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Pan M, Lee LSH, Sham YT, Ho KCK, Zhang H. Phytoremediation of diclofenac and sulfamethoxazole in Arabidopsis thaliana cells and seedlings. CHEMOSPHERE 2024:142989. [PMID: 39098350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DLF), a widely recognized non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a broad-spectrum sulfonamide antibiotic, are commonly prescribed medications that have raised concerns as significant contributors to pharmaceutical pollution in natural ecosystems despite their clinical effectiveness. This study investigates the potential phytoremediation pathways for these two drugs in plant systems by tracking and quantifying the fate of the parent compounds and their metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana using cell and seedling cultures. Results indicated significant differences in the dissipation of DLF according to the treatment and time interaction within the cell cultures. Viable plant cells showed complete dissipation of DLF from an initial concentration of 2,758 ng/mL in 96 h, whereas non-viable cells and blank solutions remained stable. The dissipation of SMX was comparable across viable, non-viable, and blanks, showing a minor decrease from 842 to 799 ng/mL over 120 hours following the treatment of viable cells. DLF metabolites including 4'-hydroxy-diclofenac, 5-hydroxy-diclofenac, acyl-glutamatyl-diclofenac, 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2-indolinone, 5-sulfooxy-diclofenac, 5-glucopyranosyloxy-diclofenac, 1-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-indolinone, and 4'-glucopyranosyloxy-diclofenac were recognized, likely formed through acylation, glutamyl conjugation, hydroxylation, dehydration, cyclization, sulfonation, and glucosidation. While for SMX, metabolites including sulfamethoxazole-glucuronide, nitroso-sulfamethoxazole, N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole, and N4-acetyl-5-OH-sulfamethoxazole were identified, potentially produced through glucuronidation, nitrosation, acetylation, and hydroxylation. Phase I metabolite concentrations of DLF and SMX peaked earlier than those of phase II metabolites. Hydroponic A. thaliana demonstrated comparable efficiencies in the phytoremediation of DLF and SMX, with concentrations varying from 1 mg/L to 10 mg/L. Detectable levels of both parent compounds and their metabolites confirmed successful absorption and metabolism within the plant system. This study provides valuable insights into the potential of phytoremediation as a sustainable approach for reducing the environmental toxicity of DLF and SMX and suggests comparable metabolic efficiency. These findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on phytoremediation and its application in addressing pollution from pharmaceuticals and personal care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pan
- Department of Applied Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Louis Shing Him Lee
- Faculty of Design and Environment, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Shing Tai Road, Chai Wan, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yik Tung Sham
- Department of Applied Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenrick Chun Kiu Ho
- Department of Applied Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Faculty of Design and Environment, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Shing Tai Road, Chai Wan, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Wu K, Atasoy M, Zweers H, Rijnaarts H, Langenhoff A, Fernandes TV. Impact of wastewater characteristics on the removal of organic micropollutants by Chlorella sorokiniana. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131451. [PMID: 37086668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae-based technologies can be used for the removal of organic micropollutants (OMPs) from different types of wastewater. However, the effect of wastewater characteristics on the removal is still poorly understood. In this study, the removal of sixteen OMPs by Chlorella sorokiniana, cultivated in three types of wastewater (anaerobically digested black water (AnBW), municipal wastewater (MW), and secondary clarified effluent (SCE)), were assessed. During batch operational mode, eleven OMPs were removed from AnBW and MW. When switching from batch to continuous mode (0.8 d HRT), the removal of most OMPs from AnBW and MW decreased, suggesting that a longer retention time enhances the removal of some OMPs. Most OMPs were not removed from SCE since poor nutrient availability limited C. sorokiniana growth. Further correlation analyses between wastewater characteristics, biomass and OMPs removal indicated that the wastewater soluble COD and biomass concentration predominantly affected the removal of OMPs. Lastly, carbon uptake rate had a higher effect on the removal of OMPs than nitrogen and phosphate uptake rate. These data will give an insight on the implementation of microalgae-based technologies for the removal of OMPs in wastewater with varying strengths and nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyi Wu
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, PO box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Merve Atasoy
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, PO box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands; UNLOCK, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Zweers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub Rijnaarts
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, PO box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alette Langenhoff
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, PO box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tânia V Fernandes
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Zheng KX, Liu CH, Wang S, Tzou YM, Chiang CM, Lin SR, Yang HY, Wu JJ, Chuang YH. Evaluating the release and metabolism of ricinine from castor cake fertilizer in soils using a LC-QTOF/MS coupled with SIRIUS workflow. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136865. [PMID: 36244422 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Castor cake is a major by-product generated after castor oil extraction and has been widely used as an organic fertilizer. Once applied to soil, a toxic alkaloid ricinine in castor cake may be released into soils and subsequently taken up by crops, which poses a potential threat to food safety and human health. However, the environmental fate of castor cake derived ricinine in agroecosystems remains unclear. In this study, the release and metabolism of ricinine in soils were conducted using soil pot experiments with different castor cake application rates. The analytical methodology of ricinine quantification in soil pore water was first established using solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS). A non-target screening workflow associated with LC-QTOF/MS and SIRIUS platform was further developed to identify ricinine metabolites in soil pore water. After castor cake application, the ricinine concentrations in soil pore water significantly increased to 297-7990 μg L-1 at 1 day and then gradually decreased to 62.1-3460 μg L-1 at 7 days and 1.70-279 μg L-1 at 14 days for the selected two tested soils with castor cake application rates of 2, 10, and 20 g castor cake/kg soil. In addition, two ricinine metabolites R-194 and R-180 were tentatively identified and one ricinine metabolite N-demethyl-ricinin was confirmed through authentic reference standard for the first time by the developed non-target screening workflow. This study highlights the release and metabolism of toxic alkaloid ricinine in soils once applied castor cake as an organic fertilizer. Ricinine could be released into soil pore water in a short-term after castor cake application and then undergo demethylation, hydroxylation, and hydroxylation followed by methylation metabolisms over time in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Xuan Zheng
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402204, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hua Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 407102, Taiwan
| | - Sichao Wang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA; Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Yu-Min Tzou
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402204, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Chiang
- Division of Product Development, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agricultural, Executive Yuan, 413001, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Ruei Lin
- Section of Tea Agronomy, Tea Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Taoyuan City, 326011, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ying Yang
- Dongding Station, Tea Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Nantou County, 558004, Taiwan
| | - Jerry J Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 407102, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Chuang
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402204, Taiwan.
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Liang J, Guo F, Cao S, Zhao K, Zhao K, Wang H, Shao X, Wei Y, Zhang C, Zheng Y, Xu F. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) alleviated oxidative damage and programmed cell death in fresh-cut pumpkins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 180:9-16. [PMID: 35366616 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on plant anti-oxygenation and programmed cell death (PCD) in fresh-cut pumpkins was investigated. Exogenous GABA positively promoted GABA accumulation and alleviated oxidant damage in pumpkins tissue. Pumpkins treated with GABA showed lower electrolyte leakage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MDA content, while higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) as compared to the non-treated tissues. Our results also found that GABA treatment retarded DNA degradation and cytochrome c release and delayed the apoptosis of pumpkin cells. On the other hand, the inhibitor of GABA generation, 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP) treatment not only accelerated oxidant damage, but also induced cell death involving chromatin condensation, DNA ladder and cytochrome c releasing. Taken together, our present research indicated that exogenous GABA could alleviate the wound-induced oxidative stress and PCD occurrence in fresh-cut pumpkins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Liang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fan Guo
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shifeng Cao
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - KeXin Zhao
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongfei Wang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xingfeng Shao
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yingying Wei
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chundan Zhang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yonghua Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
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Tadić Đ, Gramblicka M, Mistrik R, Bayona JM. Systematic identification of trimethoprim metabolites in lettuce. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3121-3135. [PMID: 35141763 PMCID: PMC8934764 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03943-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are some of the most widely used drugs. Their release in the environment is of great concern since their consumption is a major factor for antibiotic resistance, one of the most important threats to human health. Their occurrence and fate in agricultural systems have been extensively investigated in recent years. Yet whilst their biotic and abiotic degradation pathways have been thoroughly researched, their biotransformation pathways in plants are less understood, such as in case of trimethoprim. Although trimethoprim has been reported in the environment, its fate in higher plants still remains unknown. A bench-scale experiment was performed and 30 trimethoprim metabolites were identified in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), of which 5 belong to phase I and 25 to phase II. Data mining yielded a list of 1018 ions as possible metabolite candidates, which was filtered to a final list of 87 candidates. Molecular structures were assigned for 19 compounds, including 14 TMP metabolites reported for the first time. Alongside well-known biotransformation pathways in plants, additional novel pathways were suggested, namely, conjugation with sesquiterpene lactones, and abscisic acid as a part of phase II of plant metabolism. The results obtained offer insight into the variety of phase II conjugates and may serve as a guideline for studying the metabolization of other chemicals that share a similar molecular structure or functional groups with trimethoprim. Finally, the toxicity and potential contribution of the identified metabolites to the selective pressure on antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial communities via residual antimicrobial activity were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đorđe Tadić
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michal Gramblicka
- HighChem Ltd., Leškova 11, 811 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Josep Maria Bayona
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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Mulkiewicz E, Wolecki D, Świacka K, Kumirska J, Stepnowski P, Caban M. Metabolism of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by non-target wild-living organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148251. [PMID: 34139498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the environment is a fact, and aquatic and soil organisms are chronically exposed to trace levels of these emerging pollutants. This review presents the current state of knowledge on the metabolic pathways of NSAIDs in organisms at various levels of biological organisation. More than 150 publications dealing with target or non-target analysis of selected NSAIDs (mainly diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen) were collected. The metabolites of phase I and phase II are presented. The similarity of NSAIDs metabolism to that in mammals was observed in bacteria, microalgae, fungi, higher plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. The differences, such as newly detected metabolites, the extracellular metabolism observed in bacteria and fungi, or phase III metabolism in plants, are highlighted. Metabolites detected in plants (conjugates with sugars and amino acids) but not found in any other organisms are described. Selected, in-depth studies with isolated bacterial strains showed the possibility of transforming NSAIDs into assimilable carbon sources. It has been found that some of the metabolites show higher toxicity than their parent forms. The presence of metabolites of NSAIDs in the environment is the cumulative effect of their introduction with wastewaters, their formation in wastewater treatment plants, and their transformation by non-target wild-living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Mulkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Daniel Wolecki
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Klaudia Świacka
- Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kumirska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Caban
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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7
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Maršík P, Zunová T, Vaněk T, Podlipná R. Metazachlor effect on poplar - Pioneer plant species for riparian buffers. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129711. [PMID: 33524867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metazachlor belongs to one of the most used herbicides throughout the world. In order to prevent the contamination of water bodies by such herbicides, the riparian buffers are constructed. The selection of appropriate plant species for this purpose is necessary. In our project, we studied the possibility of grey poplar to uptake and biotransform metazachlor, along with the phytotoxic effect of metazachlor and its metabolites. We used two different models - suspension cultures and poplar regenerants cultivated in vitro. Our results show that the herbicide metazachlor is readily metabolized by both suspension cultures and regenerants to 16 detectable metabolites. The detailed scheme of biotransformation pathway in poplar tissue is presented for the first time. The profile of detected metabolites was approximately the same in poplar cell cultures and regenerants, but the ratio and amounts of particular compounds was significantly different. Generally, the highest concentration (peak area/mg of DW) of all metabolites was present in the roots; the only exception was lactate conjugate (deCl-MZCl-Lact), which accumulated in the cultivation media. Although the plants were not visibly affected by metazachlor or its metabolites, they showed changes in activity of antioxidant enzymes and increased content of phenolic substances, the indicators of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maršík
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Praha, 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - T Zunová
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Praha, 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - T Vaněk
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Praha, 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - R Podlipná
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Praha, 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic.
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Rocha DC, da Silva Rocha C, Tavares DS, de Morais Calado SL, Gomes MP. Veterinary antibiotics and plant physiology: An overview. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144902. [PMID: 33636760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are considered one of the greatest advances of medicine and, in addition to their use in treating a wide spectrum of illnesses, they have been widely employed to promote animal growth. As many of those pharmaceuticals are only partially absorbed by the digestive system, a considerable fraction is excreted in its original active form or only partially metabolized. Therefore, the use of animal excrement in agriculture represents one of the principal routes of insertion of antibiotics into the environment. Within that context, plants, principally those of agricultural interest, will be exposed to those compounds when present in the soil or when irrigated with contaminated water. Although not yet fully understood, there are reports of phytotoxic effects of antibiotics that can diminish agricultural production. This review is designed to provide a general and integrative overview of physiological alterations observed in plants caused by environmental exposures to veterinary-use antibiotics. This text principally focuses on the processes involved in antibody absorption and accumulation, and their effects on the primary (photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen assimilation) and oxidative metabolisms of plants. We also bring attention to germinative and plant establishment processes under conditions of antibiotic contamination. The different effects of different antibiotics on plant physiology are listed here to provide a better understanding of their phytotoxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Cristina Rocha
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila da Silva Rocha
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Davi Santos Tavares
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus UFLA, C.P. 3037, 37200-000 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Loise de Morais Calado
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Ambiental, Departamento de Farmacologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pedrosa Gomes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Cheng Z, Sun H, Sidhu HS, Sy ND, Wang X, Gan J. Conjugation of Di- n-butyl Phthalate Metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana and Potential Deconjugation in Human Microsomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2381-2391. [PMID: 33496166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasticizers, due to the widespread use of plastics, occur ubiquitously in the environment. The reuse of waste resources (e.g., treated wastewater, biosolids, animal waste) and other practices (e.g., plastic mulching) introduce phthalates into agroecosystems. As a detoxification mechanism, plants are known to convert phthalates to polar monophthalates after uptake, which are followed by further transformations, including conjugation with endogenous biomolecules. The objective of this study was 2-fold: to obtain a complete metabolic picture of the widely used di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) by using a suite of complementary techniques, including stable isotope labeling, 14C tracing, and high-resolution mass spectrometry, and to determine if conjugates are deconjugated in human microsomes to release bioactive metabolites. In Arabidopsis thaliana cells, the primary initial metabolite of DnBP was mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and MnBP was rapidly metabolized via hydroxylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, and malonylation to seven transformation products. One of the conjugates, MnBP-acyl-β-d-glucoside (MnBP-Glu), was incubated in human liver (HLM) and intestinal (HIM) microsomes and was found to undergo rapid transformations. Approximately 15% and 10% of MnBP-Glu were deconjugated to the free form MnBP in HIM and HLM, respectively. These findings highlight that phthalates, as diesters, are susceptible to hydrolysis to form monoesters that can be readily conjugated via a phase II metabolism in plants. Conjugates may be deconjugated to release bioactive compounds after human ingestion. Therefore, an accurate assessment of the dietary exposure of phthalates and other contaminants must consider plant metabolites, especially including conjugates, to better predict their potential environmental and human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Harmanpreet S Sidhu
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Nathan Darlucio Sy
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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10
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Cheng Z, Yao Y, Sun H. Comparative uptake, translocation and subcellular distribution of phthalate esters and their primary monoester metabolites in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140550. [PMID: 32623175 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous contaminants in terrestrial system and PAEs can be degraded to monoester metabolites (mPAEs) both in soil and plants, which have equal or even greater biological activity compared to their parent compounds. Until now, little is known about the comparative uptake and translocation of PAEs and mPAEs in plants. In the present study, the uptake and translocation of two commonly used plasticizers, di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and the corresponding mPAEs, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) by Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) were examined using hydroponic experiment. Significantly lower bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of mPAEs compared to the corresponding PAEs were observed. This is likely due to the great solubility and electrical repulsion from cell membrane to mPAE anions. Comparatively low translocation factors (TFs) of MnBP (7.76 ± 0.49) were observed compared to DnBP (10.33 ± 2.83); while the TFs of MEHP (0.18 ± 0.08) were significantly greater than that of DEHP (0.05 ± 0.02). The hydrophilic mPAEs are prone to concentrate in cell water-soluble components, and DnBP was relatively uniformly distributed in cell wall and cell water-soluble components; while the more hydrophobic DEHP was mainly associated with root cell wall. The formation of mPAEs occurred mainly in the above-ground tissues in the PAEs spiked treatment, and cell water-soluble compartment was the main location for PAEs metabolism. The high metabolite/parent ratios in Chinese cabbage indicate that more concern should be directed towards metabolites associated with plants via direct uptake and plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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11
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Cheng Z, Sun H, Sidhu HS, Sy ND, Gan J. Metabolism of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in Arabidopsis thaliana: Exploration of metabolic pathways by deuterium labeling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114886. [PMID: 32505963 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is the primary monoester transformation product of the commonly used plasticizer, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and has been frequently detected in various environmental compartments (e.g., soil, biosolids, plants). Plants growing in contaminated soils can take up MEHP, and consumption of the contaminated plants may result in unintended exposure for humans and other organisms. The metabolism of MEHP in plants is poorly understood, but critical for evaluating the potential human and environmental health risks. The present study represents the first attempt to explore the metabolic fate of MEHP in plants. We used Arabidopsis thaliana cells as a plant model and explored metabolic pathways of MEHP using deuterium stable isotope labelling (SIL) coupled with time-of-flight high resolution mass spectrometer (TOF-HRMS). A. thaliana rapidly took up MEHP from the culture medium and mediated extensive metabolism of MEHP. Combining SIL with TOF-HRMS analysis was proved as a powerful method for identification of unknown MEHP metabolites. Four phase Ⅰ and three phase Ⅱ metabolites were confirmed or tentatively identified. Based on the detected transformation products, hydroxylation, oxidation, and malonylation are proposed as the potential MEHP metabolism pathways. In cells, the maximum fraction of each transformation product accounted for 2.8-56.5% of the total amount of metabolites during the incubation. For individual metabolites, up to 2.9-100% was found in the culture medium, suggesting plant excretion. The results in the cell culture experiments were further confirmed in cabbage and A. thaliana seedlings. The findings suggest active metabolism of MEHP in plants and highlight the need to include metabolites in refining environmental risk assessment of plasticizers in the agro-food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cheng
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Harmanpreet S Sidhu
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Nathan Darlucio Sy
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States.
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Kanwar MK, Xie D, Yang C, Ahammed GJ, Qi Z, Hasan MK, Reiter RJ, Yu JQ, Zhou J. Melatonin promotes metabolism of bisphenol A by enhancing glutathione-dependent detoxification in Solanum lycopersicum L. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:121727. [PMID: 31796366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a widely distributed organic compound, is toxic to animals and plants. Here we show the mechanism of BPA detoxification by melatonin (MEL) in tomato, which is otherwise poorly understood in plants. BPA treatment decreased the quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and increased the membrane lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation dose-dependently, whereas exogenous MEL alleviated the BPA effects on Fv/Fm, lipid peroxidation, ROS accumulation and BPA uptake. Furthermore, BPA elevated the glutathione (GSH) content, activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GR), and the transcript levels of GSH1, GR1, GST1 and MEL biosynthesis genes (COMT, T5H, and SNAT), whereas BPA + MEL showed even a more profound induction. Silencing GSH1, GR1 and GST1 genes compromised the BPA detoxification potential of tomato plants as revealed by an increased level of ROS, lipid peroxidation and BPA uptake, and a decreased Fv/Fm and GST activity; these changes were alleviated by MEL application. Under in vitro conditions, BPA was glutathionylated by GSH, which was further catalyzed by GST to cysteine and N-acetylcysteine conjugates. These findings suggest a crucial role for MEL in BPA detoxification via GSH and GST, and can be useful to reduce BPA residue for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Kanwar
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dongling Xie
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
| | - Zhenyu Qi
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Md Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jing-Quan Yu
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Li M, Cheng Y, Ding T, Wang H, Wang W, Li J, Ye Q. Phytotransformation and Metabolic Pathways of 14C-Carbamazepine in Carrot and Celery. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3362-3371. [PMID: 32105463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant pharmaceutical compound of environmental concern due to its persistence, bioactive toxicity, and teratogenic effects. Studies on the kinetics and metabolic pathways of CBZ in plant tissues are still limited. In the present study, the phytotransformation of 14C-CBZ was explored. The 14C detected in bound residues was lower than in extractable residues (>85% of the uptaken 14C radioactivity) in plant tissues. CBZ underwent appreciable transformation in plants. A large portion of accumulated 14C radioactivity (80.3 ± 6.4%) in the cells was distributed in the cell water-soluble fraction. A total of nine radioactive transformation products of CBZ were identified, three of which were generated in vivo due to the contraction of the heterocycle ring. The proposed metabolic pathways revealed that conjugation with glutathione or phenylacetic acid was the major transformation pathway of CBZ in plants, with the contribution of epoxidation, hydroxylation, methoxylation, methylation, amination, and sulfonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment Ministry of Education, College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yanan Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Tengda Ding
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Juying Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Sharma K, Kaushik G, Thotakura N, Raza K, Sharma N, Nimesh S. Enhancement effects of process optimization technique while elucidating the degradation pathways of drugs present in pharmaceutical industry wastewater using Micrococcus yunnanensis. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124689. [PMID: 31524624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical effluents released from industries are accountable to deteriorate the aquatic and soil environment through indirect toxic effects. Microbes are adequately been used to biodegrade pharmaceutical industry wastewater and present study was envisaged to determine biodegradation of pharmaceutical effluent by Micrococcus yunnanensis. The strain showed 42.82% COD (Chemical oxygen demand) reduction before optimization. After applying Taguchi's L8 array as an optimization technique, the biodegradation rate was enhanced by 82.95% at optimum conditions (dextrose- 0.15%, peptone 0.1%, inoculum size 4% (wv-1), rpm 200, pH 8 at 25 °C) within 6 h. The confirmation of pharmaceuticals degradation was done by 1H NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) studies followed by elucidation of transformation pathways of probable drugs in the effluent through Q-Tof-MS (Quadrupole Time of Flight- Mass Spectrometry). The cytotoxicity evaluation of treated and untreated wastewater was analyzed on Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK 293) cells using Alamar Blue assay, which showed significant variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Sharma
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Garima Kaushik
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
| | - Nagarani Thotakura
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Kaisar Raza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Nikita Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Surendra Nimesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Distt. Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
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15
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Fu Q, Malchi T, Carter LJ, Li H, Gan J, Chefetz B. Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products: From Wastewater Treatment into Agro-Food Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14083-14090. [PMID: 31725273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation with treated wastewater (TWW) and application of biosolids introduce numerous pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) into agro-food systems. While the use of TWW and biosolids has many societal benefits, introduction of PPCPs in production agriculture poses potential food safety and human health risks. A comprehensive risk assessment and management scheme of PPCPs in agro-food systems is limited by multiple factors, not least the sheer number of investigated compounds and their diverse structures. Here we follow the fate of PPCPs in the water-soil-produce continuum by considering processes and variables that influence PPCP transfer and accumulation. By analyzing the steps in the soil-plant-human diet nexus, we propose a tiered framework as a path forward to prioritize PPCPs that could have a high potential for plant accumulation and thus pose greatest risk. This article examines research progress to date and current research challenges, highlighting the potential value of leveraging existing knowledge from decades of research on other chemicals such as pesticides. A process-driven scheme is outlined to derive a short list that may be used to refocus our future research efforts on PPCPs and other analogous emerging contaminants in agro-food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuguo Fu
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Dübendorf 8600 , Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Tomer Malchi
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences , Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Laura J Carter
- Environment Department , University of York , Heslington , York , U.K. YO10 5DD
- School of Geography, Faculty of Environment , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Benny Chefetz
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences , Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
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16
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Huynh K, Reinhold D. Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of sulfamethazine by Arabidopsis thaliana: distinguishing between phytometabolites and abiotic transformation products in the media. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 22:412-419. [PMID: 31549518 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1667952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant accumulation of antibiotic residues presents potential risks to human and ecosystem health. However, the phytometabolic pathways of antibiotics following plant uptake are still largely uncharacterized. This study investigated the phytometabolism of sulfamethazine (SMT) by Arabidopsis thaliana, using 14C-labeled and unlabeled SMT. SMT was accumulated in both roots and shoots of axenic A. thaliana plants (123.7 ± 12.3 and 22.7 ± 1.0 µg/kg fw, respectively) after 21 days of exposure. However, the parent 14C-SMT accounted for only 1.7 ± 0.01% of the total 14C-radioactivity in plant tissues. The majority of 14C-radioactivity taken up by plants was present as bound residues (42.0-68.2% of initially applied 14C-SMT), while extractable 14C-residues accounted for only 7.7-12.6%. A. thaliana metabolized SMT primarily through glycosylation at the N4-nitrogen atom. Additionally, other products, including pterin-SMT, methylsalicylate-SMT, N4-formyl-SMT, desulfo-SMT, hydroxyl-SMT, N4-acetyl-SMT, desamino-SMT, and 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine, were also identified. Notably, a portion of the extractable metabolites was excreted into the culture media, requiring characterization of these metabolites as either excreted phytometabolites or abiotic transformation products of SMT based on comparisons between experimental and control reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang Huynh
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Plant and Environmental Sciences Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Dawn Reinhold
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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17
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Villette C, Maurer L, Wanko A, Heintz D. Xenobiotics metabolization in Salix alba leaves uncovered by mass spectrometry imaging. Metabolomics 2019; 15:122. [PMID: 31471668 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1572-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Micropollutants are increasingly monitored as their presence in the environment is rising due to human activities, and they are potential threats to living organisms. OBJECTIVES This study aimed at understanding the role of plants in xenobiotics removal from polluted environments by following xenobiotics metabolism in leaf tissues. METHODS Different classes of micropollutants were investigated using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF) high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The tissue localization of xenobiotics in the leaves of a spontaneous (not planted by humans) Salix alba growing near the water flux was further investigated using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). RESULTS The LC-Q-TOF analysis revealed the distribution of micropollutants in three different compartments of a tertiary treatment wetland. When further investing the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves using MSI, different distribution patterns were observed in specific leaf tissues. Xenobiotic metabolites were predicted and could also be tentatively identified in S. alba leaves, shedding new light on the metabolic processes at play in leaves to manage xenobiotics uptake from a polluted environment. CONCLUSION Using complementary metabolomics approaches, this study performed a large-scale exploration of micropollutants spreading in the environment at the exit of a tertiary treatment wetland. The use of MSI coupled with the prediction of xenobiotic metabolites yielded novel insights into plant metabolism during chronical exposure to low doses of a mixture of micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Villette
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Loïc Maurer
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
- Département Mécanique, ICube Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie, UNISTRA/CNRS, ENGEES/INSA, 2 rue Boussingault, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Adrien Wanko
- Département Mécanique, ICube Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie, UNISTRA/CNRS, ENGEES/INSA, 2 rue Boussingault, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France.
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18
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Villette C, Maurer L, Delecolle J, Zumsteg J, Erhardt M, Heintz D. In situ localization of micropollutants and associated stress response in Populus nigra leaves. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 126:523-532. [PMID: 30851483 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Micropollutants and emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) have been widely studied in terms of persistance, removal, human risk assessment, toxicology, etc. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) offers the possibility of following the fate of a single pesticide in a plant leaf or a drug in the whole body of an animal, organ by organ. However, the admissibility of chronic low doses of complex mixtures for the ecosystem has not been assessed. How do micropollutants diffuse in the environment? How do living organisms cope with chronic exposure to a low dose of diverse micropollutants? Is there a cocktail effect or a chance for hormesis? Combining mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and targeted and nontargeted liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we attempt to answer these questions. We investigate the diversity of micropollutants at the exit of a water treatment facility, their diffusion in sludge and black poplar (Populus nigra), and their impact on a living organism. We reveal a specific tissue localization of micropollutants in peripheral leaf tissues, and an associated stress response from the plant, with stress hormones and tissue degradation markers induced in the plant growing near the water efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Villette
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - L Maurer
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France; Département mécanique, ICube Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie, UNISTRA/CNRS/ENGEES/INSA, 2 rue Boussingault, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - J Delecolle
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - J Zumsteg
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - M Erhardt
- Microscopie et imagerie cellulaire, Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - D Heintz
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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19
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Dudley S, Sun C, McGinnis M, Trumble J, Gan J. Formation of biologically active benzodiazepine metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures and vegetable plants under hydroponic conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:622-630. [PMID: 30699383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of recycled water for agricultural irrigation comes with the concern of exposure to crops by contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs). The concentration of CECs in plant tissues will depend on uptake, translocation and metabolism in plants. However, relatively little is known about plant metabolism of CECs, particularly under chronic exposure conditions. In this study, metabolism of the pharmaceutical diazepam was investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana cells and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and radish (Raphanus sativus) seedlings grown in hydroponic solution following acute (7 d)/high concentration (1 mg L-1), and chronic (28 d)/low concentration (1 μg L-1) exposures. Liquid chromatography paired with mass spectrometry, 14C tracing, and enzyme extractions, were used to characterize the metabolic phases. The three major metabolites of diazepam - nordiazepam, temazepam and oxazepam - were detected as Phase I metabolites, with the longevity corresponding to that of human metabolism. Nordiazepam was the most prevalent metabolite at the end of the 5 d incubation in A. thaliana cells and 7 d, 28 d seedling cultivations. At the end of 7 d cultivation, non-extractable residues (Phase III) in radish and cucumber seedlings accounted for 14% and 33% of the added 14C-diazepam, respectively. By the end of 28 d incubation, the non-extractable radioactivity fraction further increased to 47% and 61%, indicating Phase III metabolism as an important destination for diazepam. Significant changes to glycosyltransferase activity were detected in both cucumber and radish seedlings exposed to diazepam. Findings of this study highlight the need to consider the formation of bioactive transformation intermediates and different phases of metabolism to achieve a comprehensive understanding of risks of CECs in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacia Dudley
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| | - Chengliang Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Michelle McGinnis
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - John Trumble
- Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States
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20
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Sun C, Dudley S, McGinnis M, Trumble J, Gan J. Acetaminophen detoxification in cucumber plants via induction of glutathione S-transferases. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:431-439. [PMID: 30176456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) enter agroecosystems during reuse of treated wastewater and biosolids, presenting potential impacts on plant development. Here, acetaminophen, one of the most-used pharmaceuticals, was used to explore roles of glutathione (GSH) conjugation in its biotransformation in crop plants. Acetaminophen was taken up by plants, and conjugated quickly with GSH. After exposure to 5 mg L-1 acetaminophen for 144 h, GSH-acetaminophen conjugates were 15.2 ± 1.3 nmol g-1 and 1.2 ± 0.1 nmol g-1 in cucumber roots and leaves, respectively. Glutathione-acetaminophen was also observed in common bean, alfalfa, tomato, and wheat. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 decreased GSH conjugation. Moreover, the GSH conjugate was found to further convert to cysteine and N-acetylcysteine conjugates. Glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly elevated after exposure to acetaminophen, while levels of GSH decreased by 55.4% in roots after 48 h, followed by a gradual recovery thereafter. Enzymes involved in GSH synthesis, regeneration and transport were consistently induced to maintain the GSH homeostasis. Therefore, GST-mediated conjugation likely played a crucial role in minimizing phytotoxicity of acetaminophen and other PPCPs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Stacia Dudley
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Michelle McGinnis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - John Trumble
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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21
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Li Y, Chuang YH, Sallach JB, Zhang W, Boyd SA, Li H. Potential metabolism of pharmaceuticals in radish: Comparison of in vivo and in vitro exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:962-969. [PMID: 30373041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of pharmaceuticals in plants is important to evaluate their fate and accumulation in vegetables, and subsequently the risks to human health. However, limited knowledge is available to evaluate metabolism of pharmaceuticals in plants due to the lack of appropriate research approaches. In this study, radish was selected as a model plant to investigate metabolism of pharmaceuticals in intact plants (in vivo) growing in hydroponic solution and in plant tissue enzyme extracts (in vitro). For caffeine, six phase-I demethylation metabolites identified in the intact radish plant were also found in the plant enzyme extracts. After 7 days of in vivo exposure, the amount of the identified metabolites was about 5.4 times greater than the parent compound caffeine in radish roots. Furthermore, the metabolism potential of fifteen pharmaceuticals in radish was evaluated on the basis of mass balance. After 7 days of hydroponic exposure, oxytetracycline, trimethoprim, carbamazepine, lincomycin, monensin and tylosin manifested relatively less extent of metabolism with the mass recoveries ranging from 52.3 to 78.2%. In contrast, 17 β-estradiol, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, estrone, triclosan, acetaminophen, caffeine, carbadox and lamotrigine underwent extensive metabolism with only 3.0 to 32.1% of the parent compound recovered. In the in vitro system, 17 β-estradiol, estrone, triclosan, oxytetracycline, acetaminophen, sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole were readily metabolized in radish root enzyme extracts with 1.8 to 34.0% remaining after 96-h exposure. While in the leaf enzyme extracts, only triclosan was rapidly metabolized with 49.2% remaining, and others pharmaceuticals were ≥60%, indicating that the varying extents of metabolism occurred in different plant parts. This study highlights the importance of pharmaceutical metabolism in plants, and suggests that plant tissue enzyme extracts could serve as an alternative tool to assess pharmaceutical metabolism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ya-Hui Chuang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - J Brett Sallach
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Stephen A Boyd
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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22
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Dudley S, Sun C, Jiang J, Gan J. Metabolism of sulfamethoxazole in Arabidopsis thaliana cells and cucumber seedlings. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1748-1757. [PMID: 30078686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed water is a historically underutilized resource. However, with increased population growth and global climate change, reclaimed water is evolving into an economical and sustainable water resource to meet the needs of citizens, industries, and agriculture. The use of recycled water for agricultural irrigation comes with the potential risk of environmental and food contamination by pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). The levels of PPCPs in plants will depend on translocation and metabolism in plant tissues. However, relatively little is known about the metabolism of PPCPs in plants. In this study, the metabolism of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole was investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana cells as well as cucumber seedlings grown under hydroponic conditions. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry and 14C tracing allowed for sulfamethoxazole metabolism to be comprehensively characterized through all metabolic phases. Six phase I and II metabolites were identified in A. thaliana cell cultures and cucumber seedlings. Sulfamethoxazole metabolism followed oxidation and then rapid conjugation with glutathione and leucine. Direct conjugation with the parent compound was also observed via acetylation and glucosylation. At the end of 96 and 168 h incubation, N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole was the major metabolite and >50% of the radiolabeled sulfamethoxazole became non-extractable in both A. thaliana cells and cucumber seedlings suggesting extensive phase III metabolism and detoxification. The study findings provided information for a better understanding of the uptake and metabolism of sulfamethoxazole in higher plants, highlighting the need to consider metabolic intermediates and terminal fate when assessing the risk of PPCPs in the soil-plant continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacia Dudley
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA, 92521, United States; Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States.
| | - Chengliang Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Ji Jiang
- Sciex, Redwood City, CA, 94065, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
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Fu Q, Dudley S, Sun C, Schlenk D, Gan J. Stable Isotope Labeling-Assisted Metabolite Probing for Emerging Contaminants in Plants. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11040-11047. [PMID: 30141618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation is a notable modulator of the fate, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of contaminants in the environment. However, it is often formidable to identify unknown biotransformation products in the absence of reference standards, and this analytical challenge is particularly true for contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) that are mostly polar molecules without characteristic structures (e.g., Cl and Br) and in complex matrices such as plants. In this study, using the fibrate drug gemfibrozil as a model CEC and Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant, we developed and demonstrated a novel analytical framework coupling deuterium stable isotope labeling with high-resolution mass spectrometry (SILAMS) in identifying plant biotransformation products. When exposed in A. thaliana cells, gemfibrozil was quickly taken up into the cells and extensively metabolized. The use of nonlabeled and deuterated gemfibrozil at a 3:1 ratio created unique diagnostic patterns in mass spectra, enabling the identification of 11 novel phase II amino acid/peptide conjugates. Similarity in mass fragmentation patterns and chromatographic behaviors was then employed to establish the probable structures. Two major metabolites were further confirmed as glutamate and glutamine conjugates using authentic standards. Most of the identified conjugates were also detected in the whole A. thaliana plant. Therefore, SILAMS offers unique advantages by excluding false matrix positives and helping discern unknown metabolites, including polar conjugates with endogenous biomolecules, with a high degree of confidence. This novel framework may be readily applied to other CECs for high-throughput metabolite screening in plants to improve our understanding of their food safety and human health risks and potential deleterious effects on other species living on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuguo Fu
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States.,Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Stacia Dudley
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Chengliang Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
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24
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Chuang YH, Liu CH, Hammerschmidt R, Zhang W, Boyd SA, Li H. Metabolic Demethylation and Oxidation of Caffeine during Uptake by Lettuce. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7907-7915. [PMID: 29957948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals can be metabolized after being taken up by plants. The metabolites could manifest similar or equivalent bioactivity to the parent compound, promoting the critical need to understand the metabolism in plants. Caffeine has been frequently detected in agriculture produce; however, little attention is given to its metabolites in vegetables. This study examined uptake and metabolism of caffeine in lettuce in a hydroponic system. Caffeine and its metabolites in aqueous solution and lettuce were identified and quantified using a liquid chromatography coupled to a QTrap tandem mass spectrometry instrument. After 144 h, over 50% of applied caffeine dissipated in the hydroponic lettuce system, and eight caffeine metabolites were identified primarily in the shoots. Caffeine underwent demethylation reactions, which were confirmed with authentic standards, and the total amount accounted for 20% of the initially applied caffeine. Other metabolism pathways included oxidation and hydroxylation, and the amount of metabolites increased over uptake time.
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25
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Huynh K, Banach E, Reinhold D. Transformation, Conjugation, and Sequestration Following the Uptake of Triclocarban by Jalapeno Pepper Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4032-4043. [PMID: 29637774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant uptake and metabolism of emerging organic contaminants, such as personal-care products, pose potential risks to human health. In this study, jalapeno pepper ( Capsicum annuum) plants cultured in hydroponic media were exposed to both 14C-labeled and unlabeled triclocarban (TCC) to investigate the accumulation, distribution, and metabolism of TCC following plant uptake. The results revealed that TCC was detected in all plant tissues; after 12 weeks, the TCC concentrations in root, stem, leaf, and fruit tissues were 19.74 ± 2.26, 0.26 ± 0.04, 0.11 ± 0.01, and 0.03 ± 0.01 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. More importantly, a substantial portion of the TCC taken up by plants was metabolized, especially in the stems, leaves, and fruits. Hydroxylated TCC (e.g., 2'-OH TCC and 6-OH TCC) and glycosylated OH-TCC were the main phase I and phase II metabolites in plant tissues, respectively. Bound (or nonextractable) residues of TCC accounted for approximately 44.6, 85.6, 69.0, and 47.5% of all TCC species that accumulated in roots, stems, leaves, and fruits, respectively. The concentrations of TCC metabolites were more than 20 times greater than the concentrations of TCC in the above-ground tissues of the jalapeno pepper plants after 12 weeks; crucially, approximately 95.6% of the TCC was present as metabolites in the fruits. Consequently, human exposure to TCC through the consumption of pepper fruits is expected to be substantially higher when phytometabolism is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang Huynh
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering , Michigan State University , 524 South Shaw Lane , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Emily Banach
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering , Michigan State University , 524 South Shaw Lane , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Dawn Reinhold
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering , Michigan State University , 524 South Shaw Lane , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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26
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Establishment of a Protocol for in vitro Seed Germination and Callus Formation of Ficus religiosa L., an Important Medicinal Plant. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.62682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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27
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Analysis of ibuprofen and its main metabolites in roots, shoots, and seeds of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry: uptake, metabolism, and translocation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1163-1176. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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28
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Righetti L, Rolli E, Galaverna G, Suman M, Bruni R, Dall’Asta C. Plant organ cultures as masked mycotoxin biofactories: Deciphering the fate of zearalenone in micropropagated durum wheat roots and leaves. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187247. [PMID: 29145415 PMCID: PMC5690627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
"Masked mycotoxins" senso strictu are conjugates of mycotoxins resulting from metabolic pathways activated by the interplay between pathogenic fungi and infected plants. Zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp, was the first masked mycotoxin ever described in the literature, but its biotransformation has been studied to a lesser extent if compared to other compounds such as deoxynivalenol. We presented herein the first application of organ and tissue culture techniques to study the metabolic fate of zearalenone in durum wheat, using an untargeted HR-LCMS approach. A complete, quick absorption of zearalenone by uninfected plant organs was noticed, and its biotransformation into a large spectrum of phase I and phase II metabolites has been depicted. Therefore, wheat organ tissue cultures can be effectively used as a biocatalytic tool for the production of masked mycotoxins, as well as a replicable model for the investigation of the interplay between mycotoxins and wheat physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Rolli
- Deparment of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Michele Suman
- Barilla G.R. F.lli SpA, Advanced Laboratory Research, Parma, Italy
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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29
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Analysis of emerging contaminants and nanomaterials in plant materials following uptake from soils. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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30
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Marsik P, Rezek J, Židková M, Kramulová B, Tauchen J, Vaněk T. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the watercourses of Elbe basin in Czech Republic. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:97-105. [PMID: 28011407 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) belong to most used pharmaceuticals in the human and veterinary medicine. The widespread consumption of NSAIDs has led to their ubiquitous occurrence in water environment including large river systems. In the present study, concentrations of the five most frequently used NSAIDs (ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, ketoprofen and indomethacin) were determined in the watercourses of the river Elbe basin in Czech Republic. The presence of the pharmaceuticals was measured at 29 sampling sites including urban and rural areas, small creeks and main tributaries of the Elbe monthly from April to December of 2011. For the NSAIDs quantitation, the comprehensive analytical method combing pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBBr) derivatization with highly sensitive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS) was developed. Although the content of all NSAIDs varied at the particular sampling points significantly, total amount of particular compounds was relatively stable during all monitored periods with only non-significant increase in the spring and autumnal months. Ibuprofen was found to be the most abundant drug with maximum concentration of 3210 ng/L, followed by naproxen, diclofenac and ketoprofen (1423.8 ng/L, 1080 ng/L and 929.8 ng/L, respectively). Indomethacin was found only at several sampling sites (maximum concentration of 69.3 ng/L). Concentrations of all compounds except ibuprofen were significantly higher at sampling sites with low flow rates (creeks), followed by the biggest watercourses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Marsik
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojova 313, 165 02, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Rezek
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojova 313, 165 02, Prague, Czechia
| | - Monika Židková
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojova 313, 165 02, Prague, Czechia
| | - Barbora Kramulová
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojova 313, 165 02, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Tauchen
- Department of Quality of Agricultural Products, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Vaněk
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojova 313, 165 02, Prague, Czechia.
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