1
|
Cai T, Ding Y, Zhang Z, Wang X, Wang T, Ren Y, Dong Y. Effects of total organic carbon content and leaching water volume on migration behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils by column leaching tests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112981. [PMID: 31394343 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The risk of soils transferring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into groundwater has caused widespread concern. Research on the leaching behavior of PAHs in soil profiles is very important for assessing this risk. Column leaching tests were carried out to provide insight into the effect of TOC and leaching water volume on leaching behavior of PAHs. Four groups were leached intermittently by deionized water under the same leaching rate for 10 d, 30 d, 90 d and 120 d. These four leaching periods are equivalent to 1 yr, 3 yr, 9 yr and 12 yr of rainfall time under natural conditions, respectively. The results showed that residual concentrations of PAHs on the surface of soil (0-5 cm) in three columns after 30 d of leaching were 37.9 μg/g, 18.5 μg/g and 3.7 μg/g, respectively, which was consistent with their TOC contents. According to the correlation analysis, both residual concentrations of ∑16PAHs and PAHs with different ring numbers were significantly correlated with the TOC content at depths of 5-100 cm after 30 d of leaching. With increased leaching water volume, PAH migration rates significantly decreased (from 3.13 μg/g/d to 0.005 μg/g/d) from 10 d to 120 d, which indicates that the initial period of the leaching process has a stronger effect on PAH vertical migration than the later stages of the process. Under long-term leaching, PAHs that were not leached previously were capable of migrating deeper into the soil profile. Therefore, it has the risk of PAH-contaminated soils transferring PAHs into groundwater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cai
- College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yue Ding
- College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Zhihuan Zhang
- College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China.
| | - Xinwei Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Tieguan Wang
- College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yibo Dong
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhuo C, Zhang D, Yang Y, Ran Y, Zhang X, Mao J. Effects of compositions, chemical structures, and microporosity of sedimentary organic matter on degradation of benzo(a)pyrene by hydrogen peroxide. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:414-422. [PMID: 31121409 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how the degradation of 7-14C-BaP aged in sediments by H2O2 treatment was influenced by the chemical structures, compositions, and microporosity of sedimentary organic carbon (SOC). Unstable OC (USOC), stable OC (STOC), mineral-protected OC (MOC), and chemically resistant OC (ROC) fractions were fractionated. The chemical structures and microporosity of the ROC fractions were characterized by 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and CO2 adsorption technique, respectively. A first-order, two-compartment kinetics model described the degradation process very well (R2 > 0.980). The BaP degradation ratios increased with the increasing USOC contents and decreased with the increasing ROC contents. The BaP parent compound in the aqueous solution was almost completely degraded. The considerable portions of oxidized intermediates were detected in different SOC fractions, which represented either oxidized intermediates or parent compounds. The very good multivariate regressions among the degradation kinetics parameters, SOC structures and micropore volumes demonstrated that ROC-bulk, aliphatic moieties, and microporosity played crucial roles in protecting sorbed BaP from being degraded by H2O2. The results showed that ROC, aliphatic moieties, and microporosity played vital roles in Bap degradation process in sediments during H2O2 treatment, which is reported for the first time in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenya Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dainan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yong Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xiangyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jingdong Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Roslund MI, Grönroos M, Rantalainen AL, Jumpponen A, Romantschuk M, Parajuli A, Hyöty H, Laitinen O, Sinkkonen A. Half-lives of PAHs and temporal microbiota changes in commonly used urban landscaping materials. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4508. [PMID: 29576975 PMCID: PMC5863720 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulate in urban soils, and PAH contamination can change soil microbial community composition. Environmental microbiota is associated with human commensal microbiota, immune system and health. Therefore, studies investigating the degradation of PAHs, and the consequences of soil pollution on microbial communities in urban landscaping materials, are crucial. Methods Four landscaping materials (organic matter 1, 2, 13 and 56%) were contaminated with PAHs commonly found at urban sites (phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene and benzo(b)fluoranthene) in PAH concentrations that reflect urban soils in Finland (2.4 µg g -1 soil dry weight). PAHs were analyzed initially and after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Half-lives of PAHs were determined based on 12-weeks degradation. Bacterial communities were analyzed at 1 and 12 weeks after contamination using Illumina MiSeq 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding. Results Half-lives ranged from 1.5 to 4.4 weeks for PAHs with relatively low molecular weights (phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene) in landscaping materials containing 1–2% organic matter. In contrast, in materials containing 13% and 56% organic matter, the half-lives ranged from 2.5 to 52 weeks. Shorter half-lives of phenanthrene and fluoranthene were thus associated with low organic matter content. The half-life of pyrene was inversely related to the relative abundance of Beta-, Delta- and Gammaproteobacteria, and diversity of Bacteroidetes and Betaprotebacteria. Compounds with higher molecular weights followed compound-specific patterns. Benzo(b)fluoranthene was resistant to degradation and half-life of chrysene was shorter when the relative abundance of Betaproteobacteria was high. Temporal microbiota changes involved increase in the relative abundance of Deltaproteobacteria and decrease in genera Flavobacterium and Rhodanobacter. Exposure to PAHs seems to adjust microbial community composition, particularly within class Beta- and Deltaproteobacteria. Conclusions In this study, PAH degradation depended on the organic matter content and bacterial community composition of landscaping materials. Contamination seems to alter bacterial community composition in landscaping materials depending on material type. This alteration includes changes in bacterial phyla associated with human health and immune system. This may open new possibilities for managing urban environments by careful selection of landscaping materials, to benefit health and wellbeing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marja I Roslund
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Mira Grönroos
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Anna-Lea Rantalainen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Ari Jumpponen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Kansas, Manhattan, United States of America
| | - Martin Romantschuk
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Anirudra Parajuli
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aki Sinkkonen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang Y, Zhang D, Duan D, Yang Y, Xiong Y, Ran Y. Importance of the structure and nanoporosity of organic matter on the desorption kinetics of benzo[a]pyrene in sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:628-636. [PMID: 28341327 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The desorption kinetics and mechanism were investigated using a Tenax extraction technique on different sediments spiked with radiocarbon-labeled benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Five sedimentary fractions were sequentially fractionated, and the only nonhydrolyzable organic carbon fractions (NHC) were characterized using advanced solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), improved six end-member model, and a CO2 gas adsorption technique. The sediments contained high percentages of algaenan and/or sporopollenin but low percentages of black carbon and lignin. A first-order, two-compartment kinetics model described the desorption process very well (R2 > 0.990). Although some of the organic carbon fractions were significantly related to the desorption kinetics parameters, the NHC fractions showed the highly significant correlation. Moreover, the nanoporosity or specific surface area (SSA) of the NHC fractions was highly related to their OC contents and aliphatic C (R2 = 0.960, p < 0.01). The multiple regression equations among the desorption kinetics parameters, structural parameters, and nanoporosity were well established (R2=>0.999). Nanoporosity and aromatic C were the dominant contributors. Furthermore, the enhanced percentages of desorbed BaP at elevated temperatures significantly showed a linear regression with the structure and nanoporosity. To our knowledge, the above evidence demonstrates for the first time that the transfer (or diffusion) of BaP in the nanopores of condensed aromatic components is the dominant mechanism of the desorption kinetics of BaP at organic matter particle scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youda Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dainan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dandan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yongqiang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yong Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Crampon M, Cébron A, Portet-Koltalo F, Uroz S, Le Derf F, Bodilis J. Low effect of phenanthrene bioaccessibility on its biodegradation in diffusely contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:663-673. [PMID: 28390702 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the role of bioaccessibility in the phenanthrene (PHE) biodegradation in diffusely contaminated soil, by combining chemical and microbiological approaches. First, we determined PHE dissipation rates and PHE sorption/desorption isotherms for two soils (PPY and Pv) presenting similar chronic PAH contamination, but different physico-chemical properties. Our results revealed that the PHE dissipation rate was significantly higher in the Pv soil compared to the PPY soil, while PHE sorption/desorption isotherms were similar. Interestingly, increases of PHE desorption and potentially of PHE bioaccessibility were observed for both soils when adding rhamnolipids (biosurfactants produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Second, using 13C-PHE incubated in the same soils, we analyzed the PHE degrading bacterial communities. The combination of stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) and 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing revealed that Betaproteobacteria were the main PHE degraders in the Pv soil, while a higher bacterial diversity (Alpha-, Beta-, Gammaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria) was involved in PHE degradation in the PPY soil. The amendment of biosurfactants commonly used in biostimulation methods (i.e. rhamnolipids) to the two soils clearly modified the PHE sorption/desorption isotherms, but had no significant impact on PHE degradation rates and PHE-degraders identity. These results demonstrated that increasing the bioaccessibility of PHE has a low impact on its degradation and on the functional populations involved in this degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Crampon
- COBRA UMR CNRS 6014, Université de Rouen-Normandie, 55 rue saint Germain, 27000 Evreux, France; Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, EA 4312, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - A Cébron
- CNRS, LIEC UMR 7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, BP70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France; Université de Lorraine, LIEC UMR 7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, BP70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - F Portet-Koltalo
- COBRA UMR CNRS 6014, Université de Rouen-Normandie, 55 rue saint Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
| | - S Uroz
- UMR 1138 INRA, Centre de Nancy, Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes forestiers, Route d'Amance, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - F Le Derf
- COBRA UMR CNRS 6014, Université de Rouen-Normandie, 55 rue saint Germain, 27000 Evreux, France
| | - J Bodilis
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, EA 4312, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France; Université de Lyon, France, CNRS, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5557 Ecologie Microbienne, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Han L, Ro KS, Sun K, Sun H, Wang Z, Libra JA, Xing B. New Evidence for High Sorption Capacity of Hydrochar for Hydrophobic Organic Pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13274-13282. [PMID: 27993069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the sorption potential of hydrochars, produced from hydrothermally carbonizing livestock wastes, toward organic pollutants (OPs) with a wide range of hydrophobicity, and compared their sorption capacity with that of pyrochars obtained from conventional dry pyrolysis from the same feedstock. Results of SEM, Raman, and 13C NMR demonstrated that organic carbon (OC) of hydrochars mainly consisted of amorphous alkyl and aryl C. Hydrochars exhibited consistently higher log Koc of both nonpolar and polar OPs than pyrochars. This, combined with the significantly less energy required for the hydrothermal process, suggests that hydrothermal conversion of surplus livestock waste into value-added sorbents could be an alternative manure management strategy. Moreover, the hydrochars log Koc values were practically unchanged after the removal of amorphous aromatics, implying that amorphous aromatic C played a comparable role in the high sorption capacity of hydrochars compared to amorphous alkyl C. It was thus concluded that the dominant amorphous C associated with both alkyl and aryl moieties within hydrochars explained their high sorption capacity for OPs. This research not only indicates that animal-manure-derived hydrochars are promising sorbents for environmental applications but casts new light on mechanisms underlying the high sorption capacity of hydrochars for both nonpolar and polar OPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Kyoung S Ro
- Coastal Plains Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 2611 West Lucas Street, Florence, South Carolina 29501, United States
| | - Ke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Judy A Libra
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering , Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam-Bornim, Germany
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gong J, Duan D, Yang Y, Ran Y, Chen D. Seasonal variation and partitioning of endocrine disrupting chemicals in waters and sediments of the Pearl River system, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:735-741. [PMID: 27431692 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) were seasonally investigated in surface water, suspended particulate matter, and sediments of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China. EDC concentrations in the surface water were generally higher in the summer than in winter. The surface water in the investigated rivers was heavily contaminated by the phenolic xenoestrogens. Moreover, the in-situ log Ksoc and log Kpoc values and their regression with log Kow in the field experiments suggest that binding mechanisms other than hydrophobic interaction are present for the sedimentary organic carbon and particulate organic carbon (SOC/POC). The logKsoc-logKow and logKpoc-logKow regression analyses imply that higher complexity of nonhydrophobic interactions with EDCs is present on the SOC samples comparing with the POC samples, which is related to their different sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclide Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Safety and Protection of the Pearl River Delta Water Quality, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dandan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yong Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Diyun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclide Pollution Control and Resources, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Safety and Protection of the Pearl River Delta Water Quality, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Crampon M, Bodilis J, Le Derf F, Portet-Koltalo F. Alternative techniques to HPCD to evaluate the bioaccessible fraction of soil-associated PAHs and correlation to biodegradation efficiency. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 314:220-229. [PMID: 27136727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The total amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils, given by exhaustive chemical extractions, does not relate directly to environmental risk, since only a fraction may be accessible to soil organisms. The rapid PAH desorbing fraction (Frap), which is weakly and reversibly sorbed to soils, is called the bioaccessible fraction, and can be estimated by non-exhaustive aqueous extractions. In order to better estimate Frap, different mild-extractants were tested, such as various cyclodextrins, surfactants and butanol. Their extractability performances were correlated to the Kd partition coefficients of seven PAHs obtained through sorption isotherms from five soils, but also to the PAHs molecular size and to the amounts of organic matter and of some clays (smectites and kaolinites). If hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was actually a good extractant to assess PAH accessibility, the polymer of carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (pCMCD) was better (with a lower cost) to estimate the rapid mass transfer between soil particles and the soil solution, depending also on soil ageing. But Frap, estimated through pCMCD extractions, did not reflect the biodegradation of the PAHs after three months in soil microcosms. The chemical method underestimated the dissipation of 3-4 ring PAHs and overestimated that of 5-6 ring PAHs. So biodegradation was not only limited by PAHs mass-transfer, but also by biological factors, favoring the access of microorganisms to residual strongly sorbed fractions of 3-4 ring PAHs, and inhibiting the degradation of accessible but highly toxic 5-6 ring PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Crampon
- COBRA UMR CNRS 6014, Université de Rouen, 55 rue saint Germain, 27000 Evreux, France; Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, EA 4312, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France.
| | - J Bodilis
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, EA 4312, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France.
| | - F Le Derf
- COBRA UMR CNRS 6014, Université de Rouen, 55 rue saint Germain, 27000 Evreux, France.
| | - F Portet-Koltalo
- COBRA UMR CNRS 6014, Université de Rouen, 55 rue saint Germain, 27000 Evreux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang D, Ran Y, Cao X, Mao J, Cui J, Schmidt-Rohr K. Biosorption of nonylphenol by pure algae, field-collected planktons and their fractions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 198:61-69. [PMID: 25555207 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Algal samples were fractionated into lipid (LP), lipid free (LF), alkaline nonhydrolyzable carbon (ANHC), and acid nonhydrolyzable carbon (NHC) fractions, and were characterized by the quantitative (13)C multiCP NMR technique. The biosorption isotherms for nonylphenol (NP) were established and compared with previously published data for phenanthrene (Phen). The log KOC values are significantly higher for the field-collected plankton samples than for the commercial algae and cultured algae samples, correlating with their lipid contents and aliphatic carbon structure. As the NHC fraction contains more poly(methylene) carbon, it exhibits a higher biosorption capacity. The sorption capacities are negatively related to the polarity index, COO/N-C=O, polar C and O-alkyl C concentrations, but are positively related to the H/O atomic ratios and poly(methylene) carbon. The higher sorption capacities observed for NP than for Phen on the investigated samples are explained by specific interactions such as hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dainan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States
| | - Jingdong Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States
| | - Jinfang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fei YH, Xing B, Li XY. Changes in the adsorption of bisphenol A, 17 α-ethinyl estradiol, and phenanthrene on marine sediment in Hong Kong in relation to the simulated sediment organic matter decomposition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 192:139-146. [PMID: 24929636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Marine sediment with an input of particulate organic matter was incubated to simulate the early aging process. On the sediment after various incubation periods, adsorption and desorption tests were conducted for three selected organic micropollutants: bisphenol A (BPA), 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), and phenanthrene (Phe). The results showed significant sediment organic matter (SOM) decomposition during the incubation, and the SOM decay and transformation had a profound impact on the adsorption of organic compounds by the sediment. An increasing-delay-increasing pattern of change was observed for the SOM normalized partition coefficients of EE2 and Phe. This change was accordant to the transformation of SOM from labile organics into active biomass and its microbial products, and finally into more condensed and humic-like substances. Comparison between the 3 model micropollutants indicates that the chemical adsorption behaviors were mostly affected by their hydrophobic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-heng Fei
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Separation, Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Xiao-yan Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Crampon M, Bureau F, Akpa-Vinceslas M, Bodilis J, Machour N, Le Derf F, Portet-Koltalo F. Correlations between PAH bioavailability, degrading bacteria, and soil characteristics during PAH biodegradation in five diffusely contaminated dissimilar soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:8133-8145. [PMID: 24671402 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The natural biodegradation of seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by native microorganisms was studied in five soils from Normandy (France) from diffusely polluted areas, which can also pose a problem in terms of surfaces and amounts of contaminated soils. Bioavailability tests using cyclodextrin-based extractions were performed. The natural degradation of low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs was not strongly correlated to their bioavailability due to their sorption to geosorbents. Conversely, the very low degradation of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs was partly correlated to their poor availability, due to their sorption on complexes of organic matter and kaolinites or smectites. A principal component analysis allowed us to distinguish between the respective degradation behaviors of LMW and HMW PAHs. LMW PAHs were degraded in less than 2-3 months and were strongly influenced by the relative percentage of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria over total bacteria in soils. HMW PAHs were not significantly degraded, not only because they were less bioavailable but also because of a lack of degrading microorganisms. Benzo[a]pyrene stood apart since it was partly degraded in acidic soils, probably because of a catabolic cooperation between bacteria and fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Crampon
- COBRA UMR CNRS 6014, Université de Rouen, 55 rue saint Germain, 27000, Evreux, France,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Revitt DM, Balogh T, Jones H. Soil mobility of surface applied polyaromatic hydrocarbons in response to simulated rainfall. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:4209-19. [PMID: 24297461 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are emitted from a variety of sources and can accumulate on and within surface soil layers. To investigate the level of potential risk posed by surface contaminated soils, vertical soil column experiments were conducted to assess the mobility, when leached with simulated rainwater, of six selected PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(e)pyrene and benzo(ghi)perylene) with contrasting hydrophobic characteristics and molecular weights/sizes. The only PAH found in the leachate within the experimental period of 26 days was naphthalene. The lack of migration of the other applied PAHs was consistent with their low mobilities within the soil columns which generally paralleled their log K oc values. Thus, only 2.3 % of fluoranthene, 1.8 % of pyrene, 0.2 % of benzo(e)pyrene and 0.4 % of benzo(ghi)perylene were translocated below the surface layer. The PAH distributions in the soil columns followed decreasing power relationships with 90 % reductions in the starting levels being shown to occur within a maximum average depth of 0.94 cm compared to an average starting depth of 0.5 cm. A simple predictive model identifies the extensive time periods, in excess of 10 years, required to mobilise 50 % of the benzo(e)pyrene and benzo(ghi)perylene from the surface soil layer. Although this reduces to between 2 and 7 years for fluoranthene and pyrene, it is concluded that the possibility of surface-applied PAHs reaching and contaminating a groundwater aquifer is unlikely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Michael Revitt
- Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, NW4 4BT, UK,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ouvrard S, Leglize P, Morel JL. PAH phytoremediation: rhizodegradation or rhizoattenuation? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2014; 16:46-61. [PMID: 24912214 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2012.759527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dealing with soil contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POP) is an increasing concern amplified by both regulatory constraints and the dramatic impact of human activities on the soil resource. The most used management options are treatments which totally eradicate the toxic compounds targeted. When possible, environmental-friendly processes should be used, and recent years have seen the emergence of green technologies using biological energies involving microorganisms (bioremediation) and plants (phytoremediation). Research has focused on phytoremediation and many have presented this technology as the process ideally combining efficiency, low cost and environmental acceptance. However, the applicability of phytoremediation on soils contaminated by bio-recalcitrant organic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), has not yet proved as successful as expected. We propose here a review and discussion of the overall question of PAH status in soil and their potential for treatment. The limits and applicability of bioremediation technologies are discussed, and the specific beneficial effect of plants is objectively evaluated with a special interest to processes which lead to rhizoattenuation. Given the PAH high affinity to soil organic matter, availability is the main limitation to phytoremediation. In this context, bioavailability quantification remains an issue as well as the characterization of the recalcitrant fraction.
Collapse
|
14
|
Portet-Koltalo F, Ammami MT, Benamar A, Wang H, Le Derf F, Duclairoir-Poc C. Investigation of the release of PAHs from artificially contaminated sediments using cyclolipopeptidic biosurfactants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 261:593-601. [PMID: 23995556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be preponderant in contaminated sediments and understanding how they are sorbed in the different mineral and organic fractions of the sediment is critical for effective removal strategies. For this purpose, a mixture of seven PAHs was studied at the sediment/water interface and sorption isotherms were obtained. The influence of various factors on the sorption behavior of PAHs was evaluated, such as the nature of minerals, pH, ionic strength and amount of organic matter. Afterwards, the release of PAHs from the sediment by surfactants was investigated. The effectiveness of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was compared to natural biosurfactants, of cyclolipopeptidic type (amphisin and viscosin-like mixture), produced by two Pseudomonas fluorescens strains. The desorption of PAHs (from naphthalene to pyrene), from the highly retentive kaolinite fraction, could be favored by adding SDS or amphisin, but viscosin-like biosurfactants were only effective for 2-3 ring PAHs desorption (naphthalene to phenanthrene). Moreover, while SDS favors the release of all the target PAHs from a model sediment containing organic matter, the two biosurfactants tested were only effective to desorb the lowest molecular weight PAHs (naphthalene to fluorene).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Portet-Koltalo
- COBRA UMR CNRS 6014, Université de Rouen, 55 rue Saint Germain, 27000 Evreux, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang P, Zhou J, Zhang J, Wu J, Xu J. Soil-water interfacial adsorption of phenanthrene along a Chinese climatic gradient of soils with and without the addition of black carbon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 444:543-551. [PMID: 23298759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sorption isotherms for a hydrophobic solute probe, phenanthrene, were determined in 16 Chinese soils. They were sampled along a climatic gradient, and amended, or not, with charcoal (0.2%, 0.5%, and 1%), a form of black carbon (BC). Within the concentration range of added phenanthrene (0.2-0.8 mg l(-1)), most of the adsorption isotherms of the unamended soils were non-linear. Both the Freundlich equation and the Dual Reactive Domain Model (DRDM) model closely fitted the data, indicating that phenanthrene sorption in these soils was site-specific and demonstrated capacity-limited adsorption in a condensed organic domain. Correlations between the Freundlich model capacity factor (K(F)) and soil physico-chemical properties showed that the total soil organic C (TOC) concentrations, cation exchange capacities and silt had a cumulative effect on phenanthrene sorption, indicating that organic and inorganic components interacted in this process. The soils studied also indicated that humic acid carbon (HAC) concentration may be a further relevant factor that should be considered. The soils covered a wide range of physical and chemical properties, in particular organic C and the organic carbon-normalized distribution coefficients (K(OC)) demonstrated a large range of variation. Therefore, K(OC) values may be poor predictive parameters for phenanthrene sorption by soils. Addition of BC not only enhanced the sorption of phenanthrene but also altered the sorptive characteristics of the soils studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gong J, Ran Y, Chen D, Yang Y, Zeng EY. Association of endocrine-disrupting chemicals with total organic carbon in riverine water and suspended particulate matter from the Pearl River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:2456-2464. [PMID: 22847724 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and its relationship with dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) was investigated in selected rivers of the Pearl River Delta, South China. The aqueous concentrations (average; ng/L) and particulate concentrations (average; ng/g, dry wt) for 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), 4-nonylphenol (NP), bisphenol A (BPA), and estrone (E1) were in the ranges of not detectable to 153 (31.8), 276 to 2,457 (1,178), 8.4 to 628 (161), and less than 1.5 to 11.5 (3.2), respectively, and 4.4 to 402 (98.1), 342 to 12,053 (4,922), 12.3 to 758 (128), and not detectable to 14.4, respectively. The highly significant correlation of EDCs with DOC and POC, and the similar regression slopes, implied the critical importance of DOC and POC on the distribution, transport, and fate of EDCs in the aquatic environment. The in situ particle-water partition coefficients (log K(OC)) for OP (4.89 ± 0.41), NP (5.05 ± 0.33), and BPA (4.34 ± 0.50) were close to those reported by other field studies, but one to two orders of magnitude higher than those predicted with n-octanol-water partition coefficient (K(OW)). The higher K(OC) values were attributed to the combined effects of low EDC concentrations, nonlinear sorption, and heterogeneity of POC and DOC. Moreover, a regression between in-situ K(OC) and K(OW) for phenolic xenoestrogens was observed (log K(OC) = 0.625 × log K(OW) + 2.28, r(2) = 0.99), suggesting that hydrophobicity contributed predominantly to the overall sorption of OP, NP, and BPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gong J, Xu L, Yang Y, Chen DY, Ran Y. Sequential ASE extraction of alkylphenols from sediments: Occurrence and environmental implications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 192:643-650. [PMID: 21715093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of alkylphenols (APs) including nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) in the riverine sediments from the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China was investigated and compared by Soxhlet extraction (S-APs) with dichloromethane and by sequential accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) (A-APs) with 1:6 toluene/methanol, respectively. Concentrations of OP and NP range from <1 to 463ng/g dw and 31-21,885ng/g dw, respectively, demonstrating that the contamination level of APs in the PRD is one of the highest in the world. Moreover, the A-APs contents are highly significantly related to and on average 1.5 times the S-APs contents. For sequential two ASE extractions, APs in the first extract accounts for 82.2-99.2% of their total contents in the sequential two extractions. The correlation analysis shows that S-APs and A-APs are both significantly associated with the contents of total organic carbon (TOC), suggesting that the variable extraction efficiency of these two methods is related to the presence of condensed organic matter in the sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ma X, Ran Y, Gong J, Chen D. Sequential accelerated solvent extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with different solvents: performance and implication. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2010; 39:2072-2079. [PMID: 21284305 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2010.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) extracted by Soxhlet extraction (S-PAHs) with dichloromethane and routine accelerated solvent extraction (A-PAHs) with 1:1 toluene/methanol, respectively, were investigated in 24 soil samples from two cities in the center of the Pearl River Delta, South China. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, methylphenanthrene and perylene, in two soils, two sediments, and an immature oil shale were also sequentially extracted by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) with each of four different organic solvents for three times. The A-PAHs' concentrations are 2.41 times the S-PAHs' concentrations. For sequential three ASEs, PAHs in the first extract account for 56 to 67% of their total concentrations in the sequential three extractions and toluene displays the best extraction performance among the four solvents. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs in Soxhlet extraction, routine ASE, and sequential ASE with each solvent for a given sample are very similar, suggesting their identical petrogenic and pyrogenic sources in the soils and sediments. But the PAH ratios for the shale have an obvious petrogenic origin. The perylene/5-ring PAH ratios indicate a diagenetic source, especially in the shale and sediments. The correlation analysis shows that A-PAHs/S-PAHs is better associated with the contents of total organic carbon (TOC) than those of black carbon (BC). The above results indicate the significant petrogenic origin of PAHs and the important effect of organic matter on their extraction and distribution in the investigated field soils/sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Ma
- State Key Lab. of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wushan, Guangzhou, China 510640
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ma B, He Y, Chen HH, Xu JM, Rengel Z. Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the rhizosphere: synthesis through meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:855-861. [PMID: 19854547 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2009] [Revised: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread and persistent organic pollutants with high carcinogenic effect and toxicity; their behavior and fate in the soil-plant system have been widely investigated. In the present paper, meta-analysis was used to explore the interaction between plant growth and dissipation of PAHs in soil based on the large body of published literature. Plants have a promoting effect on PAH dissipation in soils. There was no difference in PAH dissipation between soils contaminated with single and mixed PAHs. However, plants had a more obvious effect on PAH dissipation in freshly-spiked soils than in long-term field-polluted soils. Additionally, a positive effect of the number of microbial populations capable of degrading PAHs was observed in the rhizosphere compared with the bulk soil. Our meta-analysis established the importance of the rhizosphere effect on PAH dissipation in variety of the soil-plant systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Latawiec AE, Reid BJ. Sequential extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using subcritical water. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 78:1042-1048. [PMID: 20018343 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A rapid sequential subcritical (superheated) water extraction method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soil and sediment is presented. Decreasing the polarity of water by successive increase of the extraction temperature from 50 degrees C to 200 degrees C at the moderate pressure (10.3MPa) enabled selective, non-exhaustive extractions to be performed. Concurrent with increasing temperatures to 150 degrees C there was an increase in PAH extraction efficiencies. For the majority of determinations no significant differences between extractions at 150 degrees C and 200 degrees C were observed. Varied extraction efficiencies of PAHs at the same extraction conditions reflected dissimilarities between environmental matrices investigated. Selective subcritical water extraction of PAHs was proportional to their octanol-water partition coefficients. This technique may be applicable in evaluation of risks associated with PAH contaminated sites and in assessments of their bioremediation potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka E Latawiec
- University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang Y, Hofmann T. Aqueous accelerated solvent extraction of native polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from carbonaceous river floodplain soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:2604-2609. [PMID: 19524343 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, three river floodplain soils with different compositions of carbonaceous materials and a reference coal sample were extracted with water using the accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method. The desorption enthalpy values for 2-ring PAHs were highest in the coal sample, with values in the soil samples decreasing with decrease in coal content. The values for the higher condensed PAHs showed that the highest desorption enthalpies were from the samples with the largest amount of coal-derived particles. Elevated desorption enthalpies indicated a strong bonding between PAHs and geosorbents. Moreover, with the application of ASE this study was able to conclude that the PAHs in the samples were preferentially adsorbed to carbonaceous materials with high surface areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- East China Normal University, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bernardo MS, Lapa N, Barbosa R, Gonçalves M, Mendes B, Pinto F, Gulyurtlu I. Chemical and ecotoxicological characterization of solid residues produced during the co-pyrolysis of plastics and pine biomass. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 166:309-317. [PMID: 19118946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A mixture of 70% (w/w) pine biomass and 30% (w/w) plastics (mixture of polypropylene, polyethylene, and polystyrene) was subjected to pyrolysis at 400 degrees C, for 15 min, with an initial pressure of 40 MPa. Part of the solid residue produced was subjected to extraction with dichloromethane (DCM). The extracted residue (residue A) and raw residue (residue B) were analyzed by weight loss combustion and submitted to the leaching test ISO/TS 21268-2 using two different leachants: DCM (0.2%, v/v) and calcium chloride (0.001 mol/L). The concentrations of the heavy metals Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb and Cu were determined in the eluates and in the two residues. The eluates were further characterized by determining their pH and the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX). The presence of other organic contaminants in the eluates was qualitatively evaluated by gas chromatography, coupled with mass spectrometry. An ecotoxicological characterization was also performed by using the bio-indicator Vibrio fischeri. The chemical and ecotoxicological results were analyzed according to the French proposal of Criteria on the Evaluation Methods of Waste Ecotoxicity (CEMWE). Residue A was not considered to be ecotoxic by the ecotoxicological criterion (EC(50) (30 min) >or=10%), but it was considered to be ecotoxic by the chemical criterion (Ni>or=0.5mg/L). Residue B was considered to be ecotoxic by the ecotoxicological criterion: EC(50) (30 min)<or=10%. Besides that, residue B was considered to be hazardous according the European legislation (BTEX concentrations higher than 100 ppb). The results indicate that volatile organic contaminants can be present in sufficient amounts in these residues and their eluates to induce ecotoxicity levels. The extraction of the pyrolysis residue with DCM was an efficient method for removing lighter organic contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Bernardo
- New University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Environmental Biotechnology Research Unit, Ed. Departamental, piso 3, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sun K, Ran Y, Yang Y, Xing B. Sorption of phenanthrene by nonhydrolyzable organic matter from different size sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:1961-1966. [PMID: 18409621 DOI: 10.1021/es7024627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nonhydrolyzable organic carbon (NHC) and sorption isotherms of phenanthrene (Phen) on six size-fractionated NHC fractions in two sediments from the Pearl River and Estuary, South China, were investigated. It was found that NHC including ancient organic carbon, black carbon, resistant aquatic organic carbon, and aged soil organic carbon consists mainly of aliphatic and aromatic carbon using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The sorption isotherms of Phen by the size-fractionated NHC fractions are nonlinear and are well-fitted to the Freundlich model. For the estuary sediment, the NHC contents and the organic carbon-normalized distribution coefficients (Koc) in the size fractions increase with decreasing particle size. The clay NHC fraction contributes to 70% of the Phen sorption by the bulk NHC isolate. However, for the contaminated river sediment, the NHC contents and the Koc values exhibit no regular variations among the size fractions. The Phen sorption capacities on the size-fractionated NHC fractions of the two sediments are significantly related to their H/C ratios and aliphatic carbon, but negatively to aromatic carbon. The fine-particle NHC fractions with high aliphatic carbon and H/C ratio play a very important role in the sorption, transport, and fate of Phen by the investigated sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|