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Holme JA, Låg M, Skueland T, Parenicová M, Ciganek M, Penciková K, Grytting VS, Neca J, Øvrevik J, Mariussen E, Jørgensen RB, Refsnes M, Machala M. Characterization of elements, PAHs, AhR-activity and pro-inflammatory responses of road tunnel-derived particulate matter in human hepatocyte-like and bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 90:105611. [PMID: 37164185 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aims were to characterize the content of elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in size-separated particulate matter (PM) sampled in a road tunnel, estimate the contribution of PAHs to the toxic potential, and measure the pro-inflammatory potential of PM samples and extracts with increasing polarity. Several elements/metals previously associated with cytokine responses were found. Based on PAHs levels and published PAHs potency, the calculated mutagenic and carcinogenic activities of size-separated samples were somewhat lower for coarse than fine and ultrafine PM. The AhR-activity of the corresponding PM extracts measured in an AhR-luciferase reporter model (human hepatocytes) were more similar. The highest AhR-activity was found in the neutral (parent and alkylated PAHs) and polar (oxy-PAHs) fractions, while the semi-polar fractions (mono-nitrated-PAHs) had only weak activity. The neutral and polar aromatic fractions from coarse and fine PM were also found to induce higher pro-inflammatory responses and CYP1A1 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC3-KT) than the semi-polar fractions. Fine PM induced higher pro-inflammatory responses than coarse PM. AhR-inhibition reduced cytokine responses induced by parent PM and extracts of both size fractions. Contributors to the toxic potentials include PAHs and oxy-PAHs, but substantial contributions from other organic compounds and/or metals are likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Låg
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tonje Skueland
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Martina Parenicová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Penciková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vegard Sæter Grytting
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jiri Neca
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Mariussen
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rikke Bramming Jørgensen
- Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magne Refsnes
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
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Piccini I, Macrì M, Gea M, Dessì L, Bonetta S, Schilirò T, Santovito A, Bonelli S. Genotoxic effects of particulate matter on larvae of a common and widespread butterfly along an urbanization gradient. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114638. [PMID: 36791502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity is currently declining worldwide. Several threats have been identified such as habitat loss and climate change. It is unknown if and how air pollution can work in addition or in synergy to these threats, contributing to the decline of current species and/or local extinction. Few studies have investigated the effects of particulate matter (PM), the main component of air pollution, on insects, and no studies have investigated its genotoxic effects through Micronucleus assay. Butterflies play an important role in the environment, as herbivores during larval stages, and as pollinators as adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects of PM10 from different sites along a gradient of population urbanization, on a common cabbage butterfly species (Pieris brassicae). PM10 was collected from April to September in an urban (Turin, Italy), a suburban (Druento, Italy) and a mountain site (Ceresole Reale, Italy) with different urbanization levels. P. brassicae larvae (n = 218) were reared in the laboratory under controlled conditions (26 °C, L:D 15:9) on cabbage plants (average 9.2 days), and they were exposed to PM10 organic extracts (20 and 40 m3/mL) or dimethyl sulfoxide (controls) through vaporization. After exposure, larvae were dissected and cells were used for the Micronucleus (MN) assay. Results showed that all PM extracts induced significant DNA damage in exposed larvae compared to controls, and that increasing the PM dose (from 20 to 40 m3/mL) increased genotoxic effects. However, we did not detect any significant differences between sites with different urbanization levels. In conclusion, PM at different concentrations induced genotoxic effects on larvae of a common butterfly species. More alarmingly, PM could work in addition to and/or in synergy with other compounds (e.g. pesticides) and, especially on species already threatened by other factors (e.g. fragmentation), thus affecting the vitality of populations, leading to local extinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Piccini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Manuela Macrì
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Gea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Dessì
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alfredo Santovito
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Bonelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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3
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Macrì M, Gea M, Piccini I, Dessì L, Santovito A, Bonelli S, Schilirò T, Bonetta S. Cabbage butterfly as bioindicator species to investigate the genotoxic effects of PM 10. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:45285-45294. [PMID: 36705823 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution poses a serious threat to environment and human health, and particulate matter (PM) is one of the major contributors. Biological effects induced by PM are investigated through in vitro assays using cells and by in vivo tests with laboratory model animals. However, also the estimation of adverse effects of pollutants, including airborne ones, on wild animals, such as insects, is an essential component of environmental risk assessment. Among insects, butterflies are sensitive to environmental changes and are important wild pollinators, so they might be suitable as environmental bioindicator species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of a wild cabbage butterfly species (Pieris brassicae) as a bioindicator organism to assess the genotoxic effects of PM10 collected in different sites. PM10 was collected from April to September in urban, suburban, and rural sites. P. brassicae larvae were reared in laboratory under controlled conditions on cabbage plants and exposed to PM10 organic extracts or dimethyl sulfoxide (controls) through vaporization. After exposure, larvae were dissected, and cells were used for comet assay. All PM extracts induced significant DNA damage in exposed larvae compared to controls and the extract collected in the most polluted site caused the highest genotoxic effect. In conclusion, the study suggested that butterflies, such as P. brassicae, could be applied as sensitive and promising bioindicators to investigate air quality and PM genotoxicity. Indeed, the use of these organisms allows the detection of genotoxic effects induced by PM sampled also in low-polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Macrì
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Gea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 Bis, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Irene Piccini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Dessì
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Alfredo Santovito
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Bonelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 Bis, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 Bis, 10126, Torino, Italy.
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Niu X, Wang Y, Chuang HC, Shen Z, Sun J, Cao J, Ho KF. Real-time chemical composition of ambient fine aerosols and related cytotoxic effects in human lung epithelial cells in an urban area. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112792. [PMID: 35093308 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤1 μm (PM1) in the atmosphere, especially that which is emitted from anthropogenic sources, can induce considerable negative effects on the cardiopulmonary system. To investigate the chemical emission characteristics and organic sources in Yuen Long (Hong Kong), both offline and online approaches for PM1 samples were applied by filter-based samplers and a Quadrupole Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (Q-ACSM), respectively. The toxicological effects on human A549 lung alveolar epithelial cells were investigated, and associations between cytotoxicity and organic sources and compositions were evaluated. The organics from the Q-ACSM measurement were the largest contributor to submicron aerosols in both seasons of our study, and the mass fraction was higher in winter (60%) than it was in autumn (46%). Regarding organic sources, the mass fraction of hydrocarbon-like organics (HOA) increased from 7% in autumn to 38% in winter, whereas cooking organics (COA) decreased from 30% in autumn to 18% in winter, and oxygenated organics (OOA) decreased from 63% to 45%. Organic compounds contributed more during pollution episodes, and more secondary ions were formed by means of the oxidation process. Oxidative and inflammatory responses in A549 cells were found with PM1 exposures; the differences in chemical compositions resulted in the higher cytotoxicity in winter than autumn. The cooking organic aerosol in residential area was significantly correlated with cell inflammation. Both elemental carbon and specific inorganic ions (SO42- and Mg2+) contributed to the intracellular cytotoxicity. This study demonstrated that specific atmospheric particulate matter chemical properties and sources can trigger distinct cell reactions; the inorganic ions from cooking emissions cannot be disregarded in terms of their pulmonary health risks in residential areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Niu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Kitanovski Z, Hovorka J, Kuta J, Leoni C, Prokeš R, Sáňka O, Shahpoury P, Lammel G. Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (nitrophenols, nitrocatechols, nitrosalicylic acids) in ambient air: levels, mass size distributions and inhalation bioaccessibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59131-59140. [PMID: 32529617 PMCID: PMC8541976 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment and an important part of atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) and brown carbon. They are ecotoxic and with underresearched toxic potential for humans. NMAHs were determined in size-segregated ambient particulate matter collected at two urban sites in central Europe, Ostrava and Kladno, Czech Republic. The average sums of 12 NMAHs (Σ12NMAH) measured in winter PM10 samples from Ostrava and Kladno were 102 and 93 ng m-3, respectively, and 8.8 ng m-3 in summer PM10 samples from Ostrava. The concentrations in winter corresponded to 6.3-7.3% and 2.6-3.1% of HULIS-C and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), respectively. Nitrocatechols represented 67-93%, 61-73% and 28-96% of NMAHs in PM10 samples collected in winter and summer at Ostrava and in winter at Kladno, respectively. The mass size distribution of the targeted substance classes peaked in the submicrometre size fractions (PM1), often in the PM0.5 size fraction especially in summer. The bioaccessible fraction of NMAHs was determined by leaching PM3 samples in two simulated lung fluids, Gamble's solution and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF). More than half of NMAH mass is found bioaccessible, almost complete for nitrosalicylic acids. The bioaccessible fraction was generally higher when using ALF (mimics the chemical environment created by macrophage activity, pH 4.5) than Gamble's solution (pH 7.4). Bioaccessibility may be negligible for lipophilic substances (i.e. log KOW > 4.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Kitanovski
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Hovorka
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kuta
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Cecilia Leoni
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pourya Shahpoury
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Pokorná P, Leoni C, Schwarz J, Ondráček J, Ondráčková L, Vodička P, Zíková N, Moravec P, Bendl J, Klán M, Hovorka J, Zhao Y, Cliff SS, Ždímal V, Hopke PK. Spatial-temporal variability of aerosol sources based on chemical composition and particle number size distributions in an urban settlement influenced by metallurgical industry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:38631-38643. [PMID: 32623683 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Moravian-Silesian region of the Czech Republic with its capital city Ostrava is a European air pollution hot spot for airborne particulate matter (PM). Therefore, the spatiotemporal variability assessment of source contributions to aerosol particles is essential for the successful abatement strategies implementation. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied to highly-time resolved PM0.15-1.15 chemical composition (1 h resolution) and particle number size distribution (PNSD, 14 nm - 10 μm) data measured at the suburban (Ostrava-Plesná) and urban (Ostrava-Radvanice) residential receptor sites in parallel during an intensive winter campaign. Diel patterns, meteorological variables, inorganic and organic markers, and associations between the chemical composition factors and PNSD factors were used to identify the pollution sources and their origins (local, urban agglomeration and regional). The source apportionment analysis resolved six and four PM0.15-1.15 sources in Plesná and Radvanice, respectively. In Plesná, local residential combustion sources (coal and biomass combustion) followed by regional combustion sources (residential heating, metallurgical industry) were the main contributors to PM0.15-1.15. In Radvanice, local residential combustion and the metallurgical industry were the most important PM0.15-1.15 sources. Aitken and accumulation mode particles emitted by local residential combustion sources along with common urban sources (residential heating, industry and traffic) were the main contributors to the particle number concentration (PNC) in Plesná. Additionally, accumulation mode particles from local residential combustion sources and regional pollution dominated the particle volume concentration (PVC). In Radvanice, local industrial sources were the major contributors to PNC and local coal combustion was the main contributor to PVC. The source apportionment results from the complementary datasets elucidated the relevance of highly time-resolved parallel measurements at both receptor sites given the specific meteorological conditions produced by the regional orography. These results are in agreement with our previous studies conducted at this site. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Pokorná
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Jaroslav Schwarz
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Ondráček
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Ondráčková
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vodička
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Naděžda Zíková
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Moravec
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bendl
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Klán
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hovorka
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Yongjing Zhao
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616-5270, USA
| | - Steven S Cliff
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616-5270, USA
| | - Vladimír Ždímal
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i., Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Boulevard, Rochester, NY, 14642-0708, USA
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699-5708, USA
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Barhoumi B, Tedetti M, Heimbürger-Boavida LE, Tesán Onrubia JA, Dufour A, Doan QT, Boutaleb S, Touil S, Scippo ML. Chemical composition and in vitro aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activity of atmospheric particulate matter at an urban, agricultural and industrial site in North Africa (Bizerte, Tunisia). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127312. [PMID: 32947663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As recognized risk factor to pose a health threat to humans and wildlife globally, atmospheric particulate matter (PM) were collected from a North African coastal city (Bizerte, Tunisia) for one year, and were characterized for their chemical compositions, including mercury (HgPM), as well as organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)), organic carbon (OC) and organic nitrogen (ON), determined in a previous study. Then, we applied an in vitro reporter gene assay (DR-CALUX) to detect and quantify the dioxin-like activity of PM-associated organic contaminants. Results showed that average HgPM concentration over the entire sampling period was found to be 13.4 ± 12 pg m-3. Seasonal variation in the HgPM concentration was observed with lower values in spring and summer and higher values in winter and autumn due to the variation of meteorological conditions together with the emission sources. Principal component analysis suggested that fossil fuel combustion and a nearby cement factory were the dominant anthropogenic HgPM sources. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activities were observed in all organic extracts of atmospheric PM from Bizerte city (388.3-1543.6 fg m-3), and shows significant positive correlations with all PM-associated organic contaminants. A significant proportion of dioxin-like activity of PM was related to PAHs. The dioxin-like activity followed the same trend as PM-associated organic contaminants, with higher dioxin-like activity in the cold season than in the warm season, indicating the advantage and utility of the use of bioassays in risk assessment of complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia.
| | - Marc Tedetti
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | | | - Javier A Tesán Onrubia
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Dufour
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Que Thi Doan
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Samiha Boutaleb
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Soufiane Touil
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
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8
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Lammel G, Kitanovski Z, Kukučka P, Novák J, Arangio AM, Codling GP, Filippi A, Hovorka J, Kuta J, Leoni C, Příbylová P, Prokeš R, Sáňka O, Shahpoury P, Tong H, Wietzoreck M. Oxygenated and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air-Levels, Phase Partitioning, Mass Size Distributions, and Inhalation Bioaccessibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2615-2625. [PMID: 31950831 PMCID: PMC7307896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Among the nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs and OPAHs) are some of the most hazardous substances to public health, mainly because of their carcinogenicity and oxidative potential. Despite these concerns, the concentrations and fate of NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmospheric environment are largely unknown. Ambient air concentrations of 18 NPAHs, 5 quinones, and 5 other OPAHs were determined at two urban and one regional background sites in central Europe. At one of the urban sites, the total (gas and particulate) concentrations of Σ10OPAHs were 10.0 ± 9.2 ng/m3 in winter and 3.5 ± 1.6 ng/m3 in summer. The gradient to the regional background site exceeded 1 order of magnitude. Σ18NPAH concentrations were typically 1 order of magnitude lower than OPAHs. Among OPAHs, 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone were the most abundant species, accompanied by benzanthrone in winter. (9,10)-Anthraquinone represented two-thirds of quinones. We found that a large fraction of the target substance particulate mass was carried by submicrometer particles. The derived inhalation bioaccessibility in the PM10 size fraction is found to be ≈5% of the total ambient concentration of OPAHs and up to ≈2% for NPAHs. For 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone, up to 86 and 18%, respectively, were found at the rural site. Our results indicate that water solubility could function as a limiting factor for bioaccessibility of inhaled particulate NPAHs and OPAHs, without considerable effect of surfactant lipids and proteins in the lung lining fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Lammel
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Zoran Kitanovski
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novák
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea M. Arangio
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Garry P. Codling
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Filippi
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Jan Hovorka
- Faculty
of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague 116 36, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kuta
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Cecilia Leoni
- Faculty
of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague 116 36, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Příbylová
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 601 77, Czech Republic
| | - Pourya Shahpoury
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Air
Quality Processes Research Section, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Toronto 12843, Canada
| | - Haijie Tong
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Marco Wietzoreck
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
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9
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Abstract
Based on an analysis of related core papers and reports, this review presents a historical perspective on ambient air pollution and ambient air quality development in the modern-day Czech Republic (CR) over the past seven decades, i.e., from the 1950s to the present. It offers insights into major air pollution problems, reveals the main hot spots and problematic regions and indicates the principal air pollutants in the CR. Air pollution is not presented as a stand-alone problem, but in the wider context of air pollution impacts both on human health and the environment in the CR. The review is arranged into three main parts: (1) the time period until the Velvet Revolution of 1989, (2) the transition period of the 1990s and (3) the modern period after 2000. Obviously, a major improvement in ambient air quality has been achieved since the 1970s and 1980s, when air pollution in the former Czechoslovakia culminated. Nevertheless, new challenges including fine aerosol, benzo[a]pyrene and ground-level ozone, of which the limit values are still vastly exceeded, have emerged. Furthermore, in spite of a significant reduction in overall emissions, the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen, in particular, remains high in some regions.
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10
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Pereira BB, Vieira Santos VS, Domingues ÉP, Silva GG, Brandão da Cunha P, Oliveira AB, Mota LM, Olegário de Campos Júnior E. Assessment of genotoxic effects on elderly populations exposed to high traffic areas: Results for supporting public health surveillance. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108752. [PMID: 31557602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In urban areas with intense vehicular traffic, particulate matter in suspension, especially the fraction of particles with ultra-fine diameter, has been regarded as the main problem of chronic diseases in susceptible populations, such as the elderly. This study aimed to determine the genotoxic effects of exposure to air pollution evaluating the association between the frequencies of micronuclei (MN) and binucleated (BN) cells in exfoliated oral mucosa cells of elderly population and exposure conditions, considering the influence of traffic and concentration of PM in different aerodynamic diameters. Traffic of passenger vehicles, heavy duty trucks and environmental concentrations of Particulate Matter were measured twice a day during 28 days before biological sampling of oral mucosa from 154 participants living in areas of distinct levels of urban traffic. Data from this study showed that the group of participants living near road traffic exhibited higher MN cell frequency, when compared to the other groups of subjects. In addition, a canonical correlation analysis between environmental and genotoxicity variables analysis revealed that high concentrations of the particulate matter were correlated with intense traffic and the genotoxicity in exfoliated oral cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
- Federal University of Uberla^ndia, Institute of Geography, Santa Mo^nica Campus, Avenida João Naves de Ávila, 2121, 38.408-100, Uberla^ndia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Biotechnology, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Biotechnology, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Érica Prado Domingues
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Gomes Silva
- Federal University of Uberla^ndia, Institute of Geography, Santa Mo^nica Campus, Avenida João Naves de Ávila, 2121, 38.408-100, Uberla^ndia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Paolla Brandão da Cunha
- Master's Institute of Education President Antonio Carlos, Avenida Minas Gerais, 1889, 38444-128, Araguari, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Andrei Barbassa Oliveira
- Federal University of Uberla^ndia, Institute of Geography, Santa Mo^nica Campus, Avenida João Naves de Ávila, 2121, 38.408-100, Uberla^ndia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Lorrany Marins Mota
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Edimar Olegário de Campos Júnior
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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11
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Chen Q, Luo XS, Chen Y, Zhao Z, Hong Y, Pang Y, Huang W, Wang Y, Jin L. Seasonally varied cytotoxicity of organic components in PM 2.5 from urban and industrial areas of a Chinese megacity. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 230:424-431. [PMID: 31112865 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric fine particulate matters (PM2.5) induce significant negative effects on human health, such as in the form of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory response. Organic pollutants are important harmful and toxic compositions in PM2.5, risks of which usually show temporal and spatial variations. To investigate the toxic effects of airborne organic pollutants on human lung epithelial cells A549, the PM2.5 samples were collected monthly from both urban and industrial areas during a whole year in Nanjing, eastern China. After exposure to organic components extracted from these PM2.5, the cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase content, oxidative stress index level and inflammatory factor expression level were measured. Supported by the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes, results showed that, organic components of PM2.5 from cold season (winter and spring) typically influenced cell membrane, cell oxidation and inflammatory damage, while the urban samples of warm season (summer and autumn) impacted cell viability more prominently. Spatially, the toxicity of samples from industrial sources was generally stronger than that from urban source, but urban samples induced much stronger damage to cell membranes than industrial one. The correlations between the PAHs, n-alkanes contents and toxicity parameters indicated that, the airborne organic components derived from motor vehicle exhaust and coal combustion were possibly the key toxic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiao-San Luo
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuting Pang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Weijie Huang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Jiangsu Meteorological Observatory, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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12
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Duong HT, Kadokami K, Trinh HT, Phan TQ, Le GT, Nguyen DT, Nguyen TT, Nguyen DT. Target screening analysis of 970 semi-volatile organic compounds adsorbed on atmospheric particulate matter in Hanoi, Vietnam. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 219:784-795. [PMID: 30572232 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vietnam's rapid economic development has resulted in dramatic increases in construction and the number of transportation vehicles. There is now growing public concern regarding increasing air pollution, especially in big cities; however, little information is available on air quality, particularly regarding semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) adsorbed on atmospheric particulate matter. Here, we determined the frequency and concentrations of 970 SVOCs in 48 air particle samples collected by means of high-volume air sampling in Hanoi, Vietnam, by using a target screening method and a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry database. A total of 118 compounds (12.2% of the target compounds) were detected at least once in the samples, and the number of chemicals detected in each sample ranged from 85 to 103 (median, 92). For samples collected near a heavily trafficked road, the concentrations of target compounds in the samples were higher in samples collected during the day than in those collected at night, whereas the opposite was true for samples collected in a highly populated residential area with industrial activities related to the production of fresh noodles. Sixteen PAHs were detected at high concentrations in nearly 100% of the samples. Eighteen pesticides were detected, with permethrin being detected the most frequently (>70% samples), which can be explained by the use of permethrin-based Permecide 50 EC for dengue fever control during the sampling period. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (i.e., bisphenol A, 4-nitrophenol) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (diethyltoluamide, caffeine) were detected in over 90% of the samples. Seven sterols, five phthalate compounds and five organophosphorus flame retardants were detected in the samples. This is the first comprehensive survey of SVOCs adsorbed on atmospheric particulate matter in Vietnam, and as such, this study provides important new information about the frequency and concentrations of atmospheric SVOC contamination. The variety of chemicals detected in this study implies an abundance of pollution sources; further investigations to determine these pollution sources and the risks posed by the detected SVOCs to human health are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thi Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Ha Thu Trinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thang Quang Phan
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Giang Truong Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Dung Trung Nguyen
- Le Quy Don Technical University, 236 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Bac Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thao Thanh Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Dien Tran Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
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13
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Bonetta S, Bonetta S, Schilirò T, Ceretti E, Feretti D, Covolo L, Vannini S, Villarini M, Moretti M, Verani M, Carducci A, Bagordo F, De Donno A, Bonizzoni S, Bonetti A, Pignata C, Carraro E, Gelatti U. Mutagenic and genotoxic effects induced by PM 0.5 of different Italian towns in human cells and bacteria: The MAPEC_LIFE study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:1124-1135. [PMID: 30682747 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is considered an atmospheric pollutant that mostly affects human health. The finest fractions of PM (PM2.5 or less) play a major role in causing chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic effects of PM0.5 collected in five Italian towns using different bioassays. The role of chemical composition on the genotoxicity induced was also evaluated. The present study was included in the multicentre MAPEC_LIFE project, which aimed to evaluate the associations between air pollution exposure and early biological effects in Italian children. PM10 samples were collected in 2 seasons (winter and spring) using a high-volume multistage cascade impactor. The results showed that PM0.5 represents a very high proportion of PM10 (range 10-63%). PM0.5 organic extracts were chemically analysed (PAHs, nitro-PAHs) and tested by the comet assay (A549 and BEAS-2B cells), MN test (A549 cells) and Ames test on Salmonella strains (TA100, TA98, TA98NR and YG1021). The highest concentrations of PAHs and nitro-PAHs in PM0.5 were observed in the Torino, Brescia and Pisa samples in winter. The Ames test showed low mutagenic activity. The highest net revertants/m3 were observed in the Torino and Brescia samples (winter), and the mutagenic effect was associated with PM0.5 (p < 0.01), PAH and nitro-PAH (p < 0.05) concentrations. The YG1021 strain showed the highest sensitivity to PM0.5 samples. No genotoxic effect of PM0.5 extracts was observed using A549 cells except for some samples in winter (comet assay), while BEAS-2B cells showed light DNA damage in the Torino, Brescia and Pisa samples in winter, highlighting the higher sensitivity of BEAS-2B cells, which was consistent with the Ames test (p < 0.01). The results obtained showed that it is important to further investigate the finest fractions of PM, which represent a relevant percentage of PM10, taking into account the chemical composition and the biological effects induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 94 Piazza Polonia, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Silvia Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 94 Piazza Polonia, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 94 Piazza Polonia, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Ceretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Donatella Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Loredana Covolo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Samuele Vannini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Milena Villarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Massimo Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Marco Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 35/39 Via S. Zeno, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 35/39 Via S. Zeno, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bagordo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, 165 Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Antonella De Donno
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, 165 Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | | | - Alberto Bonetti
- Centro Servizi Multisettoriale e Tecnologico - CSMT Gestione S.c.a.r.l., 45 Via Branze, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Cristina Pignata
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 94 Piazza Polonia, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 94 Piazza Polonia, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Umberto Gelatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 11 Viale Europa, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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14
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Leoni C, Pokorná P, Hovorka J, Masiol M, Topinka J, Zhao Y, Křůmal K, Cliff S, Mikuška P, Hopke PK. Source apportionment of aerosol particles at a European air pollution hot spot using particle number size distributions and chemical composition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:145-154. [PMID: 29175476 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ostrava in the Moravian-Silesian region (Czech Republic) is a European air pollution hot spot for airborne particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and ultrafine particles (UFPs). Air pollution source apportionment is essential for implementation of successful abatement strategies. UFPs or nanoparticles of diameter <100 nm exhibit the highest deposition efficiency in human lungs. To permit apportionment of PM sources at the hot-spot including nanoparticles, Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied to highly time resolved particle number size distributions (NSD, 14 nm-10 μm) and PM0.09-1.15 chemical composition. Diurnal patterns, meteorological variables, gaseous pollutants, organic markers, and associations between the NSD factors and chemical composition factors were used to identify the pollution sources. The PMF on the NSD reveals two factors in the ultrafine size range: industrial UFPs (28%, number mode diameter - NMD 45 nm), industrial/fresh road traffic nanoparticles (26%, NMD 26 nm); three factors in the accumulation size range: urban background (24%, NMD 93 nm), coal burning (14%, volume mode diameter - VMD 0.5 μm), regional pollution (3%, VMD 0.8 μm) and one factor in the coarse size range: industrial coarse particles/road dust (2%, VMD 5 μm). The PMF analysis of PM0.09-1.15 revealed four factors: SIA/CC/BB (52%), road dust (18%), sinter/steel (16%), iron production (16%). The factors in the ultrafine size range resolved with NSD have a positive correlation with sinter/steel production and iron production factors resolved with chemical composition. Coal combustion factor resolved with NSD has moderate correlation with SIA/CC/BB factor. The organic markers homohopanes correlate with coal combustion and the levoglucosan correlates with urban background. The PMF applications to NSD and chemical composition datasets are complementary. PAHs in PM1 were found to be associated with coal combustion factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Leoni
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Pokorná
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals CAS, Rozvojová 2/135, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hovorka
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Mauro Masiol
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5708, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Yongjing Zhao
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kamil Křůmal
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry CAS, Veveří 967/97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Steven Cliff
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pavel Mikuška
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry CAS, Veveří 967/97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5708, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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15
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Besis A, Tsolakidou A, Balla D, Samara C, Voutsa D, Pantazaki A, Choli-Papadopoulou T, Lialiaris TS. Toxic organic substances and marker compounds in size-segregated urban particulate matter - Implications for involvement in the in vitro bioactivity of the extractable organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:758-774. [PMID: 28732338 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxic organic substances and polar organic marker compounds, i.e. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitro-derivatives (N-PAHs), as well as dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) and sugars/sugar anhydrites (S/SAs) were analyzed in size-segregated PM samples (<0.49, 0.49-0.97, 0.97-3 and >3 μm) collected at two urban sites (urban traffic and urban background) during the cold and the warm season. The potential associations between the organic PM determinants and the adverse cellular effects (i.e. cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, DNA damage, oxidative DNA adduct formation, and inflammatory response) induced by the extractable organic matter (EOM) of PM, previously measured in Velali et al. (2016b), were investigated by bivariate correlations and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Partial Least Square regression analysis (PLS) was also employed in order to identify the chemical classes mainly involved in the EOM-induced toxicological endpoints in the various particle size fractions. Results indicated that particle size range <0.49 μm was the major carrier of PM mass and organic compounds at both sites. All toxic organic compounds exhibited higher concentrations at the urban traffic site, except PCBs and OCPs that did not exhibit intra-urban variations. Conversely, wintertime levels of levoglucosan were significantly higher at the urban background site as a result of residential biomass burning. The PLS regression analysis allowed quite good prediction of the EOM-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity based on the determined organic chemical classes, particularly for the finest size fraction of PM. Nevertheless, it is expected that other chemical constituents, not determined here, also contribute to the measured toxicological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Besis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandra Tsolakidou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Balla
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Anastasia Pantazaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Choli-Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodore S Lialiaris
- Demokrition University of Thrace, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
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16
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Chen R, Hu B, Liu Y, Xu J, Yang G, Xu D, Chen C. Beyond PM2.5: The role of ultrafine particles on adverse health effects of air pollution. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2844-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Velali E, Papachristou E, Pantazaki A, Choli-Papadopoulou T, Argyrou N, Tsourouktsoglou T, Lialiaris S, Constantinidis A, Lykidis D, Lialiaris TS, Besis A, Voutsa D, Samara C. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced in vitro by solvent-extractable organic matter of size-segregated urban particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:1350-1362. [PMID: 27613321 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Three organic fractions of different polarity, including a non polar organic fraction (NPOF), a moderately polar organic fraction (MPOF), and a polar organic fraction (POF) were obtained from size-segregated (<0.49, 0.49-0.97, 0.97-3 and >3 μm) urban particulate matter (PM) samples, and tested for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity using a battery of in vitro assays. The cytotoxicity induced by the organic PM fractions was measured by the mitochondrial dehydrogenase (MTT) cell viability assay applied on MRC-5 human lung epithelial cells. DNA damages were evaluated through the comet assay, determination of the poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity, and the oxidative DNA adduct 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) formation, while pro-inflammatory effects were assessed by determination of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) mediator release. In addition, the Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) inducibility of the solvent-extractable organic matter was measured on human peripheral lymphocyte. Variations of responses were assessed in relation to the polarity (hence the expected composition) of the organic PM fractions, particle size, locality, and season. Organic PM fractions were found to induce rather comparable Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of PM appeared to be rather independent from the polarity of the extractable organic PM matter (EOM) with POF often being relatively more toxic than NPOF or MPOF. All assays indicated stronger mass-normalized bioactivity for fine than coarse particles peaking in the 0.97-3 and/or the 0.49-0.97 μm size ranges. Nevertheless, the air volume-normalized bioactivity in all assays was highest for the <0.49 μm size range highlighting the important human health risk posed by the inhalation of these quasi-ultrafine particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterini Velali
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Papachristou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Pantazaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Theodora Choli-Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Argyrou
- Demokrition University of Thrace, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - Theodora Tsourouktsoglou
- Demokrition University of Thrace, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - Stergios Lialiaris
- Demokrition University of Thrace, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - Alexandros Constantinidis
- Demokrition University of Thrace, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Lykidis
- Demokrition University of Thrace, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - Thedore S Lialiaris
- Demokrition University of Thrace, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - Athanasios Besis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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18
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Leoni C, Hovorka J, Dočekalová V, Cajthaml T, Marvanová S. Source Impact Determination using Airborne and Ground Measurements of Industrial Plumes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9881-8. [PMID: 27548014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Industrial particulate matter (PM) air pollution exposing nearby residential areas forms several European air pollution hot-spots. One of these hot-spot is the residential district of Ostrava Radvanice-Bartovice with frequent exceedances for PM and benzo[a]pyrene B[a]P, a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) of MW > 228 amu. Such PAHs are highly bonded to the ultrafine particles (UFPs), the smallest PM size fraction, which deposits most efficiently in the alveolar region of human lungs. Airborne measurements identified UFP point sources in the adjacent metallurgical complex and mapped limited horizontal and vertical dispersion of industrial plumes enriched with UFPs (3.2 × 10(5)cm(-3)). The plumes, episodes of simultaneous peaks of UFPs (1.4 × 10(5)cm(-3)), SO2 (88.2 ppb), and CO (11.3 ppm), were recorded on the ground downwind in the residential district when wind speeds >1 ms(-1). In the plumes, UFPs were mostly 19-44 nm in diameter, enriched with PAHs/B[a]P up to 43.8/3.5 mg·g(-1). Electron microscopy showed that these plume UFPs were mostly agglomerates of spherules of 30-50 nm in diameter. These source impact measurements, that combine airborne and ground-level measurements, are applicable to clearly identify specific industrial air pollution sources and provide information to assess their possible impact to human health in similar hot-spots worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Leoni
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague , Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hovorka
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague , Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Dočekalová
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague , Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague , Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Marvanová
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute , Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Schilirò T, Alessandria L, Bonetta S, Carraro E, Gilli G. Inflammation response and cytotoxic effects in human THP-1 cells of size-fractionated PM10 extracts in a polluted urban site. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 145:89-97. [PMID: 26688243 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To contribute to a greater characterization of the airborne particulate matter's toxicity, size-fractionated PM10 was sampled during different seasons in a polluted urban site in Torino, a northern Italian city. Three main size fractions (PM10 - 3 μm; PM3 - 0.95 μm; PM < 0.95 μm) extracts (organic and aqueous) were assayed with THP-1 cells to evaluate their effects on cell proliferation, LDH activity, TNFα, IL-8 and CYP1A1 expression. The mean PM10 concentrations were statistically different in summer and in winter and the finest fraction PM<0.95 was always higher than the others. Size-fractionated PM10 extracts, sampled in an urban traffic meteorological-chemical station produced size-related toxicological effects in relation to season and particles extraction. The PM summer extracts induced a significant release of LDH compared to winter and produced a size-related effect, with higher values measured with PM10-3. Exposure to size-fractionated PM10 extracts did not induce significant expression of TNFα. IL-8 expression was influenced by exposure to size-fractionated PM10 extracts and statistically significant differences were found between kind of extracts for both seasons. The mean fold increases in CYP1A1 expression were statistically different in summer and in winter; winter fraction extracts produced a size-related effect, in particular for organic samples with higher values measured with PM<0.95 extracts. Our results confirm that the only measure of PM can be misleading for the assessment of air quality moreover we support efforts toward identifying potential effect-based tools (e.g. in vitro test) that could be used in the context of the different monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia, 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - L Alessandria
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia, 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - S Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia, 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - E Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia, 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - G Gilli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia, 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
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