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Alghamdi MA, Hassan SK, Shetaya WH, Al Sharif MY, Nawab J, Khoder MI. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor mosques dust in Saudi Arabia: Levels, source apportionment, human health and carcinogenic risk assessment for congregators. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174331. [PMID: 38945247 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Mosques are important places for Muslims where they perform their prayers. The congregators are exposed to hazardous pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with dust. However, studies on PAHs exposure in religious places are scarce. Air-condition filter (ACF) dust can correspond to air quality to a certain extent, since dust particles derived from indoor and outdoor places stick to it. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the 16 EPA PAHs in ACF dust from mosques to determine their levels, profiles, sources and risks. Average Σ16 PAHs concentrations were 1039, 1527, 2284 and 5208 ng/g in AC filter dust from mosques in residential (RM), suburban (SM), urban (UM) and car repair workshop (CRWM), respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Based on the molecular diagnostic PAH ratios, PAHs in mosques dust is emitted from local incomplete fuel combustion, as well as complete fossil fuels combustion sources (pyrogenic), petroleum spills, crude and fuel oil, traffic emissions, and other possible sources of industrial emissions in different functional areas. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) values for children and adults across the different types of mosques follow the order: CRWM > UM > SM > RM. ILCRs values for both children and adults were found in order: dermal contact > ingestion > inhalation. The cancer risk levels via ingestion for children were relatively higher than the adults. The values of cancer risk for children and adults via dermal contact and ingestion (except in RM) were categorized in the 'potentially high risk' category (> 10-4). The mean values of total cancer risks (CR) for children (5.74 × 10-3) and adults (5.07 × 10-3) in mosques also exceeded the accepted threat value (>10-4). Finally, it is recommended that regular and frequent monitoring of PAHs should be carried out in mosques to improve the quality and maintain the health of congregators around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour A Alghamdi
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Salwa K Hassan
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Waleed H Shetaya
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Marwan Y Al Sharif
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Mamdouh I Khoder
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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Wu J, Jiang J, Xu C, Cai Y, Li M, Yang Y, Yang G, Meng XZ, Leib J, Zhangb H, Zhang S. A comprehensive assessment of heavy metals, VOCs and petroleum hydrocarbon in different soil layers and groundwater at an abandoned Al/Cu industrial site. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 284:116927. [PMID: 39216334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Compound pollution at industrial sites impedes urban development, especially when there is a lack of understanding about the spatial variations of internal pollution in industrial areas producing light-weight materials. In this study, spatial distribution and ecological risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and petroleum hydrocarbons (C10-40) in the soil and groundwater of an Al/Cu (aluminum/copper) industrial site have been analyzed comprehensively. Results revealed the progressive clustering of pollutants in different soil layers, which indicated varying levels of penetration and migration of pollutants from the surface downward. Furthermore, severity of pollution varied according to pollutant type, with Cu (5-10,228 mg kg-1) often exceeding the background levels significantly (>40). Cd (0.03-2.60 mg kg-1) and Hg (0.01-3.73 mg kg-1) were found at elevated concentrations in deeper soil layers, suggesting distinct variations of PTEs across different soil depths. Among the more hazardous VOCS, polychlorinated biphenyls (1.80-234 μg kg-1) were particularly prevalent in the deeper layers of soil. Petroleum hydrocarbons (C10-40) were widely detected (6-582 mg kg-1), showing significant migration potential from surface to deep soil. These findings suggest that prolonged industrial activities lead to deep-seated accumulation of pollutants, which also impacts the groundwater, contributing to long-term dispersion of contaminants. Furthermore, multivariate statistical analysis indicated certain positive correlations among the distribution of Cu, Pb and petroleum hydrocarbons, indicating possible coupling of these pollutants. Severe Cu pollution caused an ecological risk in the surface soil layer (covering >20 % area of high pollution site, contributing >40 % ecological risk). While the Hg and Cd posed significant risks in the deeper soil layers, showing higher risk coefficients and mobility. The study provides crucial insights into the transformation of urban areas with a history of industrial uses into community spaces and highlights the risks posed by the remaining pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jinfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Changlin Xu
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yue Cai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Min Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Yang Yang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Guoyi Yang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - JinMing Leib
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hao Zhangb
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shengwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Bensadi L, Azzoug M, Benlaribi R. Occurrence, sources and risk assessment of 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in sediments from the Soummam River protected area, Algeria: A potential threat to the Mediterranean Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 208:117003. [PMID: 39321630 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
The levels, the sources and the potential risks associated with twelve dioxin-like PCBs were investigated in the sediments of the Soummam River in northeastern Algeria. Total dl-PCBs concentrations ranged from 3.64 ng/g to 9.38 ng/g with PCB 118 and PCB 105 being the predominant congeners. Principal component analysis suggested that commercial mixtures and municipal waste incineration could be responsible for the presence of PCBs in the region. TEQ values ranged from 12.93 pg/g to 60.98 pg/g indicating adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Moreover, cancer risk assessed via Total Lifetime Cancer Risk (TLCR) suggested that for all the stations, the risk was low but not negligible. Additionally, the non-cancer risk was significant at half of the stations for children but negligible for adults at all the stations. Consequently, measures must be taken by local authorities to protect the environment and the human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Bensadi
- Université de Bejaia, Faculté de Technologie, Laboratoire des Procédés Membranaires et des Techniques de Séparation et de Récupération (LPMTSR), 06000, Bejaia, Algeria.
| | - Moufok Azzoug
- Université de Bejaia, Faculté de Technologie, Laboratoire des Procédés Membranaires et des Techniques de Séparation et de Récupération (LPMTSR), 06000, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Rabia Benlaribi
- Institut National de Criminalistique et de Criminologie de la Gendarmerie Nationale (INCC/GN), Cheraga, Algeria
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Akter M, Alam MS, Yang X, Nunes JP, Zomer P, Rahman MM, Mol H, Ritsema CJ, Geissen V. Hidden risk of terrestrial food chain contamination from organochlorine insecticides in a vegetable cultivation area of Northwest Bangladesh. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169343. [PMID: 38097076 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine insecticide (OCI) exposures in terrestrial food chains from historical or current applications were studied in a vegetable production area in northwest Bangladesh. A total of 57 subsoil, 57 topsoil, and 57 vegetable samples, as well as 30 cow's milk samples, were collected from 57 farms. Multiple OCI residues were detected using GC-MS/MS with modified QuEChERS in 20 % of subsoils, 21 % of topsoils, 23 % of vegetables, and 7 % of cow's milk samples. Diversified OCI residues were detected in subsoils (17 residues with a concentration of 179.15 ± 148.61 μg kg-1) rather than in topsoils (3 DDT residues with a concentration of 25.76 ± 20.19 μg kg-1). Isomeric ratios indicate intensive historical applications of OCIs. According to Dutch and Chinese standards, the lower concentrations of individual OCI residues in the soil indicate negligible to slight soil pollution, assuming local farmers follow local pesticide use regulations. However, a maximum of 78.24 μg kg-1 ΣAldrines and 35.57 μg kg-1 ΣHCHs were detected (1-4 residues) in 60 % of brinjal, 28 % of cucumber, 29 % of sponge gourd, and 20 % of lady's finger samples, which could be a result of either historical or current OCI applications, or both. A strong positive correlation between aldrines in subsoils and cucurbit vegetables indicates greater bioaccumulation. Cow milk samples contained up to 6.96 μg kg-1 ΣDDTs, which resulted either from rationing contaminated vegetables or grazing on contaminated land. Individual OCI in both vegetables and cow's milk was below the respective maximum residue limits of US and FAO/WHO CODEX and poses little or no risk to human health. However, combined exposure to multiple pesticides could increase human health risks. A cumulative health risk assessment of multiple pesticide residues is suggested to assess the suitability of those soils for cultivation and grazing, as well as the safety of vegetables and cow's milk for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Akter
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Shohidul Alam
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Zomer
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, 6700AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Md Mokhlesur Rahman
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Hans Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, 6700AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Coen J Ritsema
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Yu R, Zhou Y, Xu S, Jing J, Zhang H, Huang Y. Distribution, Transfer, and Health Risk of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soil and Water of the Huangshui River Basin. TOXICS 2023; 11:1024. [PMID: 38133425 PMCID: PMC10747045 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11121024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The potential negative impacts of organochlorine pesticides on the environment and human health continue to receive attention. In order to study the spatial distribution characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in the inland alpine region, researchers collected soil and water samples in the Huangshui River Basin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and tested them for organochlorine pesticide residues represented by dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorohexane (HCH). The study identified the sources of OCPs by component analysis. We also constructed the LEVEL III model, applicable to the Huangshui River Basin, and used it to study the migration patterns of OCPs in various environmental media. OCPs were detected at low levels in the study area environment. The results of the OCPs source analysis show that there are both historical residuals and new sources in the region. Residual DDTs may originate from the mixture of technical DDTs and dicofol, and HCHs may originate from lindane or technical HCH. DDTs are mainly stored in soil, the input and output pathways are mainly atmospheric advection input and output, and its transport behavior in the environment is mainly air-soil exchange. Carcinogens in the study area pose little threat to people exposed to contaminated soil and contaminated water, but the cancer risk to children is greater than to adults. This study is helpful to managers of regional pesticide management and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Yu
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (R.Y.)
| | - Yang Zhou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengxian Xu
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (R.Y.)
| | - Jing Jing
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanfang Huang
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (R.Y.)
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Alshemmari H, Al-Kasbi MM, Kavil YN, Orif MI, Al-Hulwani EK, Al-Darii RJ, Al-Shukaili SM, Al-Balushi FAA, Chakraborty P. New and legacy pesticidal persistent organic pollutants in the agricultural region of the Sultanate of Oman. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132205. [PMID: 37604036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive air and surface soil monitoring was conducted for new and legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) to fill the knowledge and data gap on the sources and fate of pesticidal persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Sultanate of Oman. DDTs in agricultural soil samples ranged from 0.013 to 95.80 ng/g (mean: 8.4 ± 25.06 ng/g), with a median value of 0.07 ng/g. The highest concentration was observed at Shinas, where intensive agricultural practice is prevalent. The dominance of p,p'-DDT in soil and air reflected technical DDT formulation usage in Oman. Among newly enlisted POPs, pentachlorobenzene had the maximum detection frequency in air (47%) and soil (41%). Over 90% of sites reflected extensive past use of hexachlorobenzene. Major OCP isomers and metabolites showed net volatilisation from the agricultural soil, thereby indicating concurrent emission and re-emission processes from the soil of Oman. However, the cleansing effect of oceanic air mass is the possible reason for relatively lower atmospheric OCP levels from a previous study. Although DDT displayed maximum cancer risk, the level is below the permissible limit. DDT primarily stemmed from obsolete stock and inadequate management practices. Hence, we suggest there is a need for DDT regulation in Oman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alshemmari
- Environmental Pollution and Climate Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat 13109, State of Kuwait; Stockholm Convention Regional Center for Capacity-Building and the Transfer of Technology for West Asia (SCRC-Kuwait), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat 13109, State of Kuwait
| | - Mohammed M Al-Kasbi
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Yasar N Kavil
- Stockholm Convention Regional Center for Capacity-Building and the Transfer of Technology for West Asia (SCRC-Kuwait), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat 13109, State of Kuwait; Marine Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed I Orif
- Marine Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtesam K Al-Hulwani
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rawya J Al-Darii
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Suleiman M Al-Shukaili
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Fawaz A A Al-Balushi
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Centre for Research in Environment, Sustainability Advocacy and Climate Change (REACH), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India.
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Vickneswaran M, Carolan JC, Saunders M, White B. Establishing the extent of pesticide contamination in Irish agricultural soils. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19416. [PMID: 37674820 PMCID: PMC10478240 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To establish meaningful and sustainable policy directives for sustainable pesticide use in agriculture, baseline knowledge of pesticide levels in soils is required. To address this, five pesticides and one metabolite widely used in Irish agriculture and five neonicotinoid compounds pesticides were screened from soils from 25 fields. These sites represented a diversity of soil and land use types. Prothioconazole was detected in 16 of the 18 sites where it had been recently applied, with the highest maximum concentration quantified of 46 μg/kg. However, a week after application only four fields had prothioconazole concentrations above the limit of quantification (LOQ). Fluroxypyr was applied in 11 sites but was not detected above LOQ. Glyphosate and AMPA were not detected. Interestingly, neonicotinoids were detected in 96% of all sampling sites, even though they were not reported as recently applied. Excluding neonicotinoids, 60% of sites were found to contain pesticide residues of compounds that were not previously applied, with boscalid and azoxystrobin detected in 15 of the 25 sites sampled. The total number of pesticides detected in Irish soils were significantly negatively correlated with clay fraction, while average pesticide concentrations were significantly positively correlated with log Kow values. 17 fields were found to have total pesticide concentrations in excess of 0.5 μg/kg, even when recently applied pesticides were removed from calculations. Theoretical consideration of quantified pesticides determined that azoxystrobin has high leaching risk, while boscalid, which was detected but not applied, has an accumulation risk. This information provides insight into the current level of pesticide contamination in Irish agricultural soil and contributes to the European-level effort to understand potential impacts of pesticide contamination in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James C. Carolan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Matthew Saunders
- Department of Botany, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Blánaid White
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Yan K, You Q, Zeng S, Wu Y, Chen F, Chen J, Xu J, Wang H. The Spatial Distribution and Potential Risk Assessment of POPs in Farmland around a Typical E-Waste Dismantling Site. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 84:453-465. [PMID: 37129623 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-01000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pollution from electronic-waste (E-waste) dismantling is of great concern. This study investigated the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in 253 cropland soil samples around an abandoned E-waste dismantling site in Taizhou city, Zhejiang province in China, using an analytical method which simultaneously extracted, purified and determined the identity and quantity of the three types of persistent organic pollutants. Meanwhile, their spatial distributions, pollution characteristics, and risk assessments were further analyzed. Total PCBs in the test soils ranged from below method detection limits (ND) to 2985.25 μg kg-1 on a dry weight basis (d.w.), and the spatial distribution indicated a "hot spot" of PCBs pollution in the study area. The PAHs were detected in all samples with total concentrations ranging from 4.99 to 2723.06 μg kg-1 d.w. The distribution of PBDEs showed the pollution characteristics of "family-run workshops", with a total content range of ND ~ 899.34 μg kg-1 d.w., of which BDE209 was typically the dominant congener, accounting for 74.05% of the total PBDEs content in the test soils, with the highest content reaching 857.72 μg kg-1 d.w. Results showed that the ecological and lifetime carcinogenic risks of PCBs and PAHs were low in the study area, but the health risk caused by oral ingestion and dermal contact accounted for the highest proportion of the total exposure risks, while inhalation could be ignored. PBDEs in soils of the study area were a potential chronic non-carcinogenic risk, particularly for children. Therefore, in order to protect human health and environment, it is necessary to regulate the management of E-waste dismantling sites and pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kang Yan
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qi You
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Saiqi Zeng
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuheng Wu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Futao Chen
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Plant Protection, Fertilizer and Rural Energy Agency of Wenling, Wenling, 317500, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haizhen Wang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Sun H, Chen Q, Qu C, Tian Y, Song J, Liu Z, Guo J. Occurrence of OCPs & PCBs and their effects on multitrophic biological communities in riparian groundwater of the Beiluo River, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 253:114713. [PMID: 36870171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) may exert adverse effects on human and ecosystem health. However, as an ecologically fragile zone with strong interaction between river and groundwater, the POPs pollution in the riparian zone has received little attention. The goal of this research is to examine the concentrations, spatial distribution, potential ecological risks, and biological effects of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the riparian groundwater of the Beiluo River, China. The results showed that the pollution level and ecological risk of OCPs in riparian groundwater of the Beiluo River were higher than PCBs. The presence of PCBs (Penta-CBs, Hexa-CBs) and CHLs, respectively, may have reduced the richness of bacteria (Firmicutes) and fungi (Ascomycota). Furthermore, the richness and Shannon's diversity index of algae (Chrysophyceae and Bacillariophyta) decreased, which could be linked to the presence of OCPs (DDTs, CHLs, DRINs), and PCBs (Penta-CBs, Hepta-CBs), while for metazoans (Arthropoda) the tendency was reversed, presumably as a result of SULPHs pollution. In the network analysis, core species belonging to bacteria (Proteobacteria), fungi (Ascomycota), and algae (Bacillariophyta) played essential roles in maintaining community function. Burkholderiaceae and Bradyrhizobium can be considered biological indicators of PCBs pollution in the Beiluo River. Note that the core species of interaction network, playing a fundamental role in community interactions, are strongly affected by POPs pollutants. This work provides insights into the functions of multitrophic biological communities in maintaining the stability of riparian ecosystems through the response of core species to riparian groundwater POPs contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Qiqi Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Chengkai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yulu Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Jinxi Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Ziteng Liu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
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Nematollahi MJ, Rastegari Mehr M, Shakeri A, Amjadian K, Ebrahimi P, Pirouei M. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils around oil refineries; Case study: Erbil and Kirkuk refineries, Iraq- A modelling approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 20:699-716. [PMID: 36406609 PMCID: PMC9672271 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-022-00809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Political tensions in Iraq have made attention to environmental issues not a priority for the authorities. Therefore, the influence of Kirkuk and Erbil refineries on contamination of the surrounding soil by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were studied. Methods 25 soil samples were collected and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their fate and health risk were investigated using Exposure Model for Soil-Organic Fate and Transport (EMSOFT) and the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) model. Results High ∑PAHs contamination (raged from 212.8 to 12,790.4 ppb), the dominance of pyrogenic sources, and high ecological risk were observed. The mean hazard index values for children (0.043) are higher than those for adults (0.02), while the incremental lifetime carcinogenic risk values for adults (8.50E-4) are greater than those for children (5.27E-4). Pyrene is the significant soil PAH from the depth of 3 cm downwards, while phenanthrene and fluorene are the major constituents of PAHs between the depth of 3 and 10 cm. Also, low molecular weight PAHs significantly decrease in soil layers over the time frame, and maximum PAHs concentrations belong to high molecular weight PAHs over 20 years. Conclusion Using an appropriate monitoring system, as well as sound management decisions to reduce the emission of environmental pollution are needed. Also, it seems that the use of constant values for soil physicochemical parameters such as moisture and porosity, despite seasonal variations, may result in uncertainty for fate and transport modelling. Therefore, seasonal sampling and analysis of soil parameters, would be helpful. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40201-022-00809-y.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meisam Rastegari Mehr
- Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15614 Iran
- Water Research Center, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15614 Iran
| | - Ata Shakeri
- Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15614 Iran
- Water Research Center, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15614 Iran
| | - Keyvan Amjadian
- Department of Petroleum Geoscience, Faculty of Science, Soran University, Soran, Kurdistan Region Iraq
- Scientific Research Center, Soran University, Soran, Kurdistan Region Iraq
| | - Pooria Ebrahimi
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Mohammad Pirouei
- Department of Petroleum Geoscience, Faculty of Science, Soran University, Soran, Kurdistan Region Iraq
- Scientific Research Center, Soran University, Soran, Kurdistan Region Iraq
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11
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Zhang Y, Guo R, Li Y, Qin M, Zhu J, Ma Z, Ren Y. Concentrations, distribution, and risk assessment of endosulfan residues in the cotton fields of northern Xinjiang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:4063-4075. [PMID: 34981269 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01111-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, surface soil samples were collected from cotton fields in Shawan and Shihezi areas in northern Xinjiang and tested for endosulfan residues using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results showed endosulfan sulfate was the predominant compound in the surface soil studied, followed by β-endosulfan and α-endosulfan with detection rates of 86.9%, 55.7%, and 49.2%, respectively, for the 61 soil samples collected. The average concentrations of endosulfan sulfate, α-endosulfan, and β-endosulfan were 0.743, 0.166, and 0.073 µg/kg, respectively. The ratios of α-/β-endosulfan were below 2.33 in all samples tested, suggesting no new endosulfan was added to the soil and the presence of endosulfan residues in this region was due to historical application in the past. According to the health risk assessment model recommended by the USA Environmental Protection Agency, the health risk of endosulfan residues in the studied area was low, and the maximum values of noncarcinogenic risks for children and adults were 2.30 × 10-5 and 2.70 × 10-6, respectively. Folsomia candida was the most sensitive organism to total endosulfan residues, with 38% of the total sampling sites classified as high risk. For earthworms, the proportion of high risk site was 13%. Lactuca sativa was the most tolerant organism to ∑ESs, with all sampling sites identified as negligible risk. This study provided current status of endosulfan residues and related risk in cotton fields, which could be used to support decision makers to prepare relevant regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Rong Guo
- National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Mingyu Qin
- Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Jingquan Zhu
- National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Zhihong Ma
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yong Ren
- Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100035, China.
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12
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Zhang Y, Dong Z, Peng Z, Zhu J, Zhuo F, Li Y, Ma Z. A nationwide survey on the endosulfan residues in Chinese cotton field soil: Occurrence, trend, and ecological risk. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119725. [PMID: 35839972 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The nationwide occurrence of endosulfan residues in cotton fields has not yet been investigated. Therefore, in this study, 202 surface soil samples from 27 cities were collected from cotton fields in 8 major cotton-planting provinces of China, covering more than 97% of the national cotton sown area. The results showed that endosulfan residues were detected in cotton fields throughout the country. The main type of residue found was endosulfan sulfate (ES-sulfate), followed by β-endosulfan and α-endosulfan, with average concentrations of 0.475, 0.129, and 0.048 μg/kg, respectively. Significant spatial variations in the endosulfan residues was noted, and the highest concentration of endosulfan residues was observed in the northwest inland cotton-growing area, followed by that in the Yellow River basin and Yangtze River basin cotton-growing areas. The endosulfan residues showed significant positive correlations with soil organic matter and soil clay contents. The α/β endosulfan ratio was determined to be in the range of 0.02-1.20, indicating that endosulfan residues originated from the endosulfan application performed in historical cotton cultivation efforts. Together with the literature data, the concentrations of α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan residues peaked in 2015 and 2017, respectively, and showed an overall decreasing trend from 2002 to 2021. The results of the ecological risk assessment suggested that Folsomia candida was most sensitive to endosulfan residues, with 20.8% of the sites presenting a high risk. However, in general, the soil ecological risk of cotton fields across the country was low. Our study demonstrated that China has achieved promising results in controlling the use and pollution of endosulfan, especially after 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100035, China.
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zheng Peng
- Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Jingquan Zhu
- National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Fuyan Zhuo
- National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Zhihong Ma
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing, 100097, China
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Halfadji A, Portet-Koltalo F, Touabet A, Le Derf F, Morin C, Merlet-Machour N. Phytoremediation of PCB: contaminated Algerian soils using native agronomics plants. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:117-132. [PMID: 34355306 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pot cultivation experiments were conducted to assess the phytoremediation potential of two local agronomic plants, namely Avena sativa and Vicia sativa. Several soils with long-standing contamination and different levels of Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination were used for this study. The soil samples came from different regions of Algeria and had different physico-chemical parameters. We studied the influence of these parameters on remediation potential of the two tested plants. The removal rate of the seven PCBs (PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 156 and 180) was examined after 40 and 90 days. The results showed that the presence of the plants reduced significantly the overall PCB content, ranging initially from 1.33-127.9 mg kg1. After 90 days, the forage plant Vicia sativa allowed us to reach an excess dissipation rate of 56.7% compared to the unplanted control for the most polluted soil. An average dissipation rate of 50% was obtained in the moderately polluted soil. The less contaminated soil had an excess dissipation rate of about 24% for both plants and a predominant dissipation of the low chlorinated PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Halfadji
- Department of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, University Ibn-Khaldoun Tiaret, BP 78 P zaâroura 14000, Tiaret, Algeria
- UNIROUEN, Laboratory of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Reactivity and Analysis COBRA UMR CNRS 6014, IUT Evreux, 55 rue St Germain, 27000, Evreux, France
- Laboratory of Organic Analysis Functional (LAOF), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), BP 32 El Alia, 16111, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Florence Portet-Koltalo
- UNIROUEN, Laboratory of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Reactivity and Analysis COBRA UMR CNRS 6014, IUT Evreux, 55 rue St Germain, 27000, Evreux, France
| | - Abdelkrim Touabet
- Department of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, University Ibn-Khaldoun Tiaret, BP 78 P zaâroura 14000, Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Franck Le Derf
- UNIROUEN, Laboratory of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Reactivity and Analysis COBRA UMR CNRS 6014, IUT Evreux, 55 rue St Germain, 27000, Evreux, France
| | - Christophe Morin
- UNIROUEN, Laboratory of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Reactivity and Analysis COBRA UMR CNRS 6014, IUT Evreux, 55 rue St Germain, 27000, Evreux, France
| | - Nadine Merlet-Machour
- UNIROUEN, Laboratory of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Reactivity and Analysis COBRA UMR CNRS 6014, IUT Evreux, 55 rue St Germain, 27000, Evreux, France.
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Bhandari G, Atreya K, Vašíčková J, Yang X, Geissen V. Ecological risk assessment of pesticide residues in soils from vegetable production areas: A case study in S-Nepal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147921. [PMID: 34134388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides pose a serious risk to ecosystems. In this study, we used European Food Safety Authority methods, such as risk quotient (RQ) and toxicity exposure ratios (TER), to assess the potential ecological risks of 15 pesticide residues detected in agricultural soils in the Gaidahawa Rural Municipality of Nepal. The mean and maximum concentrations of the detected pesticide residues in the soil were used for risk characterization related to soil organisms. RQmean, TERmean and RQmaximum, TERmaximum were used to determine general and the worst-case scenarios, respectively. Of all the detected pesticides in soils, the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) for 27% of the pesticides was not available in literature for the tested soil organisms and their TER and RQ could not be calculated. RQ threshold value of ≥1 indicates high risk for organisms. Similarly, TER threshold value of ≥5, which is acceptable trigger point value for chronic exposure, indicates an acceptable risk. The results showed that the worst-case scenario (RQmaximum) indicated a high risk for soil organisms from chlorpyrifos [RQmaximum > 9 at depths (cm) of 0-5, 15-20 and 35-40 soil layer]; imidacloprid (1.78 in the 35-40 cm soil layer) and profenofos (3.37 in the 0-5 cm and 1.09 in the 35-40 cm soil layer). Likewise, for all the soil depths, the calculated TER for both the general and worst-case scenarios for chlorpyrifos ranged from 0.37 to 3.22, indicating chronic toxicity to F. candida. Furthermore, the risk of organophosphate pesticides for soil organisms in the sampling sites was mainly due to chlorpyrifos, except for two study sites where the risk was from profenofos. Ecological risk assessment (EcoRA) of the pesticide use in the study area indicated that the EFSA soil organisms were at risk at some of the localities where farmers practiced conventional farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Bhandari
- Soil Physics and Land Management (SLM), Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands; Progressive Sustainable Developers Nepal (PSD-Nepal), P.O. Box 23883, Kathmandu 31, Nepal.
| | - Kishor Atreya
- School of Forestry and Natural Resource Management, Institute of Forestry (IOF), Tribhuvan University (TU), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jana Vašíčková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Soil Physics and Land Management (SLM), Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management (SLM), Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands
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15
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Yu Z, Li XF, Wang S, Liu LY, Zeng EY. The human and ecological risks of neonicotinoid insecticides in soils of an agricultural zone within the Pearl River Delta, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117358. [PMID: 34062434 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides (NIIs) are extensively used worldwide and frequently detected in the environment. The human and ecological risks associated with the occurrence of NIIs in agricultural zones are of high importance. The present study highlights the regional occurrence and human exposure risks of NIIs in agricultural soil within the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China. Six neonicotinoids, i.e., imidacloprid, clothianidin, acetamiprid, imidaclothiz, dinotefuran, and flonicamid, were measured in 351 soil samples from Zengcheng, a typical agricultural zone. The soil samples were categorized into three groups based on cultivated plants: vegetables, rice, and fruits. At least one of these neonicotinoid insecticides was detected in 95% of the soil samples. The levels of ∑6NII (range (median)) were 0.26-390 (23), 0.26-280 (6.1), and 0.26-120 (5.0) ng g-1 dry weight in soil samples from vegetable farms, rice paddies, and fruit farms, respectively. Neonicotinoids were detected more frequently and at statistically higher concentrations in vegetable farms than in both rice paddies and fruit farms. This is likely ascribed to higher application frequencies of NIIs in vegetable farms due to higher planting frequencies. The hazard index values for human exposure to NIIs in the agricultural soils were all below 1, suggesting negligible non-cancer risks. The current residual levels of NIIs in the soils could however pose sub-lethal or acute effects to non-target terrestrial organisms such as earthworms. The present study suggests that more information is needed regarding NIIs contamination in soils from agricultural regions of South China to ensure that human and ecological risk from exposure to these compounds can be fully addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Xue-Fang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Shaorui Wang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Research Center of Low Carbon Economy for Guangzhou Region, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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16
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Hu G, Liu H, Chen C, Li J, Hou H, Hewage K, Sadiq R. An integrated geospatial correlation analysis and human health risk assessment approach for investigating abandoned industrial sites. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 293:112891. [PMID: 34289590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An integrated geospatial correlation analysis (GCA)-human health risk assessment (HHRA) approach was developed to investigate abandoned industrial sites featured by heterogeneous contamination data. Critical areas of high health risk concerns can be prioritized for remediation using the integrated approach. An abandoned chemical complex site in Hubei, China was investigated as a case study. GCA and HHRA were performed using soil and groundwater sampling data collected in 2016 and 2019. Benzene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzenes, 2-nitrochlorobenzene, and α-hexachlorocyclohexane were determined to be critical contaminants in soil. The 2019 sampling data revealed new contaminated locations that were not found in the 2016 sampling campaign. High concentrations (89.81-386.55 mg/L) of vinyl chloride were also found in groundwater samples. Several critical location clusters of high concentrations of dichlorobenzenes, chlorobenzene, and α-hexachlorocyclohexane were found within the site according to the GCA outcomes. These contaminants could pose significant cancer and non-cancer risks to onsite workers. The critical areas were ranked according to cancer and non-cancer risks estimated by HHRA, respectively, for informed remediation planning. Among the critical contaminants, α-hexachlorocyclohexane, 2-nitrochlorobenzene, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene in soil, as well as vinyl chloride in groundwater, contributed a predominant part to the total health risk. The integrated approach can be used to assess the contamination of other similar abandoned industrial complex sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangji Hu
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Chang Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Jianbing Li
- WZU-UNBC Joint Research Institute of Ecology and Environment, Wenzhou University (WZU), Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, China; Environmental Engineering Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada.
| | - Haobo Hou
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Kasun Hewage
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Rehan Sadiq
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Paliya S, Mandpe A, Bombaywala S, Kumar MS, Kumar S, Morya VK. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment: a wake-up call for concerted action in India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:44693-44715. [PMID: 34227009 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) used as flame retardants in the products utilized in day-to-day life. Their bioaccumulation, low volatility, and high persistence in the environment have led to their global spread even to remote and distant regions. The present study identifies gaps in the investigation of the neurotoxic potential of PBDEs, their effects on brain development, toxicokinetic, and their potential as a carcinogen. In India, to date, only human breast milk was assessed for levels of PBDEs, and it is suggested that other human tissues can also be explored. No data on the reproductive toxicity of PBDEs are reported from Indian cohorts. Long-range transport and deposition of PBDEs in colder regions necessitates monitoring of Himalayan regions in India. An inventory of PBDEs is required to be made for addressing the worrisome situation of the unregulated import of E-waste from the developed countries in India. The study also emphasizes providing guidelines for the articulation of policies regarding sound surveillance and management of PBDE production, consumption, and release in the Indian context. It is recommended that a separate cell for monitoring and follow-up of PBDEs should be established in India. Also, the development of better alternatives and environment-friendly remediation technologies for PBDEs is the need of the hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Paliya
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Ashootosh Mandpe
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Sakina Bombaywala
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Manukonda Suresh Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, India.
| | - Vivek Kumar Morya
- Adhita Biosciences Pvt. Ltd, SIIC Extension, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, 208 016, India
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Alshemmari H, Al-Shareedah AE, Rajagopalan S, Talebi LA, Hajeyah M. Pesticides driven pollution in Kuwait: The first evidence of environmental exposure to pesticides in soils and human health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129688. [PMID: 33524749 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil pollution from pesticide residues is a key concern due to the high soil accumulation of pesticides and their human toxicity. Pesticide concentration of surface soil samples from the Sulaibiya agricultural field located in Kuwait was assessed in the present study. The study also investigated health risk assessment for both children and adults based on the residual concentrations. The average concentration of ƩOCPs (sum of organochlorine pesticides) along the present study was 3062 pg/g. The residual concentration of ƩOCPs was comparatively lower as compared to other locations around the world. Out of the 11 observed locations, A, B, and D locations indicated higher concentrations of ƩOCPs. The results indicated that DDT showed higher concentrations 692.87 pg/g in soil samples as compared to the other pesticides. Cancer risks of OCP via ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation of soil particles suggested that all stations were in a safe zone. However, locations A, B and D were closer to the low-risk band. The distribution pattern for each form of organochlorine pesticides (OCP) was different in Sulaibiya, indicating the non-simultaneous use of different groups of OCPs in this region. Multivariate statistical analysis based on cluster analysis identified three classes, 1, 2 and 3 of pesticides, suggesting these are from the same sources. Principle component analysis (PCA) showed that soil physicochemical properties influence the pesticides in soil samples. The results provides the baseline data of pesticides in soils from Kuwait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alshemmari
- Environmental Pollution and Climate Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait; Stockholm Convention Regional Center for Capacity-Building and the Transfer of Technology for West Asia (SCRC-Kuwait), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait.
| | - Abdulaziz E Al-Shareedah
- Environmental Pollution and Climate Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - Smitha Rajagopalan
- Environmental Pollution and Climate Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - Lina Ali Talebi
- Environmental Pollution and Climate Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - Mariam Hajeyah
- Crisis Decision Support (CDS) Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
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Ara T, Nisa WU, Anjum M, Riaz L, Saleem AR, Hayat MT. Hexachlorocyclohexane toxicity in water bodies of Pakistan: challenges and possible reclamation technologies. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:2345-2362. [PMID: 34032614 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pakistan is an agro-economy country where hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) pesticides are being used to improve crop productivity, as a result the risk of contamination of soil and sediment has been increased. HCH exhibits all the characteristics of persistent organic pollutants (POP), and was therefore added to the list of 'new POPs' in 2009. This review report revealed that the major rivers of Pakistan such as the Indus Basin, River Ravi, River Chenab and their tributaries all are contaminated with HCH and the highest residual concentration (4,090 ng/g) was detected in a pesticide burial ground in Hyderabad city. Major sources of HCH contamination were identified as agricultural runoff, discharge of untreated industrial effluents and surface runoff. In order to manage HCH pollution, various ex-situ and in-situ remediation techniques along with their merits and demerits are thoroughly reviewed. Among these, microbial bioremediation is a low cost, environment friendly, effective in-situ remediation technique for remediation of HCH. Overall, the information provided in this manuscript will provide a future reference to the scientific community and bridge the knowledge gap between HCH release in the environment and their mitigation through proper treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talat Ara
- Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Waqar-Un Nisa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (SA-CIRBS), International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muzammil Anjum
- Department of Environmental Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China E-mail: ;
| | - Luqman Riaz
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China and Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Aansa Rukya Saleem
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Malik Tahir Hayat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information and Technology, Abbotabad 22010, Pakistan
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Han Y, Cheng J, He L, Zhang M, Ren S, Sun J, Xing X, Tang Z. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils from Tianjin, North China: distribution, health risk, and temporal trends. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:1177-1191. [PMID: 32607699 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Available information is still insufficient for a comprehensive understanding of the global distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the environment. In particular, little is known about the changing trend of their distribution in urban soils. We conducted a survey of 21 PBDEs in urban soils from Tianjin, China. The chemicals were widely present in the area and summed concentrations ranged from 0.65 to 108 ng/g in soil, indicating low to moderate levels of pollution relative to other areas. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, contributing 88.9% of the concentrations of total soil PBDEs. Source assessment indicated that soil PBDEs in the area were mainly derived from the release of commercial deca-BDE from local industrial production processes and consumer products. We found that the soil concentrations of PBDEs appear to have declined in recent years, compared with other previous reports in this region. However, more studies are needed on this possible change trend of PBDE pollution, especially its impact on human health, although their calculated non-carcinogenic health risks in this study were low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lei He
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610101, China
| | - Minna Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shan Ren
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiazheng Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiangyang Xing
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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21
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Mao S, Liu S, Zhou Y, An Q, Zhou X, Mao Z, Wu Y, Liu W. The occurrence and sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in agricultural soils across China with an emphasis on unintentionally produced PCBs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116171. [PMID: 33387783 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In addition to being historically intentionally manufactured as commercial products, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be unintentionally released as by-products from industrial processes. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs) and have even identified them as major contributors to atmospheric PCBs. However, little is known about contributions of UP-PCBs in current soils. In this study, all 209 PCB congeners were analyzed in agricultural soils on a national scale to investigate the influence of unintentional sources on Chinese soil. The concentration of Σ209PCBs in soils across China was in the range of 64.3-4358 pg/g. Four non-Aroclor congeners, i.e., PCB11, PCB44 + 47+65, PCB68, and PCB209, were dominant among all PCBs, averagely accounting for 26.3%, 8.83%, 3.03%, and 2.80% of total PCBs, respectively. PCB11 and PCB209 were found to be higher in East China, while PCB44 + 47+65 and PCB68 were higher in South China. Their spatial distributions were largely dependent on local sources. The results of source apportionment indicated that the legacy of historically produced and used commercial PCB mixtures was the dominant contributor to seven indicator PCBs in Chinese agricultural soils, especially high-chlorinated congeners. However, unintentional sources (i.e., pigment/paint, combustion-related sources, and polymer sealant), which contributed 57.4% of the total PCBs, are controlling PCB burdens in agricultural soils across China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuduan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuren Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qi An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuji Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhouying Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yiting Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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22
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Nematollahi MJ, Dehdaran S, Moore F, Keshavarzi B. Potentially toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust of Yazd, a central capital city in Iran: contamination level, source identification, and ecological-health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:485-519. [PMID: 33033901 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Contamination level, source, and ecological-health risk of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the street dust of Yazd, a central capital city in Iran, were investigated for the first time regarding samples collected from 21 sites. Geochemical indices pointed out an enrichment trend of [Formula: see text] and an ecological risk trend of [Formula: see text]. The ecological risk indices of PAHs reflected high ecological risk for pyrene (Pyr). The statistical approach along with the isomeric ratios of PAHs suggested that the traffic-related sources, such as wearing of tires and brake pads, and the vehicular exhaust emissions were greatly responsible for the elevated concentrations of Pb, Cu, Sb, and PAHs, while Al, Ni, Co, V, Mn, As, and, to a lesser extent, Fe, Zn, Mo, and Cr were mainly influenced by geogenic sources. The human health risk assessment of PTEs and PAHs reflected that As, Cr, and Pb pose the highest non-carcinogenic risk in adults and children, compared with other PTEs and also PAHs. The carcinogenic health risk of Pb in the children and PAHs in both subpopulations was high for cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Dehdaran
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Lisouza FA, Owuor PO, Lalah JO. Sources, distribution, and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in Nairobi City, Kenya. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 96:178-185. [PMID: 32819692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in air and surface waters were monitored in Nairobi City using triolein-filled semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). The SPMDs were extracted by dialysis using n-hexane, followed by cleanup by adsorption chromatography on silica gel cartridges. Sample analysis was done by GC-ECD and confirmed by GC-MS. Separation of means was achieved by analysis of variance, followed by pair-wise comparison using the t-test (p≤ 0.05). The total OCPs ranged between 0.018 - 1.277 ng/m3 in the air and <LOD - 1391.000 ng/m3 in surface waters. Based on the results, the means of Industrial Area, Dandora and Kibera were not significantly different (p≤ 0.05), but were higher (p≤ 0.05) than those of City square and Ngong' Forest. The results revealed non-significant (p≤ 0.05) contribution of long-range transport to OCP pollution in Nairobi City. This indicated possible presence of point sources of environmental OCPs in the city. The water-air fugacity ratios indicated that volatilization and deposition played an important role in the spatial distribution of OCPs in Nairobi City. This indicated that contaminated surface waters could be major sources of human exposure to OCPs, through volatilization. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) determined from inhalation of atmospheric OCPs were 2.3745 × 10-13 - 1.6845 × 10-11 (adult) and 5.5404 × 10-13 - 3.9306 × 10-11 (child) in the order: Dandora > Kibera > Industrial Area > City Square > Ngong' Forest. However, these were lower than the USEPA acceptable risks, 10-6 - 10-4. This study concluded that atmospheric OCPs did not pose significant cancer risks to the residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Ayodi Lisouza
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Masinde Muliro University, P.O. Box 190, Kakamega 50100, Kenya; Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333, Maseno 40105, Kenya.
| | - P Okinda Owuor
- Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333, Maseno 40105, Kenya
| | - Joseph O Lalah
- Department of Geochemistry & Environmental Chemistry, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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Khuman SN, Vinod PG, Bharat G, Kumar YSM, Chakraborty P. Spatial distribution and compositional profiles of organochlorine pesticides in the surface soil from the agricultural, coastal and backwater transects along the south-west coast of India. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126699. [PMID: 32361015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
South-west coast of India has a history of using pesticidal persistent organic pollutants (POPs) particularly endosulfan until aerial spraying was banned during early 2000. Since soil acts as a repository for such pesticidal persistent organic contaminants, we have monitored residues of seventeen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the surface soil samples from the agricultural, coastal, and backwater transects along the south-west coast of India. OCPs concentration in soil were in the order agricultural > coastal > backwaters transects. Endrins, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and heptachlors were among the dominant OCPs quantified in this study. Dominance of metabolites such as dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) and endosulfan sulfate indicates past usage. All the OCPs were dominant in the agricultural transect where plantations/agricultural activities are prevalent. In some specific sites, traces of HCH isomers showed ongoing usage of technical HCH in those sites contradicting the ban in agricultural sector. Backwater sites which are background locations showed positive correlation between soil organic carbon and soil borne OCPs thereby indicating an aged source possibly due to the short/long atmospheric transport from the site of application. Based on the policies regarding control, prevention and other measures for the management of pesticides in Kerala, it was concluded that the implementation on the ground level and the legal framework should be strengthened to prevent further illegal use of the banned pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjenbam Nirmala Khuman
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P G Vinod
- GeoVin Solutions (P) Ltd, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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25
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Bhandari G, Atreya K, Scheepers PTJ, Geissen V. Concentration and distribution of pesticide residues in soil: Non-dietary human health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 253:126594. [PMID: 32289601 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination by pesticide residues is a primary concern because of the high soil persistence of pesticides and their toxicity to humans. We investigated pesticide concentration and distribution at 3 soil depths in 147 soil samples from agricultural land and assessed potential health risks due to non-dietary human exposure to pesticides in Nepal. About sixty percent of the soil samples had pesticides (25% of the soil samples had single residue, 35% of the soil samples had mixtures of 2 or more residues) in 39 different pesticide combinations. Pesticide residues were found more frequently in topsoil. Overall, the concentration of pesticides ranged from 1.0 μg kg-1 to 251 μg kg-1, with a mean of 16 μg kg-1. The concentration of the primary group, organophosphates (OPs), ranged from 1.23 μg kg-1 to 239 μg kg-1, with a mean of 23 μg kg-1. Chlorpyrifos and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) were the predominant contaminants in soils. The ionic ratio of DDT and its degradation products suggested a continuing use of DDT in the area. Human health risk assessment of the observed pesticides in soil suggested negligible cancer risks and negligible non-cancer risks based on ingestion as the primary route of exposure. The predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of pesticides were higher than the values found in the guidance for soil contamination used internationally. Low concentrations of residues in the soils from agricultural farms practicing integrated pest management (IPM) suggest that this farming system could reduce soil pollution in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Bhandari
- Soil Physics and Land Management (SLM), Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands; Progressive Sustainable Developers Nepal (PSD-Nepal), P.O. Box 23883, Kathmandu 31, Nepal.
| | - Kishor Atreya
- PHASE Nepal, P.O. Box 12888, Suryabinayak 4, Dadhikot, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | - Paul T J Scheepers
- Radboudumc, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management (SLM), Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands
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Umulisa V, Kalisa D, Skutlarek D, Reichert B. First evaluation of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) residues and other Persistence Organic Pollutants in soils of Rwanda: Nyabarongo urban versus rural wetlands. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 197:110574. [PMID: 32311612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was the first to evaluate the occurrence, residue levels, spatial distribution and sources of DDT and other Persistence Organic Pollutants (POPs), which can be found in the Nyabarongo lower catchment (NLC) in Rwanda. These include Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endosulfan, Endrin, Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), Heptachlor, Heptachlorepoxide, Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), Isodrin, Methoxychlor, Mirex and Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A total of 108 soil samples were collected in the wetland area, both extracted and eluted with cyclohexane and analysed by GC-MS. The results indicated that DDT isomers and degradation products were major POPs and were detected in 44 samples (40%). Their detection frequency followed the order of 4,4'-DDE > 4,4' -DDT > 4,4' -DDD > 2,4' -DDT > 2,4' -DDD and 2,4' -DDE. Residues varied from non-detected (nd) to 120 μg kg-1 dry weight (dw), with a mean value of 3.93 μg kg-1 dw and a high variation (SD = 10.17 μg kg-1 dw). The degradation ratios confirmed both the historical and recent application of DDT and Dieldrin (0.53-18 μg kg-1 dw). Other detected POPs included PCBs in Kigali city which ranged from 0.1 to 0.21 μg kg-1 dw, confirming that the old contamination drifted from electric transformers. Aldrin (0.38-0.59 μg kg-1 dw); Heptachlor (0.14-0.19 μg kg-1 dw) residues probably reached the catchment through rain-washout. This study confirms that even though Rwanda banned the use of DDT and other POPs including pesticides (Aldrine, Chlordane, DDT, Dieldrine, Endrine, Heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene, Mirex, and Toxaphene); Industrial products (Hexachlorobenzene and Polychlorobiphenyl PCBS) and unintentional sub-products, since 2002, some of above products are still used in random areas (e.g: DDT, Dieldrin). The highest residues were detected close to Lake Muhazi and areas surrounding Kigali city. This study recommends full evaluation of human health and ecological risks from exposure to DDT. Additionally, the National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the Stockholm Convention to eliminate POPs should be reinforcement through strengthening the market control and educational programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Umulisa
- Institute for Geosciences and Meteorology, Section Geology, University of Bonn, Nußallee 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Daniel Kalisa
- College of Science and Technology, The University of Rwanda, KK 737 Street, Gikondo, 4285, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Dirk Skutlarek
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Reichert
- Institute for Geosciences and Meteorology, Section Geology, University of Bonn, Nußallee 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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Moeckel C, Breivik K, Nøst TH, Sankoh A, Jones KC, Sweetman A. Soil pollution at a major West African E-waste recycling site: Contamination pathways and implications for potential mitigation strategies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105563. [PMID: 32106045 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and chlorinated paraffins (CPs)) and heavy metals and metalloids (Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn) were analysed in surface soil samples from the Agbogbloshie e-waste processing and dumping site in Accra (Ghana). In order to identify which of the pollutants are likely to be linked specifically to handling of e-waste, samples were also collected from the Kingtom general waste site in Freetown (Sierra Leone). The results were compared using principal component analyses (PCA). PBDE congeners found in technical octa-BDE mixtures, highly chlorinated PCBs and several heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Ag and Hg) showed elevated concentrations in the soils that are likely due to contamination by e-waste. PCAs associated those compounds with pyrogenic PAHs, suggesting that burning of e-waste, a common practice to isolate valuable metals, may cause this contamination. Moreover, other contamination pathways, especially incorporation of waste fragments into the soil, also appeared to play an important role in determining concentrations of some of the pollutants in the soil. Concentrations of several of these compounds were extremely high (especially PBDEs, heavy metals and SCCPs) and in some cases exceeded action guideline levels for soil. This indicates that exposure to these contaminants via the soil alone is potentially harmful to the recyclers and their families living on waste sites. Many organic contaminants and other exposure pathways such as inhalation are not yet included in such guidelines but may also be significant, given that deposition from the air following waste burning was identified as a major pollutant source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Moeckel
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, 0351 Oslo, Norway
| | - Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Alhaji Sankoh
- Njala University, Njala, Moyamba District, Sierra Leone
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Ali SN, Baqar M, Mumtaz M, Ashraf U, Anwar MN, Qadir A, Ahmad SR, Nizami AS, Jun H. Organochlorine pesticides in the surrounding soils of POPs destruction facility: source fingerprinting, human health, and ecological risks assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:7328-7340. [PMID: 31884545 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The elimination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) obsolete pesticides stockpiles, particularly the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), is one of the critical environmental issues faced by many developing countries. This pioneering study aimed to investigate the occurrence, source fingerprinting, human health, and ecological risks of OCPs in the surroundings of the lone POPs pesticide destruction facility in Pakistan. The ΣOCPs residual levels in soil ranged from 35.98 to 566.77 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean concentration of 174.42 + 111.62 ng/g (dw). The OCPs contamination levels in the soil followed the pattern as ΣHCHs > Σendrins > Σendosulfans > dieldrin > Σheptachlors > ΣDDTs > Σchlordanes > methoxychlor. The ΣHCHs residual concentrations were comparatively higher than the previous national and global soil studies. The recent accumulation of HCHs, DDTs, and heptachlor was observed in the study area as identified by β-HCH/∑HCHs, (DDE + DDD)/ΣDDTs, heptachlor/Σheptachlor, and heptachlor exo-epoxide/heptachlor ratios. The OCPs' lifetime carcinogenic risk through ingestion, dermal, and inhalation exposure routes ranged from 1.65E-08 to 2.91E-07, whereas the noncarcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) ranged from 9.12E-05 to 1.61E-03. The risk vulnerability among age groups was in the order: adult > toddler > child > teen > infant. The calculated risk levels were within an acceptable limit of one in a million (1 × 10-6) for carcinogenic risk and HQ < 1 for noncarcinogenic risk. The current OCPs residual levels, especially dieldrin and endrin, exhibited low to medium ecological risks when compared to various worldwide limits. The upsurge of the OCPs' environmental contamination levels over the years and consideration of the food chain transfer might amplify the human health and ecological risks intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Nazish Ali
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Uzma Ashraf
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore, 53200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anwar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Abdul-Sattar Nizami
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Huang Jun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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29
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Yu H, Liu Y, Shu X, Ma L, Pan Y. Assessment of the spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in urban soil of China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125392. [PMID: 31995868 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Long-term (2004-2018) persistent organic pollutants (POPs) data were collected for urban soils of China. The dataset included concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soils, comprising a range of different compounds. Understanding the source of OCP and PCB pollution is an important step in controlling and reducing pollution levels in the environment. This study aimed to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution, pollution sources, and potential health risks of OCPs and PCBs in urban soils in different regions of China. It was found that the total OCP concentrations ranged from 7.6 to 37331 μg/kg with a mean value of 2861 μg/kg, and PCBs concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 123467 μg/kg with a mean value of 4984 μg/kg. The highest OCP concentrations were observed in Beijing and Hebei, whereas the highest PCB concentrations were found in the Zhejiang province. The geographical distribution showed that the total mean concentration of POPs of urban soil was much higher in East China than in West China. According to the isomer ratios, about 64% of provinces and cities showed new sources of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) input and dicofol input was found in 30% of China. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in urban soils was mainly derived from fresh usage of lindane (γ-HCH) in most regions of China. Lifetime carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of OCPs and PCBs through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact indicated that PCBs in urban soils of China often exceeded safe levels. The total lifetime carcinogenic risk values of PCBs were higher than the individual lifetime acceptable risk level (10-4) in 64% of the studied regions and the non-carcinogenic risk values exceeded the target risk level (10-1) in 53% of the regions. The improved knowledge of the distribution and main pollution sources of POPs in urban soil of China as a result of this study can contribute to better decision-making support for soil pollution control and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xingquan Shu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Limin Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yuwei Pan
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
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Joubert BR, Mantooth SN, McAllister KA. Environmental Health Research in Africa: Important Progress and Promising Opportunities. Front Genet 2020; 10:1166. [PMID: 32010175 PMCID: PMC6977412 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization in 2016 estimated that over 20% of the global disease burden and deaths were attributed to modifiable environmental factors. However, data clearly characterizing the impact of environmental exposures and health endpoints in African populations is limited. To describe recent progress and identify important research gaps, we reviewed literature on environmental health research in African populations over the last decade, as well as research incorporating both genomic and environmental factors. We queried PubMed for peer-reviewed research articles, reviews, or books examining environmental exposures and health outcomes in human populations in Africa. Searches utilized medical subheading (MeSH) terms for environmental exposure categories listed in the March 2018 US National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, which includes chemicals with worldwide distributions. Our search strategy retrieved 540 relevant publications, with studies evaluating health impacts of ambient air pollution (n=105), indoor air pollution (n = 166), heavy metals (n = 130), pesticides (n = 95), dietary mold (n = 61), indoor mold (n = 9), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs, n = 0), electronic waste (n = 9), environmental phenols (n = 4), flame retardants (n = 8), and phthalates (n = 3), where publications could belong to more than one exposure category. Only 23 publications characterized both environmental and genomic risk factors. Cardiovascular and respiratory health endpoints impacted by air pollution were comparable to observations in other countries. Air pollution exposures unique to Africa and some other resource limited settings were dust and specific occupational exposures. Literature describing harmful health effects of metals, pesticides, and dietary mold represented a context unique to Africa. Studies of exposures to phthalates, PFASs, phenols, and flame retardants were very limited. These results underscore the need for further focus on current and emerging environmental and chemical health risks as well as better integration of genomic and environmental factors in African research studies. Environmental exposures with distinct routes of exposure, unique co-exposures and co-morbidities, combined with the extensive genomic diversity in Africa may lead to the identification of novel mechanisms underlying complex disease and promising potential for translation to global public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie R Joubert
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Kimberly A McAllister
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
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Li Z, Sun H. Cost-Effective Detection of Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acids with Gas Chromatography: Optimization of Derivatization Approaches and Method Validation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:E100. [PMID: 31877809 PMCID: PMC6982026 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reliable quantification of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in environmental samples like surface water by using gas chromatography (GC) remains challenging because the polar PFCAs call for derivatization before injection and problems involving the integration of sample pretreatment and derivatization procedures. Here we proposed a cost-effective method for the GC based determination of C4-C12 PFCAs in surface water samples by integrating solid phase extraction and PFCAs anilide derivatization. First, we assessed the performance of different PFCAs derivatization methods, namely esterification and amidation. Esterification was unable to derivatize C4-C6 PFCAs. On the contrary, amidation procedures by using 2,4-difluoroaniline (DFA) and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) could successfully transform all the PFCA analogs to produce anilide derivatives, which could be easily detected by GC. Then the reaction conditions in the amidation approach were further optimized by using orthogonal design experiments. After optimizing the instrumental parameters of GC, the limits of detection (LOD) of this derivatization method were determined to be 1.14-6.32 μg L-1. Finally, in order to establish an intact method for the quantification of PFCAs in surface water samples, solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for extraction and cleanup, which was further integrated with the subsequent amidation process. The SPE-amidation-GC method was validated for application, with good accuracy and precision reflected by the PFCAs recoveries and derivatization of triplicates. The method reported here could provide a promising and cost-effective alternative for the simultaneous determination of C4-C12 PFCAs in environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;
- Hubei High-Tech Innovation and Business Incubation Center, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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Olisah C, Adeniji AO, Okoh OO, Okoh AI. Occurrence and risk evaluation of organochlorine contaminants in surface water along the course of Swartkops and Sundays River Estuaries, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:2777-2801. [PMID: 31177475 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine contaminants were analysed in surface water from Sundays (SDE) and Swartkops Estuaries (SWE), Eastern Cape Province, which is among the largest estuaries in South Africa. The concentration of Σ18OCPs ranged from 16.7 to 249.2 ng/L in autumn, 19.9-81.4 ng/L in winter, 43.6-126.8 ng/L in spring and 68.3-199.9 ng/L in summer for SDE, whereas in SWE, the values varied from 20.9 to 259.7 ng/L in autumn, 58.9-263.9 ng/L in winter, 3.2-183.6 ng/L in spring and 118.0-188.9 ng/L in summer. Among all OCPs, α-HCH, β-HCH, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, endrin, dieldrin and endrin aldehyde were predominant in surface water samples from SDE and SWE. Furthermore, the mean concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) ranged from 126.7 ng/L in winter to 151.0 ng/L in spring for SDE and 249.0 ng/L in spring to 727.6 ng/L in winter for SWE. Tri- and tetra-PCBs dominated the PCB homologue profile. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the study sites into three regions from least polluted to most polluted, indicated that SWE is more polluted compared to SDE, probably due to the influx of agricultural and industrial effluents. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that the water from both estuaries is not safe for drinking, although suitable for bathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chijioke Olisah
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice, 5700, South Africa.
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
| | - Abiodun O Adeniji
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice, 5700, South Africa
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
| | - Omobola O Okoh
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice, 5700, South Africa
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice, 5700, South Africa
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang C, Fan W, Wang M, Wang J. Effective biodegradation of pentachloronitrobenzene by a novel strain Peudomonas putida QTH3 isolated from contaminated soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109463. [PMID: 31351328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To eliminate pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) residue in PCNB-contaminated environment, the degradation potential of Pseudomonas putida QTH3 to PCNB was evaluated in this study. Peudomonas putida QTH3 could grow well in mineral salt medium (MSM) containing PCNB as sole carbon and was able to degrade PCNB efficiently, whereas the degradation rate of P. putida QTH3 to PCNB increased gradually, and reached 49.84% in 35 days. The degradation rates of P. putida QTH3 to 13 tested organochlorine compounds found to be 10.85%-42.51% after 14 days. The metabolites during PCNB biodegradation by P. putida QTH3 were identified as catechol, 2, 3, 5, 6-tetrachloroaniline (TCA), 2, 3, 4, 5- TCA, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-pentachloroaniline (PCA) and pentachlorothioanisole (PCTAs). Furthermore, possible degradation pathway of PCNB by P. putida QTH3 was proposed. The degradation rates of intracellular enzyme and extracellular enzyme were 44.73% and 8.93% after incubation with 100 mg L-1 PCNB for 30 min, respectively. Thus, intracellular enzyme is a major enzyme responsible for PCNB degradation. The results indicate that P. putida QTH3 can be a suitable organism for the degradation of PCNB, and facilitate its potential for the bioremediation of the environments contaminated with major organochlorine compounds used during this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China.
| | - Xiqian Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Yuncheng Sub-center, Shanxi Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Technology Center, Yuncheng, Shanxi, 044600, China
| | - Chunwei Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China.
| | - Weixin Fan
- Experiment Teaching Center, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Meiqin Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China.
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Xu C, Niu L, Zou D, Zhu S, Liu W. Congener-specific composition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil-air partitioning and the associated health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 684:486-495. [PMID: 31154221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent changes in the compositions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) after their restriction for 40 years may have various effects on human health. In order to characterize the congener-specific compositions of PCBs in the soil-air process and assess the associated human health risks, soil and air samples were simultaneously collected in winter and summer at two different functional locations. Homologue patterns suggest that long-range atmospheric transport might be the major source of soil and air residues of PCBs. The net deposition from air to soil was overwhelming for most PCB congeners. Variations in the occurrence and the homologue patterns of PCBs between the soil and air interface depended on chemical volatility, soil organic matter (OM) content, ambient temperature, topographical condition and atmospheric transport. Dioxin-like PCBs accounted for 11.0-70.3% and 2.31-54.8% of total PCB residues in soil and air, respectively. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to soil and air PCBs were also estimated. Different PCB congeners showed different health effects, with the highest contribution from PCB-26. Additionally, the non-carcinogenic risk levels of PCBs were enhanced, while the carcinogenic risk levels decreased during the soil-air exchange process of PCBs with time. Our results highlight the soil-air interaction of PCBs in predicting their potential human exposure health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lili Niu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Deliang Zou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Ogbeide O, Uhunamure G, Okundaye F, Ejeomo C. First report on probabilistic risk assessment of pesticide residues in a riverine ecosystem in South-South Nigeria. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:546-561. [PMID: 31151015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the ecological and human health risk associated with concentrations of legacy organochlorine pesticide residues in Ikpoba River, a major River in the heart of Benin City, a Nigerian urban town located in Edo State. Standard methods were used to collect, extract and analyze samples, while risk assessment was carried out using standard models and indices. Results showed varying pesticide concentrations in both sediment and water samples with α-HCH (0.24 ± 0.11 μg L-l), predominant in water, whereas dieldrin (0.99 ± 0.33 μg kg-l) was the highest concentration in sediment. Compared to the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs), this study concentrations of pesticides in sediments were below the values of effect range medium, effect range low, probable effect level and threshold effects level, suggesting low environmental hazard to benthic organisms. However, on exposure to contaminated sediments, probabilistic ecological risk assessment using Monte Carlo techniques showed potential risk to algae, daphnid and fish. Human health risk estimates using dermal and ingestion exposure deterministic and probabilistic routes revealed a potential risk to adults and children exposed to contaminated water and sediment. Estimates for detected pesticides exceeded the threshold level, indicating potential cancer effects for both children and adults who rely on the resources of the river. This study highlights the need for concerted efforts to curb the threat of pesticides and other contaminants in the aquatic environment by all relevant stakeholders in Nigeria and Africa as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozekeke Ogbeide
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State. (Qwa Qwa campus), Free State, South Africa; Afromountane Research Unit (ARU) University of the Free State. (Qwa Qwa campus), Free State, South Africa; Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology. Faculty of Life Sciences. University of Benin. Benin City, Nigeria.
| | - Grace Uhunamure
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology. Faculty of Life Sciences. University of Benin. Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Fabulous Okundaye
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology. Faculty of Life Sciences. University of Benin. Benin City, Nigeria
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Mungai TM, Wang J. Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Evaluation of Organochlorine Pesticides from Suburban Soils of Kenya. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162937. [PMID: 31443302 PMCID: PMC6719993 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of organic chemicals in agriculture and manufacturing has raised concerns about the dangers of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the environment. By examining OCPs occurrence in the suburban soils from Kenya, this study revealed the distribution, concentrations, and the threat posed to the environment and human health. A gas chromatography electron capture detector was used to test the pesticides. The hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) studied in soils of Kapsabet, Voi, and Nyeri towns showed concentrations ranging from 0.03-52.7, 0.06-22.3, and 0.24-24.3 ng/g respectively. The highest concentration of HCHs was in Kapsabet (0.03-48.1 ng/g), whereas the highest DDTs concentration was in Voi (n.d.-15.5 ng/g). Source identification revealed OCPs pollution originated from recent usage of DDT pesticides to control insect-borne diseases and from the use of lindane in agriculture. Correlation test revealed that total organic carbon influenced the presence of pesticides in the soils. The enantiomeric ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH were <3 indicating the use of lindane while the ratios of DDE/DDT were <1 suggesting recent input of DDT. The cancer risk assessment showed values close to the set risk level of 10-6, suggesting the likelihood of exposure to cancer was not low enough, and control measures need to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresiah M Mungai
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Ndungu AW, Yan X, Makokha VA, Githaiga KB, Wang J. Occurrence and risk assessment of heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides in surface soils, Central Kenya. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2019; 17:63-73. [PMID: 31321038 PMCID: PMC6582105 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-018-00326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study investigated pollution in surface soils of five dominant land use types in central Kenya. The mean concentration of heavy metals (Zn, Hg, Cd, Cu, Cr, As and Ni) in (mg/kg) and two organochlorine pesticides (DDTs and HCHs) (μg/kg) were determined. METHOD Heavy metal contamination and potential ecological risk using the Nemerow pollution index and Hakanson ecological risk index respectively were used in examining pollution level. With the help of multivariate analysis sources of heavy metal pollution were identified which were mainly from anthropogenic activities. Notably, heavy metal concentration in our study was compared to other regions within the country, results showed regional variation. Total levels of DDTs, HCHs pesticide and their constituent isomers in the surface soil were determined by a gas chromatography (GC-μECD). RESULTS Pollution level in all land use areas according to Nemerow pollution index indicated low pollution status. Notably, in all land use areas the pollution level decreased in the following order Industrial land>Peri-urban>Agriculture land>Forest>River. In addition, heavy metals had low risks values according to Hakanson ecological risk index ranging from 0.01 to 0.58, with Hg having the highest mean value of 0.58. As expected, organochlorine pesticide were higher in agricultural land use, DDTs levels were comparatively higher than HCHs levels. Results on DDTs ratio (p, p'-DDT/p, p'-DDD + p, p'-DDE) were < 1 in all land use types which showed that their residues originated from historical sources. Lower α/ γ HCH ratio in forest and peri-urban land uses however indicated current input of lindane. Correlation analysis showed significant relationship between TOC and HCHs only. CONCLUSION When compared to recent study done in agricultural soil (Nairobi surroundings), present study of OCPs (DDTs and HCHs) concentration in central Kenya was relatively high. The quality of soil in Central Kenya was classified as considerably polluted by OCPs but low polluted by heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wairimu Ndungu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xue Yan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Victorine Anyango Makokha
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Kelvin Babu Githaiga
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
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Škrbić BD, Marinković V. Occurrence, seasonal variety of organochlorine compounds in street dust of Novi Sad, Serbia, and its implication for risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:895-902. [PMID: 30708304 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents a study of organochlorine compounds in street dust, an often forgotten aspect of urban environmental pollution. Six different polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and eighteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were monitored in terms of levels, distribution, seasonal variation and health risks. Street dust samples were collected from fifteen urban locations in Novi Sad including schools, recreational areas, residential and industrial zones. Street dust concentration of PCBs ranged from less than the limit of detection (<LOD) to 12.1 ng g-1 (mean = 0.58 ng g-1) in summer and from <LOD to 3.82 ng g-1 (mean = 0.45 ng g-1) in winter. Among the investigated OCPs, only dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were detected - their concentration varied from <LOD to 34.7 ng g-1 (mean = 6.2 ng g-1 and median = 1.4 ng g-1) in summer to <LOD to 50.5 ng g-1 (mean = 7.1 ng g-1 and median = 2.0 ng g-1) in winter. Principal component analysis indicated a positive correlation among PCB 101, PCB 153 and pH as well as between PCB 138 and organic matter. Regression analysis revealed that distribution trends of DDTs between the soil and street dust samples are significantly correlated in the recreational areas. The average level of total lifetime carcinogenic risk (TLCR) for PCBs (3.7 × 10-9) and DDTs (3.6 × 10-9) found in Novi Sad street dust samples were well below the unacceptable level of 10-6, indicating that the lifetime cancer risk was acceptable. It was also found that the seasonal variations were not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana D Škrbić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Vesna Marinković
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Školska 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Wang G, Liu Y, Tao W, Zhao X, Li X. Reflection of concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in health risk assessment: A case study in sediments from the metropolitan river, North China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:80-88. [PMID: 30665190 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a developed city in North China, Tsingtao is believed to be suffering from the pollution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) due to the rapid industrialization and urbanization in recent years. In this work, 8 PBDE congeners were detected in sediments from Moshui River, Tsingtao. BDE-209 and sum of 7 low brominated PBDE congeners (∑7PBDEs, excluding BDE-209) ranged from 10.2 × 10-3 to 237 × 10-3 mg kg-1 and from 1.62 × 10-3 to 23.1 × 10-3 mg kg-1 d.w., respectively. PBDE concentrations decreased in the order of midstream > downstream > upstream, attributing to the discrepancies in anthropogenic activities among these areas. Principal component analysis coupled with multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) revealed that 24.4% of PBDEs were derived from surface runoff of contaminated soils, 58.2% from direct discharge of local sources and 17.4% from atmospheric deposition. The probabilistic health risk assessment of PBDEs was performed by using Monte Carlo simulation. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks based on total PBDEs were low for children and teens, whilst severe for adults. However, based on bioaccessible PBDEs (in vitro gastrointestinal model), there was no obvious health risk for the three age groups. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first attempt to assess the health risk by using bioaccessible PBDEs in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China; Environmental Information Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Tao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinda Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China.
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Wei L, Tadesse AW, Wang J. Organohalogenated Contaminants (OHCs) in Surface Sediments and Water of East Dongting Lake and Hong Lake, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 76:157-170. [PMID: 30244305 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
East Dongting Lake and Hong Lake are two typical lakes in the middle watershed of the Yangtze River, China. The differences in the hydrological condition and human activities of the region may result in the differences in concentrations, distribution, and sources of contaminants. The levels, sources, distribution, and ecological risk of OHCs, including 15 OCPs, 7 PCBs, and 7 PBDEs in surface sediments and water from this region, were investigated. OCPs and PCBs were the predominant pollutants in water and sediments samples, respectively. Source analysis showed that HCHs, PBDEs, and PCBs were mainly from the historical input of commercial products, but there were recent discharges of DDT into the water. The spatial distribution of OHCs showed that higher levels of OHCs in sediments and water were found in the sampling sites far away from the estuary of Hong Lake, but such obvious distribution characteristic was not found in East Dongting Lake. TOC played a crucial role in the retention of OCPs in the sediments of Hong Lake, but significant correlation between TOC and OCPs for East Dongting Lake, TOC and PCBs or PBDEs for both lakes were not found. The possible adverse biological effects could be caused by OCPs residues in sediments of both lakes, and it was worse for Hong Lake. The noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessment of HCHs and DDTs indicated the water quality of both lakes was safe for bathing and drinking. The potential ecotoxicological risks of PBDEs and PCBs of both lakes were rather low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ababo Workineh Tadesse
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Gereslassie T, Workineh A, Atieno OJ, Wang J. Determination of Occurrences, Distribution, Health Impacts of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soils of Central China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16010146. [PMID: 30621114 PMCID: PMC6338902 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides are groups of chemicals applied to prevent pest and insect infestation. This study was aimed at investigating the concentration, potential sources, cancer risk and ecological toxicity of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Huangpi district, Wuhan, China. Eight OCPs in soil samples collected from four land-use types at depths of 0–10 and 10–20 cm were examined. Sample extraction was carried out by solid phase matrix extraction method and analyzed using Agilent gas chromatograph 7890B equipped with electron capture detectors (ECD). The total concentration of OCPs ranged from 0.00–32.7 ng g−1 in the surface and 0.01–100.45 ng g−1 in the subsurface soil layer. Beta hexachlorocyclohexanes (β-HCH) with 2.20 and 7.71 ng g−1 in the surface and subsurface soil layers, respectively, was the dominant compound. The mean concentrations of OCPs in all samples were less than the threshold values for hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) in China soil. Concentration of OCPs in the four land-use types were in the order of: paddy field > barren land > farmland > plastic greenhouse. Results of composition analysis revealed recent application of lindane as a major and historical use of new technical HCHs as a minor source of HCHs. On the other hand, application of new technical p,p’-DDT is the main source of DDTs in the study area. The estimated lifetime average daily dose, incremental lifetime cancer risks and hazard quotient values revealed that there is less likelihood of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health risks on the local residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tekleweini Gereslassie
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Department of Pollution Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ababo Workineh
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Department of Pollution Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Onyango Janet Atieno
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Department of Pollution Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Gereslassie T, Workineh A, Liu X, Yan X, Wang J. Occurrence and Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils from Wuhan, Central China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122751. [PMID: 30563143 PMCID: PMC6313511 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are large groups of ubiquitous environmental pollutants composed of two or more fused aromatic rings. This study was designed to evaluate the distribution, potential sources, and ecological and cancer risks of eleven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from Huangpi soils in Wuhan, central China. The soil samples for this study were taken from 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depths. A modified matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction method was applied to extract analytes from the soil samples. A gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector was used to determine the concentrations of the compounds. The sum mean concentrations of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were 138.93 and 154.99 µg kg−1 in the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depths, respectively. Benzo[a]pyrene and fluorene were the most abundant compounds in the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil depths, respectively. The quantitative values of the pyrogenic index, total index, and diagnostic ratio used in this study showed that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have a pyrogenic origin. The negligible and maximum permissible concentrations values for naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and benzo[a]pyrene indicated a moderate ecological risk. The incremental lifetime cancer risk values for adults and children showed a low and moderate cancer risk, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tekleweini Gereslassie
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ababo Workineh
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xue Yan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Wang L, Xue C, Zhang Y, Li Z, Liu C, Pan X, Chen F, Liu Y. Soil aggregate-associated distribution of DDTs and HCHs in farmland and bareland soils in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Area of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:734-742. [PMID: 30228065 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic matter (SOM) is the principal aggregating agent for soil aggregation and also the main adsorbent for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), which may thereby affect OCP distribution in soils subjected to different land use types. However, the potential effects of land use on SOM and OCP distribution patterns in soil aggregates are not well understood. In this study, soils from farmlands and barelands in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area were analyzed to determine the influence of land use on OCP distribution and composition in different aggregate fractions (>3, 1-3, 0.25-1, and <0.25 mm). The results showed that the levels of ∑DDTs ranged from 9.01 to 27.48 with a mean of 14.40 ng g-1, and ∑HCHs ranged from 2.06 to 4.66 with a mean of 3.19 ng g-1 in farmland soils. In comparison, bareland soils were less contaminated, with total DDTs and HCHs fell in the range of 0.75-5.01 ng g-1 and not detected (n.d.)-1.40 ng g-1 respectively. In regard to the distribution patterns in soil aggregates, the residual levels of ∑DDTs and ∑HCHs tended to a certain degree to enrich in microaggregates (<0.25 mm) relative to bulk soils. A further analysis revealed that the enrichment of ∑DDTs and ∑HCHs in microaggregates were mainly attributed to the accumulation of p,p'-DDE and β-HCH. Moreover, SOM was found also enriched in microaggregates. The enrichment of SOM was significantly and positively correlated with these of ∑DDTs, ∑HCHs, and the dominant metabolites (i.e., DDE and β-HCH) in both land use types. Such results indicated that the variations in behavior of OCPs could be linked to the processes of soil aggregate turnover. These findings may help to enrich the theory of soil OCPs sequestration and establish targeted strategies to mitigate their health risks in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Cheng Xue
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yushu Zhang
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xia Pan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; China Program, International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Makokha VA, Ndung'u AW, Mungai TM, Yan X, Wang J. Concentrations, Sources, and Risk Assessment of Organohalogen Compounds in Soils from Kiambu to Mombasa, Kenya. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 101:766-772. [PMID: 30411274 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations, sources, and risk assessment of 16 organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and seven polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in soils from Kiambu to Mombasa in Kenya. The total concentrations of OCPs ranged between 7.62 and 76.09 ng/g, dominated by HCHs. Source identification displayed recent inputs and historical use of DDTs and lindane. The total concentrations of PCBs ranged from 9.90 to 20.8 ng/g with an average of 14.40 ng/g dominated by penta-PCBs from old transformers leakages. The total PBDEs concentrations were in the range of 1.89-38.36 ng/g and with a mean of 11.38 ng/g. Electric and electronic equipment waste and PBDE containing materials as sources of PBDE. The risk assessment of OCPs and PCBs showed low potential human health risk from OCPs, while PCBs indicated to pose a high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victorine Anyango Makokha
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Anne Wairimu Ndung'u
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Teresiah Muciku Mungai
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xue Yan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Dirbaba NB, Li S, Wu H, Yan X, Wang J. Organochlorine pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in surficial sediments of the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205026. [PMID: 30286178 PMCID: PMC6171923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was initiated to document information on the levels of sediment contamination with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Moreover, it was intended to identify compounds which impose major ecological risks to aquatic organisms. Surficial sediments were collected from 46 locations within the streams and rivers of the Awash River Basin. In total 30 compounds were included in this study: 16 OCPs, 7 PCBs and 7 PBDEs. The total concentrations of OCPs, PCBs, and PBDEs ranged from 6.63 to 206.13 ng g-1- dry weight (dw), 0.85 to 26.56 ng g-1-dw and 3.71 to 18.95 ng g-1-dw respectively. Out of all the tested OCPs, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT) and β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) were the most abundant in the study area. The ratio of (β-HCH/∑HCHs) indicated that HCHs were originally from earlier usage of HCH in the area whereas the ratio of (p,p’-DDT/p,p’-DDE) showed that the majority of DDT components were recently introduced into most of the sampling locations. Even though there were relatively low concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs across the sampling sites, substantial amounts of PCBs were observed in Addis Ababa City. According to the established ecological risk indices, p,p’-DDT and γ-HCH are the major concerns for potential adverse ecological impacts. This study provided the first comprehensive information on organohalogenated compounds’ (OCs’) occurrences, spatial distributions, and ecological risks in sediments of the Awash River Basin. Thus, the report will be very useful background information for further studies on sediment contamination with OCs’ in the region. It also adds important first-hand data to the field of fresh water ecology and provides useful empirical evidence for setting pollution control priorities for an ecologically important, yet largely understudied region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niguse Bekele Dirbaba
- School of Environmental and Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Sen Li
- School of Environmental and Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongjuan Wu
- School of Environmental and Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (XY); (JW)
| | - Xue Yan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (XY); (JW)
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (XY); (JW)
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Devi NL, Yadav IC, Chakraborty P, Shihua Q. Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Surface Soil from North-East India: Implication for Sources Apportionment and Health-Risk Assessment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 75:377-389. [PMID: 29713743 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although India never manufactured polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), evidence suggests the prevalence of PCBs in multi-environmental matrices. Despite the high level of PCBs that has been detailed in the major urban areas of India, little is known about the fate and sources of PCBs in Northeast India (NEI). This motivated us to investigate the contamination level and sources of PCBs in the surface soil. In this study, the environmental concentration and sources of 25 PCBs were investigated in surface soil (n = 60) from three states of NEI (lower Assam, Manipur, and Tripura). Additionally, the relationship between soil organic carbon (SOC) and PCBs was studied to investigate the role of SOC in the distribution of PCBs. Overall, the concentration of ∑25PCBs ranged from 2950 to 16,700 pg/g dw (median 7080 pg/g dw), 3580-21,100 pg/g dw (median 11,500 pg/g dw), and 2040-11,000 pg/g dw (median 4270 pg/g dw) in Assam, Manipur, and Tripura, respectively. Low-chlorinated PCBs were more prevalent than highly chlorinated PCBs. PCB-49 was identified as the most abundant in soil, followed by PCB-52, and accounted for 13% and 12.9% of ∑25PCBs, respectively. With respect to land use categories, high ∑25PCBs were related to grassland areas and proximity to the roadside soil. The principal component analysis indicated emissions from technical PCB mixtures, combustion of municipal wastes/residential wood, incineration of hospital wastes, and e-waste recycling/disposal sites are the real sources of PCBs. Marginally, a moderate-to-weak correlation of SOC with ∑25PCBs (R2 = 0.144, p < 0.05) and their homologs (R2 = 0.280-0.365, p < 0.05) indicated the little role of SOC in the dispersion of PCBs. The estimated toxic equivalency of dioxin-like PCBs suggested that PCB-126 is the most toxic contaminant to endanger the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, BIT Campus, Patna, Bihar, 800014, India
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-geology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388, Lumo Road, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan.
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Qi Shihua
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-geology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388, Lumo Road, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Folarin BT, Abdallah MAE, Oluseyi T, Olayinka K, Harrad S. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and indoor dust associated with electricity generation facilities in Lagos, Nigeria. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:620-625. [PMID: 29852461 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 7 indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in dust and soil samples from 12 power stations collected over the two major seasons of the Nigerian climate. Median ƩPCB7 concentrations in soil ranged from 2 ng/g for power station A to 220 ng/g for power station I; while those in dust ranged from 21 ng/g for power station L to 2200 ng/g for power station I. For individual congeners, median PCB concentrations ranged from 3.8 ng/g for PCB 101 to 52 ng/g for PCB 180 in dust, and <0.07 ng/g for PCB 28 to 5.9 ng/g for PCB 153 in soil. The type of power station activity exerted a significant influence on concentrations of ΣPCB7 in dust and soil (generation > transmission > distribution). Congener patterns in dust and soil samples were compared using principal component analysis (PCA) with those in transformer oil samples from 3 of the power stations studied and with common PCB mixtures (Aroclors). This revealed congener patterns in soil were more closely related to that in the transformer oil than dust. Congener patterns in most samples were similar to Aroclor 1260. Concentrations of PCBs in soil samples close to the transformers significantly exceeded those in soil sampled further away.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilikis Temitope Folarin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Domínguez-Morueco N, Carvalho M, Sierra J, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL, Ratola N, Nadal M. Multi-component determination of atmospheric semi-volatile organic compounds in soils and vegetation from Tarragona County, Catalonia, Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:1138-1152. [PMID: 29727940 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tarragona County (Spain) is home to the most important chemical/petrochemical industrial complex in Southern Europe, which raises concerns about the presence and effects of the numerous environmental contaminants. In order to assess the levels and patterns of five classes of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), synthetic musks (SMs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and one organochlorine pesticide, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 27 samples of soil and vegetation (Piptatherum L.) from different areas (petrochemical, chemical, urban/residential, and background) of Tarragona County were analysed. The results show that PAHs levels in soils ranged from 45.12 to 158.00ng/g and the urban areas presented the highest concentrations, mainly associated with the presence of a nearby highway and several roads with heavy traffic. PAHs levels in vegetation samples ranged from 42.13 to 80.08ng/g, where the greatest influence came from the urban and petrochemical areas. In the case of SMs, levels in soils and vegetation samples ranged from 5.42 to 10.04ng/g and from 4.08 to 17.94ng/g, respectively, and in both cases, background areas (at least 30km away from the main SVOCs emission sources) showed the highest levels, suggesting an influence of the personal care products derived from beach-related tourism in the coast. PCBs (from 6.62 to 14.07ng/g in soils; from 0.52 to 4.41ng/g in vegetation) prevailed in the chemical area in both matrices, probably associated with the presence of two sub-electrical stations located in the vicinities. In general terms, BFRs and HCB values recorded in soil and vegetation samples were quite similar between matrices and sampling areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Domínguez-Morueco
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mariana Carvalho
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jordi Sierra
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Soil Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Joan XXIII s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José Luis Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nuno Ratola
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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49
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Li Q, Lu Y, Wang P, Wang T, Zhang Y, Suriyanarayanan S, Liang R, Baninla Y, Khan K. Distribution, source, and risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in urban and rural soils around the Yellow and Bohai Seas, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:233-241. [PMID: 29656247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Between 1945 and 1983, China was the world's largest producer of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and the second largest producer of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs). The provinces of Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong, and Jiangsu around the Yellow and Bohai Seas have a long history of production and usage of OCPs and PCBs. To investigate their residual concentration, distribution, risk level, and temporal degradation, 7 OCPs and 7 indicator PCBs were determined in surface soils collected around the Yellow and Bohai Seas. Residues of the 7 OCPs and 7 PCBs were in the range of 5.89-179.96 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) and non-detectable (ND)-385.67 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Tianjin and Hebei provinces recorded the highest concentrations of OCPs and PCBs, respectively. Moreover, OCPs residues had a significant relationship with agriculture and orchard land-use types, whereas PCBs residues occurred more in wasteland. Lifetime carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of OCPs and PCBs through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact indicated that OCPs and PCBs residues in surface soils are at a low risk level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Ruoyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yvette Baninla
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kifayatullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan
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50
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Liu Y, Song N, Guo R, Xu H, Zhang Q, Han Z, Feng M, Li D, Zhang S, Chen J. Occurrence and partitioning behavior of organophosphate esters in surface water and sediment of a shallow Chinese freshwater lake (Taihu Lake): Implication for eco-toxicity risk. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:255-263. [PMID: 29571146 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, which have been considered or suspected as carcinogens and neurotoxicants. In this study, the occurrence, spatial distribution, potential sources, partitioning character and potential risks of OPEs in the surface water and sediment collected from Taihu Lake were investigated. The concentrations of ∑12 OPEs varied from 1.0 × 102 to 1.7 × 103 ng/L for the surface water and from 8.1 to 4.2 × 102 ng/g dw for the sediment. Trimethyl phosphate (TEP) was the predominant congener in the surface water, while Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) in the sediment. Positive correlations between OPEs indicated that they may have the same sources and/or similar environmental behavior. The pseudo-partitioning values of OPEs ranged from 0.59 to 6.5 × 104 L/kg. TEHP has the highest pseudo-partitioning coefficient, which indicated that TEHP inclined to be enriched in the sediment in Taihu Lake. Risk assessment (RQ) showed that individual OPEs in the surface water and sediment posed no/low risk to aquatic organisms, except 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) (moderate risk) in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Liu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ninghui Song
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Huaizhou Xu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhihua Han
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Mengjuan Feng
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Dong Li
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shenghu Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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