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Wei J, Wang Y, Kong H, Wu J, Jiang L, Pan B, Guo S, Yang F, Liu G, Qiu F, Guo J, Zhang Y, Nie J, Yang J. Association between plasma CC16 levels and lung function changes in coke oven workers: A cohort study from 2014 to 2023. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 284:117002. [PMID: 39241606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Club cell secretory protein (CC16) is considered a biological marker indicating lung epithelial and lung permeability. The joint effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure on CC16 levels and the association between CC16 levels and long-term lung function changes lacks epidemiological evidence. To investigate the effect of PAHs exposure on plasma CC16 levels and the association between CC16 levels and long-term lung function changes, this study enrolled 307 coke oven workers in 2014, measured their baseline concentrations of urinary PAHs metabolites and plasma CC16, with follow-up after nine years. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was employed to analyze the effect of mixed PAHs metabolites. The dose-effect association between baseline CC16 levels and lung function during 2014-2023 was explored using restricted cubic spline (RCS) models, and stratified analysis investigated the effect modification of PAHs exposure and smoking status on this association. The median age of the participants was 40 years, with 93.81 % male. The results showed that plasma CC16 levels decreased by 2.02 ng/mL (95 % CI: -3.77, -0.27) among all participants and FVC (% predicted) decreased by 2.87 % (95 % CI: -5.59, -0.14) in the low CC16 group with each unit increase in log-transformed 2-OHNAP. The BKMR model revealed a negative association between PAHs metabolites and both plasma CC16 levels and FVC (% predicted). Plasma CC16 decreased by 1.05 units when all PAHs metabolites at P65 compared to those at P50. After 9 years of follow-up, baseline CC16 levels were significantly associated with follow-up FVC (% predicted), FEV1 (% predicted), and small airway dysfunction risk. Furthermore, high PAHs exposure and smoking enhanced the association between CC16 and lung function. In conclusion, PAHs exposure decreases CC16 levels, and coking workers with low baseline CC16 levels may experience more severe future lung function decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impairment and Prevention, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030001, China
| | - Yong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impairment and Prevention, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030001, China
| | - Hongyue Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impairment and Prevention, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030001, China
| | - Jinyu Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impairment and Prevention, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030001, China
| | - Liuquan Jiang
- Xishan Coal Electricity Corporation Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Institute, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030053, China
| | - Baolong Pan
- Sixth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (General Hospital of Tisco), Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030001, China
| | - Shugang Guo
- Shanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030001, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Xishan Coal Electricity Corporation Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Institute, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030053, China
| | - Gaisheng Liu
- Xishan Coal Electricity Corporation Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Institute, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030053, China
| | - Fengyu Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impairment and Prevention, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030001, China
| | - Jingxuan Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impairment and Prevention, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030001, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impairment and Prevention, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030001, China
| | - Jisheng Nie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impairment and Prevention, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030001, China
| | - Jin Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Pneumoconiosis, Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impairment and Prevention, Xinjiannan Road 56, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030001, China.
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2
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Du M, Hu T, Liu W, Shi M, Li P, Mao Y, Liu L, Xing X, Qi S. Chronological evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of tangxun lake in central China and impacts of human activities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34816-3. [PMID: 39215914 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This study sheds light on the contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Tangxun Lake sediments, an urban lake reflecting environmental changes in Central China. By analyzing sediment cores from both the inner and outer areas of the lake, we determined the historical trends and sources of PAHs over the past century. The results reveal a significant increase in PAHs concentrations, particularly since the 1980s, coinciding with China's rapid urbanization and industrialization. Using diagnostic ratios and Absolute principal component score-multivariate linear regression (APCS-MLR) methods, we identified petroleum combustion, coal combustion, and biomass combustion as the primary sources of PAHs in the lake sediments. The spatial analysis indicates higher PAHs levels in the inner lake, likely due to its closer proximity to industrial activities. Moreover, by comparing PAH trends in Tangxun Lake with those in other urban, suburban, and remote lakes across China, based on data from 49 sedimentary cores, we highlight the impact of regional socio-economic dynamics on PAH deposition. These insights are crucial for developing effective pollution mitigation strategies and promoting sustainable development in rapidly urbanizing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkai Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Basin Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tianpeng Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Basin Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Weijie Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Basin Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Mingming Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Basin Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Peng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Basin Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Geological Survey, Wuhan, 430034, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development Zone, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li Liu
- Hubei Geological Survey, Wuhan, 430034, Hubei, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Basin Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development Zone, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Shihua Qi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Basin Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development Zone, Hubei Province, China
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Liu X, Hong X, Song H, Zhang T, Chen K, Chu J. Exploring source-specific ecological risks of PAHs near oil platforms in the Yellow River Estuary, Bohai Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 207:116870. [PMID: 39173476 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The Yellow River Estuary (YRE) is one of highly remarkable regions profoundly impacted by human activities, with numerous oil platforms dispersed throughout. In this area, offshore oil exploitation may pose significant ecological risks. To comprehensively evaluate the quantitative impacts of oil field exploitation on the marine coastal ecosystem, this study investigated the occurrence, sources, and ecological risks associated with 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater and sediment near oil platforms in the YRE. We found that 1) The concentrations of PAHs decreased from the surface seawater to sediments; 2) The ecological risk level of PAHs in seawater exceeded that in sediments; 3) terrestrial sources (combustion), rather than offshore oil drilling activities, significantly influenced regional ecological risks through processes of atmospheric deposition and surface runoff. These findings provide essential data for future estuarine research efforts while supporting mitigation measures aimed at addressing marine environmental pollution related to oil production activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China
| | - Xuguang Hong
- First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China
| | - Hongjun Song
- First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China
| | - Tong Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China
| | - Kan Chen
- First Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Qingdao 266061, PR China.
| | - Jiansong Chu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
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Shi CH, He BB, Zhao JL, Liu YH, Liu A. Characterising polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road dusts and stormwater in urban environments. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:791. [PMID: 39110317 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12951-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution on urban road surfaces is one of the major environmental concerns. However, knowledge on the distribution variability of PAHs in road dusts (RDS) and stormwater is limited, which would restrict the further risk evaluation and mitigation implementation of PAHs in road stormwater runoff. This study collected RDS samples and stormwater samples on fourteen urban roads in Shenzhen, China. This study investigated the variation of sixteen PAHs species in RDS and stormwater, and further evaluated the intrinsic and extrinsic factors which influence PAHs accumulation on urban road surfaces. The research outcomes showed significant differences on spatial distribution of PAHs in RDS and in stormwater. The land use types, industrial, commercial and port areas and vehicular volume have a positive relationship with PAHs abundance while dust particle size showed a negative correlation with PAHs abundance. For two phases in stormwater, fluctuation of PAHs with the rainfall duration in total dissolved solid (TDS) was more intensive than in dissolved liquid phase (DLP). This indicated when PAHs attached to RDS enter stormwater, most of PAHs still tend to be on solid particles than in liquid. The study outcomes are expected to contribute to efficient designs of PAHs polluted stormwater mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hao Shi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Bei-Bei He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yue-Hong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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Shang L, Dong Z, Li Z, Wang M, Kong Z, Li X, Zhang R. Abundance and sources of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic acids at an urban site in central China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 142:155-168. [PMID: 38527881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
We conducted a simultaneous field study of PM2.5-bound particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aromatic acids (AAs) in a polluted city Zhengzhou to explore the concentration, sources and potential conversion pathways between PAHs and AAs in different seasons. The average concentrations of PM2.5, 28PAHs and 8AAs during the sampling period were 77 µg/m3, 75 ng/m3, and 283 ng/m3, respectively. The concentration of both 28PAHs and 8AAs were highest in winter and lowest in summer with ratios of 6.3 and 2.3, respectively. PAHs with 5-7 rings were the main components of PAHs (52%), followed by 4 rings PAHs (30%) and 2-3 rings PAHs (18%). According to the source appointment results obtained by positive matrix factorization, the main sources of PAHs were combustion and vehicle emissions, which account for 37% and 34%, respectively. 8AAs were divided into three groups, including four benzene dicarboxylic acids (B2CAs), three benzene tricarboxylic acids (B3CAs) and one benzene tetracarboxylic acid (B4CA). And interspecies correlation analysis with PM2.5 source markers were used to investigate potential sources. Phthalic acid (o-Ph) was the most abundant specie of 8AAs (157 ng/m3, 55% of 8AAs), which was well correlated with sulfate. Meanwhile, B3CAs and B4CA were highly correlated with sulfate and weakly correlated with levoglucosan, suggesting that secondary formation was their main source. As logical oxidation products of PAHs, o-Ph and B3CAs showed good correlations with a number of PAHs, indicating possible photochemical oxidation pathway by PAHs. In addition, O3, NO2, temperature and relative humidity have positive effects on the secondary formation of B3CAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqi Shang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhe Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zihan Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingkai Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zihan Kong
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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6
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Hashemi M, Bahrami A, Ghorbani-Shahna F, Afkhami A, Farhadian M, Poormohamadi A. Development of a needle trap device packed with modified PAF-6-MNPs for sampling and analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds in air. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18588-18598. [PMID: 38860255 PMCID: PMC11163952 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01651c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a new method for sampling and analyzing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the air. This was achieved by utilizing a needle trap device packed with a modified porous aromatic framework coated with magnetic nanoparticles (PAF-6-MNPs). The modified adsorbent underwent qualitative evaluation using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The optimal conditions for sampling polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons compounds were determined using a dynamic atmosphere chamber. The method was validated by taking various samples from the standard chamber, and then analyzed under different environmental sampling conditions using a gas chromatography device. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values for the analytes of interest, including naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene, ranged from 0.0034-0.0051 and 0.010-0.015 μg L-1, respectively. Also, the repeatability and reproducibility of the method expressed as relative standard deviation, for the mentioned analyses were found to be in the range of 17.8-20.5% and 20-22.9%. The results indicated that over a 20 day storage period (with the needle trap device containing the analytes of interest kept in the refrigerator), there was no significant decrease in the amount of analytes compared to the initial amount. These findings suggest that, the needle trap packed with the proposed adsorbent offers a reliable, highly-sensitive, easy-to-use, and cost-effective method for sampling polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the air compared to the conventional method recommended by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), method 5515.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobina Hashemi
- Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, Occupational Health and Safety Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
| | - Abdulrahman Bahrami
- Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, Occupational Health and Safety Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
| | - Farshid Ghorbani-Shahna
- Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, Occupational Health and Safety Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
| | - Abas Afkhami
- Department of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University Hamedan Iran
| | - Maryam Farhadian
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
| | - Ali Poormohamadi
- Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, Occupational Health and Safety Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran
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Tao L, Zhou YZ, Shen X. Seasonal variation in urinary PAH metabolite levels and associations with neonatal birth outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:41893-41904. [PMID: 38850391 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can affect maternal and infant health. However, the conclusions regarding the effects of seasonal PAH exposure on maternal and infant health have been inconsistent. To further elucidate this issue, this study included data from 2282 mother-infant pairs in the Zuni birth cohort. The objective was to investigate the association between maternal late-pregnancy urinary PAH metabolite concentrations and neonatal birth outcomes during the heating and non-heating seasons. The results demonstrated that PAH exposure in Zunyi was primarily dominated by 2-OHNAP and 1-OHNAP and that the concentrations of PAH metabolites were significantly higher during the heating season. Furthermore, PAH metabolite exposure was found to affect neonatal birth weight, birth length, and parity index with seasonal differences. Further dose-effect analyses revealed nonlinear relationships and seasonal differences between PAH metabolites and neonatal birth weight, birth length, and parity index. Bayesian kernel mechanism regression modeling demonstrated that the inverted U-shaped relationship between PAH metabolites and neonatal birth weight and parity index was exclusive to the heating season. Consequently, it can be posited that maternal exposure to PAH metabolites during late pregnancy exerts a detrimental influence on neonatal growth and development, which is further compounded by the use of heating fuels. This highlights the necessity to either control or alter the use of heating fuels during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tao
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Zhou
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xubo Shen
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou Province, China.
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Li S, Zhang Q, Gao M, Li H, Yang Z, Wang Y, Sun H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their halogenated derivatives in soil from Yellow River Delta: Distribution, source apportionment, and risk assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 202:116308. [PMID: 38574503 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and halogenated PAHs (HPAHs) in surface soils from the petroleum industrial area of the Yellow River Delta (YRD) in China were investigated. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 19.6 to 1560 ng/g, while 22 HPAHs ranged from 2.44 to 14.9 ng/g. Moreover, a high degree of spatial distribution heterogeneity was observed for both PAHs and HPAHs, which is likely attributed to the distinct industrial activities in studied area. The combustion of biomass and petroleum were identified as primary sources of soil PAHs and HPAHs in the YRD. Furthermore, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene exhibited high ecological risks (with risk quotients of 1.47, 1.44, and 1.02, respectively) in specific sites within the YRD. Considering the high toxicity of HPAHs and their potential joint environmental effects with PAHs, continuous attention should be directed towards the environmental risks associated with both PAHs and HPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Meng Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Zhongkang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Wu D, Chen L, Ma Z, Zhou D, Fu L, Liu M, Zhang T, Yang J, Zhen Q. Source analysis and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in total suspended particulate matter (TSP) from Bengbu, China. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5080. [PMID: 38429521 PMCID: PMC10907572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in total suspended particulate matter (TSP) samples collected from October, 2021 to September, 2022 were analyzed to clarify the pollution characteristics and sources of 16 PAHs in the atmospheric TSP in Bengbu City. The ρ(PAHs) concentrations ranged from 1.71 to 43.85 ng/m3 and higher concentrations were detected in winter, followed by spring, autumn, and summer. The positive matrix factorization analysis revealed that, in spring and summer, PAH pollution was caused mainly by industrial emissions, gasoline and diesel fuel combustion, whereas in autumn and winter, it was coal, biomass and natural gas combustion. The cluster and potential source factor analyses showed that long-range transport was a significant factor. During spring, autumn, and winter, the northern and northwestern regions had a significant impact, whereas the coastal area south of Bengbu had the greatest influence in summer. The health risk assessment revealed that the annual total carcinogenic equivalent concentration values for PAHs varied from 0.0159 to 7.437 ng/m3, which was classified as moderate. Furthermore, the annual incremental lifetime cancer risk values ranged from 1.431 × 10-4 to 3.671 × 10-3 for adults and from 6.823 × 10-5 to 1.749 × 10-3 for children, which were higher than the standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danchen Wu
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Chen
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijing Ma
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dalin Zhou
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Fu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China
- Fuyang Cancer Hospital, Fuyang, 236010, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianer Zhang
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China
- Xinchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xinchang, 312599, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhen
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China.
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Guo W, Li Z, Zhang Z, Zhu R, Xiao H, Xiao H. Sources and influences of atmospheric nonpolar organic compounds in Nanchang, central China: Full-year monitoring with a focus on winter pollution episodes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169216. [PMID: 38092198 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonpolar organic compounds (NPOCs) are found in atmospheric aerosols and have significant implications for environmental and human health. Although many studies have quantitatively estimated the sources of NPOCs in different cities, few have evaluated their main influencing factors (e.g., emissions and meteorological conditions) at relatively long (e.g., different seasons) and short timescales (e.g., several days during pollution episodes). A better understanding of this issue could optimise strategies for dealing with organic contamination in atmospheric particulate matter. NPOCs (including n-alkanes, PAHs and hopanes) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were sampled daily at Nanchang, China, from 1 November 2020 to 31 October 2021. Analyses of specific biomarkers and diagnostic ratios indicate that the NPOCs mainly had anthropogenic sources. The quantitative estimates of a positive matrix factorization model show that fossil fuel and biomass combustion were the main sources of n-alkanes (contributing 64.8 %), while vehicle exhaust was the main source of PAHs (47.0 %) and hopanes (52.3 %). Seasonally, the contributions from coal and/or biomass combustion were higher in autumn and winter (40.2-56.3 %) than in spring and summer (25.7-44.3 %), while contributions from natural plants, petroleum volatilization and vehicle exhaust were higher in spring and summer (14.7-63.5 %) than in autumn and winter (8.1-48.9 %). Redundancy analysis shows that increased emissions, especially from coal and/or biomass combustion, are the main cause of increases in NPOCs, during both annual sampling periods and winter pollution episodes. Over the year, higher temperature and longer sunshine hours correspond to lower NPOC concentrations. In winter pollution episodes, increases in temperature and relative humidity correspond to increases in NPOC concentrations. Our results suggest that controlling primary emissions, especially from coal and biomass combustion, may be an effective way to prevent increases in NPOC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Zicong Li
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Renguo Zhu
- School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Hongwei Xiao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huayun Xiao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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11
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Zhou S, Wang X, Yang Y, Wang R, Liao J, Zhang P, Liu L, Zhao Y, Deng Y. Distribution and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with PCA-MLR and PMF methods in the topsoil of Chengdu at SW, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168263. [PMID: 37926248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In spite of extensive studies on the features of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as typical persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in cities, lack of understanding on the distribution and source characteristics of PAHs in big city with basin climate that can easily accelerate the pollution. Therefore, we sampled and analyzed PAHs from forty-five topsoil samples evenly distributed in Chengdu and the data shows that: (1) concentrations of ∑16PAHs in the study area ranged from 88.56 to 4448.34 ng/g, with a mean value of 739.07 ng/g, which is a lower level compared to similar cities, the distribution and proportion of LMW-PAHs show that the migration of pollution is blocked by the topography of the basin; (2) principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) indicated that combustion of fossil fuels and biomass is the most important source of PAHs in Chengdu; (3) the toxic equivalency factors of benzo[a]pyrene indicated a low risk of ∑16PAHs in all areas in Chengdu; (4) the inherited lifetime carcinogenic risk (ILCR) showed a relatively low level of potential risk in the region, while female inhabitants in several regions seem to suffer from higher health risks. Overall, our case study of PAHs in the topsoil at Chengdu city at SW China indicates that the PCA-MLR analysis is useful to identify the source of PAHs in the urban region with complicated pollution source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhuo Zhou
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China; State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China.
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China.
| | - Jianghai Liao
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Pu Zhang
- International Center for Planetary Science, College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Yongcai Zhao
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
| | - Yintian Deng
- Department of Geochemistry and Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, 610059, China
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12
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Luo Y, Geng N, Sun S, Cheng L, Chen S, Zhang H, Chen J. Integration approach of transcriptomics and metabolomics reveals the toxicity of Anthracene and its chlorinated derivatives on human hepatic cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166886. [PMID: 37678537 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Chlorinated PAHs (Cl-PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. The toxicological information of anthracene (Ant) and its chlorinated derivatives is quite limited. In this study, an integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis approach was adopted to assess the toxic effects triggered by Ant and its chlorinated derivatives, 2-chloroanthracene (2-ClAnt) and 9,10-dichloroanthracen (9,10-Cl2Ant), at human-relevant levels on human normal hepatocyte L02 cells. The cell viability test showed no significant effects on the viability of L02 cells exposed to Ant, 2-ClAnt and 9,10-Cl2Ant at doses of 5-500 nM for 24 h. However, based on transcriptomic analysis, Ant, 2-ClAnt and 9,10-Cl2Ant exposure at human-relevant levels obviously perturbed global gene expression in L02 cells and induced the differential expression of several genes related to cancer development. As the number of genes related to cancer development altered by 9,10-Cl2Ant is the largest, 9,10-Cl2Ant posed greater risks of tumor development than Ant and 2-ClAnt did. Metabolomics analysis demonstrated that Ant, 2-ClAnt and 9,10-Cl2Ant caused significant metabolic perturbation in L02 cells. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that Ant, 2-ClAnt and 9,10-Cl2Ant mainly perturbed the lipid metabolism and nucleotide metabolism pathway. However, 9,10-Cl2Ant caused a wider perturbation to metabolic pathways than Ant and 2-ClAnt did. In addition, dysregulation of nucleotide metabolism perturbed by Ant, 2-ClAnt and 9,10-Cl2Ant may be associated with the genomic instability and further carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- College of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Shuai Sun
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shuangshuang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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13
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Li X, Wu H, Xing W, Xia W, Jia P, Yuan K, Guo F, Ran J, Wang X, Ren Y, Dong L, Sun S, Xu D, Li J. Short-term association of fine particulate matter and its constituents with oxidative stress, symptoms and quality of life in patients with allergic rhinitis: A panel study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 182:108319. [PMID: 37980881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its specific constituents might exacerbate allergic rhinitis (AR) conditions. However, the evidence is still inconclusive. METHOD We conducted a panel study of 49 patients diagnosed with AR > 1 year prior to the study in Taiyuan, China, to investigate associations of individual exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents with oxidative parameters, symptoms, and quality of life among AR patients. All participants underwent repeated assessments of health and PM exposure at 4 time points in both the heating and nonheating seasons from June 2017 to January 2018. AR patients' oxidative parameters were assessed using nasal lavage, and their subjective symptoms and quality of life were determined through in-person interviews using a structured questionnaire. Short-term personal exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents was estimated using the time-microenvironment-activity pattern and data from the nearest air sampler, respectively. We applied mixed-effects regression models to estimate the short-term effects of PM2.5 and its constituents. RESULTS The results showed that exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents, including BaP, PAHs, SO42-, NH4+, V, Cr, Cu, As, Se, Cd, and Pb, was significantly associated with increased oxidative stress, as indicated by an increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) index. Exposure to PM2.5 and its components (V, Mn, Fe, Zn, As, and Se) was associated with decreased antioxidant activity, as indicated by a decrease in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) index. Additionally, increased visual analog scale (VAS) and rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ) scores indicated that exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents exacerbated inflammatory symptoms and affected quality of life in AR patients. CONCLUSION Exposure to PM2.5 and specific constituents, could exacerbate AR patients' inflammatory symptoms and adversely affect their quality of life in the heavily industrialized city of Taiyuan, China. These findings may have potential biological and policy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Haisheng Wu
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Weiwei Xing
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenrong Xia
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Jia
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kun Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Guo
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Jinjun Ran
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanxin Ren
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lina Dong
- Core Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shengzhi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Donggang Xu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jinhui Li
- Department of Urology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA.
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14
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Gu Y, Xu H, Feng R, Zhang B, Gao M, Sun J, Shen Z, Qu L, Ho SSH, Cao J. Insight into personal exposure characteristics and health effects of PM 2.5 and PM 0.25-bound PAHs and their derivatives with different heating ways in the Fenwei Plain, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122699. [PMID: 37802290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Personal exposure (PE) to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives in particulate matter with two aerodynamic sizes of 2.5 and 0.25 μm (PM2.5 and PM0.25) from rural housewives was studied in the Fenwei Plain, China. A total of 15 households were divided into five different groups based on the type of solid fuel and heating device used, including biomass briquette-furnace (BBF), biomass-elevated Kang (BEK), outdoor lump coal-boiler (OLC), indoor briquette coal-stove (IBC), and electricity (ELE). The PE concentrations of the PAHs and biomarkers in urine collected from the participants were determined. The results showed that the PE concentrations of total quantified PAHs in the biomass group (i.e., BBF and BEK) were 2.2 and 2.0 times higher than those in the coal groups (i.e., OLC and IBC) in PM2.5 and PM0.25, respectively. The housewives who used biomass as fuel suffered from higher potential health impacts than the coal fuel users. The incremental lifetime cancer risk for the PAHs in PM2.5 in the BBF and BEK groups exceeded the international safety threshold. Furthermore, the PE concentrations of oxygenated PAH (o-PAHs) in PM2.5 and PM0.25 in the biomass groups and the nitrated PAHs (n-PAHs) in PM0.25 in the coal groups showed strong correlations with the biomarkers. The results of this study proved the associations between exposure to the different classes of PAHs and health hazards. The findings could also serve as a guideline in establishing efficient measures for using solid fuels for cooking and household warming in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Gu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Rong Feng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Shaanxi Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV89512, United States
| | - Junji Cao
- SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
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15
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Lyu T, Tang Y, Cao H, Gao Y, Zhou X, Zhang W, Zhang R, Jiang Y. Estimating the geographical patterns and health risks associated with PM 2.5-bound heavy metals to guide PM 2.5 control targets in China based on machine-learning algorithms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122558. [PMID: 37714401 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 is the main component of haze, and PM2.5-bound heavy metals (PBHMs) can induce various toxic effects via inhalation. However, comprehensive macroanalyses on large scales are still lacking. In this study, we compiled a substantial dataset consisting of the concentrations of eight PBHMs, including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn, across different cities in China. To improve prediction accuracy, we enhanced the traditional land-use regression (LUR) model by incorporating emission source-related variables and employing the best-fitted machine-learning algorithm, which was applied to predict PBHM concentrations, analyze geographical patterns and assess the health risks associated with metals under different PM2.5 control targets. Our model exhibited excellent performance in predicting the concentrations of PBHMs, with predicted values closely matching measured values. Noncarcinogenic risks exist in 99.4% of the estimated regions, and the carcinogenic risks in all studied regions of the country are within an acceptable range (1 × 10-5-1 × 10-6). In densely populated areas such as Henan, Shandong, and Sichuan, it is imperative to control the concentration of PBHMs to reduce the number of patients with cancer. Controlling PM2.5 effectively decreases both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health risks associated with PBHMs, but still exceed acceptable risk level, suggesting that other important emission sources should be given attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lyu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yilin Tang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Hongbin Cao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yue Gao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ruidi Zhang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yanxue Jiang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
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Zhang Z, Yuan Q, Wang M, Hu T, Huang Y, Xiu G, Lai S, Gao Y, Lee SC. Exposure and health risk assessment of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during winter at residential homes: A case study in four Chinese cities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165111. [PMID: 37364838 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Residential indoor PM2.5 were concurrently collected in Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Xi'an during the winter and early spring seasons of 2016-2017, for updating the current knowledge of the spatial variation of indoor air pollution and the potential health risks in China. PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were characterized, and the associated inhalation cancer risks were assessed by a probabilistic approach. Higher levels of indoor PAHs were identified in Xi'an residences (averaged at 176.27 ng m-3) with those of other cities ranging from 3.07 to 15.85 ng m-3. Traffic-related fuel combustion was identified as a common contributor to indoor PAHs through outdoor infiltration for all investigated cities. Indoor PAHs profiles showed city-specific differences, while distinctions between profiles based on indoor activities or ambient air quality were limited. Similar with the total PAHs concentrations, the estimated toxic equivalencies (TEQ) with reference to benzo[a]pyrene in Xi'an residences (median at 18.05 ng m-3) were above the recommended value of 1 ng m-3 and were magnitudes higher than the other investigated cities with estimated median TEQ ranging from 0.27 to 1.55 ng m-3. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to PAHs inhalation exposure was identified with a descending order of adult (median at 8.42 × 10-8) > adolescent (2.77 × 10-8) > children (2.20 × 10-8) > senior (1.72 × 10-8) for different age groups. Considering the lifetime exposure-associated cancer risk (LCR), potential risks were identified for residents in Xi'an as an LCR level over 1 × 10-6 was identified for half of the adolescent group (median at 8.96 × 10-7), and exceedances were identified for about 90 % of the groups of adults (10th percentile at 8.29 × 10-7) and seniors (10th percentile at 1.02 × 10-6). The associated LCR estimated for other cities were relatively insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Qi Yuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Tafeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guangli Xiu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Senchao Lai
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Shun Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
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Dong Z, Kong Z, Dong Z, Shang L, Zhang R, Xu R, Li X. Air pollution prevention in central China: Effects on particulate-bound PAHs from 2010 to 2018. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118555. [PMID: 37418927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Long-term trends in particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in air in Zhengzhou (a severely polluted city in central China) between 2010 and 2018 were studied to assess the effectiveness of an air pollution prevention and control action plan (APPCAP) implemented in 2013. The PM2.5, sum of 16 PAHs (Σ16 PAHs), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and BaP toxic equivalent concentrations were high before 2013 but 41%, 77%, 77%, and 78% lower, respectively, after the APPCAP. The maximum daily Σ16 PAHs concentration between 2014 and 2018 was 338 ng/m3, 65% lower than the maximum of 961 ng/m3 between 2010 and 2013. The ratio between the Σ16 PAHs concentrations in winter and summer decreased over time and was 8.0 in 2011 and 1.5 in 2017. The most abundant PAH was benzo[b]fluoranthene, for which the 9-year mean concentration was 14 ± 21 ng/m3 (15% of the Σ16 PAHs concentration). The mean benzo[b]fluoranthene concentration decreased from 28 ± 27 ng/m3 before to 5 ± 4 ng/m3 after the APPCAP (an 83% decrease). The mean daily BaP concentrations were 0.1-62.8 ng/m3, and >56% exceeded the daily standard limit of 2.5 ng/m3 for air. The BaP concentration decreased from 10 ± 8 ng/m3 before to 2 ± 2 ng/m3 after the APPCAP (a 77% decrease). Diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization model results indicated that coal combustion and vehicle exhausts were important sources of PAHs throughout the study period, contributing >70% of the Σ16 PAHs concentrations. The APPCAP increased the relative contribution of vehicle exhausts from 29% to 35% but decreased the Σ16 PAHs concentration attributed to vehicle exhausts from 48 to 12 ng/m3. The PAH concentration attributed to vehicle exhausts decreased by 79% even though vehicle numbers strongly increased, indicating that pollution caused by vehicles was controlled well. The relative contribution of coal combustion remained stable but the PAH concentration attributed to coal combustion decreased from 68 ng/m3 before to 13 ng/m3 after the APPCAP. Vehicles made dominant contributions to the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCRs) before and after the APPCAP even though the APPCAP decreased the ILCRs by 78%. Coal combustion was the dominant source of PAHs but contributed only 12-15% of the ILCRs. The APPCAP decreased PAH emissions and changed the contributions of different sources of PAHs, and thus strongly affected the overall toxicity of PAHs to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangsen Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zihan Kong
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhe Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Luqi Shang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruixin Xu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Lei Y, Zhu Y, Mallah MA, Lu P, Yang L, He X, Shang P, Chen Y, Zhou X, Feng F, Zhang Q. The activation of SIRT1 ameliorates BPDE-induced inflammatory damage in BEAS-2B cells via HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:2429-2439. [PMID: 37436145 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), the metabolite of environmental pollutant benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) could induce pulmonary toxicity and inflammation. SIRT1, an NAD+ -dependent histone deacetylase, is known to regulate inflammation in the occurrence and development of various diseases, but its effects on BPDE-induced acute lung injury are still unknown. The present study aimed to explore the role of SIRT1 in BPDE-induced acute lung injury. Here, human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells (BEAS-2B) cells were stimulated with BPDE at different concentrations (0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 μmol/L) for 24 h, we found that the levels of cytokines in the supernatant were increased and the expression of SIRT1 in cells was down-regulated, at the same time, BPDE stimulation up-regulated the protein expression of HMGB1, TLR4, and p-NF-κBp65 in BEAS-2B cells. Then the activator and inhibitor of SIRT1 were used before BPDE exposure, it was shown that the activation of SIRT1 significantly attenuated the levels of inflammatory cytokines and HMGB1, and reduced the expression of HMGB1, AC-HMGB1, TLR4, and p-NF-κBp65 protein; while these results were reversed by the inhibition of SIRT1. This study revealed that the SIRT1 activation may protect against BPDE-induced inflammatory damage in BEAS-2B cells by regulating the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Lei
- Department of Toxicology, Zhengzhou University School of Public Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yonghang Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, Zhengzhou University School of Public Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Manthar Ali Mallah
- Department of Toxicology, Zhengzhou University School of Public Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Toxicology, Zhengzhou University School of Public Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Toxicology, Zhengzhou University School of Public Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi He
- Department of Toxicology, Zhengzhou University School of Public Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pingping Shang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, CNC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yusong Chen
- Quality Supervision & Test Center, China National Tobacco Corporation Shandong Branch, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feifei Feng
- Department of Toxicology, Zhengzhou University School of Public Health, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Zhengzhou University School of Public Health, Zhengzhou, China
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Fu J, Ji J, Luo L, Li X, Zhuang X, Ma Y, Wen Q, Zhu Y, Ma J, Huang J, Zhang D, Lu S. Temporal and spatial distributions, source identification, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM 2.5 from 2016 to 2021 in Shenzhen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:103788-103800. [PMID: 37697187 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the atmosphere that have drawn intense attention due to their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. In this work, 1424 air samples were collected between January 2016 and December 2021 in three areas of Shenzhen, China to determine the concentrations of PM2.5 and PAHs and their spatiotemporal variation. Human health risks due to the daily intake and uptake of PAHs and the resulting incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were also evaluated. PAHs were detected frequently in the samples at concentrations between 0.28 and 32.7 ng/m3 (median: 1.04 ng/m3). PM2.5 and PAH concentrations decreased from 2016 to 2021, and the Yantian area had lower median concentrations of PM2.5 (23.0 μg/m3) and PAHs (0.02 ng/m3) than the Longgang and Nanshan areas. The concentrations of PM2.5 and PAHs were significantly higher in winter than in summer. Analysis of diagnostic ratios indicated that petroleum combustion was the dominant source of airborne PAHs in Shenzhen. The estimated daily intake (EDI) and uptake (EDU) of PAHs by local residents decreased gradually with increasing age, indicating that infants are at particular risk of PAH exposure. However, the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) were below the threshold value of 10-6, indicating that inhalation exposure to PAHs posed a negligible carcinogenic risk to Shenzhen residents. While promising, these results may underestimate actual PAH exposure levels, so further analysis of health risks due to PAHs in Shenzhen is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Fu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiajia Ji
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lan Luo
- Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518054, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518054, China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhuang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Ying Ma
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Qilan Wen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiayin Huang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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20
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Wu C, Yang J, Gong Y, Ju Y, Tao J, Jiang X. Synthesis of Porous Activated Carbon Doped with Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide: Evaluation of Excellent Gasoline Vapor Adsorption Performance and Activation Mechanism. Molecules 2023; 28:5868. [PMID: 37570838 PMCID: PMC10421261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid urbanization and industrialization in China have led to an urgent dilemma for controlling urban air pollution, including the intensified emission of gasoline vapor into the atmosphere. Herein, we selected highland barley straw as a raw material and KOH and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) as activators to synthesize nitrogen-doped layered porous carbon (K-thAC) by a three-step activation method. The obtained K-thAC materials had a high specific surface area, reaching 3119 m2/g. Dynamic adsorption experiments demonstrated a superior adsorption capacity of up to 501 mg/g (K-thAC-25) for gasoline vapor compared with other documented carbon adsorbents. Moreover, adjusting the ratio of raw materials with a series of active ingredients could further improve the pore properties of the obtained K-thACs and their adsorption performance for gasoline vapor. Furthermore, the K-thAC materials were also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), synchronous thermogravimetry (STA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nitrogen adsorption tests. This study synthesized a novel plant-based material to treat gasoline vapor pollution efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wu
- School of Geographical Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (C.W.); (J.T.); (X.J.)
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Geographical Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (C.W.); (J.T.); (X.J.)
| | - Yu Gong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing 210042, China;
| | - Yongming Ju
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing 210042, China;
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jiahui Tao
- School of Geographical Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (C.W.); (J.T.); (X.J.)
| | - Xinmeng Jiang
- School of Geographical Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (C.W.); (J.T.); (X.J.)
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21
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Zhang X, Qi A, Wang P, Huang Q, Zhao T, Yan C, Yang L, Wang W. Spatial Distribution, Sources, Air-Soil Exchange, and Health Risks of Parent PAHs and Derivative-Alkylated PAHs in Different Functional Areas of an Oilfield Area in the Yellow River Delta, North China. TOXICS 2023; 11:540. [PMID: 37368640 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the spatial distribution, sources, and air-soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in an oilfield area is essential to the development of effective control practices of PAC pollution. In this study, 48 passive air samples and 24 soil samples were collected during 2018-2019 in seven functional areas (e.g., urban, oil field, suburban, industrial, agricultural, near pump units, and background) in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) where the Shengli Oilfield is located, and 18 parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and five alkylated-PAHs (APAHs) were analyzed from all the air and soil samples. The ΣPAHs in the air and soil ranged from 2.26 to 135.83 ng/m3 and 33.96 to 408.94 ng/g, while the ΣAPAHs in the atmosphere and soil ranged from 0.04 to 16.31 ng/m3 and 6.39 to 211.86 ng/g, respectively. There was a downward trend of atmospheric ΣPAH concentrations with increasing the distance from the urban area, while both ΣPAH and ΣAPAH concentrations in the soil decreased with distance from the oilfield area. PMF analyses show that for atmospheric PACs, coal/biomass combustion was the main contributor in urban, suburban, and agricultural areas, while crude production and processing source contributes more in the industrial and oilfield area. For PACs in soil, densely populated areas (industrial, urban, and suburban) are more affected by traffic sources, while oilfield and near-pump unit areas are under the impact of oil spills. The fugacity fraction (ff) results indicated that the soil generally emitted low-molecular-weight PAHs and APAHs and act as a sink for high-molecular-weight PAHs. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of Σ(PAH+APAH) in both the air and soil, were below the threshold (≤10-6) set by the US EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Anan Qi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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22
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Feng W, Shao Z, Wang Q, Xie M. Size-resolved light-absorbing organic carbon and organic molecular markers in Nanjing, east China: Seasonal variations and sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:122006. [PMID: 37302787 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the potential influence of light-absorbing organic carbon (OC), also termed "brown carbon" (BrC), on the planetary radiation budget, many studies have focused on its absorption in single-sized ranges of particulate matter (PM). However, the size distribution and organic tracer-based source apportionment of BrC absorption have not been extensively investigated. In this study, size-resolved PM samples were collected using multi-stage impactors from eastern Nanjing during each season in 2017. The light absorption of methanol-extractable OC at 365 nm (Abs365, Mm-1) was determined using spectrophotometry, and a series of organic molecular markers (OMMs) was measured using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Fine PM with an aerodynamic diameter <2.1 μm (PM2.1) dominated Abs365 (79.8 ± 10.4%) of the total size ranges with maxima and minima in winter and summer, respectively. The distributions of Abs365 shifted to larger PM sizes from winter to spring and summer due to lower primary emissions and increased BrC chromophores in dust. Except for low-volatility (po,*L < 10-10 atm) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the non-polar OMMs, including n-alkanes, PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, and steranes, showed a bimodal distribution pattern. Secondary products of biogenic precursors and biomass burning tracers presented a unimodal distribution peaking at 0.4-0.7 μm, while sugar alcohols and saccharides were enriched in coarse PM. Their seasonal variations in average concentrations reflected intense photochemical reactions in summer, more biomass burning emissions in winter, and stronger microbial activity in spring and summer. Positive matrix factorization was used for the source apportionment of Abs365 in fine and coarse PM samples. Biomass burning contributed an average of 53.9% to the Abs365 of PM2.1 extracts. The Abs365 of coarse PM extracts was associated with various dust-related sources where the aging processes of aerosol organics could occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhijuan Shao
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology ShiHu Campus, 99 Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mingjie Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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23
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Sun L, Ai X, Yao X, An Q, Liu X, Yakovleva E, Zhang L, Sun H, Zhang K, Zang S. Relationship between atmospheric pollution and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fresh snow during heavy pollution episodes in a cold city, northeast China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 260:115091. [PMID: 37267779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Air quality index (AQI) and air pollutants during two typical pollution episodes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fresh snow after each episode in the winter 2019 across Harbin City in northeast China were investigated to explore the co-environmental behaviors. Significantly greater values of AQI and PAHs were found in the more serious atmospheric pollution episode (episode Ⅱ), demonstrating that PAHs in fresh snow is a robust indicator. PM2.5 was the primary air pollutant in both episodes based on PM2.5/PM10 ratios, which might be attributed to fine particulate converted from gas-to-particle process. PM2.5 and 4-ring PAHs significantly positive correlated, indicating that airborne particulate PAHs were co-emitted and co-transported with atmospheric fine particles released from coal combustion and vehicular emission under low temperature and high relative humidity. 3- and 4- rings PAHs were dominant in episode Ⅱ, while 5- and 6- rings PAHs were found the lowest in both episodes. These characteristics reflected that long-range transportation of coal and biomass burning were from the surrounding areas, while vehicle exhausts were mainly from local emissions. Except for the impact of local pollution source emissions, the regional transport could make a greater contribution in a more serious pollution event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China; Heilongjiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Cold Region Ecological Safety, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Xin Ai
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Qi An
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Xinmiao Liu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Evgenia Yakovleva
- Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., Syktyvkar, Komi Republic 167982, the Russian Federation
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Huajie Sun
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Xingnuo Atmospheric Environment Technology (Nanjing) Co., LTD, Nanjing 211100, China.
| | - Shuying Zang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China; Heilongjiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Cold Region Ecological Safety, Harbin 150025, China.
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24
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Wu K, Yao Y, Meng Y, Zhang X, Zhou R, Liu W, Ding X. Long-Term Atmosphere Surveillance (2016-2021) of PM 2.5-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Health Risk Assessment in Yangtze River Delta, China. EXPOSURE AND HEALTH 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37360513 PMCID: PMC10208184 DOI: 10.1007/s12403-023-00572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Long-term atmospheric quality monitoring of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was performed in Wuxi from 2016 to 2021. In total, 504 atmospheric PM2.5 samples were collected, and PM2.5-bound 16 PAHs were detected. The PM2.5 and ∑PAHs level decreased annually from 2016 to 2021, from 64.3 to 34.0 μg/m3 and 5.27 to 4.22 ng/m3, respectively. The benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) levels of 42% of the monitoring days in 2017 exceeded the recommended European Union (EU) health-based standard of 1 ng/m3. Five- and six-ring PAHs were found, including benz[a]anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene (Bkf), BaP, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene, which were the dominant components (indicating a prominent petroleum, biomass, and coal combustion contribution) using molecular diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization analysis. Moreover, PM2.5 and PAHs were significantly negatively associated with local precipitation over a period of six years. Statistically significant temporal and spatial distribution differences of PM2.5, and ∑PAHs were also found. The toxicity equivalent quotient (TEQ) of total PAHs was 0.70, and the TEQ of BaP (0.178) was the highest, followed by that of Bkf (0.090), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (Dah) (0.048), and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (0.034). The medians of the incremental lifetime cancer risk for long-term exposure to PAHs were 2.74E-8, 1.98E-8, and 1.71E-7 for children, teenagers, and adults, respectively, indicating that the carcinogenic risk of PAHs pollution in air was acceptable to local residents in this area. Sensitivity analysis revealed that BaP, Bkf, and Dah significantly contributed to carcinogenic toxicity. This research provides comprehensive statistics on the local air persistent organic pollutants profile, helps to identify the principal pollution source and compounds, and contributes to the prevention of regional air pollution. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12403-023-00572-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqin Wu
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention (The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing Medical University), Wuxi, 214023 China
- Research Base for Environment and Health in Wuxi, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023 China
| | - Yuyang Yao
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention (The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing Medical University), Wuxi, 214023 China
| | - Yuanhua Meng
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention (The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing Medical University), Wuxi, 214023 China
- Research Base for Environment and Health in Wuxi, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023 China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention (The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing Medical University), Wuxi, 214023 China
| | - Run Zhou
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention (The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing Medical University), Wuxi, 214023 China
- Research Base for Environment and Health in Wuxi, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023 China
| | - Wenwei Liu
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention (The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing Medical University), Wuxi, 214023 China
- Research Base for Environment and Health in Wuxi, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023 China
| | - Xinliang Ding
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention (The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing Medical University), Wuxi, 214023 China
- Research Base for Environment and Health in Wuxi, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023 China
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25
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Xu Z, Qian Y, Hong X, Luo Z, Gao X, Liang H. Contamination characteristics of polycyclic aromatic compounds from coal sources in typical coal mining areas in Huaibei area, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162311. [PMID: 36804974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Huaibei area is rich in coal resources and serves as the main energy production base in East China. However, serious environmental consequences are associated with coal mining and utilization. With increasing reports on distribution and risks by polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), the potential pollution of coal sources must be addressed. Here, the PAC concentrations in the topsoil, coal, and coal gangue of a typical coal mining area in Huaibei were evaluated. The mean ΣPACs in topsoil, coal, and coal gangue were 1528.3, 274,815.8, and 10,908.3 μg·kg-1, respectively. Alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (aPAHs) were identified as primary contributors to PACs, and the concentrations of oxygenated PAHs (oPAHs) were significantly higher in coal and coal gangue than in topsoil. PAC pollution was mainly concentrated in the coal mine area and near the coal gangue landfill road. Not only sixteen high priority pollutant PAHs (16PAHs), but PAH derivatives also contributed to the organic pollution from coal sources. Principal components analysis, multiple linear regression, characteristic ratios, and positive matrix factor analysis were used to trace PAC sources. The characteristic ratios for organic pollution from coal and gangue particles involving 16PAHs, aPAHs, and oPAHs were proposed. Further, the high-ring 16PAH ratio was also found suitable for coal mining areas. The Monte-Carlo risk assessment showed that coal particles were highly carcinogenic, and despite the low carcinogenicity of coal gangue and topsoil, they might also serve as potential carcinogens. This study aimed to disseminate knowledge on PACs from coal and coal gangue, provide a useful background for efficient resource utilization of coal gangue, and a reference for tracing PAC sources in coal mine environment media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yahui Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiuping Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 230500, China
| | - Zhonggeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiulong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Handong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China.
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26
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Sadiktsis I, de Oliveira Galvão MF, Mustafa M, Toublanc M, Ünlü Endirlik B, Silvergren S, Johansson C, Dreij K. A yearlong monitoring campaign of polycyclic aromatic compounds and other air pollutants at three sites in Sweden: Source identification, in vitro toxicity and human health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138862. [PMID: 37150457 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a complex mixture of gases and particulate matter (PM) with local and non-local emission sources, resulting in spatiotemporal variability in concentrations and composition, and thus associated health risks. To study this in the greater Stockholm area, a yearlong monitoring campaign with in situ measurements of PM10, PM1, black carbon, NOx, O3, and PM10-sampling was performed. The locations included an Urban and a Rural background site and a Highway site. Chemical analysis of PM10 was performed to quantify monthly levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), which together with other air pollution data were used for source apportionment and health risk assessment. Organic extracts from PM10 were tested for oxidative potential in human bronchial epithelial cells. Strong seasonal patterns were found for most air pollutants including PACs, with higher levels during the winter months than summer e.g., highest levels of PM10 were detected in March at the Highway site (33.2 μg/m3) and lowest in May at the Rural site (3.6 μg/m3). In general, air pollutant levels at the sites were in the order Highway > Urban > Rural. Multivariate analysis identified several polar PACs, including 6H-Benzo[cd]pyren-6-one, as possible discriminatory markers for these sites. The main sources of particulate pollution for all sites were vehicle exhaust and biomass burning emissions, although diesel exhaust was an important source at the Highway site. In vitro results agreed with air pollutant levels, with higher oxidative potential from the winter samples. Estimated lung cancer cases were in the order PM10 > NO2 > PACs for all sites, and with less evident seasonal differences than in vitro results. In conclusion, our study presents novel seasonal data for many PACs together with air pollutants more traditionally included in air quality monitoring. Moreover, seasonal differences in air pollutant levels correlated with differences in toxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sadiktsis
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Musatak Mustafa
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michaël Toublanc
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Burcu Ünlü Endirlik
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sanna Silvergren
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB, 104 20, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Johansson
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB, 104 20, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wang T, Li B, Huang T, Jiang W, Yang Y, Liao H. Long-term spatiotemporal variation and lung cancer risk of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:1429-1443. [PMID: 35461385 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Yangtze River Delta (YRD), which is the most developed region in China, suffers from atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) pollution. However, the long-term spatiotemporal variation of atmospheric PAHs and the lung cancer risk caused by PAH exposure in the YRD remain unclear. Herein, we simulated the daily atmospheric concentration of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP, the most carcinogenic PAH) from 2001 to 2016 using an atmospheric transport model. During this period, the atmospheric BaP concentration showed a general trend of first increasing and then decreasing (average BaP concentration = 0.50 ± 0.12 ng/m3) and was highest in 2005 (0.72 ng/m3). Moreover, the BaP concentration in Jiangsu and Shanghai was 5.17- and 4.98-fold higher than that in Zhejiang. BaP pollution was severe in Jiangsu during the winter. The average area proportion of BaP exceeding the national standard in winter in Jiangsu was 69.09%. The population-weighted incremental lifetime cancer risk from 2001 to 2016 ranged 6.67 × 10-6-1.50 × 10-5, and the excess lung cancer cases ranged 1054-2130. Compared with 2005, excess lung cancer cases in the YRD decreased by 49.49% in 2016. Reducing BaP pollution in winter in Jiangsu is crucial for reducing lung cancer risk in the YRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Baojie Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wanyanhan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Duan L, Yu H, Wang Q, Cao Y, Wang G, Sun X, Li H, Lin T, Guo Z. PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of a megacity in eastern China: Source apportionment and cancer risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161792. [PMID: 36702280 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ninety-six fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples covering four seasons from October 2020 to August 2021 were collected at a 'super' site in Hangzhou, a megacity in eastern China. These samples were analyzed to determine the sources and potential cancer risks to humans of 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The average concentrations of the PAHs in PM2.5 in autumn, winter, spring, and summer were 8.35 ± 4.90, 27.9 ± 13.6, 8.3 ± 5.97, and 1.05 ± 0.50 ng/m3, respectively, and with an annual average of 11.9 ± 13.2 ng/m3. The source apportionment by positive matrix factorization analysis indicated that, based on the yearly average, the major sources of PAHs were traffic emissions (38.2 %), coal combustion (28.9 %), coke (21.7 %), and volatilization (11.1 %). Strong correlations between high concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols and high-molecular-weight PAHs in winter could be attributed to incomplete combustion. Long-range transport of air from the sea to the southeast resulted in low concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols and low-molecular-weight PAHs in summer. Trajectory clustering and the potential source contribution function both indicated that the Yangtze River Delta was the main source region of PAHs for PM2.5 in Hangzhou in spring and summer. In autumn and winter, it was dominated by long-range transport from northern China. Lifetime lung cancer risk assessment revealed that the PAHs in PM2.5 impose moderate human health risks in Hangzhou due to traffic emissions. The results of this study provide important information for policymakers to establish abatement strategies to reduce PAH emissions in Hangzhou, and perhaps other urban centers across China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Duan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Huimin Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiongzhen Wang
- Environmental Science Research & Design Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310007, China
| | - Yibo Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guochen Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xueshi Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China.
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Chen W, Xian W, He G, Xue Z, Li S, Li W, Li Y, Zhang Y, Yang X. Occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of PAHs and OPAHs in urban agricultural soils from Guangzhou City, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 254:114767. [PMID: 36917879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives in the environment is of growing concern because they exhibit higher toxicity than their parent PAHs. This study evaluated the large-scale occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of 16 PAHs and 14 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) in urban agricultural soils from seven districts of Guangzhou City, China. Linear correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between PAH and OPAH occurrence and a series of parameters. The compositional analysis, principal component analysis, diagnostic ratios, and principal component analysis coupled with a multiple linear regression model were used to identify the sources of PAHs and OPAHs in the soils. The average concentrations of ΣPAHs and ΣOPAHs (59.6 ± 31.1-213 ± 115.5 μg/kg) during the flood season were significantly higher than those during the dry season (42.1 ± 13.3-157.2 ± 98.2 μg/kg), which were due to relatively strong wet deposition during the flood season and weak secondary reactions during the dry season. Linear correlation analysis showed that soil properties, industrial activities, and agricultural activities (r = 0.27-0.96, p < 0.05) were responsible for the spatial distribution of PAHs during the dry season. The PAH distribution was mainly affected by precipitation during the flood season. The concentrations of ΣOPAHs were only related to the soil properties during the dry season because their occurrence was sensitive to secondary reactions, climate and meteorological conditions, and their water solubility. Our results further showed that coal combustion and traffic emissions were the dominant origins of PAHs and OPAHs during both the seasons. Wet deposition and runoff-induced transport also contributed to PAH and OPAH occurrence during the flood season. The results of this study can improve our understanding of the environmental risks posed by PAHs and OPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisong Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Weixuan Xian
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Guiying He
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Zhongye Xue
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Shaomin Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Wenyan Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Xingjian Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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Wilman B, Staniszewska M, Bełdowska M. Is the inhalation influence on the level of mercury and PAHs in the lungs of the baltic grey seal (Halichoerus grypusgrypus)? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 320:121083. [PMID: 36649880 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For many decades, mercury (Hg) has been recognized as one of the most dangerous environmental pollutants that negatively affects the ecosystem, including human health. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hydrophobic, toxic and potentially carcinogenic compounds. The process of respiration in addition to dietary intake is a significant source of these compounds to the human or marine mammalian body. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the sources of PAHs and labile forms of mercury in the lungs of dead seals found in the southern Baltic Sea. Of the PAHs: pyrene, fluoranthene and chrysene showed the highest concentrations. Considering the content of individual Hg fractions, the highest percentage was characterized by Hg labile 1b (related to organic matter). In a few specimens, deviations from the trend described above were observed: a higher proportion of Hg labile 1a (mainly halide-bound forms of mercury than the mean value which may indicate their origin from aerosols). Hg concentrations increased with seal age due to bioaccumulation and biomagnification of Hg from food; therefore, adsorption of atmospheric mercury on alveoli is probably of decreasing importance with seal age. Ratios obtained: FLA/PYR <1; B(a)A/CHR <1; FLA/(PYR + FLA) < 0.4 indicate a petrogenic source. In contrast, high correlations of B(a)A, FLA and PYR and CHR with Hg suggest a common source of PAHs and mercury - from food. Conversely, the presence of pyrogenic (combustion-derived) benzo(a)pyrene in the lungs of these mammals could indicate a respiratory route of entry. Mercury and PAHs in the lungs of the seals studied were mainly of trophic origin, but the results presented here make the hypothesis of an airborne influx of Hg and PAHs into the lungs from marine mammals plausible. This is of particular importance in juveniles (pups), who, at the initial stage of life, spend time on land and do not obtain food on their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Wilman
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Marta Staniszewska
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bełdowska
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
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31
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Iwegbue CMA, Ogbuta AA, Tesi GO, Ossai CJ, Olisah C, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dust and soils from informal trade sites in southern Nigeria: Implications for risk and source analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137624. [PMID: 36566793 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of semi-volatile and persistent organic compounds considered priority pollutants because of their pervasive nature and high toxicity to the ecosystem and humans. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the PAH concentrations in dust and soils around informal trade sites (ITS) in Nigeria to determine the level of risk, sources, and significance of these activities to the PAH load of the environment. The 16 US EPA PAHs in dust and soils from ITS were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The PAH concentrations in dust from these informal trade sites varied from 120 to 8790, 56 to 4780, and 102-1090 μg kg-1 for automobile mechanic workshops (AMW), car dismantling (CDS), and material recovery sites (MRS), respectively, whereas those of soils ranged from 3000 to 95,500, 554 to 14,700, and 966-25,200 μg kg-1 for AMW, CDS, and MRS respectively. The PAH profiles indicated that 3- to 5-ring PAHs were prominent in dust and soils around the ITS. The concentrations of the US EPA 16 PAHs in dust and soils from these ITS showed no correlation with organic matter, while the concentrations of PAH homologues in soils of these ITS showed no correlation with those of dust. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values in the magnitude of 10-4 to 101 were obtained for adult and childhood exposure to PAHs in dust and soils from these ITS. Exposure to PAHs in dust from these ITS gives rise to less risk than for soils. The results indicated that automobile mechanic workshops contribute more PAHs to the environment than car dismantling and material recovery activities. The source analysis showed that the PAH contamination of these sites arises from burning of biomass, plastic materials, and oils, and emissions from vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony A Ogbuta
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu J Ossai
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Chijioke Olisah
- Department of Botany and Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Godwin E Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Zhang X, Li Z. Developing a profile of urinary PAH metabolites among Chinese populations in the 2010s. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159449. [PMID: 36244474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose significant health risks. However, no nationwide cohort has been established to consistently record biomonitoring data on PAH exposure in the Chinese population. Biomonitoring data from 56 published studies were combined in this study to develop a profile of urinary PAH metabolites among Chinese population in the 2010s. The stacked column charts described the composition profiles of hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) in general, special, and occupational populations. Hydroxynaphthalene (OH-Nap) and hydroxyfluorene (OH-Flu) accounted for more than half of the urinary OH-PAH in general and special populations. The urine of the occupational populations contained a significant amount of hydroxyphenanthrene (OH-Phe) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPyr). Furthermore, this study analyzed the distribution profiles of non-occupationally exposed populations, such as spatial distribution, age distribution, and trends over time. The population of the Southern region had higher urinary OH-PAH concentrations than the population of the Northern region. Adults (45-55 years old) had the highest level of internal PAH exposure. Between 2010 and 2018, the overall trend of urinary OH-PAHs in Chinese general populations decreased. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) revealed that 1-OHNap and 1-OHPyr were better at distinguishing internal PAH exposure among different populations. The sum of OH-Flu and OH-Phe in urine can be used to assess the impact of indoor and outdoor environments on human exposure to PAHs. Our findings suggest that more emphasis should be placed on collecting biomonitoring data for adults of all ages (particularly in the Northern region) and vulnerable populations. In conclusion, this study advocates for the establishment of a nationwide cohort study of Chinese populations as soon as possible in the future to evaluate the Chinese population's exposure to environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China.
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Goswami AP, Kalamdhad AS. Mobility and risk assessment of heavy metals in benthic sediments using contamination factors, positive matrix factorisation (PMF) receptor model, and human health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:7056-7074. [PMID: 36029450 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal pollution in benthic sediments was fractionated and modelled to quantify the risk of anthropogenic activities on river ecosystems. In this study, the individual contamination factor (ICF) and the global contamination factor (GCF) were used to measure the contamination levels in the sediments. On the other hand, the mobility factor (MF) was used to quantify the mobility of heavy metals in benthic river sediments. The factors used to assess pollution in benthic sediments employ bioavailable fractions of heavy metals, which have a greater chance of release into aquatic sediments and hence are more dangerous to the environment. Heavy metal mobility (MF) is highest in the post-monsoon season for Zn, Pb, Cu, and Co; Fe in winter; Mn in pre-monsoon; and Cd in monsoon. This means that heavy metals accumulate in benthic sediments during the post-monsoon season when river flows are less turbulent. ICF and GCF data show that pollution levels are higher post-monsoon than the rest season levels. Sediment samples were further subjected to the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, which identified four factors that explained the variation in the study: factor 1 is concerned with anthropogenic Cu, Cd, and Co pollution, while factors 2, 3, and 4 are concerned with Fe, Mn, and Zn pollution. Finally, the total cancer risk (TCR) and hazard index (HI) are employed to quantify the risk to human health from accidental ingestion and dermal exposure. According to the risk outcomes from probabilistic and deterministic approaches, river exposure is dangerous to human health, with dermal absorption being the most significant concern of the exposure paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Pratim Goswami
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Ajay S Kalamdhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
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Sun H, Chen Q, Chen W, Qu C, Mo J, Song J, Guo J, Tian Y. Assessment of biological community in riparian zone contaminated by PAHs: Linking source apportionment to biodiversity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158121. [PMID: 35988620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Riparian zone, an important land-water interface, plays an essential role in maintaining the ecological health of rivers, whereas the effects of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the health of biological communities in riparian groundwater remain undetermined. To understand the responses of multiple communities to environmental variables, the distribution and ecosystem risk of 16 PAHs have been investigated in the Beiluo River, China. The distribution of multiple communities in riparian groundwater was investigated by environmental DNA metabarcoding, including 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and COI gene sequencing for bacteria, microbial eukaryotes (including algae, fungi, and protozoa), and metazoan, respectively, followed by correlation analysis between multiple communities and PAH contamination levels. The concentration of PAHs in the Beiluo River ranged largely from 35.32 to 728.59 ng/L. Here, the Shannon's diversity index of bacteria (Firmicutes) decreased possibly due to the occurrence of Pyrene, which mainly derives from coal and biomass combustion. Furthermore, the reduced richness of fungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota) and algae (Chlorophyta, Chrysophyceae) can be attributed to the presence of medium molecular weight (MMW) PAHs (Pyrene, Benz(a)anthracene, Chrysene), and low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs (Naphthalene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene). The richness and Shannon's diversity index of metazoan (Arthropoda) were promoted owing to MMW PAHs (Chrysene, Fluoranthene) generated from coal and biomass combustion and traffic emission. The ecological risk of PAHs in the groundwater environment of the Beiluo River was characterized as low to medium, where LMW and MMW PAHs posed higher risk than the high molecular weight (HMW) compounds. Overall, this study provides insights into the structures of riparian multi-biological communities altered by PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Qiqi Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Wenwu Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Chengkai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiezhang Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinxi Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
| | - Yulu Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
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Qi H, Liu Y, Li L, Zhao B. Optimization of Cancer Risk Assessment Models for PM 2.5-Bound PAHs: Application in Jingzhong, Shanxi, China. TOXICS 2022; 10:761. [PMID: 36548594 PMCID: PMC9781926 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The accurate evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is crucial because of the teratogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects of PAHs. The best model out of six models was selected across three highly used categories in recent years, including the USEPA-recommended inhalation risk (Model I), inhalation carcinogen unit risk (Models IIA-IID), and three exposure pathways (inhalation, dermal, and oral) (Model III). Model I was found to be superior to the other models, and its predicted risk values were in accordance with the thresholds of PM2.5 and benzo[a]pyrene in ambient-air-quality standards. Models IIA and III overestimated the risk of cancer compared to the actual cancer incidence in the local population. Model IID can replace Models IIB and IIC as these models exhibited no statistically significant differences between each other. Furthermore, the exposure parameters were optimized for Model I and significant differences were observed with respect to country and age. However, the gender difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, Model I is recommended as the more suitable model, but in assessing cancer risk in the future, the exposure parameters must be appropriate for each country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxue Qi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Lihong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Bingqing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
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Zhao Y, Hu K, Yang C, Liu X, Li L, Li Z, Wang P, Zhang Z, Zhang S. Covalent organic framework@Ti3C2T composite as solid phase microextraction coating for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in honey samples. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1237:340581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Lian X, Zhang G, Yang Y, Chen M, Yang W, Cheng C, Huang B, Fu Z, Bi X, Zhou Z, Li M. Measurement of the mixing state of PAHs in individual particles and its effect on PAH transport in urban and remote areas and from major sources. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114075. [PMID: 35963317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although recent laboratory simulations have demonstrated that organic matter prevents the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their role in the long-range transport of PAHs in the real atmosphere remains poorly understood. In this study, we measured the chemical composition and mixing state of PAHs-containing individual particles in aerosols from three sources, one urban area and one remote area. PAHs-containing particles were classified into five types: organic carbon (OC), potassium mixed with organic carbon (KOC), potassium mixed with sodium (KNa), Krich and PAH-rich. The PAH-rich and KOC particles were the main types of particles produced by vehicle exhaust/coal burning and biomass burning, respectively, accounting for >50% of the PAHs-containing particles. It was found that organic matter enhancement of PAHs-containing particles occurs in the ambient atmosphere, with organic-rich (OC and KOC) particles accounting for >90%. Further analysis revealed that the increase in the fractions of PAHs was related to the mixing state with organic compounds due to the protection of organics against PAHs and/or the aging of PAHs-containing particles. The results of this study improve our understanding of the chemical composition and mixing state of PAHs particles in atmospheric aerosols from emission sources and urban and remote areas, and provide field observation evidence to support the promotion of the study of long-range transport of PAHs by organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Lian
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Mubai Chen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Wenda Yang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Bo Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
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Tong Y, Zhao X, Li H, Pei Y, Ma P, You J. Using homing pigeons to monitor atmospheric organic pollutants in a city heavily involving in coal mining industry. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135679. [PMID: 35839993 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coal is the most extensively used fossil fuel in China. It is well documented that coal combustion detrimentally affected air quality, yet the contribution of coal mining activity to air pollution is still largely unknown. Homing pigeons have been applied to assess the occurrence of atmospheric pollutants within cities. Herein, we sampled homing pigeons from both urban and mining areas in a typical coal industry city (Datong, China) as biomonitors for assessing local air pollution. Target organic contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were frequently detected in lung, liver, and fat tissues of the pigeons. The pollutants were predominately accumulated in lung, validating that respiration was the main accumulation route for these compounds in homing pigeons. In addition, pathological damage examination in lung and liver tissues revealed that the exposure to atmospheric pollutants impaired pigeon health. While the concentrations of PCBs and OCPs were similar in pigeons from urban and mining areas, the concentrations of PAHs were higher in pigeons from urban area. In contrast, more elevated levels of PBDEs (particularly BDE-209) were found in the mining area, which was consistent with the greater pathological damages and particulate matter levels. Unlike coal combustion, coal mining activities did not increase atmospheric PAH exposure to homing pigeons, but intensified PBDE contamination along with increasing emission of particulate matters. Overall, homing pigeons are promising biomonitors for assessing the respiratory exposure and risk of atmospheric pollutants within cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Tong
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhao
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Academic of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, 510045, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Pei
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Development and Reform Institute, Guangzhou, 510040, China
| | - Ping Ma
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Department of Eco-engineering, Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Zhao S, Bao Q, Ma G, Yao Y, Xie L, Xiong J. Benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F) affects apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane potential and expressions of blood-brain barrier markers in microvascular endothelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 86:105522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sousa G, Teixeira J, Delerue-Matos C, Sarmento B, Morais S, Wang X, Rodrigues F, Oliveira M. Exposure to PAHs during Firefighting Activities: A Review on Skin Levels, In Vitro/In Vivo Bioavailability, and Health Risks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12677. [PMID: 36231977 PMCID: PMC9565977 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure as a firefighter is a complex activity that continuously exposes subjects to several health hazards including fire emissions during firefighting. Firefighters are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), known as toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic compounds, by inhalation, dermal contact, and ingestion. In this work, a literature overview of firefighters' dermal exposure to PAHs after firefighting and data retrieved from skin in vitro/in vivo studies related to their dermal absorption, bioavailability, and associated toxicological and carcinogenic effects are reviewed. The evidence demonstrates the contamination of firefighters' skin with PAHs, mainly on the neck (2.23-62.50 ng/cm2), wrists (0.37-8.30 ng/cm2), face (2.50-4.82 ng/cm2), and hands (1.59-4.69 ng/cm2). Concentrations of possible/probable carcinogens (0.82-33.69 ng/cm2), including benzopyrene isomers, were found on firefighters' skin. PAHs penetrate the skin tissues, even at low concentrations, by absorption and/or diffusion, and are locally metabolized and distributed by the blood route to other tissues/organs. Lighter PAHs presented increased dermal permeabilities and absorption rates than heavier compounds. Topical PAHs activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and promote the enzymatic generation of reactive intermediates that may cause protein and/or DNA adducts. Future research should include in vitro/in vivo assays to perform a more realistic health risk assessment and to explore the contribution of dermal exposure to PAHs total internal dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Sousa
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Teixeira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- CESPU-Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Xianyu Wang
- QAEHS-Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Francisca Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
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41
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Ambient background estimation of PAHs in urban soils: A case study in Macau, China. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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Wang A, Yuan Z, Liu X, Wang M, Yang J, Sha Q, Zheng J. Measurement-based intermediate volatility organic compound emission inventory from on-road vehicle exhaust in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119887. [PMID: 35932902 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) have great potential to form secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere. Thus, a high-resolution IVOC emission inventory is essential for the accurate simulation of SOA formation. This study developed the first nationwide on-road vehicular IVOC emission inventory in China based on localized measurement of the IVOC emission factors and volatility distributions for various vehicle types. The total vehicular IVOC emissions in China in 2019 were estimated to be 241.2 Gg. Heavy-duty trucks, light-duty trucks, and light-duty passenger vehicles contributed the most, accounting for 47.6%, 24.6%, and 16.9% of total vehicular IVOC emissions, respectively. Although much higher in number, gasoline vehicles contributed 15.0%, which was far less than the contribution of diesel vehicles. The two peaks in volatility bins B12-B13 and B16-B17 accounted for 42.2% and 23.7% of the total IVOC emissions, respectively. By gridding the emission inventory into a relatively high resolution of 0.1° × 0.1°, high-emission areas and hotspots were clearly identified. In general, eastern China had substantially higher vehicular IVOC emissions than western China. High-emission areas with emission intensity >10 Mg·grid-1 covered most of the North China Plain, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta. The emission intensity over the downtown areas of Beijing and Shanghai exceeded 50 Mg·grid-1. In contrast, IVOC emissions over western China were relatively lower, with a network structure gathering around the traffic arteries serving inter-provincial transportation. This study underscored the importance of having a localized emission factor to better reflect the IVOC emission characteristics from Chinese vehicles and to improve the assessment of their environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zibing Yuan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xuehui Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Menglei Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qing'e Sha
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
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Jiang Q, Zhang X, Liu T, Shi J, Gu X, Xiao J, Fang J. Assessment of the temporal variability and health risk of atmospheric particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a northeastern city in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:64536-64546. [PMID: 35471760 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the sources and temporal variability of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in a typical industrial city in northern China. We also evaluated the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) from the inhalation of these PAHs. Atmospheric PM2.5 samples were collected for 7 consecutive days each month from 2014 to 2019, and the 16 PAHs were measured using multiplex gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The carcinogenic risk of PAH exposure was assessed using the inhalation unit risk (IUR) and cancer slope factor (CSF) methods. The annual average concentrations of PM2.5 for each year from 2014 to 2019 were 102.87±55.25, 86.92±60.43, 69.17±37.74, 58.20±59.15, 56.01±34.52, and 52.54±58.15 µg m-3, and the annual average ΣPAH concentrations were 56.03±81.09, 47.99±79.30, 40.41±57.31, 33.57±51.79, 43.23±74.80, and 25.20±50.91 ng m-3, respectively. Source identification, using diagnostic ratio analysis, indicated that the major PAH sources were coal/biomass combustion, fuel combustion, and traffic emissions. A health risk assessment showed that the ILCR from PAH inhalation decreased throughout the study period and varied with age. The IUR and CSF methods both showed that the adult ILCR exceeded 1.0×10-6. These findings demonstrate the importance of addressing the carcinogenic risk of PM2.5-bound PAHs, particularly in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizheng Jiang
- Hebei University of Science & Technology, No. 26 Yuxiangjie, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, 150056, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, 150056, China
| | - Xiaolin Gu
- Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, 150056, China
| | - Jieying Xiao
- Hebei University of Science & Technology, No. 26 Yuxiangjie, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China.
| | - Jianlong Fang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
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Li H, Sun Z, Xiao R, Qi Q, Li X, Huang H, Wang X, Zhou J, Wang Z, Liu K, Yin P, Yang F, Wang J. Stepwise evolutionary genomics of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma manifesting as pure, heterogeneous and part-solid ground-glass nodules. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:747-756. [PMID: 35618790 PMCID: PMC9381762 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to unravel the genomic landscape and evolution of early-stage subsolid lung adenocarcinomas (SSN-LUADs) manifesting as pure ground-glass nodules (pGGNs), heterogeneous ground-glass nodules (HGGNs) and part-solid nodules (PSNs). METHODS Samples subjected to either broad-panel next-generation sequencing (NGS) or whole-exome sequencing (WES) were included. Clinicopathologic and genomic features were compared among pGGN, HGGN and PSN, while tumour evolutionary trajectories and mutational signatures were evaluated in the entire cohort. RESULTS In total, 247 SSN-LUAD samples subjected to broad-panel NGS and 125 to WES were identified. Compared with PSNs, HGGNs had significantly lower tumour mutation count (P < 0.001), genomic alteration count (P < 0.001), and intra-tumour heterogeneity (P = 0.005). Statistically significant upward trends were observed in alterations involving driver mutations and oncogenic pathways from pGGNs to HGGNs to PSNs. EGFR mutation was proved to be a key early event in the progression of SSN-LUADs, with subsequently two evolutionary trajectories involving either RBM10 or TP53 mutation in the cancer-evolution models. CONCLUSIONS This study provided evidence for unravelling the previously unknown genomic underpinnings associated with SSN-LUAD evolution from pGGN to HGGN to PSN, proving that HGGN was an intermediate SSN form between pGGN and PSN genetically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zewen Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rongxin Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyi Qi
- Department of Radiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Berry Oncology Corporation, No. 4 Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenfan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Berry Oncology Corporation, No. 4 Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Radiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Verma PK, Sah D, Satish R, Rastogi N, Kumari KM, Lakhani A. Atmospheric chemistry and cancer risk assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Nitro-PAHs over a semi-arid site in the Indo-Gangetic plain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 317:115456. [PMID: 35751260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Nitro-PAHs were collected over a year at a traffic dominated site in Agra, to determine the dominant partitioning mechanism. During the entire sampling period, total PAHs and Nitro-PAHs were 3465 ± 3802 and 26.1 ± 25.9 ng m-3 respectively. The gas-particle partitioning behavior of PAHs was studied by applying the Pankow model, Absorption model, and Dual model. Amongst all the partitioning models, the Dual model fits well and indicates that the partitioning of PAHs at the traffic site in Agra depends on both the physical adsorption of PAHs on the Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) surface and absorption of PAHs into the organic layer present on the TSP surface. Pankow model indicates that PAHs are emitted from the source close to the sampling point and due to this PAHs do not get enough time to get partitioned in between both the phases. Incremental lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) shows that adults and children are more prone to cancer risk in comparison to infants for both PAHs and Nitro-PAHs. Cancer risk by inhalation was minimum in comparison to both ingestion and dermal exposure. Nitro-PAHs in the particulate phase were high enough to exceed the minimum permissible limit (10-6) of causing cancer by ingestion and dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kumar Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Dinesh Sah
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Rangu Satish
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - K Maharaj Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Anita Lakhani
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India.
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Xu G, Geng S, Cao W, Zuo R, Teng Y, Ding A, Fan F, Dou J. Vertical distribution characteristics and interactions of polycyclic aromatic compounds and bacterial communities in contaminated soil in oil storage tank areas. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134695. [PMID: 35472616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) contamination in soil as a result of oil spills is a serious issue because of the huge global demand for fossil energy. This study assessed the vertical variation in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), derivatives of PAHs (dPAHs) and bacterial community structure in deep soil with long-term contamination by oil spillage. Our results suggest that the content of total PACs ranged from 1196.6 μg/kg to 14980.9 μg/kg and decreased with depth at all sites. PAHs were the most abundant PACs, with a mean concentration of 6640.7 μg/kg, followed by oxygenated PAHs (mean 156.3 μg/kg) and nitrated PAHs (mean 33.4 μg/kg). PAHs are mainly low molecular weight PACs such as naphthalene, fluorene and phenanthrene, while derivatives of PAHs are all low molecular weight PACs and mainly oxygenated PAHs. Low molecular weight PAHs were an important source of dPAHs under specific conditions. The bacterial community structure showed higher bacterial diversity and lower bacterial richness in shallow soil (2-6 m in depth) than in deep soil (8-10 m in depth). Spearman's analysis confirmed that dramatic bacterial community shifts are a response to contamination. At the genus level, the presence of PACs highly selected for Pseudomonas, belonging to Proteobacteria. Moreover, functional predictions based on Tax4Fun revealed that soil with long-term contamination had a strong potential for PAC degradation. In addition, statistical analysis showed that oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) was closely related to variations of bacterial community composition and function. Finally, Ramlibacter, Pseudomonas, Pseudonocardia, c_MB-A2-108, f_Amb-16S-1323, and Qipengyuania were identified by cooccurrence network analysis as keystone taxa contributing to the maintenance of bacterial ecological function. Together, our results provide evidence of tight bacterial effects of PAHs and dPAHs and a more complete understanding of the fate of PACs in deep contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Shuying Geng
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Wei Cao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, PR China
| | - Rui Zuo
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Yanguo Teng
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Aizhong Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Fuqiang Fan
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, 519087, PR China
| | - Junfeng Dou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
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Sun J, Shen Z, Zhang T, Kong S, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Niu X, Huang S, Xu H, Ho KF, Cao J. A comprehensive evaluation of PM 2.5-bound PAHs and their derivative in winter from six megacities in China: Insight the source-dependent health risk and secondary reactions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 165:107344. [PMID: 35709581 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and their derivatives are a global concern that influences environments and threatens human health. Concentrations of 52 PAHs and the main derivatives in six Chinese megacities were measured in the winter of 2019. The concentrations of ∑PAHs (sum of 52 PAHs) ranged from 19.42 ± 7.68 to 65.40 ± 29.84 ng m-3, with significantly higher levels in northern cities (Harbin [HB], Beijing [BJ], and Xi'an [XA]) than southern ones (Wuhan [WH], Chengdu [CD] and Guangzhou [GZ]). Source apportionment of ∑PAHs was conducted by the PMF model and results showed coal combustion and traffic emissions were the two dominant sources, which dominated ∑PAHs in northern and southern cities, respectively. Biomass burning was also characterized as a crucial source of ∑PAHs and showed extremely high contributions in XA (42.5%). Assisted by the individual PAH source apportionment results, the source-depend TEQ (total BaP equivalent) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were firstly reported in these cities. The results highlighted the contributions of coal combustion and biomass burning to both TEQ and ILCR, which were underestimated by ∑PAHs source apportionment. Secondary organic aerosol-derived PAHs were demonstrated to increase the TEQ compared with the fresh PAHs and three parameters, namely temperature, relative humidity, and O3 concentrations were characterized by multiple linear regression as the principal factors influencing secondary reactions of PAHs in winter. This study provides accurate human health-orientated results and potential control measures to mitigate the toxicity of secondary formed PAHs, and significantly decrease the uncertainty level of traditional methods. The results also revealed great progress in air pollution control by the Chinese government in the past 20 years, but still a long way to go to formulate strict emission control strategies from both environmental and human health-protective perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hongai Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, 650 Xinsongjiang Rd, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xinyi Niu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049 China
| | - Shasha Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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Wen L, Yang C, Liao X, Zhang Y, Chai X, Gao W, Guo S, Bi Y, Tsang SY, Chen ZF, Qi Z, Cai Z. Investigation of PM 2.5 pollution during COVID-19 pandemic in Guangzhou, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 115:443-452. [PMID: 34969472 PMCID: PMC8279957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised awareness about various environmental issues, including PM2.5 pollution. Here, PM2.5 pollution during the COVID-19 lockdown was traced and analyzed to clarify the sources and factors influencing PM2.5 in Guangzhou, with an emphasis on heavy pollution. The lockdown led to large reductions in industrial and traffic emissions, which significantly reduced PM2.5 concentrations in Guangzhou. Interestingly, the trend of PM2.5 concentrations was not consistent with traffic and industrial emissions, as minimum concentrations were observed in the fourth period (3/01-3/31, 22.45 μg/m3) of the lockdown. However, the concentrations of other gaseous pollutants, e.g., SO2, NO2 and CO, were correlated with industrial and traffic emissions, and the lowest values were noticed in the second period (1/24-2/03) of the lockdown. Meteorological correlation analysis revealed that the decreased PM2.5 concentrations during COVID-19 can be mainly attributed to decreased industrial and traffic emissions rather than meteorological conditions. When meteorological factors were included in the PM2.5 composition and backward trajectory analyses, we found that long-distance transportation and secondary pollution offset the reduction of primary emissions in the second and third stages of the pandemic. Notably, industrial PM2.5 emissions from western, southern and southeastern Guangzhou play an important role in the formation of heavy pollution events. Our results not only verify the importance of controlling traffic and industrial emissions, but also provide targets for further improvements in PM2.5 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Rm 510, Engineering Facility Building No.3, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Rm 510, Engineering Facility Building No.3, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoliang Liao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Rm 510, Engineering Facility Building No.3, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuyang Chai
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Rm 510, Engineering Facility Building No.3, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenjun Gao
- Guangzhou Meteorological Public Service Center, Guangzhou Meteorological Service, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shulin Guo
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Rm 510, Engineering Facility Building No.3, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yinglei Bi
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Rm 510, Engineering Facility Building No.3, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Suk-Ying Tsang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Rm 510, Engineering Facility Building No.3, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Rm 510, Engineering Facility Building No.3, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Rm 510, Engineering Facility Building No.3, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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49
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An Z, Li X, Yuan Y, Duan F, Jiang J. Large contribution of non-priority PAHs in atmospheric fine particles: Insights from time-resolved measurement and nontarget analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107193. [PMID: 35339920 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), detrimental to human health, are key components contributing to the carcinogenicity of fine particles. The 16 priority PAHs listed by the United States Environment Protection Agency have been studied extensively. However, other than them, there is a large diversity of PAH species, whose atmospheric concentrations, risks, and variations remain elusive. Here, we carried out a time-resolved nontarget measurement in atmospheric PM2.5 using an improved comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The measurement conducted during a 5-day pollution episode at an urban site of Beijing with a time resolution of 2 h. The nontarget analysis of time-resolved chromatographic data was performed for screening PAHs. A total number of 85 PAHs were identified and quantified. We found that other than 16 EPA PAHs, other screened PAHs contributed 43.3% of the total PAH mass concentration and 40.8% poential health risks. Dynamic variations of mass concentrations and their potential health risks of the screened PAHs were captured during a short-term heavy pollution episode, during which the instantaneous PAHs concentrations were much higher than their average concentrations. This study shows the potential for application of nontarget analysis for online comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry and highlights the importance of time-resolved measurement of PAHs in PM2.5 and attention on extended PAHs species other than 16 EPA PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojin An
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Source Apportionment and Toxic Potency of PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) at an Island in the Middle of Bohai Sea, China. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted more attention because of their high atmospheric concentration and toxicity in recent decades. In this study, a total of 60 PM2.5 samples were collected from Beihuangcheng Island in Bohai Sea, China, from August 2017 to March 2018 for analyzing 16 congeners of PAHs (Σ16PAHs). Sources of PAHs were apportioned by a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and the carcinogenic risk due to exposure to the PAHs was estimated by the toxicity equivalent of BaP (BaPeq). The results showed that the average concentration of Σ16PAHs was 35.3 ± 41.8 ng/m3. The maximum concentration of Σ16PAHs occurred in winter, followed by spring and autumn, and summer. The PMF modeling apportioned the PAHs into four sources, coal combustion, biomass burning, vehicle exhaust, and petroleum release, contributing 43.1%, 25.8%, 24.7%, and 6.39%, respectively. The average ΣBaPeq concentration was 2.32 ± 4.95 ng/m3 during the sampling period, and vehicle exhaust was the largest contributor. The finding indicates that more attention should be paid to reduce the emissions from coal combustion and vehicle exhaust because they were the largest contributors to the PAH concentration in PM2.5 and ΣBaPeq concentration, respectively.
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