1
|
Wu S, Qi Y, Guo Y, Zhu Q, Pan W, Wang C, Sun H. The role of iron materials in the abiotic transformation and biotransformation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134594. [PMID: 38754233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants, easily enter the environment, thus posing environmental and health risks. Iron materials play a key role during the migration and transformation of PBDEs. This article reviews the processes and mechanisms of adsorption, degradation, and biological uptake and transformation of PBDEs affected by iron materials in the environment. Iron materials can effectively adsorb PBDEs through hydrophobic interactions, π-π interactions, hydrogen/halogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, coordination interactions, and pore filling interactions. In addition, they are beneficial for the photodegradation, reduction debromination, and advanced oxidation degradation and debromination of PBDEs. The iron material-microorganism coupling technology affects the uptake and transformation of PBDEs. In addition, iron materials can reduce the uptake of PBDEs in plants, affecting their bioavailability. The species, concentration, and size of iron materials affect plant physiology. Overall, iron materials play a bidirectional role in the biological uptake and transformation of PBDEs. It is necessary to strengthen the positive role of iron materials in reducing the environmental and health risks caused by PBDEs. This article provides innovative ideas for the rational use of iron materials in controlling the migration and transformation of PBDEs in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuwen Qi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weijie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang H, Luo XJ, He JZ, Zeng YH, Mai BX, Wang LZ, Bi X. Tetrabromobisphenol-A/S and their derivatives in surface particulates from workshop floors of three representative e-waste recycling sites in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118915. [PMID: 38615792 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Surface particulates collected from the workshop floors of three major e-waste recycling sites (Taizhou, Qingyuan, and Guiyu) in China were analyzed for tetrabromobisphenol A/S (TBBPA/S) and their derivatives to investigate the environmental pollution caused by e-waste recycling activities. Mean concentrations of total TBBPA/S analogs in surface particulates were 31,471-116,059 ng/g dry weight (dw). TBBPA, TBBPA-BGE, and TBBPA-BDBPE were the most frequently detected in particulates with average concentration ranges of 17,929-78,406, 5601-15,842, and 5929-21,383 ng/g dw, respectively. Meanwhile, TBBPA, TBBPA-BGE, and TBBPA-BDBPE were the most abundant TBBPA/S analogs, accounting for around 96% of the total. The composition profiles of TBBPA/S analogs differed significantly among three e-waste sites. Similarly, principal component analysis uncovered different pollution patterns among different sites. The discrepancy in the profiles of TBBPA/S analogs largely relied on the e-waste types recycled in different areas. E-waste recycling led to the release of TBBPA/S analogs, and TBBPA/S analogs produced differentiation during migration from source (surface particulates) to nearby soil. More researches are necessary to find a definite relationship between pollution status and e-waste types and study differentiation behavior of TBBPA/S analogs in migration and diffusion from source to environmental medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jia-Zhuo He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Li-Zhong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiang Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu J, Ge F, Yu J, Li J, Dou Y, Shan D, Cai X, Kong D. Levels, Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of PBDEs in Soils and Plants Around the Engineering Plastics Factory. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 112:75. [PMID: 38733395 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This study systematically investigated the pollution levels and migration trends of PBDEs in soils and plants around engineering plastics factory, and identified the ecological risks of PBDEs in the environment around typical pollution sources.The results showed that 13 kinds of PBDEs were widely detected in the surrounding areas, and the concentration level was higher than the general environmental pollution level. The total PBDE concentrations (∑13PBDEs) in soils ranged from 14.6 to 278.4 ng/g dry weight (dw), and in plants ranged from 11.5 to 176 ng/g dw. Both soil and plant samples showed that BDE-209 was the most important congener, the pollution level in soil and plant was similar, and the composition of PBDEs congener was similar. In the soil column (50 cm), the radial migration of PBDEs was mainly concentrated in the 0-30 cm section. Except for BDE-66, which was mainly located in the 20-30 cm soil layer, the concentration of PBDEs was the highest in the 0-10 cm region. Furthermore, the environmental risks of PBDEs in soil and plants were evaluated by hazard quotient method, and the HQ values were all < 1, which did not exhibit any ecological risk. The evaluation results also showed that the ecological risk of PBDEs in soil was higher than that of plants, especially penta-BDE, which should be paid more attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- Ministry of Ecology Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Feng Ge
- Ministry of Ecology Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Ministry of Ecology Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Juying Li
- Ministry of Ecology Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Yezhi Dou
- Ministry of Ecology Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Didi Shan
- Ministry of Ecology Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- Ministry of Ecology Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Deyang Kong
- Ministry of Ecology Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang G, Wang X, Liu Y, Liu S, Xing Z, Guo P, Li C, Wang H. Novel Insights into Uptake, Translocation, and Transformation Mechanisms of 2,2',4,4'-Tetra Brominated Diphenyl Ether (BDE-47) in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.): Implication by Compound-Specific Stable Isotope and Transcriptome Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15266-15276. [PMID: 37773091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The uptake, translocation, and transformation of 2,2',4,4'-tetra brominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were comprehensively investigated by hydroponic experiments using compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) and transcriptome analysis. The results indicated that BDE-47 was quickly adsorbed on epidermis of wheat roots and then absorbed in roots via water and anion channels as well as an active process dependent on energy. A small fraction of BDE-47 in roots was subjected to translocation acropetally, and an increase of δ13C values in shoots than roots implied that BDE-47 in roots had to cross at least one lipid bilayer to enter the vascular bundle via transporters. In addition, accompanied by the decreasing concentrations, δ13C values of BDE-47 showed the increasing trend with time in shoots, indicating occurrence of BDE-47 transformation. OH-PBDEs were detected as transformation products, and the hydroxyl group preferentially substituted at the ortho-positions of BDE-47. Based on transcriptome analysis, genes encoding polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)-metabolizing enzymes, including cytochrome P450 enzymes, nitrate reductases, and glutathione S-transferases, were significantly upregulated after exposure to BDE-47 in shoots, further evidencing BDE-47 transformation. This study first reported the stable carbon isotope fractionation of PBDEs during translocation and transformation in plants, and application of CSIA and transcriptome analysis allowed systematically characterize the environmental behaviors of pollutants in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, P. R. China
| | - Shuaihao Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, P. R. China
| | - Ziao Xing
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, P. R. China
| | - Pengxu Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, P. R. China
| | - Chuanyuan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Duan L, Zhong J, Ying Y, Jiang C, Chen W. Preferential association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with soil colloids at an e-waste recycling site: Implications for risk of PAH migration to subsurface environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 889:164222. [PMID: 37211118 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination at e-waste recycling sites poses high ecological and human-health risks. Of note, PAHs in surface soils can be mobilized through colloid-facilitated transport, and may migrate into the subsurface and pollute groundwater. Here, we show that the colloids released from the soil samples at an e-waste recycling site in Tianjin, China contain high concentrations of PAHs, with total concentrations of 16 PAHs as high as 1520 ng/g dw. Preferential association of the PAHs with the colloids is observed, with the distribution coefficients of PAHs between colloids and bulk soil often above 10. Source diagnostic ratios show that soot-like particles are the main source of PAHs at the site, due to the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biomass, and electronic wastes during the e-waste dismantling practices. Due to their small sizes, a large fraction of these soot-like particles can be remobilized as colloids, and this explains the preferential association of PAHs with colloids. Moreover, the colloids-soil distribution coefficients are higher for the low-molecular-weight PAHs than for the high-molecular-weight ones, possibly attributable to the different binding routes/modes of these two groups of PAHs to the particles during combustion. Notably, the preferential association of PAHs with colloids is even more pronounced for the subsurface soils, corroborating that the presence of PAHs in the deeper soils is primarily the results of downward migration of PAH-bearing colloids. The findings highlight the important role of colloids as a vector for the subsurface transport of PAHs at e-waste recycling sites, and call for further understanding of colloid-facilitated transport of PAHs at e-waste recycling sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Duan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingyi Zhong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuqin Ying
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chuanjia Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xue J, Xiao Q, Zhang M, Li D, Wang X. Toxic Effects and Mechanisms of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13487. [PMID: 37686292 PMCID: PMC10487835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of flame retardants used in plastics, textiles, polyurethane foam, and other materials. They contain two halogenated aromatic rings bonded by an ester bond and are classified according to the number and position of bromine atoms. Due to their widespread use, PBDEs have been detected in soil, air, water, dust, and animal tissues. Besides, PBDEs have been found in various tissues, including liver, kidney, adipose, brain, breast milk and plasma. The continued accumulation of PBDEs has raised concerns about their potential toxicity, including hepatotoxicity, kidney toxicity, gut toxicity, thyroid toxicity, embryotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. Previous studies have suggested that there may be various mechanisms contributing to PBDEs toxicity. The present study aimed to outline PBDEs' toxic effects and mechanisms on different organ systems. Given PBDEs' bioaccumulation and adverse impacts on human health and other living organisms, we summarize PBDEs' effects and potential toxicity mechanisms and tend to broaden the horizons to facilitate the design of new prevention strategies for PBDEs-induced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Xue
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (Q.X.); (M.Z.); (D.L.)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaofei Wang
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (Q.X.); (M.Z.); (D.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pozo K, Oyola G, Jorquera H, Gomez V, Galbán-Malagón C, Mena-Carrasco M, Audy O, Příbylová P, Guida Y, Estellano VH, Lammel G, Klánová J. Environmental signature and health risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) emitted from a landfill fire in Santiago de Chile. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121648. [PMID: 37088251 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been flame retardants used in building materials, electronics, furnishings, vehicles, airplanes, plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles for many years. Currently, the primary commercial mixtures, penta-, octa-, and deca-BDE, are globally restricted. Still, products containing PBDEs are expected to impact waste management and the environment for many years. In January 2016, an open fire in the Santa Marta landfill close to Santiago de Chile affected the city and surroundings. The fire caused several acute health effects and an increase in emergency hospitalizations. PBDE levels in the areas affected by the fire were determined in the air (gaseous and particulate), soil and the PBDE emissions were estimated using a dispersion model. The results showed an increase in the PBDE concentrations by a factor of 2-4 one day after the start of the fire. However, PBDE concentrations measured in PM10 and the gas phase after the fire were considered low compared to other regions. Interestingly, PBDEs' patterns differed across the sites; however, BDE209 was the dominant congener for all environmental matrices. A preliminary risk assessment was conducted using the daily exposure dose (DED) by air inhalation estimation. The results showed low DED values for adults and children and suggested no direct health risk due to PBDE exposure. This study contributes new data useful for future solid waste management initiatives in the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Pozo
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic; Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Lientur 1457, 4030000, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Germán Oyola
- Ministry of the Environment (MMA), Air Quality and Climate Change Division, San Martín 73, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hector Jorquera
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, 7820436, Chile; Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), Los Navegantes 1963, Santiago, 7520245, Chile
| | - Victoria Gomez
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide, 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristobal Galbán-Malagón
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide, 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Marcelo Mena-Carrasco
- Center for Climate Action, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ondřej Audy
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Příbylová
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yago Guida
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Estellano
- Consultant in Geographic Information System and Ecotoxicology. l'Aubier 18, 1217, Meyrin, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept., Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jana Klánová
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tholley MS, George LY, Fu M, Qiao Z, Wang G, Ling S, Peng C, Zhang W, Ye C, Liu F, Yang J. Occurrence, spatial distribution, and risk assessment of brominated flame retardants in farmland soils of typical provinces in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137356. [PMID: 36460150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the occurrence, distribution, and potential risks of 4 brominated flame retardants in farmland soils across 18 provinces of China. The total mean concentrations of the BFRs were in order as DBDPE > BDE209 > HBB > TBB. DBDPE concentration was highest at 177.208 ng/kg, revealing its long-term use and persistence across the study areas. In parts of China, DBDPE was highest in the south (Sichuan, Shaanxi and Guangdong provinces), BDE209 was highest in the south (Sichuan province) and north (Jilin province), while HBB was highest in the south (Sichuan province) and east (Anhui and Zhejiang provinces) of China. Comparisons of the results in this study to other reported studies in different regions indicated that the studied BFRs concentrations were higher in the studied provinces of China. Pearson correlation between BFRs revealed both positive and negative associations within the BFRs groups and between BFRs and soil properties (SOM, CEC, pH, EC and PS%). The mean hazard quotients (HQ) of ecological risks ranged from 8.76 × 10-6 to 1.16 × 10-2 (HQ < 1) while non-carcinogenic human health risk evaluation for adults ranged from 7.05 × 10-7 - 7.48 × 10-4 (HQ < 1) and for children 2.99 × 10-4 - 4.30 × 10-2 (HQ < 1). Although the risk evaluations of BFRs from farmland soils in this study were low, the results serve as useful indicators of potential cumulative and long-term threats of BFR to rural areas where there is a high conversion of agricultural lands to non-agricultural use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mabinty Sarah Tholley
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Lartey Young George
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Mengru Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Zhihua Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Gehui Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China.
| | - Chunmei Ye
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China.
| | - Jie Yang
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu X, Wang G, Li Y, Zhang Y. Biotransformation kinetics and pathways of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and its hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives (6-OH-BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47) in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158934. [PMID: 36152865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a class of persistent organic pollutant, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives (OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) have been widely detected in soil environments. However, studies on the bioavailability and transformation of PBDEs and their derivatives in soil organisms remain scarce. In this study, a detailed kinetic investigation on the accumulation and biotransformations of BDE-47, 6-MeO-BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47 in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to artificially contaminated soils was conducted. The uptake and elimination kinetics of BDE-47, 6-MeO-BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47 by earthworms were in accordance with a one-compartment first-order kinetic model. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) followed the order 6-MeO-BDE-47 > 6-OH-BDE-47 > BDE-47. All three compounds could undergo step-by-step debromination to produce lower brominated analogs in earthworms. Both BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47 could be transformed to MeO-PBDEs, whereas no transformation from 6-OH-BDE-47 or 6-MeO-BDE-47 to PBDEs or from BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47 to OH-PBDEs took place in the earthworms. Methoxylation was proposed as a potential metabolic pathway to form MeO-PBDEs in earthworms, with the metabolic rates for the methoxylation of BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47 being 27.7 and 5.1 times greater, respectively, than that of the debromination metabolism. The isomers of 6-MeO-BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47 were formed via the addition of methoxy/hydroxy groups or via bromine shifts on benzene ring in the earthworms. This study provides comprehensive information for a better understanding of the accumulation and biotransformation of PBDEs and their derivatives in earthworms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Xu
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Soil Quality and Nutrient Resource, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Security and Green Development at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education P.R. of China, Hohhot 010018, China.
| | - Guoqing Wang
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Soil Quality and Nutrient Resource, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Security and Green Development at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yuejin Li
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Soil Quality and Nutrient Resource, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Security and Green Development at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Soil Quality and Nutrient Resource, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Security and Green Development at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous, Hohhot 010018, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zapata-Corella P, Ren ZH, Liu YE, Rigol A, Lacorte S, Luo XJ. Presence of novel and legacy flame retardants and other pollutants in an e-waste site in China and associated risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114768. [PMID: 36370811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) residues and their management have been widely identified as potential sources of plasticizers and flame retardants to the environment, especially in non-formal e-waste facilities. This study evaluates the distribution, partitioning and environmental and human impact of organophosphate esters (OPEs), legacy polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the e-waste recycling area of Baihe Tang village, in the Qingyuan county, Guangdong province, China. A plastic debris lump accumulated in a small pond during years was identified as the main source of pollution with ∑pollutants of 8400 μg/g dw, being OPEs the main contaminants detected, followed by PBDEs. This lump produced the contamination of water, sediments, soils and hen eggs in the surrounding area at high concentrations. Plastic-water and water-sediment partitioning coefficients explained the migration of OPEs to the water body and accumulation in sediments, with a strong dependence according to the KOW. Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tricresyl phosphate (TCPs) and high chlorination degree PCBs produced a risk in soils and sediments, considering the lowest predicted no effect concentration, while the presence of PCBs and PBDEs in free range hen eggs exceeded the acceptable daily intake. OCPs were detected at low concentrations in all samples. The presence of organic contaminants in e-waste facilities worldwide is discussed to highlight the need for a strict control of EEE management to minimize environmental and human risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Zapata-Corella
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Zi-He Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Research Centre of Eco-environment of the Middle Yellow River, Shanxi normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Yin-E Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anna Rigol
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lyu Y, Li G, He Y, Li Y, Tang Z. Occurrence and distribution of organic ultraviolet absorbents in soils and plants from a typical industrial area in South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157383. [PMID: 35843326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) have attracted increasing concern due to their ubiquity, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity. However, available information on their occurrence and transfer in terrestrial environment is still extremely insufficient. In this study, we investigated twelve UVAs in the soils and five terrestrial plant species from a typical industrial area in South China, and found their total concentrations were 5.87-76.1 (median 13.1) and 17.9-269 (median 82.9) ng/g dry weight, respectively. Homosalate was dominant in soils while benzophenone and octrizole were predominant in plants, likely due to their complex sources and bioaccumulation preferences. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were further evaluated based on the ratios of UVA concentrations in plants and soils. The observed BAFs of UVAs were compound and species-specific, and most of them were much >1.0, indicating the chemicals could be transferred from soils to plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of organic UVAs in field soil-plant systems, providing information that may improve our understanding of the bioaccumulability of these chemicals in terrestrial environment and the associated risks. More studies are needed to investigate the transfer and bioaccumulation of such chemicals in soils and terrestrial biota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Guanghui Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yonghong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu Y, Lu M, Ge X, Ma S, Liu H, Li G, An T. Composition profiles of halogenated flame-retardants in the surface soils and in-situ cypress leaves from two chemical industrial parks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157129. [PMID: 35792269 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is limited information available regarding the investigation on typical organic pollutants between the soil and in-situ grown plant leaves. This study is to reveal whether the pollution characteristics of soil and leaves can reflect the long-term and short-term pollution situation, and to find the differences between halogenated flame-retardants in the surface soils and in-situ cypress leaves. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in were investigated in two different industrial parks, which were located at the largest brominated flame-retardant-manufacturing center in Weifang, China. These chemicals were frequently detected with high median concentrations of PBDEs (1.22 × 103 ng/g) and DBDPE (227 ng/g) in the soil samples, and DBDPE (881 ng/g) and PBDEs (461 ng/g) in the in-situ cypress leaves. The DP concentration was 1-4 orders of magnitude lower than the other two chemicals in both the matrices. Different composition profiles of the chemicals in soil and cypress leaves were observed. The PBDEs and DBDPE were found to be the predominant species in soils and cypress leaves, respectively. In comparison, the LG industrial parks had higher concentrations of PBDEs and DBDPE in both the soils and cypress leaves. No significant correlations were observed for these chemicals between the soil and leaf samples, although significant correlations (p < 0.05) were observed for several PBDE congeners among all samples from the industrial parks and a separate industrial park. The results indicated that the soil was not the important source of these chemicals in leaves. A large proportion of DBDPE was preferentially present in cypress leaves, which revealed the situation of recent pollution. The results deepen the understanding of chemical distribution characteristics among different environmental matrices in soils and leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Meijuan Lu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin B, Liu G, Wu G, Chen C, Liang Y, Wang P, Guo J, Yang L, Jin R, Sun Y, Zheng M. Variation in the formation characteristics of PBDD/F, brominated PAH, and PBDE congeners along the secondary copper smelting processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129602. [PMID: 35870210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous determination of 58 congeners of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Br-PAHs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from multiple stages of industrial-scale secondary copper smelting plants was conducted with the aim of understanding their variations and control. In addition to the historical manufacture of PBDEs as brominated flame retardants, this study confirmed that PBDEs can be unintentionally produced and released from the secondary copper industry. The average mass emission factors of PBDD/Fs, PBDEs, and Br-PAHs from different sources were 10.0, 5.21 × 103, and 7.24 × 103 μg t-1, respectively. Therefore, the emission of brominated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the secondary copper industry should be of concern. The concentration of brominated POPs increased from the gas cooling stage to stack outlet due to the possible "memory effect" and the regenerated POPs were mainly low-brominated homologs. A comparison of brominated POPs with corresponding chlorinated analogs in the same process indicated that the formation pathway of Br-PAHs was consistent with that of chlorinated PAHs. However, unlike chlorinated dioxins and furans, PBDD/Fs can also be formed from PBDEs as precursors, leading to obvious increases in highly brominated furans. Therefore, inhibiting the unintentional formation of PBDEs is important for controlling brominated POPs emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingcheng Lin
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guanglong Wu
- International Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 100035 Beijing, China
| | - Changzhi Chen
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Science Research, Beijing 100041, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Jin
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Duan L, Ying Y, Zhong J, Jiang C, Chen W. Key factors controlling colloids-bulk soil distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) at an e-waste recycling site: Implications for PBDE mobility in subsurface environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:153080. [PMID: 35038531 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in surface soils at elevated concentrations is common at e-waste recycling sites. Even though highly insoluble, migration of PBDEs into the vadose zone and groundwater is possible, due to their association with soil colloids. Here, we show that upon equilibration with artificial rainwater surface and subsurface soil samples collected at an e-waste recycling site release significant quantities of colloids, with the total concentrations of 14 PBDE congeners as high as 990 ng/g dw. The concentrations of different congeners vary markedly in the colloids, and that of BDE-209 is the highest in all the samples. Notably, even the colloids released from the soil collected at a depth of 95-105 cm contain high concentrations of PBDEs. Preferential binding of PBDEs to soil colloids is observed, with the colloids-soil distribution coefficients above 10 in certain cases. The extent of preferential binding displays no apparent correlation with the relative hydrophobicity of the PBDEs, nor can it be explained simply by considering the higher specific surface area, pore volume, and clay content of the soil colloids than the respective bulk soil. Principal component analysis shows that multiple soil properties are collectively responsible for the preferential distribution of PBDEs. Specifically, the differences in pore volume, soil organic carbon content, and pore size between colloids and soils are likely the major factors affecting the distribution of high-concentration PBDEs, whereas the differences in clay content, pore volume and specific surface area are the key factors affecting the distribution of low-concentration PBDEs. The findings clearly show that colloids are an important medium with which PBDEs are associated at contaminated sites, and underline the need of understanding colloid-facilitated transport of PBDEs at e-waste sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Duan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuqin Ying
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingyi Zhong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chuanjia Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sun H, Li Y, Wang P, Yang R, Pei Z, Zhang Q, Jiang G. First report on hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in terrestrial environment from the Arctic and Antarctica. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127644. [PMID: 34749998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial plants, which account for the world's largest biomass and constitute the basis of most food webs, take up, transform, and accumulate organic chemical contaminants from the ambient environment. In this study, we determined the concentrations and congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) in surface soil and vegetation samples collected from the Arctic (Svalbard) and Antarctica (King George Island) during the Chinese Scientific Research Expeditions. The concentrations of total PBDEs (∑PBDEs) in soil and vegetation samples collected from the Arctic (5.6-270 pg/g dry weight) were higher than those from Antarctica (2.3-33 pg/g dw), whereas the concentrations of ∑MeO-PBDEs and ∑OH-PBDEs were lower in Arctic terrestrial samples (n.d.-0.75 and 0.0008-1.1 ng/g dw, respectively) than in samples from Antarctica (0.007-4.0 and 0.034-25 ng/g dw, respectively). Long-range atmospheric transport and human activities were potential sources of PBDEs in polar regions, whereas the dominance of ortho-substituted MeO-PBDE and OH-PBDE congeners in terrestrial matrices indicated the importance of natural sources. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report on the levels and behaviors of MeO-PBDEs and OH-PBDEs in terrestrial environment of polar regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huizhong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Pu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang Y, Xi B, Tan W. Release, transformation, and risk factors of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from landfills to the surrounding environments: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106780. [PMID: 34314982 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) serve as brominated flame retardants when added to various products. When these products reach their end of life, a large amount of domestic waste containing PBDEs enters the landfills. Given their weak chemical bonds, they are easily affected by physical, chemical, and biological processes. These processes result in their release and the subsequent contamination of the surrounding soil, groundwater, and atmosphere, causing harm to humans and ecosystems. However, despite the progress made in the research of PBDEs over the years, understanding of the environmental behavior and fate of pollutants is still limited. With the development of cities, the release of PBDEs in old landfills will gradually increase the risk to the surrounding environment. Here we review the biological and nonbiological transformation of PBDEs and their derivatives in landfills and surrounding areas, as well as their distribution in soil, groundwater, and atmosphere. Specifically, this review aims to provide insights into the following aspects: 1) the biological (plant, animal, and microbial) and nonbiological (metal catalysis and photodegradation) conversion of PBDEs and their derivatives in landfills and surrounding areas; 2) the distribution of landfill-sourced PBDEs in the soil, groundwater, atmosphere and cross-media migration; and 3) suggestions and future research directions for the management and control of PBDEs in landfills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China.
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Long S, Tong H, Zhang X, Jia S, Chen M, Liu C. Heavy Metal Tolerance Genes Associated With Contaminated Sediments From an E-Waste Recycling River in Southern China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:665090. [PMID: 34054770 PMCID: PMC8155521 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.665090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution that results from electronic waste (e-waste) recycling activities has severe ecological environmental toxicity impacts on recycling areas. The distribution of heavy metals and the impact on the bacteria in these areas have received much attention. However, the diversity and composition of the microbial communities and the characteristics of heavy metal resistance genes (HMRGs) in the river sediments after long-term e-waste contamination still remain unclear. In this study, eight river sediment samples along a river in a recycling area were studied for the heavy metal concentration and the microbial community composition. The microbial community consisted of 13 phyla including Firmicutes (ranging from 10.45 to 36.63%), Proteobacteria (11.76 to 32.59%), Actinobacteria (14.81 to 27.45%), and unclassified bacteria. The abundance of Firmicutes increased along with the level of contaminants, while Actinobacteria decreased. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the concentration of mercury was significantly correlated with the microbial community and species distribution, which agreed with an analysis of the potential ecological risk index. Moreover, manually curated HMRGs were established, and the HMRG analysis results according to Illumina high-throughput sequencing showed that the abundance of HMRGs was positively related to the level of contamination, demonstrating a variety of resistance mechanisms to adapt, accommodate, and live under heavy metal-contaminated conditions. These findings increase the understanding of the changes in microbial communities in e-waste recycling areas and extend our knowledge of the HMRGs involved in the recovery of the ecological environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Tong
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-environmental Science and Technology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manjia Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-environmental Science and Technology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China.,National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-environmental Science and Technology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wei J, Xiang L, Cai Z. Emerging environmental pollutants hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers: From analytical methods to toxicology research. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:255-279. [PMID: 32608069 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) are of particular concern due to their ubiquitous distribution and adverse health effects. Significant progress has been made in the characterization of OH-PBDEs by using mass spectrometry (MS). In this review, we summarize applications of MS-based techniques in detection, environmental and biota distribution, and potential health risk effects, hoping to unfold an overall picture on account of current knowledge of OH-PBDEs. The analytical methodologies are discussed from sample pretreatment to MS analysis. The methods including gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS), and ion mobility spectrometry-MS (IMS-MS) are discussed. GC-MS is the most frequently adopted method in the analysis of OH-PBDEs due to its excellent chromatographic resolution, high sensitivity, and strong ability for unknown identification. LC-MS has been widely used for its high sensitivity and capability of direct analysis. As a newly developed technique, IMS-MS provides high specificity, which greatly facilitates the identification of isomers. OH-PBDEs pervasively existed in both abiotic and biotic samples, including humans, animals, and environmental matrices. Multiple adverse health effects have been reported, such as thyroid hormone disruption, estrogen effects, and neurotoxicity. The reported potential pathological mechanisms are also reviewed. Additionally, MS-based metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics have been shown as promising tools to unveil the molecular mechanisms of the toxicity of OH-PBDEs. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juntong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Han Y, Cheng J, He L, Zhang M, Ren S, Sun J, Xing X, Tang Z. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils from Tianjin, North China: distribution, health risk, and temporal trends. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:1177-1191. [PMID: 32607699 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Available information is still insufficient for a comprehensive understanding of the global distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the environment. In particular, little is known about the changing trend of their distribution in urban soils. We conducted a survey of 21 PBDEs in urban soils from Tianjin, China. The chemicals were widely present in the area and summed concentrations ranged from 0.65 to 108 ng/g in soil, indicating low to moderate levels of pollution relative to other areas. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, contributing 88.9% of the concentrations of total soil PBDEs. Source assessment indicated that soil PBDEs in the area were mainly derived from the release of commercial deca-BDE from local industrial production processes and consumer products. We found that the soil concentrations of PBDEs appear to have declined in recent years, compared with other previous reports in this region. However, more studies are needed on this possible change trend of PBDE pollution, especially its impact on human health, although their calculated non-carcinogenic health risks in this study were low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lei He
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610101, China
| | - Minna Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shan Ren
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiazheng Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiangyang Xing
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhu H, Wang F, Li B, Yao Y, Wang L, Sun H. Accumulation and translocation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers into plant under multiple exposure scenarios. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105947. [PMID: 32659526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant foliar uptake is an essential part of the overall biogeochemical cycling of semivolatile organic compounds. Chambers were therefore designed to expose wheat to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) via various combinations of exposure routes (i.e., soil, air and particle). Under the simulated scenarios, most of PBDEs in wheat leaves originated from foliar uptake (including gaseous and particle-bound depositions) rather than translocation from root uptake. Our results further revealed that higher brominated PBDEs (h-PBDEs; i.e. hepta- through deca-BDEs) were inclined to enter wheat leaves via particle-bound deposition while gaseous deposition could not be ignored for less-brominated PBDEs (l-PBDEs; i.e., tri- through hexa-BDEs). Sequential extraction of wheat leaf displayed that the transfer velocities of h-PBDEs were lagged behind l-PBDEs during their deposition to leaf cuticle and subsequent erosion to mesophyll, where a large fraction of the target chemicals were ultimately stored (29-93% of total PBDEs burden). Applying McLachlan's framework to our data suggested that the uptake of PBDEs was controlled primarily by kinetically limited gaseous deposition for l-PBDEs and by particle-bound deposition for h-PBDEs. The combined use of exposure chamber measurement and framework provides a robust tool for interpreting the behaviors of PBDEs between the atmosphere and plant foliage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ismail H, Hanafiah MM. A review of sustainable e-waste generation and management: Present and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 264:110495. [PMID: 32250915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies on sustainable management of waste from electrical and electronic equipment (or e-waste) have gained increasing attention from researchers around the world in recent years, with investigations into various aspects of e-waste management were investigated. Studies on e-waste generation by previous papers have been reviewed to provide an overview of the current research progress and recommendations for future research. The relevant existing studies were collected from various databases. Using content analysis, three main aspects of the existing studies were evaluated: the distribution and trends of the publications, the scope and boundaries of the studies, and the current research practices and research applications. Although there was a significant increasing trend of the amount of research on the evaluation of e-waste generation, however, the number of publications based on the countries of origin was still small. Another limitation was found related to the differences in the selection of research subjects and the level of analysis resulted in variations in the scopes and boundaries of the existing studies. Various other research areas were investigated further based on their research findings, but the analysis of various methodological aspects was complicated due to the increasing number of newly developed methodologies and the lack of comprehensive and up-to-date reviews on this research area. Additionally, there was also a need to evaluate emerging and/or older technology, which led electrical appliances to be overlooked. We found that comprehensive and up-to-date reviews of the methodological aspects of e-waste generation are still lacking. Based on the research gaps and limitations discussed, recommendations for future research were made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haikal Ismail
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; School of Technology Management and Logistics, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Marlia M Hanafiah
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Song S, Yang C, Shao M, Chao J, Zheng N, Wang W, He Y, Li P. Simultaneous determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hydroxylated analogues in human serum using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1147:122130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
23
|
Hu Y, Sun Y, Pei N, Zhang Z, Li H, Wang W, Xie J, Xu X, Luo X, Mai B. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative halogenated flame retardants in mangrove plants from Futian National Nature Reserve of Shenzhen City, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114087. [PMID: 32041014 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are ubiquitous in the environment, but little information is available about the bioaccumulation of HFRs in mangrove plants. In this study, three mangrove plant species were collected from Futian National Nature Reserve of Shenzhen City, South China to investigate the bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and several alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs), including decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), tetrabromop-xylene (pTBX), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and dechlorane plus (DP). The mean concentrations of PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE, pTBX, PBT, PBEB, HBB and DP in mangrove plant species were 2010, 1870, 36.2, 18.7, 40.1, 17.8, 9.68 and 120 pg g-1 dry weight, respectively. PBDEs were the dominant HFRs in mangrove plant tissues, followed by DBDPE. The relative abundance of BDE 209 in three mangrove plant tissues were much lower than those in sediments. Significant negative relationships between log root bioaccumulation factors and log Kow, and between log TFr-s (from root to stem) and log Kow were observed, indicating that HFRs with low hydrophobicity were easily absorbed by mangrove roots and stems. A positive correlation between log TFs-l (from stem to leaf) and log Kow were found, suggesting that air-leaf exchange may occur in mangrove plants. This study highlights the uptake of HFRs by mangrove plants, which can be used as remediation for HFRs contamination in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Nancai Pei
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Zaiwang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Huawei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinli Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang H, Wen B, Huang H, Wang S, Cai Z, Zhang S. Biotransformation of 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol by the whole soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) seedlings. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113513. [PMID: 31733959 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) are important precursors of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) in the environment and biota. With the growing application of 6:2 FTOH [F(CF2)6CH2CH2OH] in product formulation, it is becoming increasingly urgent to investigate its biological fates in different species. In this study, biotransformation of 6:2 FTOH by young soybean plants (Glycine max L. Merrill) were investigated using hydroponic experiments. During the 144 h-exposure, 6:2 FTCA [F(CF2)6CH2COOH], 6:2 FTUCA [F(CF2)5CFCHCOOH], 5:3 FTUCA [F(CF2)5CHCHCOOH], 5:3 FTCA [F(CF2)5CH2CH2COOH], PFHxA [F(CF2)5COOH] and PFPeA [F(CF2)4COOH] were phase I metabolites in soybean. At the end of exposure, 5:3 FTCA (5.08 mol%), PFHxA (2.34 mol%) and PFPeA (0.58 mol%) were three main metabolites in soybean-solution system. 5:3 FTCA was predominant in soybean roots and stems, while PFHxA was the most abundant product in leaves. PFBA [F(CF2)3COOH] and 4:3 FTCA [F(CF2)4CH2CH2COOH] detected in the hydroponic solution most-likely came from the transformation of 5:3 FTCA by root-associated microbes. Moreover, phase II metabolites of 6:2 FTOH were identified and monitored in soybean tissues. Alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase and glutathione S-transferase were found to participate in 6:2 FTOH metabolism. Based on the phase I and phase II metabolism of 6:2 FTOH in soybean, this study for the first time provides evidences for the transformation pathways of 6:2 FTOH in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Bei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Honglin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710027, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jiang Y, Yuan L, Lin Q, Ma S, Yu Y. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and human external and internal exposure in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133902. [PMID: 31470322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as brominated flame retardants. Because of their toxicity and persistence, some PBDEs were restricted under the Stockholm Convention in 2009. Since then, many studies have been carried out on PBDEs in China and in many other countries. In the present review, the occurrences and contamination of PBDEs in air, water, sediment, soil, biota and daily food, human blood, hair, and other human tissues in China are comprehensively reviewed and described. The human exposure pathways and associated health risks of PBDEs are summarized. The data showed no obvious differences between North and South China, but concentrations from West China were generally lower than in East China, which can be mainly attributed to the production and widespread use of PBDEs in eastern regions. High levels of PBDEs were generally observed in the PBDE production facilities (e.g., Jiangsu Province and Shandong Province, East China) and e-waste recycling sites (Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, East China, and Guiyu City and Qingyuan City, both located in Guangdong Province, South China) and large cities, whereas low levels were detected in rural and less-developed areas, especially in remote regions such as the Tibetan Plateau. Deca-BDE is generally the major congener. Existing problems for PBDE investigations in China are revealed, and further studies are also discussed and anticipated. In particular, non-invasive matrices such as hair should be more thoroughly studied; more accurate estimations of human exposure and health risks should be performed, such as adding bioaccessibility or bioavailability to human exposure assessments; and the degradation products and metabolites of PBDEs in human bodies should receive more attention. More investigations should be carried out to evaluate the quantitative relationships between internal and external exposure so as to provide a scientific basis for ensuring human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Jiang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Longmiao Yuan
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shentao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yuan Z, Liu G, Lam MHW, Liu H, Liu R, Da C. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Surface Soils from the Yellow River Delta Natural Reserve, China: Occurrence, Sources, and Potential Risk. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 77:594-604. [PMID: 31388704 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A total of 39 lower brominated PBDE congeners in surface soils from the Yellow River Delta Natural Reserve (YRDNR) were analyzed in the present study. The total concentrations of PBDEs (ΣPBDEs) ranged from "not detected" to 0.732 ng g-1, with a mean concentration of 0.142 ng g-1. The concentrations of the ΣPBDEs displayed no correlation with the content of the total organic carbon in the YRDNR. The ΣPBDEs concentrations in the Experimental Area were significantly higher than that of the Buffer Area and Core Area, and ΣPBDEs in soils in the North were lower than that of the South. PentaBDEs and HexaBDEs were the most abundant homologues, and the occurrence of PBDEs in the YRDNR may be attributed to the debromination and long range transport of DecaBDEs. Even though the cancer risk and mass inventory of PBDEs in the present study area were estimated to be very low, due to the widespread presence of PBDEs and the particularity of the natural reserve, vigilance should not be let up on the issue of environmental contamination caused by these compounds despite the gradual phase out of their commercial products in the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijiao Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
- University of Science and Technology of China - City University of Hong Kong Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Biology & Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China - City University of Hong Kong Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Michael Hon Wah Lam
- University of Science and Technology of China - City University of Hong Kong Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Biology & Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Houqi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Rongqiong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Chunnian Da
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pan Y, Chen J, Zhou H, Cheung SG, Tam NFY. Degradation of BDE-47 in mangrove sediments under alternating anaerobic-aerobic conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 378:120709. [PMID: 31203118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) resistant to degradation have significant environmental impacts. Anaerobic reductive debromination and aerobic oxidation of PBDEs by microorganisms are main removal mechanisms during natural attenuation, but previous studies often focused on the process under either aerobic or anaerobic condition leading to unsatisfactory removal. The present study aims to remove PBDEs by employing alternating anaerobic-aerobic condition, which is common in inter-tidal mangrove sediments, and elucidate the degradation pathways. During 40-week experiment, BDE-47 reduced with an accumulation of tri-BDEs and di-BDEs as debromination products in all sediments. However, the removal percentages of BDE-47 and the concentrations of debromination congeners varied among flushing regimes. Sediments under less frequent flushing regime (longer duration of aerobic period) had significantly lower concentration and proportion of debromination products, especially BDE-17, than that under more frequent regime (longer anaerobic period). BDE-17 then went through aerobic degradation pathway, as evidenced by the accumulation of its hydroxylation form. Microbial analyses further revealed that less frequent regime favored accumulation of biphenyl dioxygenase gene for aerobic degradation, while more frequent tidal regime promoted growth of dehalogenating bacteria for reductive debromination. This study first time demonstrated that PBDEs in contaminated sediments could be removed under alternating anaerobic-aerobic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China; College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Department on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Haichao Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - S G Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Nora F Y Tam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wu Z, Gao G, Wang Y. Effects of soil properties, heavy metals, and PBDEs on microbial community of e-waste contaminated soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:705-714. [PMID: 31151067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous pollutants at electronic waste (e-waste) contaminated sites, their individual impacts on soil microbial community has attracted wide attention, however, limited research is available on the combined effects of heavy metals and PBDEs on microbial community of e-waste contaminated. Therefore, combined effects of heavy metals and PBDEs on the microbial community in the e-waste contaminated soil were investigated in this study. Samples were collected from Ziya e-waste recycling area in Tianjin, northern China, and the soil microbial communities were then analyzed by the high-throughput MiSeq 16S rRNA sequencing to assess the effects of soil properties, heavy metals, and PBDEs on the soil microbial community. Candidatus Nitrososphaera, Steroidobacter and Kaistobacter were the dominant microbial species in the soils. Similar microbial metabolic functions, including amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and membrane transport, were found in all soil samples. Redundancy analysis and variation partition analysis revealed that the microbial community was mainly influenced by PBDEs (including BDE 183, BDE 99, BDE 100 and BDE 154) in horizontal soil samples. However, TN, biomass, BDE 100, BDE 99 and BDE 66 were the major drivers shaping the microbial community in vertical soil samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Xinxiang Medical University, School of Public Health, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Guanghai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, China.
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang M, Yin H, Peng H, Feng M, Lu G, Dang Z. Degradation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether by Pycnoporus sanguineus in the presence of copper ions. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 83:133-143. [PMID: 31221376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) by Pycnoporus sanguineus was investigated in order to explore the impact of the heavy metal Cu2+ on BDE-47 decomposition and the subsequent formation of metabolites, as well as to further elucidate the degradation mechanism of BDE-47. An increase in degradation rate from 18.63% to 49.76% in the first four days and its stabilization at (51.26 ± 0.08)% in the following days of BDE-47 incubation were observed. The presence of Cu2+ at 1 and 2 mg/L was found to promote the degradation rate to 56.41% and 60.79%, respectively, whereas higher level of Cu2+ (≥5 mg/L) inhibited the removal of BDE-47. The similar concentration effects of Cu2+ was also found on contents of fungal protein and amounts of metabolites. Both intracellular and extracellular enzymes played certain roles in BDE-47 transportation with the best degradation rate at 27.90% and 27.67% on the fourth and third day, individually. During the degradation of BDE-47, four types of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs), i.e., 6'-OH-BDE-47, 5'-OH-BDE-47, 4'-OH-BDE-17, 2'-OH-BDE-28, and two bromophenols, i.e., 2,4-DBP and 4-BP were detected and considered as degradation products. These metabolites were further removed by P. sanguineus at rates of 22.42%, 23.01%, 27.04%, 27.96%, 64.21%, and 40.62%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China. E-mail:
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China. E-mail: .
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China. E-mail:
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China. E-mail:
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jia W, Ma C, White JC, Yin M, Cao H, Wang J, Wang C, Sun H, Xing B. Effects of biochar on 2, 2', 4, 4', 5, 5'-hexabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-153) fate in Amaranthus mangostanus L.: Accumulation, metabolite formation, and physiological response. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1154-1165. [PMID: 30360247 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation and metabolism of 2, 2', 4, 4', 5, 5'-hexabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-153) in Amaranthus mangostanus L. (amaranth) as affected by different concentrations of biochar (1.3 to 26.6 g/L) under hydroponic conditions exposed to 10 μg/L BDE-153 after 10 days were investigated. Biochar significantly reduced BDE-153 shoot and root content by 27.5-61.6% and 73-95.3%, respectively. In general, BDE-153 migration from solution to amaranth decreased with increasing the doses of biochar. BDE-153 metabolites altered with doses of biochar. The ratio of de-BDEs to BDE-153 in root was polynomial correlated to biochar dose (R2 = 0.9356**). Root and shoot Fe content was positively correlated with the BDE-153 amounts (R2 = 0.948** and 0.822*, respectively). Though the higher biochar dose could obviously control BDE-153 uptake by the vegetable, the toxicity was caused more significantly. For instances, the high concentration of biochar at 26.6 g/L reduced pigment content, increased total ROS, and elevated antioxidant enzyme activity. At the same time, the O2- intensity was linearly positively correlated with de-BDEs in root (R2 = 0.7324*) while photosynthetic parameter Fv/fm intensity was polynomial correlated to BDEs in shoot (R2 = 0.9366*). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed that exposure to BDE-153 and high concentration biochar at 26.6 g/L severely altered the chloroplasts in terms of the organelle shape and the presence of starch granules in the chloroplast. Taken together, biochar as a soil amendment could significantly control BDE-153 uptake and enhance BDE-153 metabolism in vegetables, but considering the dose of biochar to avoid its toxicity with higher dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weili Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chuanxin Ma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, United States
| | - Jason C White
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, United States
| | - Mengfei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huimin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jicheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sun J, Wu Y, Jiang P, Zheng L, Zhang A, Qi H. Concentration, uptake and human dietary intake of novel brominated flame retardants in greenhouse and conventional vegetables. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 123:436-443. [PMID: 30622068 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The possible adverse effects of organic pollutants entering vegetables have attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, research on the behavior of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in soil-vegetable systems is still limited. This work was initiated to investigate the uptake of seven representative NBFRs by vegetables from bulk soil and suspended soil particles under greenhouse and conventional conditions. The mean concentrations of the sum of seven NBFRs (Σ7 NBFRs) were 2.8 and 3.8 ng g-1 dw in greenhouse tomatoes and cucumbers, respectively, and 1.1 and 1.7 ng g-1 dw in conventional tomatoes and cucumbers, respectively. Greenhouse vegetables had higher concentrations of Σ7 NBFRs than conventional vegetables. The root bioaccumulation factors (RBCFs) of tomatoes and cucumbers in response to NBFRs ranged from 0.6 to 6.3. The range of fruit bioaccumulation factors (FBCFs) was 0.3-7.0. The bioaccumulation factors (BCFs) in greenhouse vegetables were significantly higher than those in conventional vegetables, indicating that greenhouses increased the uptake of NBFRs by vegetables. To address human dietary exposure to NBFRs, the estimated dietary intake (EDI) and the amounts available for human absorption (EDIba) were calculated using vegetable consumption and gastrointestinal absorption, respectively. The mean EDI values of NBFRs from greenhouse and conventional tomato consumption were 344 ng d-1 and 109 ng d-1, respectively. The mean EDI values of NBFRs from greenhouse and conventional cucumber consumption were 445 ng d-1 and 217 ng d-1, respectively. The higher EDI values of NBFRs implied that consuming greenhouse vegetables was associated with higher health risks than consuming conventional vegetables. The mean EDIba values of the DBDPEs were 68 ng d-1 and 46 ng d-1 for tomatoes and cucumbers, respectively, and were significantly different from the EDI values due to lower bioaccessibility. Gastrointestinal absorption should not be neglected during risk assessments of human exposure to pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Sun
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihua Wu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anping Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hong Qi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
You X, Xi J, Liu W, Cao Y, Tang W, Zhang X, Yu Y, Luan Y. 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether induces germ cell apoptosis through oxidative stress by a MAPK-mediated p53-independent pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:887-893. [PMID: 30041162 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a representative congener of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment, is known to have reproductive toxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be clarified, especially in in vivo systems. In the present study, we employed Caenorhabditis elegans to study the effects of BDE-47 on reproduction. Our results showed that BDE-47 impaired worm fecundity and induced germ cell apoptosis. To elucidate the mechanisms, DNA damage and oxidative stress induction were investigated by determining the numbers of foci formation in transgenic worms expressing HUS-1::GFP and the levels of reactive oxygen species, respectively. We found that BDE-47 induced oxidative stress but not DNA damage, and treatment with the antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, completely abrogated BDE-47-induced germ cell apoptosis. In addition, the apoptosis was blocked in mutants carrying mek-1, sek-1 or abl-1 loss-of-function alleles, but not in the p53/cep-1 deficient worms, suggesting that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade was essential for BDE-47-induced germ cell apoptosis and p53/cep-1 was not required. Moreover, the apoptosis in the strains deficient for DNA damage response was not suppressed under BDE-47 treatment. Overall, we demonstrated that BDE-47 could induce oxidative stress and subsequent germ cell apoptosis in Caenorhabditis elegans through a MAPK-mediated p53-independent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue You
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jing Xi
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Weiying Liu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Yiyi Cao
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Weifeng Tang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Yang Luan
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
McGrath TJ, Morrison PD, Ball AS, Clarke BO. Spatial Distribution of Novel and Legacy Brominated Flame Retardants in Soils Surrounding Two Australian Electronic Waste Recycling Facilities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8194-8204. [PMID: 30004224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Informal recycling of electronic waste (e-waste) has been shown to cause significant brominated flame retardant (BFR) contamination of surrounding soils in a number of Asian and West African countries. However, to the authors' knowledge, there have been no published studies demonstrating polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and novel brominated flame retardant (NBFR) soil contamination from regulated "formal" e-waste processing facilities in developed countries. This study reports on PBDEs (-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, and -209) and NBFRs (PBT, PBEB, HBB, EH-TBB, BTBPE and DBDPE) in 36 soil samples surrounding two Australian e-waste recycling plants and a further eight reference soils. Overall ∑PBDE concentrations ranged 0.10-98 000 ng/g dw (median; 92 ng/g dw) and ∑NBFRs ranged ND-37 000 ng/g dw (median 2.0 ng/g dw). Concentrations in soils were found to be significantly negatively associated with distance from one of the e-waste facilities for ∑penta-BDEs, BDE-183, BDE-209, and ∑NBFR compound groups. ANOVA tests further illustrated the potential for e-waste recycling to significantly elevate concentrations of some BFRs in soils over distances up to 900 m compared to references sites. This study provides the first evidence of soil contamination with PBDEs and NBFRs originating from formal e-waste recycling facilities in Australia, which may have implications for e-waste recycling practices throughout the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science , RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
| | - Paul D Morrison
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science , RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science , RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science , RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science , RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yang CY, Wu SC, Lee CC, Shih YH. Translocation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from field-contaminated soils to an edible plant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 351:215-223. [PMID: 29550555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), recognised emerging contaminants, widely exist and persist in the environment. Samples were taken from a heavily contaminated farm in Taiwan located near a factory known to regularly use PBDEs. Sweet potato vines (Ipomoea batatas L., a commonly consumed vegetable in Asia) growing in the surrounding farmlands were found to contain a high concentration of PBDEs of 19.36 ng/g. The possibility of PBDEs translocation into sweet potato vines from soil samples was evaluated. To prevent the PBDEs from air through that factory, the pot experiments were performed in a greenhouse, which showed that the PBDEs concentration of 24 congeners (tri- through deca-BDE) in the sweet potato vine after 14-days cultivation was 29.90 ng/g, 40-times higher than that in the contaminated soil. After another 14-days, the PBDE concentration decreased to 12.30 ng/g as high-brominated PBDEs were transformed to medium- and/or low-brominated PBDEs in the sweet potato vine. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) values exceeded 20.0 for most of the deca-, nona-, and octa-BDEs but BCFs were below 18.9 for the rest of the medium- and low-brominated PBDEs. Our results demonstrate that high-brominated PBDEs can translocate into leafy vegetables from soils, and sweet potato vines tend to accumulate high-brominated PBDEs into their edible parts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ying Yang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Siang Chen Wu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsin Shih
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhu X, Beiyuan J, Lau AYT, Chen SS, Tsang DCW, Graham NJD, Lin D, Sun J, Pan Y, Yang X, Li XD. Sorption, mobility, and bioavailability of PBDEs in the agricultural soils: Roles of co-existing metals, dissolved organic matter, and fertilizers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:1153-1162. [PMID: 29734594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are common pollutants released from electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling and recycling activities. Our city-wide survey of agricultural soils in Qingyuan (40 sampling sites), where e-waste recycling has been active, observed exceedance of PBDEs above background levels (average of 251.9ngg-1, 87 times the regional baseline concentration) together with elevated levels of metals/metalloids at the contamination hotspots, such as As (180.4mgkg-1), Cu (100.7mgkg-1), Zn (93.4mgkg-1), Pb (37.8mgkg-1), Cr (15.1mgkg-1), and Cd (0.3mgkg-1). Hence, a twenty-cycle batch sorption test on composite soil samples from the e-waste site was conducted to study the fate of BDE-28 (2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether) and BDE-99 (2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether) under the influence of co-existing trace elements (TEs) (Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd, which exceeded Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils), dissolved organic matter (extracted from local peat), and locally available commercial fertilizer. The results showed that the presence of TEs barely affected the sorption of BDEs, probably because the low concentration of BDEs in the environment resulted in nearly complete sorption onto the soil. In contrast, metals sorption onto soil was promoted by the presence of BDEs. The mobility of BDE-28 was higher than BDE-99 in water leaching tests, while the leaching concentration of BDE-99 was further reduced in simulated acid rain possibly due to protonation of π-accepting sites in soil organic matter. In the freshly spiked soil, BDEs of greater hydrophobicity and larger molecular size exhibited higher bioavailability (due to greater affinity to Tenax extraction), which was contrary to the field contaminated soil. Similarly, the co-occurrence of metals and fertilizer increased the bioavailability of newly sorbed BDE-99 more than BDE-28 in the soil. These results illustrate the need to holistically assess the fate and interactions of co-existing organic and inorganic pollutants in the agricultural soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingzi Beiyuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Centre of Sustainable Design and Environment, Faculty of Design and Environment, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Tsing Yi Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abbe Y T Lau
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Season S Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Nigel J D Graham
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daohui Lin
- College of Environmental and Resources Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- College of Environmental and Resources Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanheng Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu Y, Guo R, Tang S, Zhu F, Zhang S, Yan Z, Chen J. Single and mixture toxicities of BDE-47, 6-OH-BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47 on the feeding activity of Daphnia magna: From behavior assessment to neurotoxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:542-550. [PMID: 29277034 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47), 6-hydroxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-OH-BDE-47) and 6-methoxy-2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6-MeO-BDE-47) clearly disrupt the endocrine system, current knowledge of their single and/or mixture toxicities on other behaviors of aquatic organisms remains limited. In the present study, Daphnia magna was used to investigate the single and mixture toxicities of BDE-47, 6-OH-BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47 as measured by inhibition of feeding during exposure and post-exposure periods. Additionally, the biochemical performance, i.e., the activities of super oxidase dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of the test organism was studied to investigate the potential mechanisms of the toxicity of the target compounds. The three target compounds produced an obvious depressive effect on feeding behavior during the exposure period, and the effect increased with increasing concentrations. D. magna was most sensitive to 6-OH-BDE-47. The toxicity of the ternary mixture showed an obvious concentration-dependent effect, whereas the binary mixture toxicity showed the characteristics of hormesis. During the post-exposure period, overcompensation occurred, indicating a short-term effect of the target compounds on D. magna. Additionally, significant changes occurred in neurological responses, indicating that these compounds might have neurobehavioral toxicity in D. magna. The decrease in oxidative stress enzymes (SOD and GPx) indicated that the antioxidant response of D. magna was destroyed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shengkai Tang
- Key Laboratory of Fisheries Resources in Inland Water of Jiangsu Province, Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Fengyi Zhu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shenghu Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhengyu Yan
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang C, Ma C, Jia W, Wang D, Sun H, Xing B. Combined effects of dissolved humic acids and tourmaline on the accumulation of 2, 2', 4, 4', 5, 5'- hexabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-153) in Lactuca sativa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:68-77. [PMID: 28787706 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of dissolved humic acid (DHA) and tourmaline on uptake of 2, 2', 4, 4', 5, 5'- hexabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-153) by Lactuca sativa, different fractions of DHA, including DHA1 and DHA4, as well as different doses of tourmaline were introduced into BDE-153 contaminated solutions for plant growth. The levels of BDE-153 in L. sativa tissues were positively correlated with the Fe levels (R2 = 0.9264) in seedings of the treatments with different doses of tourmaline. However, when adding DHA1 and DHA4 into the system, the correlation coefficients (R2) decreased to 0.6976 and 0.5451 from 0.9264, respectively. In contrast with the Fe contents, the presence of DHAs didn't affect the R2 between the levels of BDE-153 and the lipid contents in plant tissues. Our results indicated that both DHA1 and DHA4 could severely alter the BDE-153 uptake by L. sativa through reducing the Fe uptake instead of the lipid contents. Additionally, DHA4 exhibited much stronger abilities to alter the BDE-153 accumulation than DHA1. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations indicated that either DHA1 or tourmaline or co-treatment with DHA and tourmaline had no negative impact on L. sativa at the cellular level. The present study provides important information for the impacts of different fractions of DHA extracted from soil on the BDE-153 migration in plant systems. Moreover, we elucidated the importance of the iron in tourmaline for migration of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in plant systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Chuanxin Ma
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - Weili Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
McGrath TJ, Ball AS, Clarke BO. Critical review of soil contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs); concentrations, sources and congener profiles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:741-757. [PMID: 28732337 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used in a broad array of polymeric materials such as plastics, foams, resins and adhesives to inhibit the spread of fires since the 1970s. The widespread environmental contamination and well documented toxic effects of PBDEs have led to bans and voluntary withdrawals in many jurisdictions. Replacement novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have, however, exhibited many of the same toxic characteristics as PBDEs and appear to share similar environmental fate. This paper presents a critical review of the scientific literature regarding PBDE and NBFR contamination of surface soils internationally, with the secondary objective of identifying probable pollution sources. An evaluation of NBFR distribution in soil was also conducted to assess the suitability of the newer compounds as replacements for PBDEs, with respect to their land contamination potential. Principle production of PBDEs and NBFRs and their consequent use in secondary polymer manufacture appear to be processes with strong potential to contaminate surrounding soils. Evidence suggests that PBDEs and NBFRs are also released from flame retarded products during disposal via landfill, dumping, incineration and recycling. While the land application of sewage sludge represents another major pathway of soil contamination it is not considered in this review as it is extensively covered elsewhere. Both PBDEs and NBFRs were commonly detected at background locations including Antarctica and northern polar regions. PBDE congener profiles in soil were broadly representative of the major constituents in Penta-, Octa- and Deca-BDE commercial mixtures and related to predicted market place demand. BDE-209 dominated soil profiles, followed by BDE-99 and BDE-47. Although further research is required to gain baseline data on NBFRs in soil, the current state of scientific literature suggests that NBFRs pose a similar risk to land contamination as PBDEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yu D, Duan H, Song Q, Liu Y, Li Y, Li J, Shen W, Luo J, Wang J. Characterization of brominated flame retardants from e-waste components in China. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 68:498-507. [PMID: 28756124 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many studies show that high levels of many toxic metals and persistent and bio-accumulative chemicals have been found in electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling sites and their surrounding environmental media. Both flame-retardant plastic housing materials and printed circuit boards (PCBs) could be the major contributors. However, relatively little work has focused on the use or content of toxic substances and their changing in scrap housing materials and PCBs from home appliances. This study evaluated the existence of brominated flame retardants (BFRs, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA)) in housing plastics and PCBs from home appliances collected from various e-waste recyclers in China. These were then analyzed for the potential migration of BFRs from the e-waste components into their recycled products. The results show that both PBDEs and TBBPA were found with high level in most of e-waste samples, indicating that the widespread use of BFRs in home appliances are entering into the end-of-life stage. For the plastics samples, CRT TVs and LCD monitors should be given priority for the control of BFRs. Regarding PBDEs, the dominant congeners of BDE-209 in the plastics samples contributed 90.72-93.54% to the total concentrations of PBDEs, yet there are large variations for PCBs samples: BDE-28, -47, -99, and -153 were also important congeners compositions, except for BDE-209. Compared with previous studies, the BFRs concentrations in current Chinese e-waste are trending to decline. This study also found that BFRs in housing plastics and PCBs will be transferred into the recycled products with other purpose use, and the new products could have highly enriched capacities for BFRs. The obtained results could be helpful to manage e-waste and their components properly in order to minimize associated environmental and health risks of BFRs, particularly for their further reuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Yu
- College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Huabo Duan
- College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Qingbin Song
- Macau Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Yicheng Liu
- Ningbo Guoke Testing Co., Ltd, Ningbo 315336, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- Ningbo Guoke Testing Co., Ltd, Ningbo 315336, China
| | - Jiahui Luo
- Ningbo Guoke Testing Co., Ltd, Ningbo 315336, China
| | - Jinben Wang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xu P, Tao B, Zhou Z, Fan S, Zhang T, Liu A, Dong S, Yuan J, Li H, Chen J, Huang Y. Occurrence, composition, source, and regional distribution of halogenated flame retardants and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofuran in the soils of Guiyu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 228:61-71. [PMID: 28511039 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Guiyu, China, is well-known for the crude disposal of electronic waste (EW) and severe persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Therefore, in this study, the occurrence, composition, and source of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB153), some novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), Dechlorane Plus (DP) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in farmland soils covering Guiyu were studied. In EW disposal area soils, PBDEs were the most abundant FRs, with concentrations of 13-1014 ng g-1. The primary PBDE sources were technical Penta- and Deca-BDE mixtures in northern and southern Guiyu, respectively. The levels of BB153 were relatively low, possibly because it has been banned in the 1970s. The concentrations of hexabromobenzene (HBB) were 0.048-3.3 ng g-1, while pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) was almost not detected in the soils. Two alternatives to commercial PBDEs, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), were the primary NBFRs, with concentrations of 1.8-153 ng g-1 and 0.43-15 ng g-1, respectively. DP was another primary FR, with concentrations of 0.57-146 ng g-1. Moreover, syn-DP and anti-DP isomers were not stereoselectively decomposed during the EW disposal process and were therefore present in their original fractions in the soils. The levels of PBDD/Fs in EW disposal area soils were 2.5-17 pg TEQ g-1. 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF and OBDF were the dominant congeners, mainly derived from processing, pyrolysis and combustion of BFRs. The regional distribution of pollutants was shown to be related to the disposal manner of EW, with their open thermal disposal tending to release more highly brominated compounds such as BDE209, DBDPE, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF. Additionally, some riverbank sites were heavily polluted because of nearby point sources, downwind Simapu (SMP) town without EW disposal activity was also contaminated by these pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengjun Xu
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bu Tao
- Hebei Agricultural University, 289 Lingyusi Street, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuang Fan
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Aimin Liu
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuping Dong
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jingli Yuan
- Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong Li
- Beijing Chaoyang District Environmental Protection Monitoring Center, 5 South Nongzhan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Yeru Huang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 1 South Yuhui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ji X, Ding J, Xie X, Cheng Y, Huang Y, Qin L, Han C. Pollution Status and Human Exposure of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) in China. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:3333-3348. [PMID: 30023692 PMCID: PMC6044870 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209/decaBDE) is a high-production-volume brominated flame retardant in China, where the decaBDE commercial mixture is manufactured in Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, even after the prohibition of penta- and octaBDE mixtures. The demand for flame retardants produced in China has been increasing in recent years as China not only produces electronic devices but also has numerous electronic waste (e-waste) recycling regions, which receive e-wastes from both domestic and foreign sources. High concentrations of BDE-209 have been observed in biotic and abiotic media in each of the different areas, especially within the decaBDE manufacturers and e-waste recycling areas. BDE-209 has been viewed as toxic and bioaccumulative because it might debrominate to less brominated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (lower molecular weight and hydrophobicity), which are more readily absorbed by organisms. The highest concentration of PBDEs in dust within urban areas reached 40 236 ng g-1 in the Pearl River Delta, and BDE-209 contributed the greatest proportion to the total PBDEs (95.1%). Moreover, the maximum hazard quotient was found for toddlers (0.703) for BDE-209, which was close to 1. This suggests that exposure to BDE-209 might lead to increased potential for adverse effects and organ harm (e.g., the lungs) through inhalation, dust ingestion, and dermal absorption, especially for the group of toddlers compared to others. In daily food and human tissues, the amount of BDE-209 was also extensively detected. However, the toxicity and adverse effect of BDE-209 to humans are still not clear; thus, further studies are required to better assess the toxicological effects and exposure scenarios, a more enhanced environmental policy for ecological risks regarding BDE-209 and its debrominated byproducts in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Ji
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for
Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jue Ding
- College
of the Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, P. R. China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for
Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yu Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for
Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yu Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for
Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Long Qin
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for
Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Chao Han
- State
Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Nanjing 210008, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xu B, Wu M, Pan C, Sun Y, Yuan D, Tang L, Xu G. Aquatic photolysis of hydroxylated polybromodiphenyl ethers under direct UV irradiation: a case study of 2'-HO-BDE-68. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14409-14416. [PMID: 28432629 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polyhalodiphenyl ethers (HO-PXDEs) have attracted considerable scientific interest as examples of emerging aquatic pollutants. However, a comprehensive assessment of disposal methods for this particular pollutant was seldom investigated. This study examined the UV light degradation of HO-PXDEs, using 2'-HO-2, 3', 4, 5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (2'-HO-BDE-68) as a case study. The results showed that UV light was superior to visible light and electron beam irradiation for producing a high degradation rate of 2'-HO-BDE-68. At low concentrations of HO-BDE, the degradation rate was not obviously improved with decreasing initial concentration. The degradation efficiency was also found to be better in alkaline solutions. In a UV/H2O2 system, the hydroxyl radical provided by H2O2 was shown to enhance the degradation efficiency. The main photolysis products of 2'-HO-BDE-68 were identified, and the possible photodegradation pathways were proposed. 1, 3, 8-Tribromodibenzo-p-dioxin was one of the photoproducts, which indicates that secondary pollution must also be considered with the UV photolysis process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bentuo Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghong Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyuan Pan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Debao Yuan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Applied Radiation, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Trabalón L, Vilavert L, Domingo JL, Pocurull E, Borrull F, Nadal M. Human exposure to brominated flame retardants through the consumption of fish and shellfish in Tarragona County (Catalonia, Spain). Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 104:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
44
|
Cao Y, Yin H, Peng H, Tang S, Lu G, Dang Z. Biodegradation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the presence of Cd 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:11415-11424. [PMID: 28316043 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic biodegradation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the presence of Cd2+ was investigated in this study. The results showed that P. chrysosporium could effectively degrade BDE-47, and its extracellular enzyme played an important role in the process of decomposition. BDE-47 biodegradation by fungi was more tolerant than extracellular enzyme in the presence of Cd2+. Also, both of the activity of two typical enzymes, MnP and LiP, descended with ascended Cd2+ concentration. Based on the four mono-hydroxylated PBDEs (5-OH-BDE-47, 4'-OH-BDE-17, 6-OH-BDE-47, and 2'-OH-BDE-28) and two bromophenols (2,4-DBP, 4-BP) detected, three possible degradation pathways were proposed, inferring that BDE-47 was more easily to transform via hydroxylation. With addition of Cd2+, the types of degradation products did not change, merely a variation of the content of these products observed. Meanwhile, the major metabolites of BDE-47, bromophenol compounds, have been found to be transformed or even mineralized by P. chrysosporium quickly, which also helped better explain why the amounts of BDE-47 decomposed did not match with that of the metabolites detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Shaoyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Feng NX, Yu J, Zhao HM, Cheng YT, Mo CH, Cai QY, Li YW, Li H, Wong MH. Efficient phytoremediation of organic contaminants in soils using plant-endophyte partnerships. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:352-368. [PMID: 28117167 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soil pollution with organic contaminants is one of the most intractable environmental problems today, posing serious threats to humans and the environment. Innovative strategies for remediating organic-contaminated soils are critically needed. Phytoremediation, based on the synergistic actions of plants and their associated microorganisms, has been recognized as a powerful in situ approach to soil remediation. Suitable combinations of plants and their associated endophytes can improve plant growth and enhance the biodegradation of organic contaminants in the rhizosphere and/or endosphere, dramatically expediting the removal of organic pollutants from soils. However, for phytoremediation to become a more widely accepted and predictable alternative, a thorough understanding of plant-endophyte interactions is needed. Many studies have recently been conducted on the mechanisms of endophyte-assisted phytoremediation of organic contaminants in soils. In this review, we highlight the superiority of organic pollutant-degrading endophytes for practical applications in phytoremediation, summarize alternative strategies for improving phytoremediation, discuss the fundamental mechanisms of endophyte-assisted phytoremediation, and present updated information regarding the advances, challenges, and new directions in the field of endophyte-assisted phytoremediation technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Xian Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiao Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu-Ting Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ming-Hung Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wu J, Yi Y, Li Y, Fang Z, Tsang EP. Excellently reactive Ni/Fe bimetallic catalyst supported by biochar for the remediation of decabromodiphenyl contaminated soil: Reactivity, mechanism, pathways and reducing secondary risks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 320:341-349. [PMID: 27566927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ni/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized using biochar as a support (BC@Ni/Fe) and their effectiveness in removing BDE209 from soil was investigated. BET, SEM, TEM, XPS and FTIR were used to characterize the catalyst, and the efficiencies of biochar, Ni/Fe nanoparticles and BC@Ni/Fe for removing BDE209 from soil were compared. The results showed that Ni/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles highly dispersed in the biochar, reducing its agglomeration. Thus, the reaction activity of BC@Ni/Fe was increased. The removal efficiency of BDE209 by BC@Ni/Fe was 30.2% and 69% higher than that by neat Ni/Fe and biochar, respectively. Meanwhile, an enhanced degradation efficiency of PBDEs in soil was realized by monitoring the formation of Br- ions with time in the system. In addition, the degradation products identified by GC-MS showed that the reductive degradation of BDE209 proceeded through stepwise or multistage debromination, for which the degradation pathways and removal mechanisms were speculated. Furthermore, BC@Ni/Fe reduced the bioavailability of metals in soil and adsorbed the degradation products of BDE209, representing an improvement over neat Ni/Fe nanoparticles for the remediation of PBDEs-contaminated soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Centre for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - YunQiang Yi
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Centre for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - YuQing Li
- South China institute of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zhanqiang Fang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Centre for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Eric Pokeung Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong 00852, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Li WL, Ma WL, Jia HL, Hong WJ, Moon HB, Nakata H, Minh NH, Sinha RK, Chi KH, Kannan K, Sverko E, Li YF. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Surface Soils across Five Asian Countries: Levels, Spatial Distribution, and Source Contribution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12779-12788. [PMID: 27775342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A total of 23 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured in soil samples collected in areas with no known point source [urban/rural/background (U/R/B) sites] and in areas with known point source [brominated flame retardant (BFR)-related industrial sites (F sites) and e-waste recycling sites (E sites)] across five Asian countries. The highest PBDE concentrations were found in BFR-related industrial and e-waste recycling sites. The concentrations of PBDEs in U/R/B sites decreased in the following order: urban > rural > background sites. Total PBDE concentrations were dominated by BDE-209, while BDE-17, -85, -138, -191, -204, and -205 were the least abundant compounds. In both urban sites and rural sites, the mean concentrations of total PBDEs (∑23BDEs) in soils decreased in the following order: Japan > China > South Korea > India > Vietnam. The concentrations of PBDEs in soils were comparable with those reported in other studies. Among the three commercial PBDE mixtures, relatively large contributions of commercial penta-BDE were observed in Vietnam, whereas deca-BDE was the dominant form in mixtures contributing from 55.8 ± 2.5 to 100.0 ± 1.2% of the total PBDEs in soils collected from other four countries. Regression analysis suggested that local population density (PD) is a good indicator of PBDEs in soils of each country. Significant and positive correlation between soil organic content and PBDE level was observed in Chinese soil for most nondeca-BDE homologues with their usage stopped 10 years ago, indicating its important role in controlling the revolatilization of PBDEs from soil and changing the spatial trend of PBDE in soil from the primary distribution pattern to the secondary distribution pattern, especially when primary emission is ceased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong-Liang Jia
- IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University , Dalian 116026, China
| | - Wen-Jun Hong
- IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University , Dalian 116026, China
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- IJRC-PTS, Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University , 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan city, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Haruhiko Nakata
- IJRC-PTS, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Nguyen Hung Minh
- Dioxin Laboratory, Center for Environmental Monitoring (CEM), Vietnam Environmental Administration (VEA) , 556 Nguyen Van Cu, Long Bien, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | | | - Kai Hsien Chi
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University , Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Ed Sverko
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
- IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University , Dalian 116026, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA , Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Duan H, Yu D, Zuo J, Yang B, Zhang Y, Niu Y. Characterization of brominated flame retardants in construction and demolition waste components: HBCD and PBDEs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:77-85. [PMID: 27494656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of construction material is inert and can be managed as nonhazardous. However, structures may have either been built with some environmentally unfriendly substances such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs), or have absorbed harmful elements such as heavy metals. This study focuses on end-of-life construction materials, i.e. construction and demolition (C&D) waste components. The aim was to characterize the concentration of extremely harmful substances, primarily BFRs, including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Results revealed extremely high contents of HBCD and PBDEs in typical C&D waste components, particularly polyurethane foam materials. Policies should therefore be developed for the proper management of C&D waste, with priority for POP-containing debris. The first priority is to develop a classification system and procedures to separate out the harmful materials for more extensive processing. Additionally, identification and quantification of the environmental implications associated with dumping-dominated disposal of these wastes are required. Finally, more sustainable materials should be selected for use in the construction industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huabo Duan
- Smart City Research Institute, College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Danfeng Yu
- Smart City Research Institute, College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Zuo
- School of Architecture & Built Environment, Entrepreneurship, Commercialisation and Innovation Centre (ECIC), The University of Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Yukui Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, 510655 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongning Niu
- Smart City Research Institute, College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
McGrath TJ, Morrison PD, Sandiford CJ, Ball AS, Clarke BO. Widespread polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination of urban soils in Melbourne, Australia. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:225-232. [PMID: 27588576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants in a variety of materials and products. PBDEs have been shown to accumulate in the environment and human populations while exhibiting a range of toxic effects. In this study, surface soil samples from 30 sites in the city of Melbourne, Australia, were analysed for PBDEs. Eight congeners of environmental concern (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154 -183 and -209) were assessed using selective pressurized liquid extraction (S-PLE) and gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). PBDEs were detected in 29/30 samples with Σ8PBDE soil concentrations ranging nd-13,200 ng/g dw and Σ7PBDEs (excluding BDE-209) levels of nd-70.5 ng/g dw. Soils from waste disposal sites (n = 6) contained the highest median Σ7PBDE and Σ8PBDE concentrations, followed by manufacturing sites (n = 18) and then non-source sites (n = 6). Electronics recycling facilities contained the greatest levels of Σ8PBDEs by a significant margin (p < 0.05) to indicate that these industries are a potential source of contamination. BDE-209 was the dominant congener, contributing an average of 75.5% to Σ8PBDEs soil concentrations, followed by BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-183 at 7.90, 5.64 and 4.31%, respectively. Congener profiles reflected global estimates of Deca-BDE, Octa-BDE and Penta- BDE commercial production, with the most significant congener correlation existing between BDE-47 and BDE-99 (p < 0.001, r = 0.943). This first assessment of PBDEs in Melbourne soils indicates widespread contamination of the urban environment, including locations where direct sources to soil are not clear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Paul D Morrison
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Christopher J Sandiford
- Australian Contaminated Land Consultants Association (ACLCA), PO Box 362, Malvern, Victoria 3144, Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Chen Q, Wang X, Shi W, Yu H, Zhang X, Giesy JP. Identification of Thyroid Hormone Disruptors among HO-PBDEs: In Vitro Investigations and Coregulator Involved Simulations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12429-12438. [PMID: 27737548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Some hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (HO-PBDEs), that have been widely detected in the environment and tissues of humans and wildlife, bind to thyroid hormone (TH) receptor (TR) and can disrupt functioning of systems modulated by the TR. However, mechanisms of TH disrupting effects are still equivocal. Here, disruption of functions of TH modulated pathways by HO-PBDEs was evaluated by assays of competitive binding, coactivator recruitment, and proliferation of GH3 cells. In silico simulations considering effects of coregulators were carried out to investigate molecular mechanisms and to predict potencies for disrupting functions of the TH. Some HO-PBDEs were able to bind to TR with moderate affinities but were not agonists. In GH3 proliferation assays, 13 out of 16 HO-PBDEs were antagonists for the TH. In silico simulations of molecular dynamics revealed that coregulators were essential for identification of TH disruptors. Among HO-PBDEs, binding of passive antagonists induced repositioning of H12, blocking AF-2 (transactivation function 2) and preventing recruitment of the coactivator. Binding of active antagonists exposed the coregulator binding site, which tended to bind to the corepressor rather than the coactivator. By considering both passive and active antagonisms, anti-TH potencies of HO-PBDEs could be predicted from free energy of binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinchang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, PR China
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - John P Giesy
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, PR China
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|