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Xie WQ, Wang ZY, Xie YG, Hao JJ, Cao XD, Xiang ZY, Lou LP, Ding GH. Integrated biomarker-based ecological risks assessment of tadpole responses to tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, and their combined environmental exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 358:124494. [PMID: 38968982 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) are common chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) used in industry. They have been frequently detected together in aquatic environments and associated with various hazardous effects. However, the ecological risks of prolonged exposure to these OPFRs at environmentally relevant concentrations in non-model aquatic organisms remain unexplored. This study investigated the effects of long-term exposure (up to 25 days) to TCEP and TCPP on metamorphosis, hepatic antioxidants, and endocrine function in Polypedates megacephalus tadpoles. Exposure concentrations were set at 3, 30, and 90 μg/L for each substance, conducted independently and in equal-concentration combinations, with a control group included for comparison. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) method developed an optimal linear model for predicting the overall ecological risks of TCEP and TCPP to tadpoles in potential distribution areas of Polypedates species. Results showed that: (1) Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCEP and TCPP elicited variable adverse effects on tadpole metamorphosis time, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity and related gene expression, and endocrine-related gene expression, with their combined exposure exacerbating these effects. (2) The IBR value of TCEP was consistently greater than that of TCPP at each concentration, with an additive effect observed under their combined exposure. (3) The ecological risk of tadpoles exposed to the combined presence of TCEP and TCPP was highest in China's Taihu Lake and Vietnam's Hanoi than in other distribution locations. In summary, prolonged exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCEP and TCPP presents potential ecological risks to amphibian tadpoles, offering insights for the development of policies and strategies to control TCEP and TCPP pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, the methodology employed in establishing the IBR prediction model provides a methodological framework for assessing the overall ecological risks of multiple OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qi Xie
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yi-Ge Xie
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jia-Jun Hao
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xin-Dan Cao
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zi-Yong Xiang
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lu-Ping Lou
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guo-Hua Ding
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
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Zhao J, Guo C, Yang Q, Liu W, Zhang H, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Wang L, Chen C, Xu J. Comprehensive monitoring and prioritizing for contaminants of emerging concern in the Upper Yangtze River, China: An integrated approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 480:135835. [PMID: 39276734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in aquatic environments can adversely impact ecosystems and human health even at low concentrations. This study assessed the risk of 162 CECs, including neonicotinoid pesticides, triazine pesticides, carbamate pesticides, psychoactive substances, organophosphate esters, antidepressants, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and antibiotics in 10 drinking water sources and two tributaries (Jialing and Wujiang Rivers) of the Upper Yangtze River in Chongqing, China. Target screening detected 156 CECs at 0.01-2218.2 ng/L, while suspect screening via LC-QTOF-MS identified 64 CECs, with 13 pesticides, 29 pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and 2 industrial chemicals reported for the first time in the Yangtze River Basin. Risk quotient-based ecological risk assessment revealed that 48 CECs posed medium to high risks (RQ > 0.1) to aquatic life, with antibiotics (n = 20) as the main contributors. Non-carcinogenic risks were below negligible levels, but carcinogenic risks from neonicotinoids, triazines, antidepressants, and antibiotics were concerning. A multi-criteria prioritization approach integrating occurrence, physico-chemical properties, and toxicological data ranked 26 CECs as high priority. This study underscores the importance of comprehensive CEC screening in rivers and provides insights for future monitoring and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Queping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; National Joint Research Center for Yangtze River Conservation, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Weiling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; National Joint Research Center for Yangtze River Conservation, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Wang H, Ding J, Luo S, Yan M, Hu F. Unveiling the mechanisms of reproductive toxicity induced by full life-cycle exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate in male zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 276:107079. [PMID: 39260100 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a commonly used organophosphate flame retardant, has garnered considerable concern owing to its pervasive presence in the environment and its toxic effects on living organisms. The perpetuation of populations and species hinges on successful reproduction, yet research into the mechanisms underlying reproductive toxicity remains scant, particularly in aquatic species. In this work, zebrafish embryos were exposed to TCEP (0, 0.8, 4, 20, and 100 µg/L) for 120 days until sexual maturation, and multiple reproductive endpoints were investigated in male zebrafish. Our results showed that the body weight, body length, and gonadal-somatic index (GSI) were remarkably decreased in all TCEP treatment groups (except GSI in the 0.8 µg/L TCEP-treated group). Long-term exposure to TCEP led to reduced reproductive capacity of male zebrafish, as evidenced by decreased fertilization. Histological observation gave an indication of delayed testicular development and inhibited spermatogenesis under TCEP stress. The content of testosterone (T) was significantly elevated in all TCEP treatment group, whereas 17 β-estradiol (E2) levels remained stable. Transcriptome analysis revealed a lot of downregulated genes involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis, energy metabolism, and sperm motility, which might account for the imbalance of steroid hormone levels, retarded spermatogenesis and declined fertilization success. Overall, these findings offered a thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying the male reproductive toxicity caused by TCEP, highlight the risk of TCEP on reproductive health of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Jieyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China; Technology Innovation Center for Monitoring and Restoration Engineering of Ecological Fragile Zone in Southeast China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fuzhou 350001, PR China
| | - Shiyi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Meijiao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Fengxiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China; Technology Innovation Center for Monitoring and Restoration Engineering of Ecological Fragile Zone in Southeast China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fuzhou 350001, PR China.
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Xie YG, Wang ZY, Xie WQ, Xiang ZY, Cao XD, Hao JJ, Ding GH. Toxicity comparison and risk assessment of two chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (TCEP and TCPP) on Polypedates megacephalus tadpoles. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 272:106979. [PMID: 38823072 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(1‑chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) are widely used as chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) due to their fire-resistance capabilities. However, their extensive use has led to their permeation and pollution in aquatic environments. Using amphibians, which are non-model organisms, to test the toxic effects of OPFRs is relatively uncommon. This study examined the acute and chronic toxicity differences between TCEP and TCPP on Polypedates megacephalus tadpoles and evaluated the potential ecological risks to tadpoles in different aquatic environments using the risk quotient (RQ). In acute toxicity assay, the tadpole survival rates decreased with increased exposure time and concentrations, with TCEP exhibiting higher LC50 values than TCPP, at 305.5 mg/L and 70 mg/L, respectively. In the chronic assay, prolonged exposure to 300 μg/L of both substances resulted in similar adverse effects on tadpole growth, metamorphosis, and hepatic antioxidant function. Based on RQ values, most aquatic environments did not pose an ecological risk to tadpoles. However, the analysis showed that wastewater presented higher risks than rivers and drinking water, and TCPP posed a higher potential risk than TCEP in all examined aquatic environments. These findings provide empirical evidence to comprehend the toxicological effects of OPFRs on aquatic organisms and to assess the safety of aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ge Xie
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Wen-Qi Xie
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Zi-Yong Xiang
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Xin-Dan Cao
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Jia-Jun Hao
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China
| | - Guo-Hua Ding
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, China.
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Qiao Y, Feng C, Jin X, Yan Z, Feng W, Wang Y, Bai Y. Concentration levels and ecological risk assessment of typical organophosphate esters in representative surface waters of a megacity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118614. [PMID: 38462084 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers in consumer and industrial products. They have been found to have numerous exposure hazards. Recently, several OPEs have been detected in surface waters around the world, which may pose potential ecological risks to freshwater organisms. In this study, the concentration, spatial variation, and ecological risk of 15 OPEs in the Beiyun and Yongding rivers were unprecedentedly investigated by the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and risk quotient (RQ) method. The result showed that triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) were the most abundant OPEs with average concentrations of 55.53 ng/L and 42.29 ng/L, respectively. The concentrations of OPEs in the Beiyun River are higher than in the Yongding River, and their levels were higher in densely populated and industrial areas. The risk assessment showed that there was insignificant from OPEs to freshwater organisms in these rivers (RQs <0.1). The risk was higher downstream than upstream, which was related to human-intensive industrial activities downstream in the Yongding River. The ecological risk of OPEs in surface waters worldwide was estimated by joint probability curves (JPCs), and the result showed that there was a moderate risk for tri (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), a low risk for trimethyl phosphate (TMP), and insignificant for other OPEs. In addition, the QSAR-ICE-SSD model was used to calculate the hazardous concentration for 5% (HC5). This result validated the feasibility and accuracy of this model in predicting acute data of OPEs and reducing biological experiments on the toxicity of OPEs. These results revealed the ecological risk of OPEs and provided the scientific basis for environmental managers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhenfei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Weiying Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yingchen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Yin H, Liu L, Xiong Y, Qiao Y. Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in typical industrial parks in Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:35206-35218. [PMID: 38720129 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33160-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
As alternative substances of PBDEs, organophosphate esters (OPEs), an emerging organic pollutant, were increasingly produced and used in many kinds of industries and consumer products. However, OPEs also have various adverse toxic effects. Information on the pollution levels and exposure to OPEs in related industries is still limited. This study presented data on OPE contamination in the soil, leaf, and river water samples from seven typical industrial parks in Southwest China. Total concentration of seven OPEs (Σ7OPE) including tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tris-(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) ester (TDCPP), and tris-(chlorisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) in the soil samples (36.2 ~ 219.7 ng/g) and the surrounding river water samples (118.9 ~ 287.7 ng/L) were mostly lower than those in other studies, while the Σ7OPE level in the leaves (2053.3 ~ 8152.7 ng/g) was relatively high. There were significant differences in the concentration and distribution of OPEs in the surrounding environment of different industrial parks. TDCPP, TnBP, and TCPP could be used as the characteristic compound in soil samples from auto industrial park, river samples from shoe making industrial park, and leaf samples from logistics park, respectively. The parameter m (the content ratio of chlorinated OPEs to alkyl OPEs) was suggested to distinguish the types of industrial park preliminary. When m ≥ 1, it mainly refers to heavy industries sources such as automobiles, electronics, and machinery, etc. When m<1, it mainly for the light industrial sources such as textile industry, transportation services, and resources processing, etc. For logistics park, furniture park and Wuhou comprehensive industrial park, the volatilization of materials was the main sources of OPEs in the surrounding environment, while more effort was required to strengthen the pollution control and management of the waste water and soil in the pharmacy industrial park, shoe making industrial park and auto industrial park. Risk assessment showed that there was a negligible non-cancer and carcinogenic risk in the soil, while high attention should be paid to the non-cancer risk for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Yin
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610025, Sichuan, China.
| | - Liya Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610025, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanming Xiong
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610025, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Qiao
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610025, Sichuan, China
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Liang C, He Y, Mo XJ, Guan HX, Liu LY. Universal occurrence of organophosphate tri-esters and di-esters in marine sediments: Evidence from the Okinawa Trough in the East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118308. [PMID: 38281563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Despite numerous data on organophosphate tri-esters (tri-OPEs) in the environment, literatures on organophosphate di-esters (di-OPEs) in field environment, especially marine sediments remain scarce. This study addresses this gap by analyzing 35 abyssal sediment samples from the middle Okinawa Trough in the East China Sea. A total of 25 tri-OPEs and 10 di-OPEs were determined, but 13 tri-OPEs and 2 di-OPEs were nondetectable in any of these sediment samples. The concentrations of ∑12tri-OPE and ∑8di-OPE were 0.108-32.2 ng/g (median 1.11 ng/g) and 0.548-15.0 ng/g (median 2.74 ng/g). Chlorinated (Cl) tri-OPEs were the dominant tri-esters, accounting for 47.5 % of total tri-OPEs on average, whereas chlorinated di-OPEs represented only 19.2 % of total di-OPEs. This discrepancy between the relatively higher percentage of Cl-tri-OPEs and lower abundance of Cl-di-OPEs may be ascribed to the stronger environmental persistence of chlorinated tri-OPEs. Source assessment suggested that di-OPEs were primarily originated from the degradation of tri-OPEs rather than industrial production. Long range waterborne transport facilitated by oceanic currents was an important input pathway for OPEs in sediments from the Okinawa Trough. These findings enhance the understanding of the sources and transport of OPEs in marine sediments, particularly in the Okinawa Trough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Yong He
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Mo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Guan
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, MOE and College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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Wang C, Lei W, Jiang C, Du L, Huang X, Cui X, Gao D, Wang H. Exposure to tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate affects the embryonic cardiac development of Oryzias melastigma. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25554. [PMID: 38327441 PMCID: PMC10847999 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) is a growing concern and may be a potential risk to marine environmental health due to its widespread usage and distribution. However, the toxic effects of TDCPP on cardiac development in marine fish have not been reported. In this study, Oryzias melastigma embryos were exposed to TDCPP at doses of 0, 0.04, 0.4, 4 and 40 μg/L from early embryogenesis to 10 days postfertilization (dpf). Then, the heart rate and sinus venosus-bulbus arteriosus (SV-BA) distance of the exposed embryos were measured at 5, 6, 8 and 10 dpf. Furthermore, alterations in the mRNA levels of the genes encoding cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), and GATA-binding protein 4 (GATA4) were evaluated at 5, 6, 8 and 10 dpf. We found that the heart rate significantly increased in all TDCPP exposure groups at 10 dpf. The SV-BA distance significantly decreased in all TDCPP exposure groups at all developmental stages (except for the 0.4 μg/L group at 5 dpf and the 4 μg/L group at 10 dpf). The mRNA expression of COX-2 was downregulated at 5 dpf, BMP4 was downregulated at 5 and 6 dpf, FGF8 was downregulated at 5, 6 and 8 dpf, GATA4 was downregulated at 8 dpf, and GATA4 was upregulated at 10 dpf. These results indicate that the changes in heart rate and SV-BA distance might be accompanied by disturbances in the four genes involved in cardiac development. Our findings will help to illustrate the possible cardiac toxic effects of marine fish exposed to TDCPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Lei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Restoration, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen, China
| | - Chengchen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Lichao Du
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xindi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Dongxu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
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Aslantürk ÖS. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of triphenyl phosphate on root tip cells of Allium cepa L. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 94:105734. [PMID: 37981031 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is a tri-ester of phosphoric acid and phenol. It is used in products such as polyvinyl chloride, hydraulic fluids, polymers, photographic films and printed circuit cards as a flame retardant. It is also widely used in consumer products like electric and electronic devices, textiles and building necessaries. TPhP can diffuse into its surrounding environment easily, because it does not form a chemical bond with polymeric materials. Therefore, bio-monitoring of such compounds is needed for possible environmental and human health effects. In this study, we evaluated genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of TPhP on Allium cepa on the cells of root tips. A 10 mg/mL stock solution of TPhP was dissolved in DMSO and dilutions of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg/mL was made in distilled water. Onion bulbs, rooted in test tubes, were exposed to these concentrations of TPhP for 24 h. Distilled water was used as a negative control, 0.7% hydrogen peroxide was used as positive control, and 0.5% DMSO was used as solvent control. Significant inhibition of onion root growth was observed following treatment with the 6, 8 and 10 mg/mL TPhP ranges in comparison with the negative and solvent control groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, in the TPhP treatment groups, total chromosome aberration ratios were significantly high in comparison with the controls (p < 0.05). These results suggest that TPhP have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on A. cepa root tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Sultan Aslantürk
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Central Campus, 09010 Aydın, Turkey.
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Li J, Dai L, Feng Y, Cao Z, Ding Y, Xu H, Xu A, Du H. Multigenerational effects and mutagenicity of three flame retardants on germ cells in Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115815. [PMID: 38091675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) have raised public concerns because of their environmental persistence and negative impacts on human health. Recent evidence has revealed that many FRs exhibit reproductive toxicities and transgenerational impacts, whereas the toxic effects of FRs on germ cells remain barely explored. Here we investigated the multigenerational effects of three flame retardants (TBBPA, TCEP and TCPP) on germ cell development in Caenorhabditis elegans, and examined the germ cell mutagenicity of these FRs by using whole genome sequencing. Parental exposure to three FRs markedly increased germ cell apoptosis, and impeded oogenesis in F1-F6 offspring. In addition, the double-increased mutation frequencies observed in progeny genomes uncover the mutagenic actions of FRs on germ cells. Analysis of mutation spectra revealed that these FRs predominantly induced point mutations at A:T base pairs, whereas both small and large indels were almost unaffected. These results revealed the long-term effects of FRs on development and genomic stability of germ cells, which may pose risks to environmental organisms and human reproductive health. Taken together, our findings suggest that germ cell mutagenicity should be carefully examined for the environmental risk assessment of FRs and other emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Linglong Dai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Science Island Branch, Graduate School of USTC, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Science Island Branch, Graduate School of USTC, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Zhenxiao Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yuting Ding
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, Anhui, China
| | - An Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Hua Du
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, CAS, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
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Zhang P, Meng F, Xia Y, Leng Y, Cui J. Deriving seawater quality criteria of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate for ecological risk assessment in China seas through species sensitivity distributions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119482. [PMID: 37939474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), one of the widely used organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), has been frequently detected in the marine environment in the seas off China. The existing freshwater biotoxicity data are not suited to derivation of the seawater quality criteria of TCEP and evaluating the associated ecological risks. This study aimed at deriving water quality criteria (WQC) of TCEP for marine organisms based on species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach using the acute toxicity data generated from multispecies bioassays and chronic toxicity data by converting acute data with the acute-to-chronic ratios (ACRs); the derived WQC were then used to evaluate the ecological risk for TCEP in China Seas. According to median effective concentration (EC50) and median lethal concentration (LC50), TCEP had a moderate or low toxicity to eight marine species selected, among which mysid Neomysis awatschensis (96h-LC50 of 39.65 mg/L) and green alga Platymonas subcordiformis (96-h EC50 of 395.42 mg/L) were the most sensitive and the most tolerant, respectively. The acute and chronic hazardous concentrations of TCEP for 5% of marine species (HC5) were estimated to be 29.55 and 2.68 mg/L, respectively. The short-term and long-term WQC were derived to be 9.85 and 0.89 mg/L, respectively. The risk quotient (RQ) values indicated that TECP at current levels poses a negligible risk to marine ecosystems in China. These results will provide valuable reference for the government to establish a seawater quality standard for TCEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Fanping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Yufan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yu Leng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jiali Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Lin J, Liao L, Sun T, Gu J, Yang X, Zhang L, Gao Z, Feng S. Spatial and temporal variability and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in seawater and sediments of the Yangtze River estuary. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 198:115904. [PMID: 38096696 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) as substitutes for PBDEs have been widely detected in the marine environment, while little is known about the pollution characteristics and variation of OPEs in estuarine environments with complex hydrodynamic conditions and land-based input. Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) is a typical highly urbanized and industrialized estuary, with a complex hydrological environment and geochemical behavior. This study found that the concentrations of OPEs in both seawater and sediments in the YRE were higher in spring than in summer. Alkyl OPEs were the first contributor, with TnBP and TiBP as the main components, where the contribution of alkyl OPEs had exceeded 75 % in both seawater and sediments in spring, and 60 % in summer seawater, and even 80 % in sediments. In spring, OPEs peaked in the central to southern region near the YRE. In summer, OPEs were mainly concentrated in the southern branch waterway and southern nearshore area of the YRE and showed a decreasing trend to the northeast. The OPEs in the sediments were mainly concentrated in the Yangtze River Mud Area (YREMA) and the Zhe-Min Coastal Mud Area (ZMCMA). Based on the fugacity model and principal component analysis, sediments could be released into the aquatic environment as an endogenous source, and exogenous sources were mainly municipal and industrial sewage discharge sources, urban and marine traffic discharge sources, and atmospheric deposition sources. The ecological risk analysis showed that the Σ14OPEs had exhibited a low to moderate ecological risk in the southern branch waterway and the south-central region offshore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Lin
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Lingzhi Liao
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Ting Sun
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jinzeng Gu
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xiaoxian Yang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Lutao Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Xingtai Gas Grp Co Ltd, Xingtai 054000, PR China.
| | - Zhenhui Gao
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Song Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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Paun I, Pirvu F, Iancu VI, Niculescu M, Pascu LF, Chiriac FL. An Initial Survey on Occurrence, Fate, and Environmental Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Romanian Waterways. J Xenobiot 2023; 14:31-50. [PMID: 38249100 PMCID: PMC10801549 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants in the environment and present an important preoccupation due to their potential toxicity to humans and biota. They can be found in various sources, including consumer products, building materials, transportation industry, electronic devices, textiles and clothing, and recycling and waste management. This paper presents the first survey of its kind in Romania, investigating the composition, distribution, possible sources, and environmental risks of OPFRs in five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the rivers receiving their effluents. Samples from WWTPs and surface waters were collected and subjected to extraction processes to determine the OPFRs using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. All the target OPFRs were found in all the matrices, with the average concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 1422 ng/L in wastewater, 0.88 to 1851 ng/g dry weight (d.w.) in sewage sludge, and 0.73 to 1036 ng/L in surface waters. The dominant compound in all the cases was tri(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP). This study observed that the wastewater treatment process was inefficient, with removal efficiencies below 50% for all five WWTPs. The environmental risk assessment indicated that almost all the targeted OPFRs pose a low risk, while TDCPP, TCPP, and TMPP could pose a moderate risk to certain aquatic species. These findings provide valuable information for international pollution research and enable the development of pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luoana Florentina Pascu
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology—ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei Street 57-73, 060652 Bucharest, Romania; (I.P.); (F.P.); (V.I.I.); (M.N.)
| | - Florentina Laura Chiriac
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology—ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei Street 57-73, 060652 Bucharest, Romania; (I.P.); (F.P.); (V.I.I.); (M.N.)
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Gbadamosi MR, Ogunneye AL, Jegede DO, Abdallah MAE, Harrad S. Occurrence, source apportionment, and ecological risk assessment of organophosphate esters in surface sediment from the Ogun and Osun Rivers, Southwest Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:124274-124285. [PMID: 37996592 PMCID: PMC10746756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are synthetic chemicals widely used as e.g., flame retardants and plasticisers in various consumer products. Due to the toxicity of OPEs in aquatic ecosystems, exposure of fauna and flora to these compounds is of potential concern. In this study, the concentrations, profiles, sources, and ecological risk of eight OPEs were investigated in the sediments from the two major rivers in southwest Nigeria. Concentrations of ∑OPEs in surface sediments were in the range 13.1 - 2110 ng/g dry weight (dw) (median: 378 ng/g dw) in the Ogun River and 24.7-589 ng/g dw (median: 174 ng/g dw) in the Osun River. These concentrations are broadly within the range of those reported in surface sediment in previous studies conducted in other locations around the world. Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) was the dominant OPE in the sediment samples with a median concentration of 337 and 126 ng/g dw for the Ogun and Osun Rivers respectively, while tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) was not detected in any sample. Excluding TBOEP, the chlorinated organophosphate esters: tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloro-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) were the dominant OPEs in the Osun River, while the aryl-OPEs: triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), and tri-m-tolyl phosphate (TMTP) were dominant in the Ogun River. Under a median exposure scenario, moderate ecological risk was predicted from exposure to TCIPP in the Osun River. In contrast, under a high exposure scenario, concentrations of TDCIPP (risk quotient, RQ = 5.33-5.37) constituted a high ecological risk in both rivers, with moderate risks observed for TBOEP (RQ = 0.022-0.18) and TCIPP (RQ = 0.097 - 0.16). Therefore, the risk to aquatic organisms from concomitant exposure to mixtures of OPEs in freshwater ecosystems requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muideen Remilekun Gbadamosi
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK.
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Adeyemi Lawrence Ogunneye
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - David Olaoluwa Jegede
- Chemistry Unit, Department of Basic Science, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Sun J, Liu Q, Zhang R, Xing L. Organophosphate esters in rural wastewater along the Yangtze river Basin: Occurrence, removal efficiency and environmental implications. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118830. [PMID: 37591091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) discharged from rural domestic wastewater were one of the important sources of OPEs in receiving water bodies, which has posed a potential threat to the ecological environment. However, very little information on the characteristics of OPEs in the rural domestic wastewater is available. Herein, the occurrence, removal efficiency and environmental implication of OPEs in rural domestic wastewater treatment facilities (RD-WWTFs) along the Yangtze River Basin were investigated. Results indicated that the median concentrations of ΣAlkyl-OPEs, ΣHalogenated-OPEs, ΣAryl-OPEs and the total OPE (ΣOPEs) in influents were 28.28, 99.25, 10.22 and 136.84 ng/L, while the median concentrations of them in effluents were 25.80, 141.86, 7.98 and 173.31 ng/L, respectively. Undoubtedly, halogenated OPEs were the most abundant in both influent and effluent, followed by alkyl and aryl OPEs, and they accounted for average proportions of 69.50%, 19.96%and 10.54% for influents, and 78.16%, 16.14%and 5.71% for effluents, respectively. Specifically, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP, median: 55.17 ng/L in influents and 85.75 ng/L in effluents) was the dominant contributor to the ΣOPEs concentrations with average proportions of 37.75% and 47.33% for influents and effluents, respectively. Moreover, the concentration ranks for most OPEs except for aryl OPEs from high to low were upper reaches > lower reaches > middle reaches. However, negative values of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP, -32.4%), TCPP (-55.4%) and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP, -26.3%) were observed. The removal rates of alkyl OPEs (10-20%) and aryl OPEs (20-30%) were also not sufficient. Ecological risk values of ΣOPEs showed that there were 2.44% of high risk, 31.7% of moderate risk and 41.5% of low risk for effluents; while 0.00%, 48.8% and 46.3% were exhibited in high, moderate and low risk for influents, indicating that very slight reduction in risk was achieved by the RD-WWTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Suzhou Capital Greinworth Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, 215126, China
| | - Qixuan Liu
- Suzhou Capital Greinworth Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, 215126, China
| | - Rutao Zhang
- Suzhou Capital Greinworth Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, 215126, China
| | - Liqun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Nanjing University & Yancheng Academy of Environmental Protection Technology and Engineering, Yancheng, 224000, China; School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, China.
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16
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Szychowski KA, Skóra B. Disruption of neurosteroid synthesis and release by tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)isocyanurate in primary mouse cortical astrocytes in vitro. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:1604-1612. [PMID: 37254606 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurosteroidogenesis in astrocytes is crucial for the proper development and functioning of the brain. During this process, key neurohormones such as progesterone (P4 ), testosterone (T), and estradiol (E2 ) are produced. Proper production and release of neurosteroids can be affected by substances referred to as endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). Tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)isocyanurate (TBC) is a representative of novel brominated flame retardants used to stop ignition or reduce fire-related property damage to plastics, polyolefin, polyphenyl alkene, unsaturated polyester, synthetic rubber, and fibers. Interestingly, previous studies have shown that TBC can enhance the proliferation of estradiol-sensitive breast cancers in vitro, which suggests that TBC has EDC properties. Therefore, given the suspected endocrine-disrupting properties of TBC, the aim of the present study was to determine the impact of TBC on the neurosteroid (P4 , T, and E2 ) production and secretion as well as the mRNA expression of key enzymes involved in its production in mouse astrocytes in vitro. Our paper shows that TBC increases P4 production with a strong decrease in T production, which is accompanied by a decrease in Cyp17a1 mRNA expression, that is, the main enzyme metabolizing P4 to T. Moreover, TBC in both studied concentrations increases P4 secretion in the culture medium. Finally, our studies have demonstrated an increase in the expression of Cyp19a1 mRNA, an enzyme metabolizing T to E2 , with a simultaneous increase in the amount of E2 in cells. Our data clearly show that TBC in an in vitro environment acts as EDCs, which may lead to serious consequences for the proper development and functioning of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Skóra
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
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Szychowski KA, Skóra B. Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)Isocyanurate has an Effect on Inflammation Markers in Mouse Primary Astrocytes In vitro. Inflammation 2023; 46:1739-1748. [PMID: 37226028 PMCID: PMC10567914 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)isocyanurate (TBC or TDBP-TAZTO) is a new brominated flame retardant (BFR) used as a replacement of classic BFR, such as tetrabromobisphenol A. TBC is supposed to be safer than classic BFRs, but reports show that it may induce a similar toxic effect. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the impact of TBC on the inflammation and activation of the apoptosis process in mouse cortical astrocytes in vitro. Our results have shown that TBC increases caspase-1 and caspase-3 activity in mouse astrocytes in vitro, which suggests inflammation-induced apoptosis. Further analyses have revealed that TBC indeed increases the level of inflammation markers, e.g. Cat, IL-1β and IL-1βR1 proteins, but decreases the level of proliferation marker protein Ki67. However, our study has demonstrated that TBC does not change the morphology of astrocytes and does not increase the number of apoptotic bodies - a well-established marker of late apoptosis. Moreover, the concentration of 50 µM TBC also increases caspase-3 activity with no formation of apoptotic bodies. However, since 10 and 50 µM TBC have never been detected in living organisms, we can assume that the compound is safe at the low concentrations that are detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225, Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Skóra
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225, Rzeszow, Poland
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Li X, Yao Y, Zhao M, Yang J, Shi Y, Yu H, Cheng Z, Chen H, Wang Y, Wang L, Sun H. Nontarget Identification of Novel Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Rainfall Runoffs and Agricultural Soils around a Plastic Recycling Industrial Park. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12794-12805. [PMID: 37579047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastic recycling and reprocessing activities may release organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers into the surrounding environment. However, the relevant contamination profiles and impacts remain not well studied. This study investigated the occurrence of 28 OPEs and their metabolites (mOPEs) in rainfall runoffs and agricultural soils around one of the largest plastic recycling industrial parks in North China and identified novel organophosphorus compounds (NOPs) using high-resolution mass spectrometry-based nontarget analysis. Twenty and twenty-seven OPEs were detected in runoff water and soil samples, with total concentrations of 86.0-2491 ng/L and 2.53-199 ng/g dw, respectively. Thirteen NOPs were identified, of which eight were reported in the environment for the first time, including a chlorine-containing OPE, an organophosphorus heterocycle, a phosphite, three novel OPE metabolites, and two oligomers. Triphenylphosphine oxide and diphenylphosphinic acid occurred ubiquitously in runoffs and soils, with concentrations up to 390 ng/L and 40.2 ng/g dw, respectively. The downwind areas of the industrial park showed elevated levels of OPEs and NOPs. The contribution of hydroxylated mOPEs was higher in soils than in runoffs. These findings suggest that plastic recycling and reprocessing activities are significant sources of OPEs and NOPs and that biotransformation may further increase the ecological and human exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Maosen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ji Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yumeng Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Rapp-Wright H, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Álvarez-Muñoz D, Barceló D, Regan F, Barron LP, White B. International Comparison, Risk Assessment, and Prioritisation of 26 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Three European River Catchments in the UK, Ireland, and Spain. Molecules 2023; 28:5994. [PMID: 37630246 PMCID: PMC10458904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) constitute a wide variety of chemistries with diverse properties that may/can pose risks to both humans and the environment. Herein, a total of 26 compounds, including steroids, flame retardants, and plasticizers, were monitored in three major and heavily urbanized river catchments: the R. Liffey (Ireland), the R. Thames (UK), and the R. Ter (Spain), by using a single solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method. Occurrence and frequency rates were investigated across all locations over a 10-week period, with the highest concentration obtained for the flame retardant tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) at 4767 ng∙L-1 in the R. Thames in Central London. Geographical variations were observed between sites and were partially explained using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). In particular, discrimination between the R. Ter and the R. Thames was observed based on the presence and concentration of flame retardants, benzotriazole, and steroids. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) across sites showed that caffeine, a chemical marker, and bisphenol A (BPA), a plasticizer, were classified as high-risk for the R. Liffey and R. Thames, based on relative risk quotients (rRQs), and that caffeine was classified as high-risk for the R. Ter, based on RQs. The total risks at each location, namely ΣRQriver, and ΣrRQriver, were: 361, 455, and 723 for the rivers Liffey, Thames, and Ter, respectively. Caffeine, as expected, was ubiquitous in all 3 urban areas, though with the highest RQ observed in the R. Ter. High contributions of BPA were also observed across the three matrices. Therefore, these two compounds should be prioritized independently of location. This study represents a comprehensive EDC monitoring comparison between different European cities based on a single analytical method, which allowed for a geographically independent ERA prioritization to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Rapp-Wright
- DCU Water Institute, Water Hub SG57, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland; (F.R.); (B.W.)
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (D.Á.-M.); (D.B.)
- University of Girona (UdG), 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Diana Álvarez-Muñoz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (D.Á.-M.); (D.B.)
- University of Girona (UdG), 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; (S.R.-M.); (D.Á.-M.); (D.B.)
- University of Girona (UdG), 17004 Girona, Spain
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fiona Regan
- DCU Water Institute, Water Hub SG57, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland; (F.R.); (B.W.)
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leon P. Barron
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Blánaid White
- DCU Water Institute, Water Hub SG57, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland; (F.R.); (B.W.)
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Xing R, Zhang P, Zheng N, Ji H, Shi R, Ge L, Ma H. Organophosphate esters in the seawater of the Bohai Sea: Environmental occurrence, sources and ecological risks. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 191:114883. [PMID: 37105055 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely distributed in surface water systems, but limited information was available on the spatial occurrence and ecological risks of OPEs in the Bohai Sea. In this study, 89 water samples in the Bohai Sea and the five surrounding rivers were investigated for the determination of 15 OPEs. The concentration of ∑15OPEs ranged from 373.20 to 2931.27 ng·L-1 in the river water and 137.81 to 2641.30 ng·L-1 in the seawater, with high levels of OPEs in Liaodong Bay. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP, 10- 92 %) and triethyl phosphate (TEP, 5- 64 %) were dominant for OPEs. The correlation analysis, principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis suggested the conjunction of municipal wastewater via river input and maritime shipping was the main source of OPEs in the Bohai Sea. The ecological risk assessment indicated that the individual OPEs arise low ecological risks in the Bohai Sea, while medium ecological risks of ∑15OPEs are in minority river samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongguang Xing
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xian 710021, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xian 710021, China; National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116021, China.
| | - Nan Zheng
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Hao Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xian 710021, China
| | - Ren Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xian 710021, China
| | - Linke Ge
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xian 710021, China.
| | - Hongrui Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xian 710021, China
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21
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Xu S, Yu Y, Qin Z, Wang C, Hu Q, Jin Y. Effects of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate exposure on the glucolipid metabolism and cardiac developmental toxicity in larval zebrafish based on transcriptomic analysis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 267:109578. [PMID: 36822296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) is an organophosphorus type of flame retardant. It is mainly used as a flame-retardant plasticizer in the production of flexible polyvinyl chloride. EHDPP is widely present in environment, particularly in aquatic environment. In this study, we reported that EHDPP exposure significantly affected glucose and lipid metabolism in zebrafish larvae, which was reflected by changes in the transcription of relevant genes and decreased levels of glucose, pyruvate, and triglycerides. In addition, the transcriptomic analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes could enrich various endpoints in zebrafish larvae. Interestingly, EHDPP exposure could not only change the transcription of genes related to glucolipid metabolism but also cause cardiotoxicity by affecting the transcription of genes related to calcium signaling pathways in zebrafish larvae. To support these findings, we confirmed that these genes involved in cardiac morphology and development were significantly upregulated in zebrafish larvae after EHDPP exposure. More importantly, the distance and overlapping area of the atrium and ventricle were also changed in the EHDPP-exposed zebrafish larvae of transgenic Tg (myl7: EGFP). Overall, our study revealed that EHDPP exposure could affect various endpoints related to glucolipid metabolism and cardiac development in the early developmental stages of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yixin Yu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinglian Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang, China.
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22
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Truong DA, Trinh HT, Le GT, Phan TQ, Duong HT, Tran TTL, Nguyen TQ, Hoang MTT, Nguyen TV. Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of organophosphate esters in surface water from rivers and lakes in urban Hanoi, Vietnam. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138805. [PMID: 37121286 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an investigation on the pollution status, distribution, and ecological risk to the aquatic organisms of six organophosphate tri-esters (tri-OPEs) and two organophosphate tri-esters (di-OPEs) in surface water in urban Hanoi, Vietnam were conducted. In 37 surveyed water samples (6 rivers and 17 lakes), all eight targeted OPEs were discovered with a detection frequency (DF) of 41-100% and the concentration varied largely from below the method detection limit (<MDL) to 6138 ng L-1. The total concentrations of six tri-OPEs (Ʃ6tri-OPEs) were 46-3644 ng L-1 (average 1409 ng L-1) and the total concentrations of two di-OPEs (Ʃ2di-OPEs) ranged from 2.6 to 6138 ng L-1 (average 351 ng L-1). In general, the Ʃ6tri-OPEs in water samples collected in rivers (average 2262 ng L-1) were higher than those in lakes (average 1000 ng L-1). The most dominant chemical was tris(2-chloro-1-methyl ethyl) phosphate (TCPP) with a DF of 100% and took up 75% (on average) of Ʃ6tri-OPEs. Principal component analysis showed that most of the tri- and di-OPEs in lakes may come from similar emission sources. While, there were at least four different origins of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in rivers in urban Hanoi. The risk quotient (RQ) was estimated for the detected concentration of tri- and di-OPEs in water samples and the toxicological relevant concentration for three trophic groups of algae, crustaceans, and fish. The RQs and the total of RQs for each group were lower than 1, indicating that the effects of each OPE and their OPEs' combined effects on the aquatic environment in Hanoi were at low to medium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Anh Truong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Thu Trinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Giang Truong Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thang Quang Phan
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hanh Thi Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thien Thanh Lam Tran
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Trung Quang Nguyen
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Minh Tue Thi Hoang
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tuyen Van Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
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23
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Yan Z, Feng C, Leung KMY, Luo Y, Wang J, Jin X, Wu F. Insights into the geographical distribution, bioaccumulation characteristics, and ecological risks of organophosphate esters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130517. [PMID: 36463749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), as flame retardants and plasticizers, have been numerously explored regarding the occurrence and ecotoxicology. Given their toxicity, persistency and bio-accumulative potential, however, they may pose negative effects on ecosystems, regarding which is a growing global concern. Accordingly, the present review systematically analyses the recent literature to (1) elucidate their worldwide distribution, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification potential, (2) determine their interim water quality criteria (i.e., effect thresholds), and (3) preliminarily assess the ecological risks for 32 OPEs in aquatic ecosystems. The results showed that the spatiotemporal distribution of OPEs was geographically specific and closely related to human activities (i.e., megacities), especially halogenated-OPEs. We also found that precipitation of airborne particulates could affect the concentrations of OPEs in soil, and there was a positive correlation between the bioaccumulation and hydrophobicity of OPEs. Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate may exhibit high bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. A substantial difference was found among interim water quality criteria for OPEs, partly attributable to the variation of their available toxicity data. Tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP) and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate with the lowest predicted no-effect concentration showed the strongest toxicity of growth and reproduction. Through the application of the risk quotient and joint probability curve, TPHP and tris(chloroethyl) phosphate tended to pose moderate risks, which should receive more attention for risk management. Future research should focus on knowledge gaps in the mechanism of biomagnification, derivation of water quality criteria, and more precise assessment of ecological risks for OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Yan
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jindong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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24
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Yang J, Luo Y, Chen M, Lu H, Zhang H, Liu Y, Guo C, Xu J. Occurrence, spatial distribution, and potential risks of organic micropollutants in urban surface waters from qinghai, northwest China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137819. [PMID: 36640988 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lack of knowledge on the destiny of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in the Tibetan Plateau region of China prevents the public from being aware of the need for protecting these unique aquatic ecosystems that are precious water resources and source areas of the Yellow River. To address this knowledge gap, this study systematically investigated the multi-residue analysis, distribution, and potential risks of six types of OMPs, namely, neonicotinoid pesticides (NEOs), fungicides, organophosphate esters (OPEs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), psychoactive substances (PSs), and antidepressants (ADs), in surface waters of major cities in Qinghai. A total of 31 compounds, consisting of 8 NEOs, 1 fungicide, 12 OPEs, 2 OPPs, 5 PSs, and 3 ADs, were detected in >50% of the sites, showing their ubiquitous nature in the study area. Results showed that the total OMP concentration in surface water was 28.3-908 ng/L, and OPEs were the dominant composition (48.6%-97.4%). The risk quotient values of the detected diazinon and dursban regularly exceeded 1 for aquatic organisms at all sampling sites, indicating moderate-high chronic ecological risk. The joint probability curves showed that dursban and NEOs have higher risk levels than other OMPs. Although the results of the non-carcinogenic total hazard quotient of the OMPs in the surface water was less than 1 in all age groups and the carcinogenic risk was lower than the negligible risk level, the potential risks to children and infants were considerably greater and should not be underestimated. In addition to pollutant concentration and exposure duration, ingestion rate and body weight (BW) are also important factors affecting health risk, with BW having a negative effect. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this report is the first to describe OMP pollution in Qinghai, and the results provide new insight into the ecological security of the water resources of the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Haijian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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25
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Tholley MS, George LY, Fu M, Qiao Z, Wang G, Ling S, Peng C, Zhang W, Ye C, Liu F, Yang J. Occurrence, spatial distribution, and risk assessment of brominated flame retardants in farmland soils of typical provinces in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137356. [PMID: 36460150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the occurrence, distribution, and potential risks of 4 brominated flame retardants in farmland soils across 18 provinces of China. The total mean concentrations of the BFRs were in order as DBDPE > BDE209 > HBB > TBB. DBDPE concentration was highest at 177.208 ng/kg, revealing its long-term use and persistence across the study areas. In parts of China, DBDPE was highest in the south (Sichuan, Shaanxi and Guangdong provinces), BDE209 was highest in the south (Sichuan province) and north (Jilin province), while HBB was highest in the south (Sichuan province) and east (Anhui and Zhejiang provinces) of China. Comparisons of the results in this study to other reported studies in different regions indicated that the studied BFRs concentrations were higher in the studied provinces of China. Pearson correlation between BFRs revealed both positive and negative associations within the BFRs groups and between BFRs and soil properties (SOM, CEC, pH, EC and PS%). The mean hazard quotients (HQ) of ecological risks ranged from 8.76 × 10-6 to 1.16 × 10-2 (HQ < 1) while non-carcinogenic human health risk evaluation for adults ranged from 7.05 × 10-7 - 7.48 × 10-4 (HQ < 1) and for children 2.99 × 10-4 - 4.30 × 10-2 (HQ < 1). Although the risk evaluations of BFRs from farmland soils in this study were low, the results serve as useful indicators of potential cumulative and long-term threats of BFR to rural areas where there is a high conversion of agricultural lands to non-agricultural use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabinty Sarah Tholley
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Lartey Young George
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Mengru Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Zhihua Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Gehui Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China.
| | - Chunmei Ye
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China.
| | - Jie Yang
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
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26
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Long S, Hamilton PB, Fu B, Xu J, Han L, Suo X, Lai Y, Shen G, Xu F, Li B. Bioaccumulation and emission of organophosphate esters in plants affecting the atmosphere's phosphorus cycle. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120803. [PMID: 36503012 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The imbalance of atmospheric, terrestrial and aquatic phosphorus budgets remains a research conundrum and global concern. In this work, the uptake, distribution, bioaccumulation and emission of organophosphate esters (OPEs) by clove trees (Syzygium aromaticum), lemon trees (Citrus limon) and cape jasmine trees (Gardenia jasminoides var. fortuniana) was investigated as conduits for phosphorus transfer or sinks and sources. The objective was to assess the role OPEs in soils play as atmospheric phosphorus sources through plant bioaccumulation and emission. Results demonstrated OPEs in experimental soil plots ranging from 0.01 to 81.0 ng g-1 dry weight, were absorbed and transported through plants to the atmosphere. The total emission of OPEs varied greatly from 0.2 to 588.9 pg g-1 L-1 h-1, with a mean of 47.6 pg g-1 L-1 h-1. There was a negative linear relationship between the concentrations of total phosphorus and four OPEs, tri-iso-butyl phosphate, tri-n-butyl phosphate, tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and tripentyl phosphate. Trimethyl phosphate levels were positively correlated with total nitrogen, and the concentrations of tri-iso-butyl phosphate, tri-n-butyl phosphate, tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and tripentyl phosphate decreased along with available potassium in leaves after 72 h. There was a significantly positive linear relationship between higher emission concentrations of OPEs and the emission factor of OPEs concentration (F = 4.2, P = 0.002), with lower emissions of OPEs and the bioaccumulation of OPEs in leaves (F = 4.8, P = 0.004). OPEs releases to the atmosphere were enriched in aerosols, and participate in atmospheric chemical reactions like photolysis, thereby affecting the phosphorus balance and cycling in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxing Long
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Paul B Hamilton
- Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada
| | - Bo Fu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Luchao Han
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinhao Suo
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuqin Lai
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bengang Li
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Jiangsu Centre for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Liu Y, Xie Z, Zhu T, Deng C, Qi X, Hu R, Wang J, Chen J. Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk of organophosphorus flame retardants and their degradation products in water and upper sediment of two urban rivers in Shenzhen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:14932-14942. [PMID: 36161588 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely used in various industrial manufacturing processes; thus, their environmental impact in agglomerated industrial areas is of great concern. In this study, seventeen kinds of OPFRs and five kinds of organophosphate diesters (Di-OPs) in water and upper sediment samples from two urban rivers in the agglomerated industrial area of Shenzhen city, China, were investigated. The results showed that the total concentrations of detectable OPFRs ranged from 3438.83 to 12,838.87 ng/L with an average of 6494.94 ng/L in water samples and from 47.16 to 524.46 ng/g (dry weight, dw) with an average of 181.48 ng/g dw in sediment. The values were higher than those in other rivers worldwide. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is the predominant OPFRs in water and upper sediment, up to 10,664.23 ng/L in water and 414.12 ng/g dw in sediment. The total concentration of OPFRs of sediment samples in the Maozhou River was around twice as high as in the Guanlan River. The results indicated that the level of OPFRs was associated with the industrial activity intensity. Di-OPs exhibited lower concentrations than their parent compounds, and can be attributed to the degradation/metabolism of their parent compounds in the river. The sediment-water partition of OPFRs is significantly correlated with their log Kow values. Risk assessment revealed moderate ecological risks posed by OPFRs in water to aquatic organisms. The present study revealed the pollution status of OPFRs in rivers from agglomerated industrial and residential areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlang Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuoming Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tingting Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Managing Technology of Drinking Water Source, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection & Control in Water Environment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Science, Shenzhen, 518001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Deng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Managing Technology of Drinking Water Source, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection & Control in Water Environment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Science, Shenzhen, 518001, People's Republic of China
| | - XiuJuan Qi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Managing Technology of Drinking Water Source, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection & Control in Water Environment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Science, Shenzhen, 518001, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Managing Technology of Drinking Water Source, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection & Control in Water Environment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Science, Shenzhen, 518001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Managing Technology of Drinking Water Source, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection & Control in Water Environment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Science, Shenzhen, 518001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyi Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Managing Technology of Drinking Water Source, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection & Control in Water Environment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Science, Shenzhen, 518001, People's Republic of China
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Godyń I, Bodziony M, Grela A, Muszyński K, Pamuła J. Determination of Pollution and Environmental Risk Assessment of Stormwater and the Receiving River, Case Study of the Sudół River Catchment, Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:504. [PMID: 36612823 PMCID: PMC9819663 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the land use of urban catchments and the discharge of stormwater to rivers are causing surface water pollution. Measurements were taken of the quality of discharged stormwater from two areas with different types of development: a residential area and a residential-commercial area, as well as the quality of the Sudół River water below the sewer outlets. The following indicators were studied: TSS, COD, N-NO3, N-NO2, TKN, TN, TP, Zn, Cu, Hg, HOI, and PAHs. The influence of land use on the magnitudes of flows in the river was modeled using the SCS-CN method and the Snyder Unit Hydrograph Model. The results showed an increase in sealing and a resulting increase in surface runoff. Concentrations of pollutants in stormwater and analysis of the potential amounts of loadings contributed by the analyzed stormwater outlets indicate that they may be responsible for the failure to meet environmental targets in the Sudół River. Environmental risk assessment shows that the aquatic ecosystem is at risk. A risk factor indicating a high risk of adverse environmental effects was determined for N-NO3, Zn, and Cu, among others.
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Wang H, Jing C, Peng H, Liu S, Zhao H, Zhang W, Chen X, Hu F. Parental whole life-cycle exposure to tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) disrupts embryonic development and thyroid system in zebrafish offspring. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 248:114313. [PMID: 36410141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), an emerging environmental pollutant, has been frequently detected in natural waters. The objective of this study was to investigate possible parental transfer of TCEP and transgenerational effects on the early development and thyroid hormone homeostasis in F1 larvae following parental whole life-cycle exposure to TCEP. To this end, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.8, 4, 20 and 100 μg/L) of TCEP for 120 days until sexual maturation. Parental exposure to TCEP resulted in significant levels of TCEP, developmental toxicity including decreased survival and final hatching rates, accelerated heart rate and elevated malformation rate, as well as induction of oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in F1 offspring. In F1 eggs, declined thyroxin (T4) levels were observed, consistent with those in plasma of F0 adult females, indicating the maternal transfer of thyroid endocrine disruption to the offspring. In addition, mRNA levels of several genes along the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis were significantly modified in F1 larvae, which could be linked to transgenerational developmental toxicity and thyroid hormone disruption. For the first time, we revealed that the parental exposure to environmentally relevant levels of TCEP could cause developmental toxicity and thyroid endocrine disruption in subsequent unexposed generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chen Jing
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hangke Peng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shangshu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haocheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Weini Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China.
| | - Fengxiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China.
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Li S, Wan Y, Wang Y, He Z, Xu S, Xia W. Occurrence, spatial variation, seasonal difference, and ecological risk assessment of organophosphate esters in the Yangtze River, China: From the upper to lower reaches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158021. [PMID: 35970456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive contamination profile of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the Yangtze River in China has not yet been characterized. In this study, we investigated the occurrence, spatial variation, and seasonal difference of 18 selected OPEs in surface water samples of the Yangtze River mainstream. To characterize the contamination profile of the OPEs, we collected 144 Yangtze River water samples from 72 sampling sites in December 2020 and June 2021. Four alkyl-OPEs [trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate (TEP), tributyl phosphate, and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP)] and three halogenated OPEs [tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate] were the most frequently detected target compounds (>95%). TCIPP (median: 34.6 ng/L), TEP (median: 26.2 ng/L), and TCEP (median: 17.9 ng/L) were the most abundant compounds, while the median values of the others were below 10 ng/L. Additionally, the concentrations of most OPEs gradually/dramatically increased from upstream to downstream Yangtze River. Notably, the median concentration of summed OPEs in Shanghai (415 ng/L; downstream) was approximately ten times higher than that in Qinghai (45.7 ng/L; upstream). Urban sampling sites had significantly or slightly higher concentrations of most OPEs than rural sampling sites. Moreover, the OPE concentrations in the river water differed between the winter and summer. The concentrations of summed OPEs (median: 117 vs. 106 ng/L), summed alkyl-OPEs (67.0 vs. 45.8 ng/L; p < 0.05), and summed aryl-OPEs (0.48 vs. 0.17 ng/L; p < 0.05) were slightly or significantly higher in December than those in June; nevertheless, summed halogenated OPEs were slightly higher in June (62.2 vs. 50.2 ng/L) than that in December. Compared with previously reported data for OPEs in other major rivers worldwide, the Yangtze River water had relatively lower concentrations of the OPEs than those in the rivers of developed countries and regions. Ecological risk assessment suggested that tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and TCEP posed relatively high risks (RQ: 1.01 and 0.98, respectively) at the maximum concentration, and TBOEP posed a moderate risk (RQ: 0.25). This is the first study to comprehensively characterize the contamination profile of the Yangtze River by the OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhenyu He
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, China.
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Chen M, Jin X, Liu Y, Guo L, Ma Y, Guo C, Wang F, Xu J. Human activities induce potential aquatic threats of micropollutants in Danjiangkou Reservoir, the largest artificial freshwater lake in Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:157843. [PMID: 35934027 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem services may decline because of toxicant input, and other environmental variables often co-occur with contaminants to jeopardize the freshwater ecosystem. In this study, Danjiangkou Reservoir (DJKR) in central China was selected as the target research area to investigate the impact of multiple categories of micropollutants coupled with other stressors on the reservoir ecosystem. A total of 140 samples were collected from 28 sites in DJKR, and 124 micropollutants, including pesticides, organophosphate esters (OPEs), psychoactive substances, antiviral drugs, and pharmaceutical and personal care products, were quantified. A total of 108 micropollutants were detected in the water samples, with sum concentrations ranging from 82.35 ng·L-1 to 1436.57 ng·L-1, and 71 of them had a detection frequency above 50 %, indicating the prevailing micropollutant contamination in the reservoir. The most severe pollution and risks were observed in the tributaries of DJKR. Pesticides (neonicotinoid and triazine) and OPEs were the major contributors to the ecological risk in the reservoir. Insecticides, herbicides, and OPEs accounted for the majority of the risks to fish, algae, and invertebrates, respectively. The determined priority pollutants should be paid increased attention. Environmental variables and human activities, such as human land use, induced the potential aquatic threats of micropollutants in DJKR. Results demonstrated that micropollutant pollution was one of the dominant pressures faced by aquatic organisms and human beings, and human activities played important roles as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Li Guo
- Hubei Ecological Environment Monitoring Center Station, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yu Ma
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Hubei Ecological Environment Monitoring Center Station, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Hu Y, Li Z, Xiong J, Zhang Z, Yuan J, Tang Y, Jin T, Li H, Wu S. Occurrence and ecological risks of brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in sediments from the Pearl River Estuary and Daya Bay, South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114182. [PMID: 36257243 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Considering the phasing-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), environmental concerns of PBDE alternatives and dechlorane plus (DP) are rising. Accordingly, this study investigates occurrence and ecological risks of PBDEs, PBDE alternatives and DPs in sediments of two littoral regions, the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and Daya Bay (DYB), in southern China. Total PBDEs concentrations in surface sediments of the PRE and DYB were in the range (mean) of 0.30-28.7 (8.71) and 0.29-43.4 (6.05) ng/g dw, respectively. DP levels in surface sediments of the PRE (0.004-0.27 ng/g dw) were significantly higher than those in the DYB (0.005-0.24 ng/g dw) (p < 0.05). BDE 209 was the predominant component, followed by DBDPE, exhibiting regional variations in BFRs usage. Vertical profiles of BFRs and DP in the PRE and DYB sediment cores exhibited clear anthropogenic influences. Risk quotients suggest critical ecological risks of tetra-, penta- and deca-BDE congeners in all the surface sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Hu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; West Center, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Zongrui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jingjing Xiong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zaiwang Zhang
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Fragile Belt of Yellow River Delta, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Jiaxin Yuan
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Yi Tang
- West Center, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Tao Jin
- West Center, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Huawei Li
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China.
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
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Lin J, Zhang L, Zhang M, Zhang H, Guo C, Feng S, Xu J. Distribution, sources, and ecological risk of organophosphate esters in the urbanized Jiaozhou Bay, East China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:70167-70178. [PMID: 35583752 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), substitutes of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, have been found in a variety of marine environmental matrices, whereas little is known about the feature and sources of seawater OPEs from the environments simultaneously affected by multiple anthropogenic activities. Jiaozhou Bay is one typical bay heavily disturbed by human activities, which was semi-enclosed and surrounded by large amounts of discharged rivers and catchments, various types of ports, and aquaculture farms. This study found that concentrations of Σ13OPEs ranged from 23.90 to 366.40 ng/L (median: 37.76 ng/L) in the seawater and from 90.15 to 1183.14 ng/L (median: 940.61 ng/L) in the inflowing river water. Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, triethyl phosphate, and tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate were the predominant congener, with the percentage of 43.76%, 22.80%, and 14.01%, respectively, in the bay water and 52.47%, 11.31%, and 23.66% in the river water. The overall spatial distribution was characterized by a higher concentration of Σ13OPEs and halogenated-OPEs in the nearshore sites and in the inflowing rivers, which were surrounded by urbanized areas with dense anthropogenic activities, especially along the eastern coast. Effluent discharge and vehicular and marine traffic emissions were distinguished as two main plausible sources of OPEs to Jiaozhou Bay, based on the principal component analysis and Spearman correlations. Ecological risk analysis indicated that Σ13OPEs posed a low risk to aquatic organisms in the bay and low-to-medium risks in the inflowing rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Lin
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Institute of Humanities and Social Science, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Lutao Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Institute of Humanities and Social Science, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Song Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
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Kong R, Xu Q, Wang X, Zhang Y, Liu C. Exposure to tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate for two generations aggravates the adverse effects on survival and growth of zebrafish at environmentally relevant concentrations. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 251:106290. [PMID: 36087489 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It was reported that tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) could inhibit the growth of F0-generation fish. However, multi-generation effects of TDCIPP on survival and growth of fish remain unknown. In this study, the effects of TDCIPP on survival and growth in F1 generation zebrafish were evaluated after two-generation exposure. Results demonstrated that TDCIPP inhibited the survival and growth of F1-generation zebrafish at 96 hpf and 30 dpf. Moreover, compared with the F0 generation, two-generation exposure resulted in a greater accumulation of TDCIPP in F1 generation zebrafish, and strongly down-regulated the expression of genes related to the GH/IGF axis (gh, igf1, igf2b) and HPT axis (tshβ). Taken together, for the first time, this study revealed that exposure to TDCIPP for two generations at environmentally relevant concentrations aggravated the adverse effects on growth and survival in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Kong
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiaolin Xu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiulin Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongkang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Klitsch J, Pfaendner R, Fasel C, Schönberger F. Mode of Action of Zn-DOPOx and Melamine Polyphosphate as Flame Retardants in Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide 66. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183709. [PMID: 36145861 PMCID: PMC9503550 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the flame retardant effect of the Zn salt of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (Zn-DOPOx), melamine polyphosphate (MPP) and their mixture was investigated towards the mode of action in glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 66 (PA 66 GF). The flammability was evaluated using UL 94 V and cone calorimetry. Influence on char formation was analyzed by SEM. Thermal decomposition of Zn-DOPOx and MPP was studied by TGA and ATR-FTIR. The release of gaseous PA 66 decomposition products was investigated using TGA-DTA-FTIR. Combining Zn-DOPOx and MPP leads to an improvement in flame retardancy, most pronounced for equal parts of weight. Mode of action changes significantly for Zn-DOPOx:MPP (1:1) compared to the sole components and a strong interaction between Zn-DOPOx and MPP is revealed, resulting in a more open char structure. Fuel dilution as well as less exothermic decomposition are essential for the mode of action of the combination. Through low HRR values and high CO/CO2 ratio during cone calorimetry measurements, a significant increase in gas phase activity was proven. Therefore, it is concluded that Zn-DOPOx:MPP (1:1) leads to a significant increase in flame retardancy through a combination of mode of actions in the gas and condensed phase resulting from the change in thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Klitsch
- Division Plastics, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rudolf Pfaendner
- Division Plastics, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claudia Fasel
- Department of Material Science, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frank Schönberger
- Division Plastics, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6151-705-8705
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Yang H, Pu Y, Liu C, Gao L, Duan X, Liu S, Chen D, Zhong L, Li Y. Environmentally relevant concentrations of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate induce growth inhibition and oxidative stress in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) larvae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113798. [PMID: 35749998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), widely applied as flame retardant into a variety of products, can be physically leached out to the aquatic environment. Measurable values of TDCIPP have been found in the environment and within biota. Many toxicological assessments have shown that TDCIPP could cause developmental toxicity and oxidative stress in fish. In this study, we focused on the effects of TDCIPP on the growth and oxidative stress of an important commercial fish species in China, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Fish larvae was exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L) of TDCIPP for 7, 14 and 28 days. Simultaneously, the transcription levels of genes associated with the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis and the antioxidative enzymes were examined. The body length and body mass of silver carp larvae decreased significantly only under exposure to 5 and 50 μg/L of TDCIPP at 14 days compared with the control group, while differences on those paraments were observed at 0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L when larvae were exposed for 28 days. The observation evidenced the time- and dose- dependent growth inhibitions caused by TDCIPP on silver carp larvae. Exposure to TDCIPP also decreased the contents of GH and IGF1 in fish attended by significant down-regulation of gh and igf1. Moreover, TDCIPP up-regulated the expression of cat, sod1 and gstt followed by an increase of the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), but the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were decreased. These results suggested that growth inhibition and oxidative stress co-occurred in silver carp larvae after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TDCIPP accompanied by the abnormal expression of genes which associated with the GH/IGF axis and antioxidative enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yan Pu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Xinbin Duan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Shaoping Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Daqing Chen
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Liqiao Zhong
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Yun Li
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Zhang X, Ai S, Wei J, Yang X, Huang Y, Hu J, Wang Q, Wang H. Biphasic effects of typical chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardants on Microcystis aeruginosa. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113813. [PMID: 36068742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The potential accumulation of chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardants (Cl-OPFRs) in aquatic environments sparked interest in studying the effects of Cl-OPFRs on cyanobacterial blooms. In this work, two common Cl-OPFRs, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), induced dose-dependent biphasic effect on bloom-forming M. aeruginosa. The hormetic response to low-dose Cl-OPFRs was associated with the upregulation of the type I NADH dehydrogenase (NDH-1) complex and its mediated cyclic electron transfer (CET) pathway, as reflected by a transient post-illumination increase in chlorophyll fluorescence, the dark reduction of P700+ and the change of NDH-1-related gene expression. The increased CET activity and carotenoid content jointly reduced the intracellular ROS production, facilitating cyanobacterial growth. Conversely, a higher concentration of both Cl-OPFRs induced severe inhibition of growth and photosynthetic oxygen-evolving activity through an imbalance between PSII and PSI. Toxic-dose Cl-OPFRs inhibited state transition and fixed cells into the State I with a higher PSII/PSI ratio, as indicated by chlorophyll fluorescence induction, 77 K fluorescence emission spectra and photosystem stoichiometry. The elevated PSII/PSI ratio created an imbalance between the two photosystems and eventually lead to ROS overproduction, which generate adverse effects on cell growth. This work provides important insights into the hormetic mechanism of Cl-OPFRs on Microcystis aeruginosa and their potential roles in harmful cyanobacteria blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Sijie Ai
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jialu Wei
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yichen Huang
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jinlu Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
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Comparison of the extractability of organophosphorus flame retardants in landfill media using organic and green solvents. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9529. [PMID: 35680955 PMCID: PMC9184578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic solvents are mainly used in the extraction of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) because of their availability and having been tested as good extracting solvents for most environmental pollutants. However, organic solvents are toxic, flammable, and costly. Hence, there is an ongoing quest for less hazardous chemicals such as green deep eutectic solvents (DES) that are cheap, recyclable, non-toxic and degradable in the environment, which can be used to extract organic pollutants such as OPFRs in environmental samples. This study assessed the extractability of OPFRs in municipal landfill leachate and sediment, using organic solvents and DES. Of the fourteen targeted OPFRs, 11 (80%) and 7 (50%) were detected in the leachate and sediment samples, using hexane; whereas 14 (100%) and 13 (90%) OPFRs were detected in the same order of samples using DES. The concentrations of OPFRs obtained for the leachate using optimum organic and DES ranged from below the limit of quantification (< LOQ)—516 ± 8.10 ng/L and < LOQ—453 ± 8.10 ng/L respectively. Correspondingly, the concentrations of OPFRs in sediment samples ranged from < LOQ—135 ± 2.89 ng/g dw and < LOQ—395 ± 2.24 ng/g dw, respectively. The results from this study, therefore, highlight the potential of DES to extract more OPFR from complex matrices such as landfill leachate and sediment. This finding infers that green hydrophilic DES can serve as good replacement for organic solvents such as hexane in liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) and solid–liquid extraction (SLE) techniques for landfill leachate and sediment.
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Fang L, Liu A, Zheng M, Wang L, Hua Y, Pan X, Xu H, Chen X, Lin Y. Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate flame retardants in seawater and sediment from coastal areas of the East China and Yellow Seas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 302:119017. [PMID: 35192883 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPEs) are manmade organic pollutants that are widely used as flame retardants, plasticizers, and antifoaming and hydraulic agents. In this study, seven OPEs in seawater and sediment from the Yellow Sea and East China Sea were determined to study the distribution and diffusion behavior, and to evaluate the environmental risks. The ΣOPEs in the seawater and sediments ranged from below the method detection limit (<MDL) to 497.40 ng/L and from < MDL to 66.50 ng/g dw, respectively. Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris-(1, 3-Dichloro-2-Propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), and tri-meta-cresyl phosphate (TmCP) were the dominant OPEs in the seawater and sediments. OPEs were mainly distributed in coastal areas and the South Yellow Sea, indicating that they are mainly affected by land-based pollution and ocean currents. Fugacity analysis shows that tri-para-cresyl phosphate (TpCP) was in a state of equilibrium, while TDCPP, TnBP, and TmCP other OPEs tended to diffuse from sediment to water. The diffusion behavior of OPEs is mainly affected by their chemical properties. Hazard quotient (HQ) values of TmCP and TpCP in sediment samples were >1.0, indicating high ecological risks to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Fang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Minggang Zheng
- Marine Ecology Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, China.
| | - Yi Hua
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Pan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongyan Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- School of Public Health, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, China
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40
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Turner A. PBDEs in the marine environment: Sources, pathways and the role of microplastics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 301:118943. [PMID: 35150801 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are an important group of additives in plastics that increase resistance to ignition and slow down the rate of burning. Because of concerns about their environmental and human health impacts, however, some of the most widely employed BFRs, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and commercial mixtures of penta-, octa- and deca- (poly)bromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have been restricted or phased out. In this review, the oceanic sources and pathways of PBDEs, the most widely used BFRs, are evaluated and quantified, with particular focus on emissions due to migration from plastics into the atmosphere versus emissions associated with the input of retarded or contaminated plastics themselves. Calculations based on available measurements of PBDEs in the environment suggest that 3.5 and 135 tonnes of PBDEs are annually deposited in the ocean when scavenged by aerosols and through air-water gas exchange, respectively, with rivers contributing a further ∼40 tonnes. Calculations based on PBDE migration from plastic products in use or awaiting or undergoing disposal yield similar net inputs to the ocean but indicate a relatively rapid decline over the next two decades in association with the reduction in the production and recycling of these chemicals. Estimates associated with the input of PBDEs to the ocean when "bound" to marine plastics and microplastics range from about 360 to 950 tonnes per year based on the annual production of plastics and PBDEs over the past decade, and from about 20 to 50 tonnes per annum based on the abundance and distribution of PBDEs in marine plastic litter. Because of the persistence and pervasiveness of plastics in the ocean and diffusion coefficients for PBDEs on the order of 10-20 to 10-27 m2 s-1, microplastics are likely to act as a long-term source of these chemicals though gradual migration. Locally, however, and more important from an ecotoxicological perspective, PBDE migration may be significantly enhanced when physically and chemically weathered microplastics are exposed to the oily digestive fluids conditions of fish and seabirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
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41
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Pei Y, Tong Y, Li H, You J. In-situ biological effects, bioaccumulation, and multi-media distribution of organic contaminants in a shallow lake. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:128143. [PMID: 34974402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activity-impacted aquatic environment contains a complex mixture of contaminants, and ecological risk assessment solely based on chemical analysis is insufficient and biological assessment is required. However, traditional assessment heavily relies on laboratory bioassays, which may cause uncertainty due to inevitable laboratory-related artifact. A self-designed in-situ bioassay system was successfully applied to simultaneously evaluate water and sediment toxicity by co-exposure of two native species, Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) and Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) in Tai Lake Basin, China. In-situ exposure caused pronouncedly lethal and sublethal effects (i.e., metabolic and oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity) on both fish and clams. Meanwhile, multi-media distribution of organic contaminants in water-sediment-biota system was analyzed. Besides hydrophobicity, metabolism was recognized as an influential factor on phase distribution of contaminants in water-fish and sediment-clam systems. Traditional hazard quotient (HQ) method based on environmental concentrations of 98 contaminants showed bias in risk assessment. Instead, a weight of evidence method by integrating three lines of evidence, including in-situ survival, enhanced integrated biomarker response values and environmental concentrations, successfully differentiate high- and moderate-risk sites in the shallow lakes. The present study incorporated in-situ bioassays into risk assessment using a weight of evidence approach, which reduced uncertainty in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Pei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China; Guangdong Provincial Development and Reform Institute, Guangzhou 510040, China
| | - Yujun Tong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China.
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China
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42
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Lin J, Zhang L, Guo C, Feng S, Gao T. Inter-annual variation and comprehensive evaluation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the Yellow Sea, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 176:113440. [PMID: 35183022 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Considering the extensive production and continuous usage of organophosphate esters (OPEs) around the urbanized coasts in recent years, the inter-annual variation and the ecological risks of OPEs in the Yellow Sea (YS), China were systematically evaluated in summer 2015 and 2019. The major component of OPEs, halogenated-OPEs in 78 surface and bottom seawater samples collected from 39 locations in the YS in 2019 were compared with 62 samples at 31 sites conducted in the same periods and similar stations in 2015. The average concentration of halogenated-OPEs increased 1.57, 2.50 folds in the surface and bottom seawater, respectively, in recent 5 years. The proportion of TCPP to halogenated-OPEs exhibited an increasing trend from 56.49% in 2015 to 79.95% in 2019. The peak values of halogenated-OPEs changed from the nearshore regions (33°N-38°N) in 2015 to the nearshore and offshore regions (33°N-35°N) in 2019, implying the growing terrigenous emission sources, especially some large OPEs producers nearby the coastal zones in the northern area of Jiangsu province. The targeted halogenated-OPEs posed no significant or low ecological risks to the aquatic organisms in 2015 and 2019, however, the values of RQ showed an elevated trend in 2019. Therefore, the ecological risks of OPEs in this region still need continuous concern due to the gradually increasing OPEs usage and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Lin
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Qingdao Institute of Humanities and Social Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Lutao Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Song Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Teng Gao
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Qingdao Institute of Humanities and Social Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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43
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You J, Chen ZM, Hou XY, Guo JS, Wang CC, Gao JM. Occurrence, potential sources and risks of organophosphate esters in the high-elevation region, Tibet, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151348. [PMID: 34728211 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used flame retardants that are frequently released into the environment, causing potential harm to humans and ecosystems. Tibet is located on the Tibetan Plateau, known as the "roof of the world", but the occurrence of OPEs in Tibet remains unclear. This is the first report of the occurrence, potential sources and risks of 12 OPEs in water, soil, sediment and snow from Xainza, a typical town at high-elevation in Tibet (average elevation = 4700 m). Ten OPEs were observed, with ∑OPE concentrations of 46.45-1744.73 ng/L in surface water, 29.74-73.85 ng/g in soil, and 13.30-32.23 ng/g in sediment. Moreover, the mean ∑OPE concentration in snow was 413.90 ng/L. Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) were the main OPEs in surface water and snow, while 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) was dominant in soil and sediment. Local human activities and long-distance atmospheric transport may be the main sources of OPEs in Xainza. The assessment of ecological risk indicated that EHDPP in soil poses potential risk. The occurrence of OPEs in Xainza showed that more attention should be paid to persistent organic pollutants in high-elevation regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia You
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhu-Man Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xian-Yu Hou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jin-Song Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Chen-Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jun-Min Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
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44
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Zhang G, Zhang Y, Mi W, Wang Z, Lai S. Organophosphate esters in atmospheric particles and surface seawater in the western South China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118255. [PMID: 34600061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seven organophosphate esters (OPEs) in atmospheric particles and surface seawater were observed during a cruise in the western South China Sea (SCS) in 2014. The median concentrations of ∑OPEs were 688 pg/m3 and 5.55 ng/L for particle and seawater samples, respectively. Total OPEs were dominated by tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). The spatial distribution of OPEs indicates that the OPEs in particle phase were mainly influenced by the air masses originating from China, Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago, showing the significant contribution of anthropogenic sources from these regions. Significant positive correlations between Tri-n-butylphosphate (TnBP) and organic carbon (P < 0.05) in particle phase over the western SCS suggests that it might be a potential tracer for the source regions of Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago. The spatial distribution of OPEs in seawater was contributed by freshwater inputs associating with variations of human activities as well as salinity. Seawater pollution levels of OPEs in the eastern coast of Vietnam were increased compared to those measured in the northern SCS. The loadings of ∑OPEs transported to the vast area of western SCS vias atmospheric deposition and air-seawater gas exchange were estimated to be 59 tons/year and 105 tons/year, respectively. This work highlights the importance of transport processes and air-seawater interface behavior of OPEs in the oceanic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyang Zhang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Institute of Environmental Science and Health Research, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, China
| | - Senchao Lai
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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45
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Hidrovo A, Luek JL, Antonellis C, Malley JP, Mouser PJ. The fate and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products within wastewater treatment facilities discharging to the Great Bay Estuary. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e1680. [PMID: 35075725 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are contaminants of emerging concern that derive primarily in the water environment from combined sewer overflows and discharges from industrial and municipal wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs). Due to incomplete removal during wastewater treatment, PPCP impacts to aquatic ecosystems are a major concern. The Great Bay Estuary (New Hampshire, USA) is an important ecological, commercial, and recreational resource where upstream WWTFs have recently been under pressure to reduce nitrogen loading to the estuary and consequently upgrade treatment systems. Therefore, we investigated the distribution and abundance of 18 PPCPs and three flame retardants within the Great Bay Estuary and WWTFs discharging to the estuary to examine how WWTF type influenced PPCP removal. All 21 analytes were frequently detected at μg/L to ng/L concentrations in influent and effluent and ng/kg in sludge. WWTFs with enhanced nutrient removal and longer solids retention times correlated to higher PPCP removal, indicating facility upgrades may have benefits related to PPCP removal. Understanding PPCP fate during treatment and in downstream waters informs our ability to assess the environmental and ecological impacts of PPCPs on estuarine resources and develop mitigation strategies to better protect marine ecosystems from emerging contaminant exposure. PRACTITIONER POINTS: PPCP removal positively correlated with solids retention time and varied by treatment facility and compound. Upgrade of WWTFs for biological nitrogen removal may also increase PPCP removal. Surface water fluoxetine concentrations may present an ecological risk to the Great Bay Estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Hidrovo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
- Weston & Sampson, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jenna L Luek
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Carmela Antonellis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - James P Malley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Paula J Mouser
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
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46
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Pantelaki I, Voutsa D. Organophosphate esters in inland and coastal waters in northern Greece. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149544. [PMID: 34399340 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in inland and coastal waters in Thessaloniki, Greece, were studied during the period 2019-2020. Samples from rivers and streams as well as coastal waters, were analyzed for the presence of 11 OPEs in dissolved and particulate fraction. OPEs were ubiquitous pollutants in the aquatic environment. Concentrations of dissolved fraction of ΣOPEs concentrations ranged from 400 to 2158 ng L-1 in rivers, 400-1270 in coastal sites and 377-30,560 ng L-1 in streams. TBOEP showed the highest concentrations followed by TPHP, TNBP and TClPP. Significant particulate fractions were determined for TNBP, TClPP TPHP and TCP. Field partition coefficients in inland waters were dependent on the concentration of total suspended solids. Risk assessment did not show potential threat due to OPEs in rivers and coastal sites, however, potential adverse effects were found in streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Pantelaki
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Li Y, Huang K, Jiang J, Xiao Y, An L, Zhang S, Kang Q, Chen R, Jia Y, Zhang X, Liu C, Hu J. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate Induces Mass Mortality of Crucian Carp ( Carassius carassius) Embryos in Taihu Lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15980-15988. [PMID: 34813318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global fishery resources have been declining for decades, leading some fisheries to collapse. Although the decline is partly due to man-made chemical contamination, causal chemicals have been identified in only a few cases. We conducted consecutive 3-year investigations of embryonic mortality in Taihu Lake, China, including heavily contaminated northern areas, including Zhushan (ZS), Meiliang (ML), and Gonghu (GH), and the less polluted southeastern Suzhou (SZ). In 2016, 65.8% of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) embryos collected from ZS died before hatching, a substantially higher mortality rate than those observed in ML (21.7%), GH (15.2%), and SZ (2.2%). In 2017, the embryonic mortality rates were 38.8% in ZS, 1.3% in ML, 6.9% in GH, and 3.5% in SZ, and these rates strongly correlated with the concentrations of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP): 104.2, 1.8, 4.6, and 4.1 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in embryos from ZS, ML, GH, and SZ, respectively. In 2018, embryonic mortality decreased to 4.0% in ZS and 1.2% in GH, consistent with decreases in embryonic TDCIPP concentrations to 17.1 and 1.5 ng/g lw, respectively. Moreover, the TDCIPP concentrations in dead embryos (70.5-216.8 ng/g lw) were much higher than those in live embryos (1.2-10.5 ng/g lw). Embryonic mortality was also observed in well-controlled laboratory experiments in which wild crucian carp were exposed to TDCIPP at concentrations similar to those measured in embryos collected from Taihu Lake, thus confirming TDCIPP as a causal factor in mass crucian carp embryo mortality in Taihu Lake. TDCIPP thus poses a threat to the sustainability of fisheries worldwide, given the high worldwide production volume of this chemical and its embryonic lethal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kai Huang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jieqiong Jiang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lihui An
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shiyi Zhang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiyue Kang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruichao Chen
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yingting Jia
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Removal of Emerging Pollutants in Horizontal Subsurface Flow and Vertical Flow Pilot-Scale Constructed Wetlands. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9122200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed constructed wetland (CW) performance in the removal of six emerging pollutants (EPs) from university campus wastewater. The EPs considered were: diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DIBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), bis(2-ehtylxexyl) phthalate (DEHP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and caffeine (CAF). Six pilot-scale CWs, i.e., three horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) and three vertical flow (VF), with different design configurations were used: two types of plants and one unplanted for both the HSF and the VF, two hydraulic retention times (HRT) for the HSF, and two wastewater feeding strategies for the VF units. The results showed that the median removals in the three HSF-CWs ranged between 84.3 and 99.9%, 79.0 and 95.7%, 91.4 and 99.7%, 72.2 and 81.0%, 99.1 and 99.6%, and 99.3 and 99.6% for DEP, DIBP, DNOP, DEHP, TCPP, and CAF, respectively. In the three VF-CWs, the median removal efficiencies range was 98.6–99.4%, 63.6–98.0%, 96.6–97.8%, 73.6–94.5%, 99.3–99.5% and 94.4–96.3% for DEP, DIBP, DNOP, DEHP, TCPP and CAF, respectively. The study indicates that biodegradation and adsorption onto substrate were the most prevalent removal routes of the target EPs in CWs.
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Wu T, Mao L, Liu X, Wang B, Lin C, Xin M, He M, Ouyang W. Seasonal occurrence, allocation and ecological risk of organophosphate esters in a typical urbanized semi-closed bay. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118074. [PMID: 34523525 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, water and sediment samples from the Jiaozhou Bay and surrounding rivers were collected to analyze the seasonal occurrence and allocation of 12 organophosphate esters (OPEs) and the associated ecological risk. The higher contamination of OPEs in the adjacent rivers indicated the impact of terrestrial input. Tris(1-chloropropan-2-yl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the predominant OPE in the four environmental sample groups investigated. The spatial distribution of OPEs in seawater varied greatly seasonally and was mainly affected by terrestrial input, with OPEs being redistributed under the influence of tidal currents. The partition coefficients (log Koc) of the OPEs were calculated, and their strong correlation with the log Kow (octanol-water) values suggested that the water-sediment allocation was significantly affected by hydrophobicity. The homologous relationships among the 7 OPEs with detection frequencies greater than 40% were identified by principal component analysis (PCA). The partial least squares regression (PLSR) model explicated that ∑OPEs cycling dynamics and principal controlling factors were dissimilar in the bay versus surrounding rivers. The risk quotient (RQ) faced by typical organisms in seawater and river water indicated that short-term OPEs exposure was safe for green algae, daphnia and fish. The organisms in rivers faced the higher ecological risk of OPEs in spring than in summer and winter. Therefore, the terrestrial transport of OPEs in spring should be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lulu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Baodong Wang
- The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ming Xin
- The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
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Chen P, Ma S, Yang Y, Qi Z, Wang Y, Li G, Tang J, Yu Y. Organophosphate flame retardants, tetrabromobisphenol A, and their transformation products in sediment of e-waste dismantling areas and the flame-retardant production base. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 225:112717. [PMID: 34478981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the prohibition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) have become emerging flame retardants. However, knowledge about their occurrence, especially their transformation products, is still limited. This study collected sediment samples from two rivers, i.e., Lianjiang River (located at an e-waste dismantling area) and Xiaoqing River (situated at a flame retardant production base), to investigate the occurrence, composition, and spatiality distribution of OPFRs, TBBPA, and their transformation products. Both targets were detected in the Lianjiang River in the range of 220-1.4 × 104 and 108-3.1 × 103 ng/g dw (dry weight) for OPFRs and TBBPA, and 0.11-2.35 and 4.8-414 ng/g dw for their respective transformation products, respectively. The concentrations of OPFRs and TBBPA in the Xiaoqing River ranged from 4.15 to 31.5 and 0.76-2.51 ng/g dw, respectively, and no transformation products were detected. Different compositional characteristics of OPFRs and distinct spatial distribution from mainstream and tributary observed between the two rivers are attributed to the difference in the local industries. Spatial distribution and principal component analysis indicated that e-waste dismantling activities could be a vital source of local pollution. Besides, the confluence of tributaries seemed to determine the contaminant levels in the Xiaoqing River. Also, concentration ratios and Spearman's correlation between metabolites and parent chemicals were analyzed. Low concentration ratios (3.6 ×10-4 to 0.16) indicated a low transformation degree, and Spearman's correlation analysis suggested transformation products were partly stemming from commercial products. Considering the limited study of these transformation products, more studies on their sources, transform mechanism, and toxicity are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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