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Mai TTH, Kim H. Occurrence of N-nitrosamines in the atmosphere and human health risk: A case study in an urban area of Chuncheon, Gangwon State, South Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123802. [PMID: 38522602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of eight nitrosamines (NAs) in particulate (PM2.5) and gaseous phases and assess the human health risk associated with these compounds in an urban area of Chuncheon, Gangwon State, South Korea, across four sampling seasons. The findings revealed that the total concentrations of eight NAs measured during the sampling period exceeded the public health recommendation of 0.3 ng/m3 provided by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, indicating a potential human health risk from NA exposures. In particular, the average total NA concentration observed in the gaseous samples during the winter of 2021 was 18.1 ± 6.46 ng/m3. The primary emission sources could potentially impact the concentrations of NAs in the atmosphere due to their significant positive correlation with primary emission species such as NO2, CO, and SO2. Moreover, the levels of particulate NAs during the summer were negatively correlated with O3, suggesting that their formation might be influenced by ozonation in the aqueous aerosol phase. In addition, the total NA concentrations measured in the gaseous phase were four to six times higher than those measured in the PM2.5 phase throughout the sampling period. Thus, domestic sources have the potential to impact the pollution levels of the research area more significantly than long-range atmospheric transport. In particular, the highest concentrations of NAs in the gas phase were observed during the winter, while the lowest concentrations were recorded in the summer, possibly influenced by photolysis. Nevertheless, the study suggested that tertiary amines might contribute to the presence of gaseous NAs in sunlight. Consequently, further studies focusing on the occurrence of tertiary amines in the gas phase should be considered. The cumulative lifetime cancer risks estimated from inhalation exposure exceeded the acceptable risk level of 10⁻6 for all age groups across all four seasons. Therefore, it is crucial to implement effective control measures to mitigate potential health risks associated with exposure to NAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Thi Hoai Mai
- Department of Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon State, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hekap Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon State, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Tan W, Zhu L, Mikoviny T, Nielsen CJ, Wisthaler A, D’Anna B, Antonsen S, Stenstrøm Y, Farren NJ, Hamilton JF, Boustead GA, Ingham T, Heard DE. Experimental and Theoretical Study of the OH-Initiated Degradation of Piperidine under Simulated Atmospheric Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2789-2814. [PMID: 38551452 PMCID: PMC11017256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The OH-initiated photo-oxidation of piperidine and the photolysis of 1-nitrosopiperidine were investigated in a large atmospheric simulation chamber and in theoretical calculations based on CCSD(T*)-F12a/aug-cc-pVTZ//M062X/aug-cc-pVTZ quantum chemistry results and master equation modeling of the pivotal reaction steps. The rate coefficient for the reaction of piperidine with OH radicals was determined by the relative rate method to be kOH-piperidine = (1.19 ± 0.27) × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 304 ± 2 K and 1014 ± 2 hPa. Product studies show the piperidine + OH reaction to proceed via H-abstraction from both CH2 and NH groups, resulting in the formation of the corresponding imine (2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine) as the major product and in the nitramine (1-nitropiperidine) and nitrosamine (1-nitrosopiperidine) as minor products. Analysis of 1-nitrosopiperidine photolysis experiments under natural sunlight conditions gave the relative rates jrel = j1-nitrosoperidine/jNO2 = 0.342 ± 0.007, k3/k4a = 0.53 ± 0.05 and k2/k4a = (7.66 ± 0.18) × 10-8 that were subsequently employed in modeling the piperidine photo-oxidation experiments, from which the initial branchings between H-abstraction from the NH and CH2 groups, kN-H/ktot = 0.38 ± 0.08 and kC2-H/ktot = 0.49 ± 0.19, were derived. All photo-oxidation experiments were accompanied by particle formation that was initiated by the acid-base reaction of piperidine with nitric acid. Primary photo-oxidation products including both 1-nitrosopiperidine and 1-nitropiperidine were detected in the particles formed. Quantum chemistry calculations on the OH initiated atmospheric photo-oxidation of piperidine suggest the branching in the initial H-abstraction routes to be ∼35% N1, ∼50% C2, ∼13% C3, and ∼2% C4. The theoretical study produced an atmospheric photo-oxidation mechanism, according to which H-abstraction from the C2 position predominantly leads to 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine and H-abstraction from the C3 position results in ring opening followed by a complex autoxidation, of which the first few steps are mapped in detail. H-abstraction from the C4 position is shown to result mainly in the formation of piperidin-4-one and 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-4-ol, whereas H-abstraction from N1 under atmospheric conditions primarily leads to 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine and in minor amounts of 1-nitrosopiperidine and 1-nitropiperidine. The calculated rate coefficient for the piperidine + OH reaction agrees with the experimental value within 35%, and aligning the theoretical numbers to the experimental value results in k(T) = 2.46 × 10-12 × exp(486 K/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1 (200-400 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tan
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box. 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Liang Zhu
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box. 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box. 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Claus J. Nielsen
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box. 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Section
for Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box. 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Barbara D’Anna
- Aix-Marseille
University, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, Marseille 13331, France
| | - Simen Antonsen
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Yngve Stenstrøm
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Naomi J. Farren
- Wolfson
Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD York, U.K.
| | - Jacqueline F. Hamilton
- Wolfson
Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD York, U.K.
| | | | - Trevor Ingham
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.
| | - Dwayne E. Heard
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K.
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Xie Y, Zhang L, Hou W, Cheng Y, Luo F, Liu Z, Zhang Z. A Novel Method for Monitoring N-Nitrosamines Impurities Using NH 2-MIL-101(Fe) Mediated Dispersive Micro-Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with LC-MS/MS in Biopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2783-2789. [PMID: 37481163 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient and convenient method for the simultaneous determination of 12 N-nitrosamines (NAs) has been developed using an amine-functionalized metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-101(Fe)) as sorbent for dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (D-μSPE) coupled with LC-MS/MS in biopharmaceuticals. The experimental variables involved in the extraction process (i.e., amount of the sorbent, extraction time, desorption time, ionic strength, desorption solvent and volume) were optimized to achieve the best extraction efficiency of the target analytes. Under the optimum conditions, the method was successfully validated, showing good linearity in the range of 0.5-3.0 μg/L with determination coefficients (R2) higher than 0.990, repeatability (RSD ≤ 10.0%, spiked level at 2.0 μg/L) and precision (RSD ≤ 8.2%). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were in the range of 0.005-0.025 μg/L and 0.010-0.250 μg/L, respectively. Satisfactory recoveries ranging from 82.4 to 116.8% were obtained by spiking standards at three different concentrations (0.5 μg/L, 2.0 μg/L and 3.0 μg/L). Other validation parameters, including specificity, stability, and robustness, met the validation criteria. More importantly, the plausible adsorption mechanism on NH2-MIL-101(Fe) was proposed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra technique. Finally, this method was successfully applied to detect trace nitrosamines in biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguo Xie
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China.
| | - Wei Hou
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Feifei Luo
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Zhuoyu Liu
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Zhongli Zhang
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China.
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Novotny TS, Monteiro MA, de Lima PC, Ochs SDM, Maranho RLDN, Vaz FAS, Marques FFDC. Thymol-Based Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Green Approach for Screening Polar Nitrosamines in Sartans Pharmaceutical Products by Ultrasound-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with HPLC-DAD. J Pharm Sci 2022; 112:1231-1245. [PMID: 36481416 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosamines are carcinogens substances firstly detected in sartans drugs in 2018, leading to new regulations and monitoring programmes that raised the costs and challenges to the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, reliable and cost-effective methods for screening nitrosamines in medicines are highly desirable. Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES), a novel "eco-friendly" alternative to solvents commonly used in microextraction techniques, can meet these requirements. In this study, a simple and rapid method of ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using thymol-based HDES followed by HPLC-DAD detection was developed for the determination of n-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and n-nitroso-n-methylamino butyric acid (NMBA) from candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan and valsartan drug substances, and from losartan tablets. Various influencing factors (such as HDES type, HDES:sample ratio, salt addition and sample pH) were investigated. Best extraction efficiencies were achieved with thymol:benzyl alcohol HDES. Under optimal conditions, the linearities ranged from 15 to 1000 ng mL-1 for both NDMA and NMBA (R² > 0.99), with recoveries between 81.8-104.2% and precision from 0.2 to 14.6%. The limits of detection were 17.3 - 220.0 ng g-1 and 16.3 - 290.0 ng g-1 for NDMA and NMBA, consecutively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied in spiked sartans drug substances and in losartan potassium tablets collected in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Santana Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Mychelle Alves Monteiro
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Condé de Lima
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Soraya de Mendonça Ochs
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz do Nascimento Maranho
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando Antônio Simas Vaz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Huang M, Zeng Q, Liu Z, Chen X, Gao Y, Wang G, Yu G. Development of a fully automated analytical platform based on static headspace-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of five N-nitrosamines in dried aquatic products of animal origin. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:7107-7114. [PMID: 35704020 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of rapid and sensitive monitoring methods for trace N-nitrosamines (NAs) in foodstuffs is essential for mitigating the potential health risks to consumers. In the present study, an analytical platform based on one step fully automated static headspace sampling and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the analysis of N-nitrosamines in dried aquatic products of animal origin. The samples and sodium chloride solution mixture were incubated in a heated headspace vial for analyte evaporation, coupled to automatic sampling and online GC-MS/MS analysis. The proposed method requires minimal sample preparation and organic solvent consumption. Five N-nitrosamines including N-nitroso dimethylamine, N-nitroso methyl ethylamine, N-nitroso pyrolidine, N-nitroso piperidine and N-nitroso diphenylamine were selected as model compounds to optimize the significant factors by a using Box-Behnken design. RESULTS The optimum conditions achieved limits of detections in the range 0.08-0.29 μg kg-1 , with correlation coefficient over 0.998. Relative recoveries in dried aquatic product sample were in the range 76.9-92.4%, with relative SDs of 1.9-7.2%. CONCLUSION These results confirm the reliability of the developed method for further application in trace level monitoring of the target analytes in foodstuffs. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxing Huang
- Testing and Analysis Center, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Sugarcane Industry Engineering Technology of Light Industry of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuxia Zeng
- Testing and Analysis Center, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Sugarcane Industry Engineering Technology of Light Industry of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- Testing and Analysis Center, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Sugarcane Industry Engineering Technology of Light Industry of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochu Chen
- Testing and Analysis Center, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Sugarcane Industry Engineering Technology of Light Industry of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Gao
- Testing and Analysis Center, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Sugarcane Industry Engineering Technology of Light Industry of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihua Wang
- Testing and Analysis Center, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Sugarcane Industry Engineering Technology of Light Industry of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Goubin Yu
- Testing and Analysis Center, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Sugarcane Industry Engineering Technology of Light Industry of China, Guangzhou, China
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Zhao C, Zhang H, Zhou J, Liu Q, Lu Q, Zhang Y, Yu X, Wang S, Liu R, Pu Y, Yin L. Metabolomic transition trajectory and potential mechanisms of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine induced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 244:114071. [PMID: 36113270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an environment-relevant malignancy with a high mortality. Nitrosamines, a class of nitrogen-containing environmental carcinogens, are widely suggested as a risk factor for ESCC. However, how nitrosamines affect metabolic regulation to promote ESCC tumorigenesis is largely unknown. In this study, the transition trajectory of serum metabolism in the course of ESCC induced by N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA) in rats was depicted by an untargeted metabolomic analysis, and the potential molecular mechanisms were revealed. The results showed that the metabolic alteration in rats was slight at the basal cell hyperplasia (BCH) stage, while it became apparent when the esophageal lesion developed into dysplasia (DYS) or more serious conditions. Moreover, serum metabolism of severe dysplasia (S-DYS) showed more similar characteristics to that of carcinoma in situ (CIS) and invasive cancer (IC). Aberrant nicotinate (NA) and nicotinamide (NAM) metabolism, tryptophan (TRP) metabolism, and sphingolipid metabolism could be the key players favoring the malignant transformation of esophageal epithelium induced by NMBA. More particularly, NA and NAM metabolism in the precancerous stages and TRP metabolism in the cancerous stages were demonstrated to replenish NAD+ in different patterns. Furthermore, both the IDO1-KYN-AHR axis mediated by TRP metabolism and the SPHK1-S1P-S1PR1 axis by sphingolipid metabolism provided an impetus to create the pro-inflammatory yet immune-suppressive microenvironment to facilitate the esophageal tumorigenesis and progression. Together, these suggested that NMBA exerted its carcinogenicity via more than one pathway, which may act together to produce combination effects. Targeting these pathways may open up the possibility to attenuate NMBA-induced esophageal carcinogenesis. However, the interconnection between different metabolic pathways needs to be specified further. And the integrative and multi-level systematic research will be conducive to fully understanding the mechanisms of NMBA-induced ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China; School of Nursing & School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiwei Liu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojin Yu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Shizhi Wang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Ran Liu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Lihong Yin
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009 Jiangsu, China.
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Liu F, Zhang G, Lian X, Fu Y, Lin Q, Yang Y, Bi X, Wang X, Peng P, Sheng G. Influence of meteorological parameters and oxidizing capacity on characteristics of airborne particulate amines in an urban area of the Pearl River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113212. [PMID: 35367230 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nine amine species in atmospheric particles during haze and low-pollution days with low and high relative humidity (RH) were analyzed in urban Guangzhou, China. The mean concentrations of total measured amines (Ʃamines) in fine particles were 208 ± 127, 63.7 ± 21.3, and 120 ± 20.1 ng m-3 during haze, low pollution-low RH (LP-LRH), and low pollution-high RH (LP-HRH) episodes, respectively. The dominant amine species were methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), diethylamine (DEA) and dibutylamine (DBA), which in total accounted for 82-91% of the Ʃamines during different pollution episodes. The contributions of Ʃamines-C to water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and Ʃamines-N to water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) were 1.52% and 2.49% during haze, 1.24% and 1.96% during LP-LRH, and 2.00 and 2.98% during LP-HRH days, respectively. The mass proportion of Ʃamines in fine particles was higher during LP-HRH periods (0.19%) than during haze and LP-LRH periods (0.16%). The mass proportion of DBA in Ʃamines increased from 7% during haze and LP-LRH episodes to 25% during LP-HRH episodes. Compared with other amines, DBA showed a stronger linear relationship with RH (r = 0.867, p < 0.01), which demonstrates its high sensitivity to high RH conditions. Meteorological parameters (including RH, the mixed layer depth, wind speed and temperature), the oxidizing capacity (ozone concentration), and gaseous pollutants (NOx and SO2) correlated with amines under different pollution conditions. Under high RH, acid-base reactions were the dominant pathway for the gas-to-particle distribution of amines in urban areas, while direct dissolution dominated in the background site. To our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to conduct in situ measurements of particulate amines during different pollution conditions in China, and further research is needed to in-depth understanding of the influence of amines on haze formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxian Liu
- Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030024, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Xiufeng Lian
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
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Zhao C, Zhang H, Zhou J, Lu Q, Zhang Y, Yu X, Wang S, Liu R, Pu Y, Yin L. Metabolomics-based molecular signatures reveal the toxic effect of co-exposure to nitrosamines in drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111997. [PMID: 34506781 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrosamines, a group of emerging nitrogenous pollutants, are ubiquitously found in the drinking water system. However, less is known about how systemic biological responses resist or tolerate nitrosamines, especially long-term co-exposure at low concentrations. In this study, untargeted metabolomics was used to investigate the metabolic perturbations in human esophageal epithelial Het-1A cells induced by a mixture of nine common nitrosamines in drinking water at environmentally relevant, human-internal-exposure, and genotoxic concentrations. Generally, the disrupted metabolic spectrum became complicated with nitrosamines dose increasing. Notably, two inflammation-associated pathways, namely, cysteine (Cys) and methionine (MET) metabolism, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, changed significantly under the action of nitrosamines, even at the environmentally relevant level. Furthermore, targeted metabolomics and molecular biology indicators in cells were identified in mice synchronously. For one thing, the up-regulated Cys and MET metabolism provided methyl donors for histone methylation in the context of pro-inflammatory response. For another, the down-regulated NAD+/NADH ratio inhibited the deacetylation of NF-кB p65 and eventually activated the NF-кB signaling pathway. Taken collectively, the metabolomics molecular signatures were important indicative markers for nitrosamines-induced inflammation. The potential crosstalk between the inflammatory cascade and metabolic regulation also requires further studies. These findings suggest that more attention should be paid to long-term co-exposure at low concentrations in the control of nitrosamines pollution in drinking water. Additionally, this study also highlights a good prospect of the combined metabolomic-molecular biology approach in environmental toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shizhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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9
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Bukenov B, Baimatova N, Kenessov B. Quantification of transformation products of rocket fuel unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine in air using solid-phase microextraction. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:614-622. [PMID: 34796657 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine transformation products in ambient air is important for assessing the environmental impact of heavy rocket launches. There are very little data of such analyses, which is mainly caused by the low number of analytes covered by the available analytical methods and their complexity. A simple and cost-efficient method for accurate simultaneous determination of seven unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine transformation products in air using solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed. The method was optimized for air sampling and solid-phase microextraction from 20-mL vials, which allows full automation of analysis. The extraction for 5 min by Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber from amber vials and desorption for 3 min provided the greatest analytes' responses, lowest relative standard deviations, linear calibration (R2 ≥ 0.99), and limits of detection from 0.12 to 0.5 μg/m3 . Samples with concentrations 500 μg/m3 can be stored at 21 ± 1°C without substantial losses (1-11%) for up to 24 h, while air samples with concentrations 10 and 50 μg/m3 stored for up to 24 h can be used for accurate quantification of only two and four out of seven analytes, respectively. The developed method was successfully tested for the analysis of air above real soil samples contaminated with unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine rocket fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bauyrzhan Bukenov
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi street, Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Nassiba Baimatova
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi street, Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Bulat Kenessov
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi street, Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
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10
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Kim H, Sung D, Yu H, Jang D, Koo Y, Lee S, Lim K, Choi D. Comparison of EI-GC-MS/MS, APCI-LC-MS/MS, and ESI-LC-MS/MS for the Simultaneous Analysis of Nine Nitrosamines Eluted from Synthetic Resins into Artificial Saliva and Health Risk Assessment. TOXICS 2021; 9:230. [PMID: 34678926 PMCID: PMC8540041 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosamines can be produced during the manufacture of rubber-type products such as pacifiers or the nipples of baby bottles. Humans can be exposed to the nitrosamines in these products when they are eluted into saliva. In this study, we compared the efficiency of electron impact ionization (EI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and electrospray ionization (ESI) methods for the analysis of nine nitrosamines eluted into artificial saliva. In addition, nine nitrosamines eluted from 54 rubber-type products (rubber, thermoplastic elastomer, thermoplastic polyurethane, and polyurethane) marketed in Korea were monitored. Finally, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessments of oral exposure to nine nitrosamines were performed based on the monitoring results. EI-GC-MS/MS performed the best for the simultaneous analysis of these nine nitrosamines with respect to overall linearity, trace analysis limit of detection (less than 1 μg), recovery (average 108.66 ± 9.32%), and precision (less than 6%), compared with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (APCI and ESI) methods. Using the EI-GC-MS/MS method, these nine nitrosamines eluted into artificial saliva from 54 rubber-type products were monitored. Based on the monitoring data, risk assessment was performed by calculating the margin of exposure (MOE) for the respective nitrosamines detected. As a result, these nitrosamines were confirmed to be safe with regard to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsoo Kim
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.K.); (D.J.); (Y.K.); (S.L.)
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Daekwan Sung
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (D.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Honghyeon Yu
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (D.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Daeyong Jang
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.K.); (D.J.); (Y.K.); (S.L.)
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (D.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yeji Koo
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.K.); (D.J.); (Y.K.); (S.L.)
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Seungha Lee
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.K.); (D.J.); (Y.K.); (S.L.)
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Kyungmin Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03670, Korea
| | - Dalwoong Choi
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.K.); (D.J.); (Y.K.); (S.L.)
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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11
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[Determination of nine N-nitrosamines in animal derived foods by QuEChERS-isotope dilution combined with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry]. Se Pu 2021; 39:96-103. [PMID: 34227363 PMCID: PMC9274843 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2020.06010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
建立了同时测定动物源性食品中9种N-亚硝胺类化合物的气相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。当下动物源性食品中N-亚硝胺类化合物污染种类较多,对人体危害较大,但国标GB 5009.26-2016仅针对N-二甲基亚硝胺的检测,且存在样品前处理复杂、标准方法回收率低、再现性差等问题,因此建立同时快速检测多种N-亚硝胺类化合物的方法有一定现实意义。称取10.0 g样品,置于50 mL离心管中,加入200 μL内标工作液和10 mL乙腈,冷冻30 min后,加入4 g硫酸镁和1 g氯化钠进行脱水,以9000 r/min离心5 min。取5 mL上清液使用150 mg聚苯乙烯二乙烯苯(PLS-A)粉末净化,再使用1.6 g MgSO4和0.4 g NaCl脱水,过0.22 μm滤膜,上机分析。在初始温度为50 ℃时采用程序升温模式,0.16 min后,以900 ℃/min的速率将温度升至220 ℃。采用毛细管气相色谱柱HP-Innowax(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)分离,使用电子轰击电离(EI)源检测,在多反应监测模式下,以保留时间和特征离子对信息进行定性和定量分析,使用内标法定量N-亚硝胺类化合物。结果表明,N-亚硝胺类化合物在0.1~50.0 μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,方法的检出限(S/N=3)和定量限(S/N=10)分别为0.03~0.30 μg/kg和0.10~1.00 μg/kg。对不同样品基质进行0.5、1.0、3.0 μg/kg3个水平的加标回收试验,9种N-亚硝胺类化合物的回收率为80.4%~98.5%, RSD(n=6)为2.41%~12.50%。应用建立的方法检测市面上常见的动物源性食品,除N-亚硝基乙胺、N-亚硝基吗啡胆碱外,其他7种N-亚硝胺类化合物均有不同程度检出。检测结果表明,腌制水产品中N-亚硝胺类化合物含量普遍高于其他样品。研究建立的方法操作简单,不需要长时间蒸馏提取,可快速对动物源性食品中N-亚硝胺类化合物进行定性和定量分析,且样品和试剂的消耗量更少,节省成本,对环境污染小。该法的建立对我国动物源性食品中N-亚硝胺类化合物残留水平的控制、检测标准的制定和采取相应的管理措施具有一定的理论和现实意义。
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12
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Choi NR, Ahn YG, Lee JY, Kim E, Kim S, Park SM, Song IH, Shin HJ, Kim YP. Particulate Nitrosamines and Nitramines in Seoul and Their Major Sources: Primary Emission versus Secondary Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7841-7849. [PMID: 34041906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seven nitrosamines and three nitramines in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5) collected in 2018 in Seoul, South Korea, were quantified. Annual mean concentrations of the sum of nitrosamines and nitramines were 9.81 ± 18.51 and 1.12 ± 0.70 ng/m3, respectively, and nitrosodi-methylamine (NDMA) and dimethyl-nitramine (DMN) comprised the largest portion of nitrosamines and nitramines, respectively. Statistical analyses such as non-parametric correlation analysis, positive matrix factorization, analysis of covariance, and orthogonal partial least squared discrimination analysis were carried out to identify contribution of the atmospheric reactions in producing NDMA and DMN. In addition, kinetic calculation using reaction information obtained from the previous chamber studies was performed to estimate concentrations of NDMA and DMN that might be produced from the atmospheric reactions. It was concluded that (1) the atmospheric reactions contributed to the concentrations of NDMA more than they did for those of DMN, (2) the contribution of atmospheric reactions to the concentrations of NDMA and DMN was significant due to high NO2 concentrations in winter, and (3) primary emissions predominantly affected the ambient concentrations of NDMA and DMN in spring, summer, and autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rae Choi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Yun Gyong Ahn
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, South Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeung-gi 16499, South Korea
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeung-gi 16499, South Korea
| | - Seung Myung Park
- Department of Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - In Ho Song
- Department of Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Hye Jung Shin
- Department of Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Seoul 003760, South Korea
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13
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Liu J, Xie B, Mai B, Cai Q, He R, Guo D, Zhang Z, Fan J, Zhang W. Development of a sensitive and stable GC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of four N-nitrosamine genotoxic impurities in sartan substances. J Anal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-020-00254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRecently, N-nitrosamines have been unexpectedly found in generic sartan products. Herein, we developed a sensitive and stable GC-MS/MS method with multiple reactions monitoring mode for the simultaneous determination of four N-nitrosamines in sartan substances, namely, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodibutylamine, and N-nitrosodiisopropylamine. The conditions of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were optimized. The method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonization guidelines in terms of sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and stability. The limits of detection of N-nitrosamines in sartan substances ranged from 0.002 to 0.150 ppm, and the corresponding limits of quantification were in the range of 0.008-0.500 ppm, which met the sensitivity requirements for the limits set by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States. The internal standard curve of four N-nitrosamines showed good linearity of regression coefficients over 0.99. The recoveries of N-nitrosamines in selected sartan drugs ranged from 87.68 to 123.76%. The intraday and interday relative standard deviation values were less than 9.15%. Therefore, this proposed method exhibited good sensitivity and precision, high accuracy, and fast analysis speed, which provide a reliable method for quality control of N-nitrosamines in sartan products.
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14
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Choi NR, Lee JY, Ahn YG, Kim YP. Determination of atmospheric amines at Seoul, South Korea via gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127367. [PMID: 32947676 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their important roles in salt-producing acid-base reactions, new particle formation (NPF), and as precursors in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) producing reactions, the atmospheric concentrations of particulate volatile amines (dimethylamine (DMA), ethylamine, diethylamine (DEA), propylamine, and butylamine) at Seoul were analyzed and evaluated. To quantify the presence of volatile amines in particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than or equal to a nominal 2.5 μm (PM2.5), an efficient and rapid analytical method based on in-matrix ethyl chloroformate (ECF) derivatization followed by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was developed and validated using gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The annual mean concentration of the total 5 target amines was 5.56±2.76 ng/m3 and the seasonal difference was small. The concentrations of particulate amines measured in this study were lower than those observed in Zongludak, Turkey, Nanjing, China, and Jeju, Korea but slightly higher than that reported in Kobe, Japan. The concentrations of the nitrosamines (nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)), and of the nitramines (dimethylnitramine (DMN) and diethylnitramine (DEN)) measured along with those of the target amines were used in a simple linear regression analysis. It indicates the contribution of DMA to the formation of NDMA in all seasons (except the fall) and DEA to the formation of NDEA in the summer, while DMA and DEA did not significantly contribute to the formation of nitramines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rae Choi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Yun Gyong Ahn
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, 03759, South Korea.
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea.
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15
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Zhao C, Zhou J, Gu Y, Pan E, Sun Z, Zhang H, Lu Q, Zhang Y, Yu X, Liu R, Pu Y, Yin L. Urinary exposure of N-nitrosamines and associated risk of esophageal cancer in a high incidence area in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:139713. [PMID: 32526409 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is a deadly malignancy worldwide with a high incidence and exhibits unevenly geographic prevalence, which suggests that environmental factors are deeply involved in the development of EC. Although the carcinogenesis of nitrosamines in the esophagus has been identified by tremendous toxicological data, the role of nitrosamines in the genesis of human EC has so far proved inconclusive largely due to a lack of convincing evidences. In this study, urinary nitrosamines in population controls and cases with esophageal precancerous lesions, including reflux esophagitis (RE) accompanying with basal cell hyperplasia (BCH) and dysplasia (DYS), and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) were detected by a SPE-LC-MS/MS method and the associated risk was evaluated. Higher excretion concentrations of N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA) in the RE/BCH patients, NMEA and N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) in the DYS patients, and NMEA, NDBA, N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPyr) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMor) in the ESCC patients were observed compared with the controls (p < .05). And with the progression of esophageal lesion, the exposure complexity increased in terms of the categories of nitrosamines. Furthermore, the observed positive associations between the hazardous exposure of NMEA, NDBA and NPyr and the increased risk of ESCC, and between NMEA and NDBA and RE/BCH were established. These findings provided direct evidence to support the hypothesis that exposure to nitrosamines are involved in the carcinogenesis of esophageal epithelia in this high incidence area from the perspective of endogenous exposure assessment. However, discoveries in this study need to be confirmed by systematic researches in the future. And the dose-response relationships, the reference ranges or cutoff values to predict the risks of nitrosamines exposure also need to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Departments of Thoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Lianshui, Lianshui 223400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Enchun Pan
- Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an 223001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongming Sun
- Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an 223001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, Jiangsu, China.
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16
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Rapid determination of nine N-nitrosamines in dry-cured mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) using salting out homogeneous phase extraction with acetonitrile followed by GC-MS/MS. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Sun C, Wang R, Wang T, Li Q. Primary evaluation of nine volatile N-nitrosamines in raw red meat from Tianjin, China, by HS-SPME-GC–MS. Food Chem 2020; 310:125945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Lin CH, Wang PH, Wang TH, Yang LJ, Wen TC. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection of N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosodiethylamine via gold nanorod arrays with a chemical linkage of zwitterionic copolymer. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1075-1082. [PMID: 31845933 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09404k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to the emerging issue of the contamination of sartan medicines and drinking water with N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and/or N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), the detection of NDMA/NDEA has become an important theme. In this study, we utilized the focused ion beam (FIB) technique to fabricate gold nanorods (Au NRs) and Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) substrates and modified them with 1,2-ethanedithiol to quench the high luminescence excitation background signals derived from the high density of localized surface plasmon resonance. To improve the surface hydrophilicity, zwitterionic copolymer PGMA-r-PSBMA was grafted onto the nanosurface of Au NRs, which was confirmed by contact angle analysis and AFM. Raman spectra of the copolymer were observed to confirm the successful grafting of Au NRs, which was also corroborated by TEM and SEM. The Au NRs could easily trap the small polar NDMA and NDEA molecules in aqueous solution due to strong zwitterionic hydrophilicity. Furthermore, the self-association of the anions and cations of the polymeric chain grafted in the hot spot zone assisted in trapping the NDMA/NDEA polar molecules. The Raman scattering cross-section of NDMA/NDEA molecules could be enhanced through the chemical linkage of 1,2-ethanedithiol and the self-association behavior of the zwitterionic copolymer. Accordingly, for the first time, we detected the characteristic peaks of NDMA/NDEA through SERS with detection limit of 10-8 M for both molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hsueh Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Hsin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Tsang-Hsien Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Jung Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Ten-Chin Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan. and Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Electrochemical behavior of N-Nitrosodiphenylamine and its determination in synthetic urine samples using a graphite-polyurethane composite electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Zhao C, Lu Q, Gu Y, Pan E, Sun Z, Zhang H, Zhou J, Du Y, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Liu R, Pu Y, Yin L. Distribution of N-nitrosamines in drinking water and human urinary excretions in high incidence area of esophageal cancer in Huai'an, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:288-296. [PMID: 31260869 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Huai'an area in Jiangsu Province of East China is an endemic region of esophageal cancer (EC). The regional heterogeneity of EC suggests that the levels of potential carcinogens might vary throughout the environment. It has been suggested that the most likely carcinogens related to EC are a group known as the N-nitrosamines. In this study, we measured the concentrations of nine nitrosamines in drinking water and human urine in two areas in China, one with a high incidence of EC (Huai'an) and one with a low incidence (Nanjing). Among the nine target analytes, N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA), N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPyr), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMor) occurred at higher concentrations in drinking water in the high incidence area. Inhabitants from the high incidence area also had urinary excretions with significantly higher concentrations of NDEA, NDBA, N-nitrosopiperidine (NPip) and N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA). These findings indicated that people in the high EC incidence area were exposed to higher levels of nitrosamines. However, the association between the incidence of EC and nitrosamines exposure will need to be evaluated in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Departments of Thoracic Surgery, People's Hospital of Lianshui, Lianshui, 223400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Enchun Pan
- Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an, 223001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongming Sun
- Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an, 223001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Du
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanmei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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21
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Bai H, Cai Y, Yan Z, Lv Q. Optimization of multi-residue method for targeted screening and quantification of 216 harmful chemicals in plastic children's toys by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:311-326. [PMID: 31272731 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a multi-residue method based on dissolution-precipitation extraction combined with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis for targeted screening and quantification of 216 harmful chemicals in plastic children's toys. We established a spectrogram database containing the first-order mass spectra of all analytes and their second-order mass spectra at different collision energies. Good separation was attained in less than 60 min. As a simple and low-cost extraction method, dissolution-precipitation exhibited good recoveries for the analytes in the plastic samples. The matrix-matched standard curves were accurate for analyte quantification in specific plastics due to the solvent effects and matrix effects. The limits of quantification range were 0.1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg. A wide linear range of 0.1-200 mg/kg was also observed, with r2≥0.9924. The average recoveries ranged from 63.9% to 137.6%, and the relative standard deviation (n = 6) varied from 0.6% to 13.2%. Finally, 31 ABS actual toys and 30 PVC actual toys were detected and 20 analytes with contents ranging from 0.4 mg/kg to 172 mg/kg and 30 analytes from 0.8 mg/kg to 141,030 mg/kg were discovered respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Liu
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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22
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Huang D, Liu X, Wang X, Zuo C, Xie Z, Gao X. The competitive formation mechanism of N-nitrosodimethylamine and formaldehyde dimethylhydrazone from 1,1-dimethylhydrazine during ozonation in air: A combined theoretical and experimental study. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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NDMA impurity in valsartan and other pharmaceutical products: Analytical methods for the determination of N-nitrosamines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 164:536-549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Products and Mechanistic Investigations on the Reactions of Hydrazines with Ozone in Gas-Phase. Symmetry (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/sym10090394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxic transformation products of hydrazines are of great concern. These products’ properties combined with their formation mechanisms are needed to assess their potential environmental and human impacts. In this study, the gas-phase reaction of hydrazine (N2H4), monomethyldrazine (MMH) and unsymmetrical dimethyhydrazine (UDMH) with O3 have been studied at varying reactant ratios, both in the presence and absence of a radical trap. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) has been implied to follow reactant consumption and product formation. Apart from the reported products detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), the newly found compounds (hydrazones, formamides, dimethylamine, 1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-1,2-tetrazene,dimethylamino-acetonitrile, N2, H2O, et al.) are identified by GC-MS. The relative yields of the organic products vary considerably at different O3/MMH or UDMH ratios. UDMH and MMH are confirmed as high potential precursors of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). The presence of hydroxyl radicals (HO·) hinders NDMA formation in MMH-O3 system. Meanwhile, it increases NDMA formation in UDMH-O3 system. The suggested reaction mechanisms which account for the observed products are discussed.
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25
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Efficient sampling and determination of airborne N-nitrosamines by needle trap device coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Rashid RA, Adnan AN, Maasom S, Taylor G. Detection of Nicotine in Nicotine-Free E-Cigarette Refill Liquid Using GC–MS. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE FUTURE OF ASEAN (ICOFA) 2017 – VOLUME 2 2018:615-624. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8471-3_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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