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Shao Y, Wang Z, Shi H, Lv Q, Li H, Zhang Q. Migration characteristics and risk assessment of chemical hazardous substances in infant teether toys. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465085. [PMID: 38879978 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Teether is a special toy used for infants oral contact. In this paper, a residual and migration detection method was developed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for 20 screened hazardous substances in teethers. Fifteen substances were detected in 59 samples, with residual amounts and detection rates ranging from 0.01 mg⋅kg-1 to 106.15 mg⋅kg-1 and from 3.39 % to 84.7 % respectively. Then, 12 substances were detected in simulated saliva at migration levels ranging from 0.0143 mg⋅kg-1 to 20.03 mg⋅kg-1, with detection rates ranging from 1.69 % to 76.3 %. Statistically, the average migration rate of each substance ranged from 8.18 % to 53.28 % depending on the properties of the substance and the sample. The exposure risk of infants to teethers was evaluated separately for two age groups. The hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) values for the analytes were higher in the 3-12-month age group than in the 12-24-month age group. The HQ values of triphenylphosphine oxide, benzocaine, and N-methylformanilide were relatively high, with averages of 1.2 × 10-2, 2.5 × 10-3, and 1.6 × 10-3, respectively, and the max HI of the 12 substances was 0.04. The HI and HQ values of the analytes were all below 1, indicating that the non-carcinogenic risks of analytes in teethers are at an acceptable level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Haoyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
| | - Hongyan Li
- Zhejiang Institute of Product Quality and Safety Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
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2
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Zhang K, Leung JYS, Su C, Liu J, Li J, Chen Y, Shi J, Wong MH. Improper toy waste handling can harm human health via seafood consumption: A comprehensive health risk assessment of heavy metals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 262:119804. [PMID: 39151557 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Toy production has been increasing over the last few decades to meet the growing demands for toys across the globe, which has inevitably worsened the problem of toy waste. Given the lack of modern waste disposal facilities, rural villagers in many developing countries often discard and incinerate toy waste in backyards or riverbanks, which may release the pollutants from toys (e.g., heavy metals), contaminate the surrounding areas, and eventually threaten the health of residents. As such, this study examined the impact of improper toy waste handling on the nearby aquaculture site by measuring the contamination level of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in the sediment and seafood (crabs, shrimps, and fish). The health risk of heavy metals via seafood consumption was assessed in different groups of people (males, females, teenagers, and seniors). Results showed that the sediment and seafood at the aquaculture site were generally not contaminated with heavy metals (contamination factor and bioaccumulation factor <1). However, consuming the seafood cultured at this site, especially for crabs, could pose a health risk to humans due to As and Cd (hazard quotient > 1), irrespective of their age and gender. This risk could not be lowered by cooking, except As by boiling. Overall, we revealed that improper toy waste handling did not cause severe heavy metal pollution in the surrounding environment, but the consumption of contaminated seafood could still threaten human health. To safeguard public health, we propose that toy waste should be appropriately treated by the authorities concerned. In addition, consuming seafood with long culture periods (e.g., crabs) should be reduced to minimize the dietary intake of heavy metals and their associated health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqin Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jonathan Y S Leung
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Chuanghong Su
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Department of Biology, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jiufeng Li
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Department of Biology, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Jingchun Shi
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education, and Research (CHEER), The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
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Hughes MF, Clapper HM, Tedla G, Sowers TD, Rogers KR. Simulated gastric leachate of 3D printer metal-fill filaments induces cytotoxic effects in rat and human intestinal models. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 97:105805. [PMID: 38458500 PMCID: PMC11108593 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Metals are used in 3-dimensional (3D) printer filaments in the manufacture of 3D printed objects. Exposure to the filaments, printed objects and emissions from printing may pose health risks from release of toxic metals. This study investigated the cytotoxicity of extruded 3D printer filament leachates in rat and human intestinal cells. Copper-, bronze-, and steel-fill extruded filaments were incubated in acidic media for 2 h. Leachates were adjusted to pH 7 and cells exposed for 4 or 24 h. Concentration- and time-dependent decreases in rat and human cell viability were observed using a colorimetric assay and confirmed by microscopy. Copper- and bronze-fill leachates were more cytotoxic than steel. Copper-fill leachates had the highest copper concentrations by ICP-MS. Exposure to CuSO4 resulted in concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in rat cells. The copper chelator bathocuproine disulphonate alleviated cytotoxicity of CuSO4 and copper-fill leachate, suggesting that copper ions have a role in the cytotoxicity. Hydrogen peroxide increased and glutathione decreased in rat cells exposed to copper-fill leachate, suggesting the formation of reactive oxygen species. Overall, our data indicate that metals released from the acidic exposure of print objects using metal-fill filaments, especially copper, are toxic to rat and human intestinal cells and additional studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Hughes
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America.
| | - Haley M Clapper
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Getachew Tedla
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Tyler D Sowers
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Kim R Rogers
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
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Lorena de Araújo T, Verbi Pereira FM, Pereira-Filho ER. Direct solid sample analysis of low-cost jewelry using spectroanalytical techniques: exploratory chemical data evaluation and metal migration with synthetic sweat. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2286-2291. [PMID: 38525883 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00325j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Humans have used jewelry for a long time. Initially, this habit had religious purposes for individual protection, then it became a compliment accessory to noble appearance until its popularization with production using cheaper and potentially toxic chemical elements. Therefore, the health of people of low social status has been compromised in such a way that a big part of the metals present in these accessories are potentially toxic. In this regard, with the proposition of legislation limiting these elements' concentrations, several analytical techniques have been used to study their determinations; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) direct analysis of solids has been highlighted in the past years due to many advantages in several areas. In this study, LIBS and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) were implemented in low-cost jewelry analyses. Then, an exploratory data analysis was carried out using chemometric tools. Finally, the migration of these elements to synthetic sweat was studied to verify its contact with human organisms, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) was employed for the determination of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaila Lorena de Araújo
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo State, Brazil.
| | - Fabiola Manhas Verbi Pereira
- Group of Alternative Analytical Approaches (GAAA), Bioenergy Research Institute (IPBEN), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Edenir Rodrigues Pereira-Filho
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo State, Brazil.
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Yan M, Zhang N, Li X, Xu J, Lei H, Ma Q. Integrating Post-Ionization Separation via Differential Mobility Spectrometry into Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry for Toy Safety Screening. Anal Chem 2024; 96:265-271. [PMID: 38153235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time (DART) enables direct desorption and ionization of analytes, bypassing the time-consuming chromatographic separation traditionally required for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. However, DART-MS suffers from matrix interference of complex samples, resulting in compromised detection sensitivity and quantitation accuracy. In this study, DART-MS was combined with differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) to provide an additional dimension of post-ionization ion mobility separation within a millisecond time scale, compensating for the lack of separation in DART-MS analysis. As proof-of-concept, primary aromatic amines (PAAs), a class of potentially hazardous chemicals, were analyzed in various toy products, including bubble solutions, finger paints, and plush toys. In addition to commercial Dip-it glass rod and metal mesh sampling tools, a customized rapid extractive evaporation device was designed for the accelerated extraction and sensitive analysis of solid toy samples. The incorporation of DMS in DART-MS analysis enabled the rapid separation and differentiation of isomeric analytes, leading to improved accuracy and reliability. The developed protocols were optimized and validated, achieving good linearity with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99 and acceptable repeatability with relative standard deviations less than 10%. Moreover, satisfactory sensitivity was realized with limits of detection and quantitation ranges of 0.2-5 and 1-20 μg/kg (μg/L) for the 11 PAA analytes. The established methodology was applied for the analysis of real toy samples (n = 18), which confirmed its appealing potential for toy safety screening and consumer health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Beijing Anti-Doping Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
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Fadaei A. An investigation into the present levels of contamination in children's toys and jewelry in different countries: a systematic review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:601-611. [PMID: 35778924 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Contamination by heavy metals and toxic elements in children's toys and jewelry is an ongoing challenge in different countries. These contaminants can enter the children's body via oral, dermal, and respiratory routes, leading to adverse health effects. This study aimed to investigate the present levels of contamination in children's toys and jewelry in 15 countries, including UK, Saudi Arabia, Cambodia, China, Kosovo, Nigeria, North American, Kazakhstan, UAE, Pakistan, Iraq, Israel, West Bank/Palestine, Czech Republic, and Turkey. In this review, the legislation and recommendation of the United States (U.S.), the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), Turkish Standards Institute (TSE), Canada, and the European Union (E.U.) on toxic elements in toys and jewelry are introduced. Plastic or metallic toys and children's jewelry still have the most severe toxic elements pollution and the existence of lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), barium (Ba), Zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), bisphenol A, phthalates, parabens, azo dyes, and flame retardants has been regarded as an ongoing challenge in these articles. Finally, this review offers benchmarking of the concentrations of toxic elements in all types of children's toys and jewelry in different nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolmajid Fadaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Baek DJ, Moon DH, Kwon SW, Kim H, Yoon SG, Chavan GT, Kwon JH, An J. Changes in oral bioaccessibility of heavy metals in non-digestive sucking habits due to the formation of complexes between digestive fluid components and metals/metalloids. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115270. [PMID: 37523794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Humans, especially infants, are exposed to harmful substances through various means, including non-nutritive sucking behaviors. Here, we compared the "one-compartment model" and the "three-compartment model" within the "suck model" to assess the oral bioaccessibility of heavy metals in various products and evaluated whether these models can be employed to assess 12 heavy metals present in consumer products. Several certified reference materials, including plastic, paint, glass, and metals, were employed to ensure sample homogeneity. By comparing the two models, we validated that a considerable amount of complexes were formed between saliva components and the extracted heavy metals and that some of these complexes dissociated during reactions with the gastric/intestinal fluids. Furthermore, we observed that in the cases of Cu and Pb, additional complexes were formed as a result of reactions with gastric/intestinal fluids. We measured the total concentrations of the extracted heavy metals using artificial saliva through acid digestion and found that up to 99.7% of the heavy metals participated in the formation of complexes, depending on the characteristics of the sample (e.g., composition) and the target element. This result indicates that the current suck model may notably underestimate the oral bioaccessibility of heavy metals in products associated with sucking behaviors. Therefore, we propose a more conservative and simpler test method for assessing oral bioaccessibility of heavy metals that involves measuring the total concentrations of heavy metals extracted from consumer products using artificial saliva. By doing so, we can account for potential variations in the digestive milieu (e.g., due to ingested food) and the inconsistency in complex formation-dissociation characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jun Baek
- Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Deok Hyun Moon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, South Korea
| | - Seon-Woo Kwon
- Department of Environment Safety System Engineering, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, South Korea
| | - Haeun Kim
- Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Yoon
- Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Ganesh T Chavan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jinsung An
- Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea.
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Gul A, Gul DES, Mohiuddin S. Metals as toxicants in event-based expedited production of children's jewelry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27620-y. [PMID: 37202632 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Globally, the hazardous substance in children's goods is of great concern. Toxic chemicals are potentially harmful to the health and growth of infants and children. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd)-contaminated children's jewelry is widely encountered in many countries. This study aims to determine the concentration of metal toxicants (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn, Co, and Fe) in event-based (Independence Day festival) children's jewelry, considering time-limited and fast production products that may compromise the quality and safety parameters during manufacturing. The determinations are for the time-constraint industrial production of children's jewelry in the context of the toxic substances in a variety of base materials used. This is the first time event-based children's jewelry has been monitored and critically assessed for metal contamination. Forty-two samples, including metallic, wooden, textile, rubber, plastic, and paint-coated plastic children's jewelry, were tested. Seventy-four percent of samples detected Pb and Cd in quantifiable amounts. Ni in 71%, Cu in 67%, Co in 43%, and Zn and Fe were detected in 100% samples with quantifiable amounts. Twenty-two ID-CJ samples exceeded the US regulatory limit for Pb and four samples for Cd. However, twenty-nine samples for Pb, eleven for Cd, five for Co, and one for Cu exceeded the EU regulatory limit. The highest concentration of Pb was found in paint-coated plastic jewelry, and the highest Cd was found in metallic jewelry. These results suggest that the potential hazards of event-based children's jewelry deserve the attention of government agencies seeking to limit children's exposure to toxic chemicals. Intergovernmental organizations and individual countries regulate chemicals in consumer products, but a coordinated international approach is lacking. Some continents and countries still lack in regulations for children's products, especially jewelry, and toys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Gul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Dur-E-Shahwar Gul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Shaikh Mohiuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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Kamara I, Adie GU, Giwa AS. Total and bio-accessible toxic metals in low-cost children toys sold in major markets in Ibadan, South West Nigeria. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
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Liang M, Guo X, Ding X, Song Q, Wang H, Li N, Su W, Liang Q, Sun Y. Combined effects of multiple metals on hearing loss: A Bayesian kernel machine regression approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114279. [PMID: 36368114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to heavy elements is considered one of the risks of hearing loss. The combined effect of multiple metals on different hearing losses has not been extensively studied. METHODS This study deals with the association between different metals (Ba, Cd, Co, Cs, Mo, Pb, Mn, Sn, Sb, Tl, W) and hearing loss in the 2013-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Associations were estimated by a generalized linear regression model (GLM) adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, educational level, marital status, drinking status, hypertension, diabetes, smoking status, noise exposure, body mass index, and income-poverty ratio. The joint effects of mixed exposure were assessed by weighted quantile sum (WQS) model and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). The effect of multiple metals on speech-frequency hearing loss (SFHL) and high-frequency hearing loss (HFHL) was further calculated. The odds ratio (OR) indicates the risk of every metal exposure. RESULTS A total of 2205 adult participants were enrolled from NHANES. Cd, Pb, Sb and Sn had significant effects on total hearing loss. The WQS model found that mixed exposure to heavy elements was significantly positively associated with total hearing loss (OR: 1.136; 95% CI: 1.031, 1.253) after adjusting for various covariates. The ORs of mixed exposure in the SFHL and HFHL groups were 1.066 (95% CI: 0.994, 1.143) and 1.102 (95% CI: 1.013, 1.199), respectively. BKMR found a significant positive association between multiple metals and hearing loss. The results showed that there may be potential interactions between Cd, Pb and other metals. CONCLUSIONS Multiple metals have joint effects on hearing loss in the United States. The findings provide practitioners with important scientific evidence for possible interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xianwei Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xiuxiu Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Qiuxia Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wanying Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Qiwei Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yehuan Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China.
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11
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Sripada K, Lager AM. Interventions to reduce cadmium exposure in low- and middle-income countries during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review. J Glob Health 2022; 12:04089. [DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.04089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kam Sripada
- Centre for Digital Life Norway, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Centre for Global Health Inequalities Research (CHAIN), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Adrian Madsen Lager
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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12
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Chen H, Chai M, Cheng J, Wang Y, Tang Z. Occurrence and health implications of heavy metals in preschool children's clothing manufactured in four Asian regions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 245:114121. [PMID: 36179449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Clothing may be a potential contributor to body metal burden in children. However, available information on heavy metals in children's clothing is extremely limited and the associated health risks remain poorly understood. This study investigated the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Co, Zn, Cr, As, Cu and Ni in new preschool children's clothing manufactured in four Asian regions. The children's clothing had higher levels of Ni and Cr but lower levels of Pb and Cd in comparison to the concentrations reported in other textile products. The concentrations of Cd were higher in the black clothing than those in the white and color samples. The non-cotton samples contained higher Co concentrations. The Pb concentrations in the samples manufactured in China were significantly higher than those in the other three regions. We estimated the dermal exposure doses for these metals and calculated the associated risks. The results indicated that the health risks from exposure to these metals in the children's clothing were acceptable. However, more research is required to investigate heavy metals and the associated risks in child clothing due to the increasing complexity of their materials and manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhi Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Miao Chai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; Shandong Huankeyuan Environmental Testing Co., Ltd, Jinan 250013, China.
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of the National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yuwen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Jingmen Vocational College, Jingmen 448000, China.
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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13
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Yazdanfar N, Vakili Saatloo N, Sadighara P. Contamination of potentially toxic metals in children's toys marketed in Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:68441-68446. [PMID: 35538346 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exposure of heavy metals in children is of particular concern. However, using heavy metal-contaminated toys can threaten the life and well-being of children. Therefore, quality control of toys for avoiding children exposure to potentially toxic metals is important. The investigation of potentially toxic metals (arsenic, barium, antimony, cadmium, chromium, mercury, lead, selenium) in toys was performed in present study. A total number of 150 popular cheap priced plastic toy samples were purchased from the eight metropolitan and most visited provinces in Iran and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer for arsenic, barium, antimony cadmium, chromium, mercury, lead, and selenium. As results showed As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Sb, and Se respectively were in the range of 0-0.9 mg/kg, 0.3-5 mg/kg, 0-3.1 mg/kg, 0.04-4.8 mg/kg, 0-0.03 mg/kg, 0.22-11.7 mg/kg, 0-1.2 mg/kg, and 0.03-1.1 mg/kg. Cadmium was higher than the European standard in Kurdistan province. The highest amount of mercury was also observed in Tehran. The highest amount of lead, selenium, and antimony was detected in Qom province. The results showed that all the toxic elements in the collected toys were within the permissible limit. Furthermore, market monitoring is needed to control toys safety on a large scale in metropolitan cities like Qom province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Yazdanfar
- Iranian Institute of R&D in Chemical Industries (IRDCI) (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Naiema Vakili Saatloo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Gul DES, Gul A, Tanoli AK, Ahmed T, Mirza MA. Contamination by hazardous elements in low-priced children's plastic toys bought on the local markets of Karachi, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:51964-51975. [PMID: 35257339 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Children's plastic toys may contain toxic metals to which infants and young children can be orally exposed and may pose acute or chronic adverse health effects. This research aims to evaluate the total metal concentrations (TMCs) of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Mn in children's plastic toys bought in the local markets of Karachi, Pakistan, and compare TMCs to different toy safety regulatory limits. A total of 44 children's plastic toys sourced in the Karachi local markets were analyzed by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer for contamination of hazardous elements. Toy samples were divided into two groups: plastic toys (DCT) and plastic toys with paints or coatings (DPCT). For plastic toys, 83% (19) of samples had TMCs that exceeded European Union (EU) toy safety regulation limits for Pb, and 65% (15) of samples that exceeded for Cd. For plastic toys with paints or coating, 43% (9) of samples had TMCs that exceeded EU migration limits for Pb and 24% (5) for Cd. More than 20 samples exceeded the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (US CPSC), Canadian, and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) toy safety regulation limits. In toy samples (n = 44), very high TMCs of Pb (64%), Cd (45%), Cr (5%), and Ni (2%) were observed. Zn, Cu, and Mn TMCs existed but were below the regulation limits. The contamination levels of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni and smaller extent of Zn, Cu, and Mn still pose health issues in children and may cause serious problems in their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dur-E-Shahwar Gul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Anam Gul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asad Khan Tanoli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Tehseen Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Pereira EC, Leroux IN, Luz MS, Batista BL, Olympio KPK. Study of controlled migration of cadmium and lead into foods from plastic utensils for children. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:52833-52843. [PMID: 35275370 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a highly neurotoxic chemical element known for reducing intelligence quotient (IQ) and promoting antisocial behavior in children and adolescents, while cadmium (Cd) is a carcinogenic bioaccumulative element. Both these metals are included in the priority pollutant list of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and in the WHO List of Chemicals of Major Public Health Concern, where contaminated foods and beverages are the most common pathways of exposure. The objective of this study was to determine total Cd and Pb levels in colored plastic utensils (cups, mugs, bowls, feeding bottles, and plates) for use by children and to measure the specific migration of these elements into beverages and foods. Total contaminant levels were determined using a handheld X-ray fluorescence analyzer. Specific migration tests were conducted using the simulant solutions acetic acid 3% (m/v) and water. Migration levels were determined by ICP-MS. Specific migration tests for Pb were also performed on commercially available samples (cola soft drink, orange juice, vinegar, and milk), with levels determined by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). A total of 674 utensils were analyzed in loco at major commercial centers in Greater São Paulo, of which 87 were purchased for containing Cd and Pb concentrations above permitted limits. Mean concentrations of the metals detected in the purchased utensils were 1110 ppm for Pb and 338 ppm for Cd. For specific migration assays, Pb levels were 187, 13, and 380 times above the permitted limit (0.01 mg.kg -1) for acetic acid, water, and orange juice, respectively. Cd levels were 50 and 2.4 times above the maximum permitted limit (0.005 mg.kg -1) for acetic acid and water, respectively. The districts where the utensils were purchased were grouped according to their social vulnerability index and compared using ANOVA. Pb levels were different between low and medium/high social vulnerability groups (p = 0.006). The findings corroborate the initial hypothesis that these utensils constitute a major source of exposure to PTEs such as Cd and Pb, pointing to the need for stricter regulation and inspection by the Brazilian regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizeu Chiodi Pereira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 715, Cerqueira Cesar, SP, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Isabelle Nogueira Leroux
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 715, Cerqueira Cesar, SP, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maciel Santos Luz
- Laboratório de Processos Metalúrgicos, Materiais Avançados, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 532, Cidade Universitária, SP, 05508-501, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Bruno Lemos Batista
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001 Bairro Santa Terezinha, SP, 09210-580, Santo André, Brasil
| | - Kelly Polido Kaneshiro Olympio
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 715, Cerqueira Cesar, SP, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brasil.
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16
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Toxic elements in children’s crayons and colored pencils: Bioaccessibility assessment. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc20091078d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Crayons and colored pencils for children may contain toxic elements (TEs) exhibiting potential risk for children?s health including cognitive development, after their ingestion, through mouthing and chewing and eventually, their accumulation. The aim of this study was to determine total content of As, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni and Sb and estimate their bioaccessibility conducting artificial saliva extraction. Sixty samples of colored pencils and crayons from 10 manufacturers were analyzed. Microwave acid assisted digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma optical spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was performed for determination of total content of TEs. Simulation of extraction by artificial saliva was applied to get more reliable data when bioavailability is concerned. The total concentrations of TEs were higher in colored pencils than in crayons and their maximum levels were: 5.78, 9.36, 9.97, 0.615, and 6.63 mg kg-1 for As, Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni, respectively. Concentration of Sb was below the detection limit for all investigated samples. This study showed that concentration of As and Pb in several samples did not comply with European Union regulative. Bioaccessibility study showed the high degree of leaching of Cr and As from pencils, but regardless of extracted portions, concentrations of selected investigated TEs were below allowed levels.
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Abd Wahil MS, Ja’afar MH, Md Isa Z. Assessment of Urinary Lead (Pb) and Essential Trace Elements in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Case-Control Study Among Preschool Children in Malaysia. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:97-121. [PMID: 33661472 PMCID: PMC7930527 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02654-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal which is abundant in the environment and known to cause neurotoxicity in children even at minute concentration. However, the trace elements calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are essential to children due to its protective effect on neurodevelopment. The primary objective of this study was to assess the role of Pb and trace elements in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among preschool children. A total of 81 ASD children and 74 typically developed (TD) children aged between 3 and 6 years participated in the study. Self-administered online questionnaires were completed by the parents. A first-morning urine sample was collected in a sterile polyethene urine container and assayed for Pb, Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Comparisons between groups revealed that the urinary Pb, Mg, Zn and Fe levels in ASD children were significantly lower than TD children. The odds of ASD reduced significantly by 5.0% and 23.0% with an increment of every 1.0 μg/dL urinary Zn and Fe, respectively. Post interaction analysis showed that the odds of ASD reduced significantly by 11.0% and 0.1% with an increment of every 1.0 μg/dL urinary Zn and Pb, respectively. A significantly lower urinary Pb level in ASD children than TD children may be due to their poor detoxifying mechanism. Also, the significantly lower urinary Zn and Fe levels in ASD children may augment the neurotoxic effect of Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shahrol Abd Wahil
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hasni Ja’afar
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zaleha Md Isa
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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18
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Ahmed HO, Attaelmanan AG, AlShaer FI, Abdallah EM. Determination of metals in children's plastic toys using X-ray florescence spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:43970-43984. [PMID: 33844141 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Children's toys may contain substances that children can be exposed to via multiple pathways. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of metals in children's plastic toys using X-ray florescence. Fifty-six children's plastic toys were purchased from several wholesale markets, supermarkets, and retail stores in the UAE, and fifty-four out of them were labeled "Made in China." X-ray fluorescence analysis was conducted on 442 samples from 56 toys to investigate the elemental composition of the toy material. The elements detected with higher frequencies were Ti (100%), Cl (78.6%), Zn (67.9%), Si (66.1%), Iron (48.2%), and Cu (16.1%). Chromium and nickel were detected only in one toy with low concentrations, while Pb was not detected in any of the toys analyzed. In conclusion, the analyzed plastic toys contain metals and the presence of these metals in some cases may pose a health risk to children. Chlorine presence in more than three quarters of toys may indicate that the toys were made of PVC. The study revealed the presence of titanium and silicon in toys. However, more research is needed to verify their role in toys and to identify associated health risks. The study did not reveal toxic elements such as Pb, Cd, and As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Omer Ahmed
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | | | - Fatima Ibrahim AlShaer
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman Mohamed Abdallah
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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19
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Khan MR, Ahmad N, Ouladsmane M, Azam M. Heavy Metals in Acrylic Color Paints Intended for the School Children Use: A Potential Threat to the Children of Early Age. Molecules 2021; 26:2375. [PMID: 33921808 PMCID: PMC8073559 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals are the harmful elements, regarded as carcinogens. Nevertheless, owing to their physical and chemical properties, they are still used in the production of several commercial products. Utilization of such products increases the chance for the exposure of heavy metals, some of them are categorized as probable human carcinogens (Group 1) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Exposure of heavy metals to school children at early age can result severe life time health issues and high chance of emerging cancer. Thus, we have performed study relating to the presence of heavy metals in acrylic color paints commonly used by the school children. Acrylic paints of different colors were assayed for seven potential heavy metals manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) using microwave digestion and iCAPQ inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) system. The optimized method including paints digestion reagents nitric acid (HNO3, 65%, 5 mL) and hydrofluoric acid (HF, 40%, 2 mL) have offered excellent method performance with recovery values ranged between 99.33% and 105.67%. The elements were identified in all of the analyzed samples with concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 372.59 µg/g. Cd constitutes the lower percentage (0.05%), whereas Zn constitutes high ratio contribution which was tremendously high (68.33%). Besides, the paints contamination was also color specific, with considerably total heavy metal concentrations found in brunt umber (526.57 µg/g) while scarlet color (12.62 µg/g) contained lower amounts. The outcomes of our investigation highlight the necessity for guidelines addressing the heavy metals in acrylic color paints intended for the school children usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rizwan Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.); (M.O.); (M.A.)
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20
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Kern MS, Boron ML, Weidenhamer JD. Buyer beware: Inexpensive, high cadmium jewelry can pose severe health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142926. [PMID: 33757252 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of cadmium to produce inexpensive jewelry has recently been documented. Governments have adopted varying standards, with US states focused on either total cadmium content or extractable cadmium from children's jewelry, while the European Union has adopted a limit of 100 mg/kg cadmium for all jewelry. This study evaluated 80 items purchased at a discount jewelry store. The objective was to determine prevalence of cadmium in this jewelry, the amount of cadmium released by simulated mouthing or ingestion, and to confirm previous reports that damage to jewelry can increase cadmium release. Finally, a modified toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) assessed the potential for jewelry to release cadmium after disposal. Thirty-two (40%) items showed detectable cadmium by X-ray fluorescence. Nine high‑cadmium pendants and rings with cadmium content ranging from 31.3 to 89.2% were subjected to extractions simulating mouthing or ingestion. Seven of nine items extracted in dilute saline to simulate mouthing released more than the US recommended maximum of 18 micrograms. Damaged jewelry released more cadmium for most items tested, with one ring yielding an average of 10,600 micrograms. Two pendants small enough to be swallowed were tested using dilute HCl to simulate ingestion. While one pendant did not release cadmium in excess of the US recommended maximum of 200 micrograms even when damaged, the other released an average of 63,100 micrograms after being damaged. Fourteen of fifteen samples of two high cadmium charms extracted using a modified TCLP extraction exceeded the 1.0 mg/L TCLP limit for cadmium, averaging 13.1 and 9.6 mg/L respectively for the two charms. These results demonstrate that high‑cadmium jewelry may pose a serious hazard if mouthed or ingested, and that regulatory standards that do not take into account the potential for increased release of cadmium resulting from damage to jewelry electroplating are inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Kern
- Department of Chemistry, Geology & Physics, 401 College Ave., Ashland University, Ashland, OH 44805, USA
| | - Mallorie L Boron
- Department of Chemistry, Geology & Physics, 401 College Ave., Ashland University, Ashland, OH 44805, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Weidenhamer
- Department of Chemistry, Geology & Physics, 401 College Ave., Ashland University, Ashland, OH 44805, USA.
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21
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Wang Z, Liu Y, Li T, Zhang Q, Bai H, Cai Y, Lv Q. Wood preservatives in children's wooden toys from China: Distribution, migration, oral exposure, and risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111786. [PMID: 33340956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of 90 wooden toys were collected, and six wood preservatives (chlorophenols and lindane) were analyzed by using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to assess the exposure risk of children to wood preservatives through oral contact with wooden toys. The detection rates of six preservatives ranged from 2.2% to 22.2%. The contents of the preservatives ranged from 0.6 µg/kg to 9.6 µg/kg. 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) had higher detection rates and contents than other preservatives. Thus, their migration behaviors from toys to saliva were further investigated. In 11 positive samples, the max migration ratios of 2,4-DCP and 2,4,6-TCP ranged from 7.1% to 20.3% and from 11.1% to 24.8%, respectively. For children aged 3-36 months, the daily average 2,4-DCP exposure level associated with wooden toys ranged from 2.7 pg/(kg day) to 46.9 pg/(kg day), and the daily average 2,4,6-TCP exposure ranged from 3.6 pg/(kg day) to 69.4 pg/(kg day). The contribution to exposure provided by the saliva mobilization pathway was more than that provided by the ingestion of scraped-off toys, and the exposure level of 2,4,6-TCP was greater than that of 2,4-DCP. The max hazard quotient for 2,4-DCP was 1.9 × 10-4, and the max cancer risk for 2,4,6-TCP was 1.2 × 10-9. The above results indicated that although wood preservatives were distributed in wooden toys, exposure arising from directly mouthing these materials currently does not pose unacceptable risks to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Wang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yahui Liu
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Adie GU, Oyebade EO, Atanda BM. Preliminary Study of Heavy Metals in Low-Cost Jewelry Items Available in Nigerian Markets. J Health Pollut 2020; 10:201202. [PMID: 33324499 PMCID: PMC7731499 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many developing countries either lack or have weakly enforced regulations on imported goods. A high percentage of low-cost jewelry items in Nigeria are imported from abroad. There is concern about the levels of heavy metals present in these products. OBJECTIVES The present study examined the levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) in inexpensive jewelry purchased from retail wholesale shops in Ibadan metropolis, southwestern Nigeria. METHODS One hundred (100) assorted jewelry items were digested in dilute nitric acid solution followed by atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis. RESULTS Out of the total number of jewelry items analyzed, 12% of them had Pb concentrations above European Union (EU) safety limits. Also, 63%, 42% and 62% of items had Cd, Cr and Ni average concentrations above their EU limits. Notably, 3%, 27% and 8% of the items had Pb, Cd and Cr concentrations over 103 times above their EU limits Overall, Cd showed the highest average level in rings (256,952 mg/kg) followed by bracelets (60,627 mg/kg) and earrings (54,388 mg/kg). All metals in solid bangles were within their EU guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Given the significant deleterious impacts of these metals on human health, low-cost jewelry poses a serious potential threat to users' health. Policies to guarantee the safety of low-cost jewelry items must be established and enforced. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert U. Adie
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Esther O. Oyebade
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Boluwatife M. Atanda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Guney M, Kismelyeva S, Akimzhanova Z, Beisova K. Potentially toxic elements in toys and children's jewelry: A critical review of recent advances in legislation and in scientific research. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114627. [PMID: 32375089 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in children's toys and jewelry is an ongoing problem where PTEs can become bioavailable especially via oral pathway (ingestion as a whole or of parts, and mouthing) and may cause adverse health effects for children. In the present review, legislation updates from the last decade in the United States (U.S.), Canada, and the European Union (E.U.) on PTEs in toys and jewelry are presented. Then, a literature review mostly covering the last decade on the total concentration, bioavailability, children's exposure, and bioaccessibility of PTEs in toys and jewelry is provided. The U.S. and Canadian legislations mainly focus on lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) total/soluble concentration limits to prevent exposure and have received several updates within the last decade, extending particularly the covered span of children's products. It seems that the introduction, subsequent enforcement, and update of regulations in developed countries have shifted the problem towards developing countries. In terms of categories, metallic toys and children's jewelry still have the most severe PTE contamination and the presence of Pb and Cd in these articles is an ongoing issue. Some studies suggest that color can be used as an indicator for the potential presence of PTEs (linked to chemicals such as lead chromate, cadmium sulfide) but the evidence is not always clear. Another concern is vintage/second-hand toys and jewelry as those items might have been produced before the legislation was present. As total and bioaccessible concentrations of PTEs in toys and jewelry do not always correlate, approaches considering bioaccessibility (e.g. of the E.U.) are more scientifically appropriate and help with better estimation of risk from exposure. Studies on toy and jewelry contamination using in vitro bioaccessibility techniques has become more common, however, there is still no in vitro test specifically designed and validated for toys and jewelry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Guney
- Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; The Environment & Resource Efficiency Cluster (EREC), Nazarbayev University, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
| | - Symbat Kismelyeva
- Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanel Akimzhanova
- Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Kamila Beisova
- Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University, 010000, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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Huo XL, Qi JF, He KC, Bao N, Shi CG. Stainless steel sheets as the substrate of disposable electrochemical sensors for analysis of heavy metals or biomolecules. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1124:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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25
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Akimzhanova Z, Guney M, Kismelyeva S, Zhakiyenova A, Yagofarova A. Contamination by eleven harmful elements in children's jewelry and toys from Central Asian market. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:21071-21083. [PMID: 32266620 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in children's toys and jewelry is an ongoing problem, and there is evidence in the literature that the issue is shifting towards developing countries and small markets. The present research aims (1) to characterize total concentrations of eleven PTEs (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) in children's jewelry and toys purchased from the Central Asian market (n = 65), and (2) to investigate the relationship between the extent of contamination and sample categories/properties. The laboratory analyses showed that the majority of the samples had PTEs above the total and soluble limits for PTEs stated in the USA, Canadian, and the EU legislation. Particularly for metallic toys and jewelry (n = 46), the total concentrations in 45 samples exceeded the EU migration limits for one or more PTEs. In particular, Cu and Zn concentrations were extremely high (up to 100%) in many samples and highly toxic Cd and Pb were present in elevated quantities in several articles. Contamination was also present, albeit to a much lesser extent, in other toy categories: brittle/pliable toys for Co and Cr, plastic toys and jewelry for Pb, and other toys for Co. Although average values and visual observations suggested evidence, no statistically significant relationship between PTE concentrations and sample properties (color, price, and degree of appeal) could be found. The findings supported the evidence that the contamination issue in children's jewelry and toys by PTEs is an ongoing issue in developing countries. Very high total concentrations of PTEs particularly found in several metallic samples warrant further investigation of migratable concentrations. Thus, conducting bioaccessibility tests and a subsequent human health risk characterization is recommended. Overall, there is a potential risk for children in the case of exposure to PTEs from children's jewelry and toys sold on the Central Asian market. More effective enforcement of legislation for consumer goods in the region and raising public awareness regarding chemicals in children's products are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanel Akimzhanova
- Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 010000
| | - Mert Guney
- Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 010000.
- The Environment & Resource Efficiency Cluster (EREC), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 010000.
| | - Symbat Kismelyeva
- Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 010000
| | - Almagul Zhakiyenova
- Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 010000
| | - Almira Yagofarova
- Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 010000
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Ávila DVNL, Souza SO, Cerdà V, Araujo RGO. Determination of total and bioavailable As and Sb in children's paints using the MSFIA system coupled to HG-AFS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:2621-2630. [PMID: 32930289 DOI: 10.1039/c9ay02779c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the use of hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) coupled with the multi-syringe flow injection analysis (MSFIA) has been proposed in the application of the Doehlert design to optimise the determination of As and Sb in gouache and tempera children's paints. The determination of the total and bioavailable As and Sb in paint samples from various brands and colours was also investigated. The limits of quantification (LOQ) obtained for the determination of As and Sb were 14.0 and 8.6 ng g-1, respectively. The accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated through recovery tests (by the analyte addition method) at three levels for both elements, and by the analysis of certified reference materials of clay (CRM 052, Loamy Clay 1) and river water (SLRS-4). Twenty paint samples, manufactured in China, Italy, Spain and Brazil, were analysed. The concentrations of As varied between below LOQ (<14 ng g-1) and 136.0 ± 1.1 ng g-1 (average value of 101.0 ng g-1, n = 10), and Sb between below LOQ (<8.6 ng g-1) and 74.0 ± 5.4 ng g-1 (average value of 21.7 ng g-1, n = 17). The children's paint samples presented As and Sb concentrations that were below the maximum values established by the National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), as well as by the European legislation Directive 2009/48/EC. Based on the obtained results for the total As and Sb concentrations, eight samples were selected to evaluate the migration or bioavailability of As and Sb after solubilisation in HCl solution. The obtained results showed that for the eight analysed samples, the concentration of both elements after solubilisation in HCl solution were below the LOQ (<16.2 ng g-1 for As and <7.1 ng g-1 for Sb). These values correspond to the limits of analytical concentrations of As and Sb established by INMETRO and the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT). The determined concentrations of As and Sb guarantee the safety (with regards to these elements) for children when using the analysed paint samples since they do not cause any health risk. The analytical method for the determination of the total and bioavailable As and Sb in children's paints was efficient, accurate and precise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayara Virgà Nia L Ávila
- Departamento de Quimica Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, 40170-270, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Sidnei Oliveira Souza
- Departamento de Quimica Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, 40170-270, Bahia, Brazil.
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Lagarto, Lagarto, 49400-000, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Victor Cerdà
- Group of Analytical Chemistry, Automation and Environment, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, E-07122, Spain
| | - Rennan G O Araujo
- Departamento de Quimica Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, 40170-270, Bahia, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, INCT, de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, 40170-290, Bahia, Brazil
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27
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Megertu DG, Bayissa LD. Heavy metal contents of selected commercially available oil-based house paints intended for residential use in Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:17175-17183. [PMID: 32152861 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution by paint-based heavy metals have been continued to be a great concern. Thus, this study was aimed at investigating the levels of selected heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Cr, Zn, and Pb) in oil-based paint samples being manufactured and sold in Ethiopia. An optimized acid digestion procedure using conc. HNO3, conc. HClO4, and 30% H2O2 mixture by volume ratio of 3:4:1 mL, respectively, for 2 h at 200 °C were used for paint samples digestion, and the contents of heavy metals were assayed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The 13 out of 14 (92.9%) analyzed paint samples had contained Pb > 90 mg/kg with the highest content of 51,200 mg/kg (dry weight) in the orange colored paint. Likewise, the levels of Cr, Ni, and Zn obtained were ranged from 43.75 to 50.00, 60.02 to 128.81, and 323.69 to 1102.16 mg/kg (dry weight), respectively, while Cd was not detected in all the paint samples. Generally, the mean contents of heavy metals in the investigated paint samples have followed the order: Pb > > Cr > Zn > Ni, demonstrating the occurrence of higher lead metal content. The elevated levels of heavy metals detected in the oil-based paint samples could be attributed to the continued usage of these metals in different form during paint manufacture. On the bases of the findings, a strict monitoring and evaluation of paints being produced in Ethiopia has been recommended so that the manufacturers comply with the national (policy issue) and/or international regulations on the levels of toxic metals in paints to ensure consumers safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dula Gashe Megertu
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Ambo University, P. O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Leta Danno Bayissa
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Ambo University, P. O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia.
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Igweze ZN, Ekhator OC, Orisakwe OE. A pediatric health risk assessment of children's toys imported from China into Nigeria. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03732. [PMID: 32322724 PMCID: PMC7171521 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trade liberalization led to the flooding of the Nigerian markets with ''made in China'' children's toys. Information about metal contamination in toys is vital to ensure the safety of children's product. This is a pediatric health risk assessment of three toxic metals (Pb, Cd and As) in children toys purchased from Nigerian market. Thirty cheap ''made in China'' toys were purchased from stores in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Three toxic metals (Pb, Cd and As) in the thirty toys samples were determined by absorption spectrophotometry. Pb, Cd and As were present in all the toys at levels below the limits set by EU. The oral and dermal exposure risk assessment showed no significant non-carcinogenic and carcinogen health risks of public health concern. Some ''made in China'' toys imported into Nigeria may not add to the body burden of these metals in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelinjo Nkeiruka Igweze
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madonna University Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Osazuwa Clinton Ekhator
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Nigeria
| | - Orish E. Orisakwe
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323 Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
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29
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Oruko Ongon’g R, Edokpayi JN, Msagati TAM, Tavengwa NT, Ijoma GN, Odiyo JO. The Potential Health Risk Associated with Edible Vegetables Grown on Cr(VI) Polluted Soils. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020470. [PMID: 31936826 PMCID: PMC7013772 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the assessment of the growth potential of five edible vegetables, which were grown in Cr(VI) spiked soils. The vegetable plants that were used in this study were Vigna angularis, Cicer arietinum, Spinacia oleracea, Amaranthus dubius Thell and Phaseolus vulgaris. Dried ground samples from roots, stems and leaves were analysed for various oxidation states of Cr. The daily intake of chromium, hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) methods were employed to assess the potential human health risks posed by these Cr oxidation states through vegetable consumption. The results showed that Vigna angularis was the only vegetable that germinated in highly concentrated Cr(VI) in the simulated soil (456 mg/kg). The highest total chromium (ChT) bioaccumulated in the roots was found in Phaseolus vulgaris at 0.8. The highest ChT translocation factor in the stem was that of Cicer arietinum and Vigna angularis at 0.30. The same plants translocated the highest ChT to the leaf at 0.7. A child or an adult consuming such contaminated Cicer arietinum vegetables were likely to take in between 508 and 785 mg/day of ChT, which are above the World Health Organisation guidelines of 220 and 340 mg/day, respectively. The highest HQ was found in Cicer arietinum at 8.7 and 13.4 for adults and children, respectively. The same species of plants also had high HI at 17.4 and 27.2 for adults and children, respectively. This indicated that consumers of the edible vegetables grown in Cr(VI) rich soils may be exposed to health risks, and the children were more likely to be vulnerable to these adverse effects than the adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Oruko Ongon’g
- Department of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Joshua N. Edokpayi
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (J.N.E.); (J.O.O.)
| | - Titus A. M. Msagati
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, UNISA 003, The Science Campus, Roodepoort 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa;
| | - Nikita T. Tavengwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa;
| | - Grace N. Ijoma
- Institute for Development of Energy for African Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology University of South Africa, 28 Pioneer Ave, Florida Park, Roodepoort 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa;
| | - John O. Odiyo
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (J.N.E.); (J.O.O.)
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Shabanda IS, Koki IB, Low KH, Zain SM, Khor SM, Abu Bakar NK. Daily exposure to toxic metals through urban road dust from industrial, commercial, heavy traffic, and residential areas in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: a health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:37193-37211. [PMID: 31745807 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human health is threatened by significant emissions of heavy metals into the urban environment due to various activities. Various studies describing health risk analyses on soil and dust have been conducted previously. However, there are limited studies that have been carried out regarding the potential health risk assessment of heavy metals in urban road dust of < 63-μm diameter, via incidental ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation exposure routes by children and adults in developing countries. Therefore, this study evaluated the health risks of heavy metal exposure via ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation of urban dust particles in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. Heavy metals such as lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) were measured using dust samples obtained from industrial, high-traffic, commercial, and residential areas by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis showed the dominance of these metal concentrations at sites associated with anthropogenic activities. This was suggestive of industrial, traffic emissions, atmospheric depositions, and wind as the significant contributors towards urban dust contamination in the study sites. Further exploratory analysis underlined Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn as the most representative metals in the dust samples. In accommodating the uncertainties associated with health risk calculations and simulating the reasonable maximum exposure of these metals, the related health risks were estimated at the 75th and 95th percentiles. Furthermore, assessing the exposure to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic metals in the dust revealed that ingestion was the primary route of consumption. Children who ingested dust particles in Petaling Jaya could be more vulnerable to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, but the exposure for both children and adults showed no potential health effects. Therefore, this study serves as an important premise for a review and reformation of the existing environmental quality standards for human health safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Sani Shabanda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, PMB 1144, Aliero, Nigeria
| | - Isa Baba Koki
- Department of Chemistry, Yusuf Maitama Sule University Kano, PMB, Kano, 3220, Nigeria
| | - Kah Hin Low
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sharifuddin Md Zain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sook Mei Khor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Kartini Abu Bakar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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31
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Njati SY, Maguta MM. Lead-based paints and children's PVC toys are potential sources of domestic lead poisoning - A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:1091-1105. [PMID: 31146315 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) both in paints and children's Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) toys is a major public health concern which has attracted attention of the international community. Concentrations of Pb both in lead-based paints and children's PVC toys have been assessed through various studies across the globe. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to summarize the results reported in these studies and provide some comprehension on their implications to human health for law enforcement as well as for awareness raising to the general public. Highlights on identified gaps have been provided to pave ways for further research interventions in order to establish comprehensive information on the subject. Regardless of regulatory limits on the content of lead, both in paints and children's PVC toys existing in different countries in the world, some of the reviewed articles have revealed significant levels of lead in these two items far above the permissible limits. High lead levels in paints have been recorded in China (116,200 ppm), Cameroon (500,000 ppm), South Africa (189,000 ppm), Tanzania (120,862.1 ppm), Uganda (150,000 ppm), Thailand (505,716 ppm) and Brazil (170,258.4 ppm) just to mention a few. Lead poisoning cases in children have been reported in several countries including France, Morocco, South Africa and United States. Countries where high levels of lead in children's PVC toys have been recounted include; China (860,000 ppm), South Africa (145,000 ppm), United States (22,550 ppm), Thailand (4,486.11 ppm), Palestine (6,036 ppm) and India (2,104 ppm). Awareness raising among parents is vital to impart them with knowledge on the matter so that they can take strenuous measures to protect their children from lead poisoning emanating from playing with toys and paint dust. Law enforcement on phasing out lead-based paints and control of lead content in children's PVC toys worldwide is also highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukuru Yusufu Njati
- Tanzania Rural and Urban Roads Agency (TARURA), P.O.Box 11042, Dodoma, Tanzania.
| | - Mihayo Musabila Maguta
- Department of Environmental Planning, Institute of Rural Development Planning (IRDP), P. O. Box 138, Dodoma, Tanzania.
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32
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Wang Z, Ma Q, Bai H, Zhang Q, Cai Y, Lv Q. Migration regularity of six preservatives from wooden children's products to saliva and sweat based on microstructure-related migration models. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 173:149-155. [PMID: 30771658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wood preservatives in wooden children's products (WCPs) may migrate into children's body through oral and dermal exposure, resulting in a potential health risk. In this paper, a systematic investigation on the migration regularity of lindane and five chlorophenols preservatives from WCPs to saliva and sweat was introduced. Migration models were established based on the abundant migration data among different time periods (2 min-96 h). Wood exhibited complex porosity for various species, resulting in the deviation of the migration of preservatives from different samples. By introducing a correction coefficient (f) calculated based on the sample microstructure (specific surface area and pore distribution), the predicted values of correcting migration model matched better with the experimental data. Migration data indicated that exposure risks should be noticed when children were in contact with WCPs because a considerable quantity of preservatives migrated into the body in a short time. This work is expected to play a role in the formulation of chemical limit standards to promote the safety of WCPs, and may serve ideas as basis for the migration research of chemicals in wooden products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Wang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
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Karaś K, Frankowski M. Analysis of Hazardous Elements in Children Toys: Multi-Elemental Determination by Chromatography and Spectrometry Methods. Molecules 2018; 23:E3017. [PMID: 30463175 PMCID: PMC6278473 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23113017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the results of determination of hazardous metal (Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) and metalloid (As, Sb) levels in toys available in the Polish market. Two independent sample preparation methods were used to determine the concentration and content of the metals and metalloids. The first one is defined by the guidelines of the EN-71 standard and undertook extraction in 0.07 mol/L HCl. This method was used to conduct speciation analysis of Cr(III) and Cr(VI), as well as for the determination of selected metals and metalloids. The second method conducted mineralization in a HNO₃ and H₂O₂ mixture using microwave energy to determine the content of metals and metalloids. Determination of chromium forms was made using the high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) method, while those of metals and metalloids were made using the ICP-MS technique. Additionally, in order to determine total content of chromium in toys, an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (EDX) was used. The results of the analyses showed that Cr(VI) was not detected in the toys. In general, the content of heavy metals and metalloids in the studied samples was below the migration limit set by the norm EN-71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Karaś
- Department of Water and Soil Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89 b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Marcin Frankowski
- Department of Water and Soil Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89 b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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34
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Statistical analyses and risk assessment of potentially toxic metals (PTMS) in children’s toys. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Leroux IN, Ferreira APSDS, Silva JPDR, Bezerra FF, da Silva FF, Salles FJ, Luz MS, de Assunção NA, Cardoso MRA, Olympio KPK. Lead exposure from households and school settings: influence of diet on blood lead levels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:31535-31542. [PMID: 30203353 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lead is known as a potent toxicant to human health, particularly for children while their central nervous system is developing. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between blood lead levels (BLLs) and lead exposure in the children's diet, home, and school environments. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 153 children aged 1-4 years, in four day care centers (DCCs), where a high prevalence of lead exposure was previously found. Lead determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) was performed for venous blood, drinking water collected in the DCCs, and the 24-h diet (n = 64). Environmental screenings were conducted to evaluate lead concentrations in the tableware, buildings, and playground items in all DCCs and children's homes (n = 18) by using a field-portable X-ray fluorescence analyzer (FP-XRF). The BLL mean was 2.71 μg dL-1. Means for 24-h lead concentrations in the diet were 1.61 and 2.24 μg kg-1 of body weight (BW) in two DCCs. Lead concentrations in the water supply were lower than 2 μg L-1. More than 11% of the DCCs' environmental analyses presented lead concentrations higher than or equal to 1 mg cm-2, as defined by the USEPA. The diet was not found to be a risk factor for lead exposure, but households and DCC settings raised concern. Children's exposure to lead in DCC environments, where they spend the most part of their weekdays, appeared to be relevant. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Nogueira Leroux
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Sacone da Silva Ferreira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Júlia Prestes da Rocha Silva
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Flávio Ferreira Bezerra
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Fábio Ferreira da Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bairro Santa Terezinha, Santo André, SP, CEP 09210-580, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Junqueira Salles
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Maciel Santos Luz
- Centro de Tecnologia e Metalurgia dos Materiais/Laboratório de Processos Metalúrgicos (CTMM/LPM), Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (IPT), Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 532, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-901, Brazil
| | - Nílson Antônio de Assunção
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Professor Arthur Riedel, Eldorado, Diadema, São Paulo, CEP 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina Alves Cardoso
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Kelly Polido Kaneshiro Olympio
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
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Zhao D, Juhasz AL, Luo J, Li HB, Ma LQ. Metals in paints on chopsticks: Solubilization in simulated saliva, gastric, and food solutions and implication for human health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:299-306. [PMID: 30077928 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Paints are often used on chopsticks, however, a paucity of studies has assessed metals in the paints and the associated health risk. In this study, total Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, and Ni concentrations in paints were assessed for 72 wood and 29 stainless steel chopsticks with different colors while metal solubilization from paints in simulated saliva, 0.07 M HCl, and 1% citric acid solutions was measured for 9 samples having total Pb > 90 mg kg-1, representing exposure scenarios of mouthing, incidental paint ingestion, and metal migration in food. Results showed that Pb (0.12-500,000 mg kg-1), Cd (0.002-120,000 mg kg-1), Cr (2.2-8400 mg kg-1), Co (0.004-2600 mg kg-1), and Ni (0.10-150,000 mg kg-1) concentrations varied considerably among paint samples. Most samples showed low metal concentrations, however, high metal concentrations were observed in red and green paints on stainless steel chopsticks, while paints on wood chopsticks showed lower metal concentrations. Estimation of daily metal intakes incorporating metal solubilization data in saliva, 0.07 M HCl, and 1% citric acid solutions suggested that the health risk via saliva contact was negligible, while unacceptable health risk was observed for Pb and Cd via their solubilization in 0.07 M HCl and 1% citric acid solutions from paints with high Pb and Cd concentrations. To avoid Pb and Cd exposure, use of metal-based paints on chopsticks should be banned, particularly in countries where food is regularly consumed with chopsticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Albert L Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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Ávila DVL, Souza SO, Korn MGA, Pessoa AGG, Araujo RGO. Analysis of children modelling clay (toy) using inductively coupled plasma-based methods. Talanta 2018; 188:273-281. [PMID: 30029376 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This work proposes the application of a Doehlert design to optimize dilute HNO3 and H2O2 concentrations employed for the digestion of samples of modelling clay for children (used as toy). Inductively coupled plasma-based (ICP) methods were employed to determine 22 inorganic constituents (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Sr, V and Zn) in children's modelling clay samples. The limits of quantification (LoQ) obtained were between 0.003 mg kg-1 (Cd, Co and Sb) and 0.54 g kg-1(Ca) employing ICP-based methods. The accuracy and precision of the methods were evaluated by analysing the certified reference materials (CRMs) oyster tissue (NIST 1566b), rice flour (NIST 1568b), peach leaves (NIST 1547) and tomato leaves (NIST 1573a), along with addition and recovery tests. The children's modelling clay samples presented concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, Sb and Se in agreement with the maximum values established by National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia - INMETRO). However, for other elements it were obtained concentrations within the following ranges: Al (0.83 ± 0.12-2.91 ± 0.04 g kg-1), Ca (16.09 ± 0.20-24.56 ± 1.00 g kg-1), Cu (< 0.30-30.01 ± 2.11 mg kg-1), Fe (< 5.3 - 13.21 ± 3.94 mg kg-1), K (1.31 ± 0.33-33.47 ± 0.75 g kg-1), Mg (0.90 ± 0.04-1.36 ± 0.05 g kg-1), Mn (3.32 ± 0.10-121.05 ± 1.88 mg kg-1), Na (12.07 ± 0.88-36.77 ± 0.50 g kg-1), Sr (4.23 ± 0.47-22.43 ± 6.95 mg kg-1), P (1.00 ± 0.13-57.43 ± 0.88 g kg-1), V (0.25 ± 0.07-1.15 ± 0.19 mg kg-1), S (3.57 ± 0.77-48.49 ± 1.02 g kg-1), Zn (< 4.4-11.82 ± 0.49 mg kg-1), Co (0.020 ± 0.002-0.060 ± 0.020 mg kg-1) and Ni (< 0.03-1.33 ± 0.46 mg kg-1). These elements have no minimum and maximum limits established by legislation for children's modelling clay so, a comparison was not possible. The ICP-based methods presented an efficient routine application in the analysis of modelling clay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayara Virgínia Lino Ávila
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Sidnei Oliveira Souza
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Maria Graças A Korn
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do CNPq - INCT de Energia e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Amália G G Pessoa
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Rennan G O Araujo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do CNPq - INCT de Energia e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Rapid identification of regulated organic chemical compounds in toys using ambient ionization and a miniature mass spectrometry system. Talanta 2018; 180:182-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Negev M, Berman T, Reicher S, Balan S, Soehl A, Goulden S, Ardi R, Shammai Y, Hadar L, Blum A, Diamond ML. Regulation of chemicals in children's products: How U.S. and EU regulation impacts small markets. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:462-471. [PMID: 29127800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Toys and children's products may contain trace metals and organic compounds that are potentially harmful to the health and development of infants and young children. Intergovernmental organizations and individual countries regulate chemicals in consumer products, but a coordinated international approach is lacking. This paper examines the implications of chemical regulation in children's products in large markets for a smaller market, namely Israel. We compared chemical regulations in children's products in the U.S., EU and Israel, and conducted in-depth interviews with diverse stakeholders in the Israeli product standardization process. Israel adopted EU chemical standards for certain chemicals (e.g., trace metals, phthalates) but not others (e.g., bisphenol A, flame retardants, trace metals in children's jewelry). Israeli regulation of chemicals in consumer products relies on regulations in large markets such as the U.S. and EU, which therefore have impacts beyond their territories. However, Israel adopts only product-specific standards and has regulatory gaps due to the lack of an overarching regulatory approach that exists in the U.S. and the EU. Furthermore, Israeli policy is to adopt parallel standards from large markets in order to remove trade barriers, despite their different approaches to chemical regulation, an approach which prioritizes trade considerations over health considerations. We conclude with policy recommendations for Israel, which have relevance for other small markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Negev
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 3498838, Israel.
| | - Tamar Berman
- Ministry of Health, Jeremiya Street 39, Jerusalem 9446724, Israel.
| | - Shay Reicher
- Ministry of Health, Jeremiya Street 39, Jerusalem 9446724, Israel.
| | - Simona Balan
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA.
| | - Anna Soehl
- Green Science Policy Institute, 1400 Shattuck Ave., Store 8, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA.
| | - Shula Goulden
- Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Ruti Ardi
- Standards Institute of Israel, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | | | - Laura Hadar
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 3498838, Israel.
| | - Arlene Blum
- Green Science Policy Institute, 1400 Shattuck Ave., Store 8, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Russell Street, Toronto M5S 3B1, Canada.
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Negev M, Berman T, Reicher S, Sadeh M, Ardi R, Shammai Y. Concentrations of trace metals, phthalates, bisphenol A and flame-retardants in toys and other children's products in Israel. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:217-224. [PMID: 29102866 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trace metals and synthetic chemicals including phthalates, bisphenol A and flame retardants, are widely used in toys and childcare products, and may pose acute or chronic adverse health effects in children. In Israel, certain chemicals are regulated in childcare products, but there are still regulatory gaps. We tested regulated and unregulated contaminants in 174 item parts from 70 childcare items with potentially high oral or dermal exposure, including 22 children's jewelry items, 14 toys, 7 diaper-changing mats, 6 baby mattresses, 7 baby textiles and 14 feeding and bathing items. In children's jewelry, an unregulated product in Israel, 23% of samples exceeded the US standard for lead. In toys, a regulated product, we did not detect trace metals above the Israeli standard. In textiles, baby mattresses and diaper-changing mats, phthalates exceeded the European Union standard in 14-45% of tests with a mean of 6.74% by mass for diisononyl phthalate, and 1.32% by mass for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. BPA migration exceeded the EU standard in 14-45% of tests with a mean of 1.03 ppm. The flame retardants polybrominated biphenyls, pentabromodiphenyl, octabromodiphenyl ether, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate and tris-(aziridinyl)-phosphine oxide were not detected. For products regulated in Israel, our findings suggest general compliance with mandatory standards. However, a lack of comprehensive chemical regulation means that there are regulatory gaps, and products not regulated in Israel may contain high levels of chemical contamination, exceeding US or EU regulations. The results of this study have prompted the development of an Israeli safety standard for children's jewelry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Negev
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, 3498838 Israel.
| | - Tamar Berman
- Ministry of Health, 39 Jeremiya St., Jerusalem, 9446724 Israel.
| | - Shay Reicher
- Ministry of Health, 39 Jeremiya St., Jerusalem, 9446724 Israel.
| | - Maya Sadeh
- School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, 30 Chaim Levanon St., Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel.
| | - Ruti Ardi
- The Chemistry, Health & Environment Laboratory, The Standards Institution of Israel, 42 Chaim Levanon St., Tel Aviv, 69977 Israel.
| | - Yaniv Shammai
- The Chemistry, Health & Environment Laboratory, The Standards Institution of Israel, 42 Chaim Levanon St., Tel Aviv, 69977 Israel.
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Erbas Z, Karatepe A, Soylak M. Heavy metal contents of play dough, face and finger paint samples sold in turkish markets. Talanta 2017; 170:377-383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Liu Y, Bello O, Rahman MM, Dong Z, Islam S, Naidu R. Investigating the relationship between lead speciation and bioaccessibility of mining impacted soils and dusts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:17056-17067. [PMID: 28580551 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) bioaccessibility measurements have been the subject of much research in recent years, given the desire to develop a cost-effective and reliable alternative method to estimate its bioavailability from soils and dusts. This study investigates the relationship between Pb bioaccessibility estimated using the Relative Bioavailability Leaching Procedure (RBALP) and solid phase speciation of Pb using mining impacted soils and associated dusts. Solid phase speciation was conducted prior to and after RBALP extractions. The average Pb concentrations were 59, 67, and 385 mg/kg for top soil, sub-soil, and house dust samples, respectively. Lead bioaccessibility in selected top soils and dusts ranged from 16.7 to 57.3% and 8.9 to 98.1%, respectively. Solid phase speciation of Pb in <250 μm residues prior to and after RBALP extraction revealed 83% decrease in Pb bound to carbonate fraction after RBALP extraction. This accounts for 69% of RBALP-extractable Pb. Besides contribution from carbonate bound Pb, 76.6 and 53.2% of Pb bound to Mn oxyhydroxides and amorphous Fe and Al oxyhydroxides contributed to bioaccessible Pb, respectively. However, Pb bound to Mn oxyhydroxides and amorphous Fe and Al oxyhydroxides account for only 13.8 and 20.0% of total RBALP-extractable Pb, respectively. Both non-specifically bound and easily exchangeable fractions and strongly bound inner-sphere complexes were also part of bioaccessible Pb. The present study demonstrates that bioaccessible Pb is released from both soil solution phase Pb as well as that from all soil solid phase with the most contribution being from Pb bound to carbonate mineral phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Liu
- Global Center for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
- CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Olanrewaju Bello
- CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- Global Center for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
- CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- Global Center for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
- CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Shofiqul Islam
- Global Center for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
- CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Center for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
- CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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Turner A, Filella M. Field-portable-XRF reveals the ubiquity of antimony in plastic consumer products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:982-989. [PMID: 28190576 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Very little systematic information exists on the occurrence and concentrations of antimony (Sb) in consumer products. In this study, a Niton XL3t field-portable-X-ray fluorescence (FP-XRF) spectrometer was deployed in situ and in the laboratory to provide quantitative information on Sb dissipated in plastic items and fixtures (including rubber, textile and foamed materials) from the domestic, school, vehicular and office settings. The metalloid was detected in 18% of over 800 measurements performed, with concentrations ranging from about 60 to 60,000μgg-1. The highest concentrations were encountered in white, electronic casings and in association with similar concentrations of Br, consistent with the use of antimony oxides (e.g. Sb2O3) as synergistic flame retardants. Concentrations above 1000μgg-1, and with or without Br, were also encountered in paints, piping and hosing, adhesives, whiteboards, Christmas decorations, Lego blocks, document carriers, garden furniture, upholstered products and interior panels of private motor vehicles. Lower concentrations of Sb were encountered in a wide variety of items but its presence (without Br) in food tray packaging, single-use drinks bottles, straws and small toys were of greatest concern from a human health perspective. While the latter observations are consistent with the use of antimony compounds as catalysts in the production of polyethylene terephthalate, co-association of Sb and Br in many products not requiring flame retardancy suggests that electronic casings are widely recycled. Further research is required into the mobility of Sb when dissipated in new, recycled and aged polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Turner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Montserrat Filella
- Institute F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 66, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Szczepańska N, Namieśnik J, Kudłak B. Assessment of toxic and endocrine potential of substances migrating from selected toys and baby products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:24890-24900. [PMID: 27662857 PMCID: PMC5124054 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of literature data shows that there is limited information about the harmful biological effects of mixture of compounds from the EDC group that are released from the surface of toys and objects intended for children and infants. One of the tools that can be used to obtain such information is appropriate bioanalytical tests. The aim of this research involved determining whether tests that use living organisms as an active element (Vibrio fischeri-Microtox®, Heterocypris incongruens-Ostrocodtoxkit F™ and the XenoScreen YES/YAS™ test of oestrogenic/androgenic activity) can be a tool for estimating the combined toxic effects induced by xenobiotics released from objects intended for children. To reproduce the conditions to which objects are exposed during their use, liquids with a composition corresponding to that of human bodily fluids (artificial sweat and saliva) were used. This research focused on the main parameters influencing the intensification of the migration process (temperature, contact time and composition of the extraction mixture). The studies aimed to estimate the endocrine potential of the extracts showed that compounds released from the surface of studied objects exhibit antagonistic androgenic activity. While on the basis of the results of Microtox® test, one can state that the largest quantity of toxic compounds are released in the first 2 h of using the object. The FTIR spectra analyses confirmed that no degradation of polymeric material took place. On the basis of the results obtained, it was unanimously concluded that contact of the object with bodily fluids may result in the release of a large number of xenobiotics, which has disadvantageous effects on the metabolic processes of the indicator organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Szczepańska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Błażej Kudłak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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Apanpa-Qasim AFI, Adeyi AA, Mudliar SN, Raghunathan K, Thawale P. Examination of Lead and Cadmium in Water-based Paints Marketed in Nigeria. J Health Pollut 2016; 6:43-49. [PMID: 30524804 PMCID: PMC6221508 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-6.12.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of the availability of substitutes for lead and cadmium compounds in paints, manufacturers continue to produce paints with high levels of these metals. As the population continues to grow and there is a continued shift from oil-based to water-based paints, the sales and use of these paints will increase the exposure of humans and the environment to these metals. OBJECTIVES We measured the levels of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in 174 paint samples marketed in Lagos and Ibadan, Nigeria. Paint samples from different manufacturers registered with and without Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) were considered. METHODS Samples were acid digested using a microwave digester and the levels of the elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). DISCUSSION The levels of Cd and Pb (dry weight) in all samples ranged from 98-1999 μg/g and 170-3231 μg/g, respectively. All the samples were above the permissible limits of 90 ppm of the US Consumer Product Safety Commission and 100 ppm limit of the European Union (EU) for Pb and Cd in paint. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that water-based paints marketed in Nigeria still contain substantial amounts of lead and cadmium which are detrimental to human health and the entire ecosystem. These metals are among the EU priority metals due to the increased risk of occupational exposure to humans and vulnerable groups such as children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajoke F. I. Apanpa-Qasim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan-Nigeria
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering and Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | | | | | - Karthik Raghunathan
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering and Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Prasant Thawale
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering and Research Institute, Nagpur, India
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Murphy T, Lim S, Kim S, Irvine K, Chaiwat W, Wilson K. Metal Contamination in Low-Cost Jewelry and Toys in Cambodia. J Health Pollut 2016; 6:47-57. [PMID: 30524797 PMCID: PMC6221481 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-6-11.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The existence of lead-contaminated consumer products is a global issue. Toys and low-cost jewelry may contain toxic metals and Cambodia is known to have consumer products with toxic metals. OBJECTIVES It is important to inform Cambodians about sources of toxic metals so that they can reduce their exposure risk, particularly for children. METHODS Student volunteers purchased, or brought from home, low-cost jewelry and toys to either the University of Health Science or a Don Bosco Institute in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, where they were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The initial analysis was performed in 2011. A subset of the 2011 samples was re-analyzed in 2015 using new preparation techniques and a new x-ray fluorescence (XRF) unit. DISCUSSION The analysis of low-cost jewelry in Phnom Penh in 2015 indicated that lead in jewelry clasps is a more serious health concern than was first perceived in 2011. Mercury, nickel, cadmium and copper were also found in toys, and occasionally these toys had been produced by well-known companies. Sources of jewelry production of samples in the present study are unknown. Lead in clasps in low-cost jewelry appeared to be the greatest risk to children in our sampling. CONCLUSION One-third of toys and low-cost jewelry exceeded the United States and European Union guidelines for heavy metals. XRF analysis allows for rapid screening of lead and other toxic metals and could be used to reduce the sales of low-cost jewelry and toys containing toxic metals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sothea Kim
- University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kim Irvine
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Kenneth Wilson
- Texas State University, USA; and Royal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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47
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Aboel Dahab A, Elhag DEA, Ahmed AB, Al-Obaid HA. Determination of elemental toxicity migration limits, bioaccessibility and risk assessment of essential childcare products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:3406-13. [PMID: 26490916 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Children especially infants are particularly sensitive to contaminant exposure, they are exposed to toxic substances including heavy metals via multiple pathways, i.e. food, air, water, soil and childcare products. To date, determination of metal bioaccessibility in teethers and feeding teats is missing in the literature; therefore, it is vitally important to assess their metal bioaccessibility and characterise the risk for children. The aim of this study is to determine the migration levels of toxic elements in teethers and feeding teats of different brands as a measure of metal bioaccessibility and characterise the risk for children exposed to these products. The migration limits of several heavy metals (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Zn) in different brands of teethers and feeding teats were determined simultaneously using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) adopting a protocol in the European standards for safety of toys. With the exception of Pb, the migration limits of all elements in all brands of teethers and feeding teats were below the specified limits. However, in the case of Pb, the migration was above the specified limits in all samples except one brand of feeding teats. Risk assessment expressed as hazard index (HI) was calculated for detected elements and all samples. Although HI was below 1.0 for all samples except one sample, the high Pb concentration would pose a considerable risk to children. Therefore, we recommend a more thorough research and risk characterisation taking into consideration the factors that affect HI values. Graphical Abstract Determination of metal bioaccessibility and risk characterisation of teethers and feeding teats ensure children safety against metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aboel Dahab
- Faculty of life sciences & medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Dhia Eldin A Elhag
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medical Sciences and Technology|, Khartoum Sudan, P.O. Box 12810, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ammar Bourai Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medical Sciences and Technology|, Khartoum Sudan, P.O. Box 12810, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Humaida A Al-Obaid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medical Sciences and Technology|, Khartoum Sudan, P.O. Box 12810, Khartoum, Sudan
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