 injury. Soil water content, a key variable affecting the severity of visible foliar O3 injury, was included in DO3SE. Based on flux-effect relationships, we developed species-specific flux-based critical levels (CLef) for forest protection against visible O3 injury. For O3 sensitive conifers, CLef of 19 mmol m(-2) for Pinus cembra (high O3 sensitivity) and 32 mmol m(-2) for Pinus halepensis (moderate O3 sensitivity) were calculated. For broadleaved species, we obtained a CLef of 25 mmol m(-2) for Fagus sylvatica (moderate O3 sensitivity) and of 19 mmol m(-2) for Fraxinus excelsior (high O3 sensitivity). We showed that an assessment based on PODY and on real plant symptoms is more appropriated than the concentration-based method. Indeed, POD0 was better correlated with visible foliar O3 injury than AOT40, whereas AOT40 was better correlated with crown discoloration and defoliation (aspecific indicators). To avoid an underestimation of the real O3 uptake, we recommend the use of POD0 calculated for hours with a non-null global radiation over the 24-h O3 accumulation window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France.
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), 76, Lungotevere Thaon de Revel, Rome, Italy
| | - Laurence Dalstein-Richier
- GIEFS (Groupe International d'Etudes des Forêts Sud-européennes), 60, Avenue des Hespérides, 06300 Nice, France
| | - Francesco Tagliaferro
- IPLA (Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l'Ambiente), Corso Casale 476, 10132 Turin, Italy
| | - Camille Renou
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France
| | - Elena Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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Hůnová I, Stoklasová P, Schovánková J, Kulasová A. Spatial and temporal trends of ozone distribution in the Jizerské hory Mountains of the Czech Republic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:377-387. [PMID: 26308923 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present results of the 5-year monitoring of ambient O3 concentrations in a Central European medium altitude mountain forested area. O3 levels were measured at 11 sites between 714 and 1000 m a.s.l. in 2006-2010 vegetation seasons using Ogawa diffusive samplers. Our results reveal that O3 exposure in the Jizerské hory Mts. was relatively high and comparable with polluted sites in Southern Europe and in higher altitudes. O3 concentrations differed significantly between individual sites and in individual years. O3 concentrations showed clear dependence on altitude at sites with similar aspect. Its gradient for the entire 5-year period under review equaled 3.5 ppb/100 m of altitude, ranging between nearly 5 ppb/100 m of altitude in 2006 and nearly 3 ppb/100 m of altitude in 2010. O3 concentrations at the site with northern aspect were consistently significantly lower than at the site at similar altitude with southern aspect. O3 concentrations measured at the forest edge were consistently lower than those measured at the same site but at the forest clearing. It is evident that the macro-setting of the O3 monitoring site is crucial for obtaining reliable results with high representativeness for the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Hůnová
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Stoklasová
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Alena Kulasová
- T.G.Masaryk Water Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
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Deciduous forest responses to temperature, precipitation, and drought imply complex climate change impacts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13585-90. [PMID: 26483475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509991112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in spring and autumn phenology of temperate plants in recent decades have become iconic bio-indicators of rapid climate change. These changes have substantial ecological and economic impacts. However, autumn phenology remains surprisingly little studied. Although the effects of unfavorable environmental conditions (e.g., frost, heat, wetness, and drought) on autumn phenology have been observed for over 60 y, how these factors interact to influence autumn phenological events remain poorly understood. Using remotely sensed phenology data from 2001 to 2012, this study identified and quantified significant effects of a suite of environmental factors on the timing of fall dormancy of deciduous forest communities in New England, United States. Cold, frost, and wet conditions, and high heat-stress tended to induce earlier dormancy of deciduous forests, whereas moderate heat- and drought-stress delayed dormancy. Deciduous forests in two eco-regions showed contrasting, nonlinear responses to variation in these explanatory factors. Based on future climate projection over two periods (2041-2050 and 2090-2099), later dormancy dates were predicted in northern areas. However, in coastal areas earlier dormancy dates were predicted. Our models suggest that besides warming in climate change, changes in frost and moisture conditions as well as extreme weather events (e.g., drought- and heat-stress, and flooding), should also be considered in future predictions of autumn phenology in temperate deciduous forests. This study improves our understanding of how multiple environmental variables interact to affect autumn phenology in temperate deciduous forest ecosystems, and points the way to building more mechanistic and predictive models.
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Feucht W, Schmid M, Treutter D. DNA and Flavonoids Leach out from Active Nuclei of Taxus and Tsuga after Extreme Climate Stresses. PLANTS 2015; 4:710-27. [PMID: 27135348 PMCID: PMC4844407 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Severe over-stresses of climate caused dramatic changes in the intracellular distribution of the flavonoids. This was studied in needles from the current year’s growth of the following species and varieties: Tsuga canadensis, Taxus baccata, T. aurea, T. repens, T. nana, and T. compacta. The mode of steady changes in flavonoids was evaluated by microscopic techniques. Most of the flavonoids stain visibly yellow by themselves. The colorless flavanol subgroup can be stained blue by the DMACA reagent. In mid-summer 2013, outstanding high temperatures and intense photo-oxidative irradiation caused in a free-standing tree of Taxus baccata dramatic heat damage in a limited number of cells of the palisade layers. In these cells, the cytoplasm was burned brown. However, the nucleus maintained its healthy “blue” colored appearance which apparently was a result of antioxidant barrier effects by these flavanols. In late May 2014, excessive rainfall greatly affected all study trees. Collectively, in all study trees, a limited number of the mesophyll nuclei from the needless grown in 2013 and 2014 became overly turgid, enlarged in size and the flavanols leached outward through the damaged nuclear membranes. This diffusive stress event was followed one to three days later by a similar efflux of DNA. Such a complete dissolution of the nuclei in young tissues was the most spectacular phenomenon of the present study. As a common feature, leaching of both flavanols and DNA was markedly enhanced with increasing size and age of the cells. There is evidence that signalling flavonoids are sensitized to provide in nuclei and cytoplasm multiple mutual protective mechanisms. However, this well-orchestrated flavonoid system is broken down by extreme climate events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Feucht
- Unit Fruit Science, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Dürnast 2, Freising 85354, Germany.
| | - Markus Schmid
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Street 35, Freising 85354, Germany.
- Chair of Food Packaging Technology, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Steig 22, Freising 85354, Germany.
| | - Dieter Treutter
- Unit Fruit Science, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Dürnast 2, Freising 85354, Germany.
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Günthardt-Goerg MS, Vollenweider P. Responses of beech and spruce foliage to elevated carbon dioxide, increased nitrogen deposition and soil type. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv067. [PMID: 26092041 PMCID: PMC4522038 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although enhanced carbon fixation by forest trees may contribute significantly to mitigating an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), capacities for this vary greatly among different tree species and locations. This study compared reactions in the foliage of a deciduous and a coniferous tree species (important central European trees, beech and spruce) to an elevated supply of CO2 and evaluated the importance of the soil type and increased nitrogen deposition on foliar nutrient concentrations and cellular stress reactions. During a period of 4 years, beech (represented by trees from four different regions) and spruce saplings (eight regions), planted together on either acidic or calcareous forest soil in the experimental model ecosystem chambers, were exposed to single and combined treatments consisting of elevated carbon dioxide (+CO2, 590 versus 374 μL L(-1)) and elevated wet nitrogen deposition (+ND, 50 versus 5 kg ha(-1) a(-1)). Leaf size and foliage mass of spruce were increased by +CO2 on both soil types, but those of beech by +ND on the calcareous soil only. The magnitude of the effects varied among the tree origins in both species. Moreover, the concentration of secondary compounds (proanthocyanidins) and the leaf mass per area, as a consequence of cell wall thickening, were also increased and formed important carbon sinks within the foliage. Although the species elemental concentrations differed in their response to CO2 fertilization, the +CO2 treatment effect was weakened by an acceleration of cell senescence in both species, as shown by a decrease in photosynthetic pigment and nitrogen concentration, discolouration and stress symptoms at the cell level; the latter were stronger in beech than spruce. Hence, young trees belonging to a species with different ecological niches can show contrasting responses in their foliage size, but similar responses at the cell level, upon exposure to elevated levels of CO2. The soil type and its nutrient supply largely determined the fertilization gain, especially in the case of beech trees with a narrow ecological amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Silvia Günthardt-Goerg
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vollenweider
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Pedroso ANV, Alves ES. Temporal dynamics of the cellular events in tobacco leaves exposed in São Paulo, Brazil, indicate oxidative stress by ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:6535-45. [PMID: 25563833 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-4025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana tabacum 'Bel-W3' is widely used as an ozone bioindicator species, showing typical necrosis preceded by microscopic markers of oxidative stress. This study aimed to follow the development of symptoms in tobacco exposed in São Paulo highlighting the temporal dynamics of the cellular events. Leaves with and without necrosis were processed according to standard techniques for anatomical analyses. Leaves from the site with higher SUM00 presented thinner palisade parenchyma, fewer layers of spongy parenchyma, higher stomatal density, clusters of vessel elements in the midrib, erosion of cuticular waxes and stomatal damage. The sequence of microscopic events from the third day of exposure were condensation of the cytoplasm in parenchyma tissue, sinuosity of anticlinal walls, pectinaceous cell wall protrusions, chromatin condensation and changes in chlorophyll autofluorescence. On the 14th day of exposure, these events finally led to cell death in the palisade parenchyma and necrosis on the leaf. The markers observed indicated oxidative stress caused by ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nunes Vaz Pedroso
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Anatomia, Caixa Postal 68041, CEP 04045-972, São Paulo, SP, Brazil,
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Estiarte M, Peñuelas J. Alteration of the phenology of leaf senescence and fall in winter deciduous species by climate change: effects on nutrient proficiency. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:1005-17. [PMID: 25384459 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence in winter deciduous species signals the transition from the active to the dormant stage. The purpose of leaf senescence is the recovery of nutrients before the leaves fall. Photoperiod and temperature are the main cues controlling leaf senescence in winter deciduous species, with water stress imposing an additional influence. Photoperiod exerts a strict control on leaf senescence at latitudes where winters are severe and temperature gains importance in the regulation as winters become less severe. On average, climatic warming will delay and drought will advance leaf senescence, but at varying degrees depending on the species. Warming and drought thus have opposite effects on the phenology of leaf senescence, and the impact of climate change will therefore depend on the relative importance of each factor in specific regions. Warming is not expected to have a strong impact on nutrient proficiency although a slower speed of leaf senescence induced by warming could facilitate a more efficient nutrient resorption. Nutrient resorption is less efficient when the leaves senesce prematurely as a consequence of water stress. The overall effects of climate change on nutrient resorption will depend on the contrasting effects of warming and drought. Changes in nutrient resorption and proficiency will impact production in the following year, at least in early spring, because the construction of new foliage relies almost exclusively on nutrients resorbed from foliage during the preceding leaf fall. Changes in the phenology of leaf senescence will thus impact carbon uptake, but also ecosystem nutrient cycling, especially if the changes are consequence of water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Estiarte
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Sicard P, Dalstein-Richier L. Health and vitality assessment of two common pine species in the context of climate change in southern Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 137:235-245. [PMID: 25577188 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean Basin is expected to be more strongly affected by ongoing climate change than most other regions of the earth. The South-eastern France can be considered as case study for assessing global change impacts on forests. Based on non-parametric statistical tests, the climatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, global radiation) and forest-response indicators (crown defoliation, discoloration and visible foliar ozone injury) of two pine species (Pinus halepensis and Pinus cembra) were analyzed. In the last 20 years, the trend analyses reveal a clear hotter and drier climate along the coastline and slightly rainier inland. In the current climate change context, a reduction in ground-level ozone (O3) was found at remote sites and the visible foliar O3 injury decreased while deterioration of the crown conditions was observed likely due to a drier and warmer climate. Clearly, if such climatic and ecological changes are now being detected when the climate, in South-eastern France, has warmed in the last 20 years (+0.46-1.08°C), it can be expected that many more impacts on tree species will occur in response to predicted temperature changes by 2100 (+1.95-4.59°C). Climate change is projected to reduce the benefits of O3 precursor emissions controls leading to a higher O3 uptake. However, the drier and warmer climate should induce a soil drought leading to a lower O3 uptake. These two effects, acting together in an opposite way, could mitigate the harmful impacts of O3 on forests. The development of coordinated emission abatement strategies is useful to reduce both climate change and O3 pollution. Climate change will create additional challenges for forest management with substantial socio-economic and biological diversity impacts. However, the development of future sustainable and adaptive forest management strategies has the potential to reduce the vulnerability of forest species to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-ST, 260 route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France.
| | - Laurence Dalstein-Richier
- GIEFS (Groupe International d'Etudes des Forêts Sud-européennes) - 60, Avenue des Hespérides, 06300 Nice, France
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Cardoso-Gustavson P, Bolsoni VP, de Oliveira DP, Guaratini MTG, Aidar MPM, Marabesi MA, Alves ES, de Souza SR. Ozone-induced responses in Croton floribundus Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae): metabolic cross-talk between volatile organic compounds and calcium oxalate crystal formation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105072. [PMID: 25165889 PMCID: PMC4148241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we proposed that volatile organic compounds (VOC), specifically methyl salicylate (MeSA), mediate the formation of calcium oxalate crystals (COC) in the defence against ozone (O3) oxidative damage. We performed experiments using Croton floribundus, a pioneer tree species that is tolerant to O3 and widely distributed in the Brazilian forest. This species constitutively produces COC. We exposed plants to a controlled fumigation experiment and assessed biochemical, physiological, and morphological parameters. O3 induced a significant increase in the concentrations of constitutive oxygenated compounds, MeSA and terpenoids as well as in COC number. Our analysis supported the hypothesis that ozone-induced VOC (mainly MeSA) regulate ROS formation in a way that promotes the opening of calcium channels and the subsequent formation of COC in a fast and stable manner to stop the consequences of the reactive oxygen species in the tissue, indeed immobilising the excess calcium (caused by acute exposition to O3) that can be dangerous to the plant. To test this hypothesis, we performed an independent experiment spraying MeSA over C. floribundus plants and observed an increase in the number of COC, indicating that this compound has a potential to directly induce their formation. Thus, the tolerance of C. floribundus to O3 oxidative stress could be a consequence of a higher capacity for the production of VOC and COC rather than the modulation of antioxidant balance. We also present some insights into constitutive morphological features that may be related to the tolerance that this species exhibits to O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poliana Cardoso-Gustavson
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Mauro Alexandre Marabesi
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edenise Segala Alves
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Anatomia, Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Juan Miguel GB, Ofelia MB, Esther Aurora RH, Maria Aurora AH, Dávila Osiel G. "Microscopic evidences of heavy metals distribution and anatomic alterations in breaching-leaves of Cupressus lindleyi growing around mining wastes". Microsc Res Tech 2014; 77:714-26. [PMID: 24919681 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this article a study of the distribution of heavy metals in Cupressus lindleyi breaching-leaves was done in Taxco, Guerrero. At the same, heavy metals micro-localization was conducted in the breaching-leaves to understand the structural changes provoked by mining waste on plants. The most abundant contaminants in soils, tailings and different plant organs (roots, stems, and leaves) were Zn, Mn, and Pb. Nevertheless, As was more accumulated in the stem and breaching-leaves. The translocation factor and the bio-concentration factor were less than 1. The structural changes observed were the great accumulation of starch grains and phenolic compounds in the palisade parenchyma, changes in the hypodermis cell wall and necrotic zones in the palisade parenchyma. The distribution of heavy metals in breaching-leaves tissues was homogeneous in most of the elements. These results showed that C. lindleyi is a species that can be employed in phytostabilization of contaminated zones with mining waste because it is a native plant that does not require a lot of conditions for its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gómez-Bernal Juan Miguel
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la Tierra, Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México
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Sawidis T, Papadopoulou A, Voulgaropoulou M. Effect of zinc on nectar secretion of Hibiscus rosa -sinensis L. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:575-589. [PMID: 24122175 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Zinc toxicity in secretory cells caused a range of effects, mainly depending on metal concentration. Low concentrations activated nectary function increasing nectar secretion but secretion was greatly inhibited or stopped entirely by ongoing concentration. Water loss rate of zinc treated flower parts was significantly reduced whereas green sepals were dehydrated more rapidly in comparison to colored petals. The content of zinc, calcium, magnesium and manganese increased mainly in sepals under excess of zinc, but in the secreted nectar this metal was not evident. Morphological changes were observed in mucilage cells concerning the mucilage structure and appearance. The parenchymatic, subglandular cells displayed an early vacuolarization and cytoplasm condensation. Secretory hairs appeared to be thinner, the apical cell folded inwards and plasmolytic shrinkage became severe in all cells. The waxy cuticula showed an increased electron density. A plasmalemma detachment from the external cell walls was observed creating a gap between cell wall and plasmalemma. ER cisterns of all treated nectary hairs dominated the cytoplasm and electron dense deposits were seen within its profiles. A great number of other organelles were also present, showing electron dense deposits in their membranes as well. The vacuome was drastically reduced in all cells, except in the subglandular ones and electron dense membrane remnants were observed.
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Kivimäenpää M, Riikonen J, Sutinen S, Holopainen T. Cell structural changes in the mesophyll of Norway spruce needles by elevated ozone and elevated temperature in open-field exposure during cold acclimation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:389-403. [PMID: 24718738 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of elevated ozone (1.4× ambient) and temperature (ambient +1.3 °C) alone and in combination were studied on the needle cell structure of soil-grown Norway spruce seedlings in the late growing season and winter. Temperature treatment continued over winter and lengthened the snow-free period. Elevated temperature caused microscopic changes related to photosynthesis (decreased chloroplast size and increased number), carbon storage (reduced starch and increased cytoplasmic lipids) and defence (decreased mitochondrial size and proportion per cytoplasm, increased peroxisomes and plastoglobuli, altered appearance of tannins). The results suggest increased oxidative stress by elevated temperature and altered allocation of limited carbon reserve to defence. The number of peroxisomes and plastoglobuli remained high in the outer cells of needles of ozone-exposed seedlings but decreased in the inner cells. This may indicate defence allocation to cells close to the stomata and surface, which are experiencing more oxidative stress. Ozone reduced winter hardiness based on seasonal changes in chloroplast shape and location in the cells. The effects of ozone became evident at the end of the growing season, indicating the effect of cumulative ozone dose or that the seedlings were vulnerable to ozone at the later phases of winter hardening. Elevated temperature increased cellular damage in early winter and visible damage in spring, and the damage was enhanced by ozone. In conclusion, the study suggests that modest air temperature elevation increases stress at the cell structural level in spruce seedlings and is enhanced by low ozone elevation. Future climatic conditions where snow cover is formed later or is lacking but temperatures are low can increase the risk of severe seedling damage, and current and future predicted ozone concentrations increase this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Moura BB, de Souza SR, Alves ES. Response of Brazilian native trees to acute ozone dose. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:4220-4227. [PMID: 24297466 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a toxic secondary pollutant able to cause an intense oxidative stress that induces visual symptoms on sensitive plant species. Controlled fumigation experiment was conducted with the aim to verify the O3 sensibility of three tropical species: Piptadenia gonoachanta (Mart.) Macbr. (Fabaceae), Astronium graveolens Jacq. (Anacardiaceae), and Croton floribundus Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae). The microscopical features involved in the oxidative stress were recognized based on specific histochemical analysis. The three species showed visual symptoms, characterized as necrosis and stippling between the veins, mostly visible on the adaxial leaf surface. All the studied species presented hypersensitive-like response (HR-like), and peroxide hydrogen accumulation (H2O2) followed by cell death and proanthocyanidin oxidation in P. gonoachanta and A. graveolens. In P. gonoachanta, a decrease in chlorophyll autofluorescence occurred on symptomatic tissues, and in A. graveolens and C. floribundus, a polyphenol compound accumulation occurred. The responses of Brazilian native species were similar to those described for sensitive species from temperate climate, and microscopical markers may be useful for the detection of ozone symptoms in future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Baêsso Moura
- Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, Av. Miguel Estefano 3687, CEP 04301-902, São Paulo, SP, Brazil,
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Li C, Liu B, Li C, Zeng Q, Hao M, Han Z, Zhu J, Li X, Shen W. Leaf morphology and ultrastructure responses to elevated O3 in transgenic Bt (cry1Ab/cry1Ac) rice and conventional rice under fully open-air field conditions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82199. [PMID: 24324764 PMCID: PMC3855750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated tropospheric ozone severely affects not only yield but also the morphology, structure and physiological functions of plants. Because of concerns regarding the potential environmental risk of transgenic crops, it is important to monitor changes in transgenic insect-resistant rice under the projected high tropospheric ozone before its commercial release. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using a free-air concentration enrichment (FACE) system, we investigated the changes in leaf morphology and leaf ultrastructure of two rice varieties grown in plastic pots, transgenic Bt Shanyou 63 (Bt-SY63, carrying a fusion gene of cry1Ab and cry1Ac) and its non-transgenic counterpart (SY63), in elevated O3 (E-O3) versus ambient O3 (A-O3) after 64-DAS (Days after seeding), 85-DAS and 102-DAS. Our results indicated that E-O3 had no significant effects on leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, stomatal length and stomatal density for both Bt-SY63 and SY63. E-O3 increased the leaf thickness of Bt-SY63, but decreased that of SY63. O3 stress caused early swelling of the thylakoids of chloroplasts, a significant increase in the proportion of total plastoglobule area in the entire cell area (PCAP) and a significant decrease in the proportion of total starch grain area in the entire cell area (SCAP), suggesting that E-O3 accelerated the leaf senescence of the two rice genotypes. Compared with SY63, E-O3 caused early swelling of the thylakoids of chloroplasts and more substantial breakdown of chloroplasts in Bt-SY63. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that the incorporation of cry1Ab/Ac into SY63 could induce unintentional changes in some parts of plant morphology and that O3 stress results in greater leaf damage to Bt-SY63 than to SY63, with the former coupled with higher O3 sensitivity in CCAP (the proportions of total chloroplast area in the entire cell area), PCAP and SCAP. This study provides valuable baseline information for the prospective commercial release of transgenic crops under the projected future climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Li
- College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Biosafety Laboratory in Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Liaoning Agricultural College, Yingkou, Liaoning, China
| | - Biao Liu
- Key Biosafety Laboratory in Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (BL); (QZ)
| | - Chunhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (BL); (QZ)
| | - Mingzhuo Hao
- College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengmin Han
- College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Shen
- Key Biosafety Laboratory in Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Préndez M, Carvajal V, Corada K, Morales J, Alarcón F, Peralta H. Biogenic volatile organic compounds from the urban forest of the Metropolitan Region, Chile. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 183:143-50. [PMID: 23639471 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone is a secondary pollutant whose primary sources are volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides. The national standard is exceeded on a third of summer days in some areas of the Chilean Metropolitan Region (MR). This study reports normalized springtime experimental emissions factors (EF) for biogenic volatile organic compounds from tree species corresponding to approximately 31% of urban trees in the MR. A Photochemical Ozone Creation Index (POCI) was calculated using Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential of quantified terpenes. Ten species, natives and exotics, were analysed using static enclosure technique. Terpene quantification was performed using GC-FID, thermal desorption, cryogenic concentration and automatic injection. Observed EF and POCI values for terpenes from exotic species were 78 times greater than native values; within the same family, exotic EF and POCI values were 28 and 26 times greater than natives. These results support reforestation with native species for improved urban pollution management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Préndez
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Laboratorio de Química de la Atmósfera, Sergio Livingston 1007, Santiago, Chile.
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