1
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Schreyers LJ, van Emmerik THM, Huthoff F, Collas FPL, Wegman C, Vriend P, Boon A, de Winter W, Oswald SB, Schoor MM, Wallerstein N, van der Ploeg M, Uijlenhoet R. River plastic transport and storage budget. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 259:121786. [PMID: 38875862 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Rivers are one of the main conduits that deliver plastic from land into the sea, and also act as reservoirs for plastic retention. Yet, our understanding of the extent of river exposure to plastic pollution remains limited. In particular, there has been no comprehensive quantification of the contributions from different river compartments, such as the water surface, water column, riverbank and floodplain to the overall river plastic transport and storage. This study aims to provide an initial quantification of these contributions. We first identified the main relevant transport processes for each river compartment considered. We then estimated the transport and storage terms, by harmonizing available observations on surface, suspended and floodplain plastic. We applied our approach to two river sections in The Netherlands, with a focus on macroplastics (≥2.5 cm). Our analysis revealed that for the studied river sections, suspended plastics account for over 96% of item transport within the river channel, while their relative contribution to mass transport is only 30%-37% (depending on the river section considered). Surface plastics predominantly consisted of heavier items (mean mass: 7.1 g/#), whereas suspended plastics were dominated by lighter fragments (mean mass: 0.1 g/#). Additionally, the majority (98%) of plastic mass was stored within the floodplains, with the river channel accounting for only 2% of the total storage. Our study developed a harmonized approach for quantifying plastic transport and storage across different river compartments, providing a replicable methodology applicable to different regions. Our findings emphasize the importance of systematic monitoring programs across river compartments for comprehensive insights into riverine plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise J Schreyers
- Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tim H M van Emmerik
- Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Huthoff
- Marine and Fluvial Systems, University of Twente, Twente, The Netherlands; HKV, Delft, The Netherlands; Department of Water Resources and Ecosystems, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frank P L Collas
- Rijkswaterstaat, Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, The Hague, The Netherlands; Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Vriend
- Rijkswaterstaat, Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Boon
- Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stephanie B Oswald
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Margriet M Schoor
- Rijkswaterstaat, Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Wallerstein
- Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine van der Ploeg
- Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remko Uijlenhoet
- Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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2
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Tasseron PF, van Emmerik THM, Vriend P, Hauk R, Alberti F, Mellink Y, van der Ploeg M. Defining plastic pollution hotspots. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:173294. [PMID: 38763189 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution in the natural environment poses a growing threat to ecosystems and human health, prompting urgent needs for monitoring, prevention and clean-up measures, and new policies. To effectively prioritize resource allocation and mitigation strategies, it is key to identify and define plastic hotspots. UNEP's draft global agreement on plastic pollution mandates prioritizing hotspots, suggesting a potential need for a defined term. Yet, the delineation of hotspots varies considerably across plastic pollution studies, and a definition is often lacking or inconsistent without a clear purpose and boundaries of the term. In this paper, we applied four common definitions of hotspot locations to plastic pollution datasets ranging from urban areas to a global scale. Our findings reveal that these hotspot definitions encompass between 0.8 % to 93.3 % of the total plastic pollution, covering <0.1 % to 50.3 % of the total locations. Given this wide range of results and the possibility of temporal inconsistency in hotspots, we emphasize the need for fit-for-purpose criteria and a unified approach to defining plastic hotspots. Therefore, we designed a step-wise framework to define hotspots by determining the purpose, units, spatial scale, temporal scale, and threshold values. Incorporating these steps in research and policymaking yields a harmonized definition of hotspots, facilitating the development of effective plastic pollution prevention and reduction measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo F Tasseron
- Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions, 1018 JA Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Tim H M van Emmerik
- Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Vriend
- Rijkswaterstaat, Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, 2515 XP The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Rahel Hauk
- Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Francesca Alberti
- Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions, 1018 JA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yvette Mellink
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6709 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martine van der Ploeg
- Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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3
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Ledieu L, Tramoy R, Mabilais D, Ricordel S, Mosini ML, Mosset A, Flahaut B, Pineau L, Bridant Z, Bouchet E, Bruttin C, Rodriguez F, Tassin B, Gasperi J. Litter in French urban areas - Part 2: transport dynamic and fluxes in stormwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33774-0. [PMID: 38829498 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Urban areas constitute a major hotspot of litter, including plastic litter, that stormwater can wash off towards waterways. However, few studies quantified and characterized litter densities in urban areas and fluxes transported by stormwater networks. Moreover, little information is available on litter transport dynamics in stormwater, and on the factors driving this transport. This study aims at characterizing and quantifying litter amounts transported by stormwater of two nested French urban catchments (total surface area of 105 ha). Litter densities relative to land uses and rain events were investigated in the same catchments as in a compagnon paper (Ledieu et al., 2024). The present study explores the impact of rain events on the transport of urban litter in stormwater. Litter collection and characterization combined with a capture/recapture experiment using tagged litter placed in stormwater inlets show total litter fluxes of 29 kg/year, in which 14 kg/year are plastics, exported at the stormwater outlet. These fluxes confirm that stormwater runoff is a considerable pathway from urban surfaces to waterways, especially regarding small plastic litter (< 2.5 cm). Item transport dynamic is however not linear and only 0.3% of the urban litter appear remobilized. Litter transport dynamics depends on several factors (urban litter densities, hydrometeorological parameters, item composition and morphologies, and stormwater management systems) that should be considered in global models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Ledieu
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France.
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France.
| | - Romain Tramoy
- LEESU, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Ecole Des Ponts, Creteil, France
| | - David Mabilais
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Ricordel
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Laure Mosini
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
| | - Alexandra Mosset
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Flahaut
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
| | - Laetitia Pineau
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
| | - Zoé Bridant
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
| | - Eric Bouchet
- Nantes Métropole, 2 Cours du Champ-de-Mars, 44000, Nantes, France
| | | | - Fabrice Rodriguez
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Tassin
- LEESU, Ecole Des Ponts, Univ Paris Est Creteil, Marne-La-Vallée, France
| | - Johnny Gasperi
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
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4
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Lotcheris RA, Schreyers LJ, Bui TKL, Thi KVL, Nguyen HQ, Vermeulen B, van Emmerik THM. Plastic does not simply flow into the sea: River transport dynamics affected by tides and floating plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123524. [PMID: 38355090 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is ubiquitous in aquatic environments worldwide. Rivers connect terrestrial and marine ecosystems, playing a key role in the transport of land-based plastic waste towards the sea. Emerging research suggests that in estuaries and tidal rivers, tidal dynamics play a significant role in plastic transport and retention dynamics. To date, observations in these systems have been limited, and plastic transport dynamics during single tidal cycles remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated plastic transport, trapping, and re-mobilization of macroplastics (> 0.5 cm) in the Saigon River, focusing on short-term dynamics of individual tidal cycles. We used GPS trackers, released at different stages of the tidal cycle (ebb, flood, neap, spring). Plastic items demonstrated dynamic and intermittent transport behavior. Items spent almost half of the time (49%) temporarily stopped, mainly due to their entrapment in vegetation, infrastructure, or deposition on riverbanks. Items were almost always re-mobilized within 10 h (85%), leading to successive phases of stopping and transport. Tidal dynamics also resulted in bidirectional transport of plastic items, with median daily total transport distance within the 40 km study reach (8.9 km day-1) over four times larger than the median daily net distance (2.0 km day-1). The median retention time of plastic items within the reach was 21 days (mean = 202 days). In total, 81% of the retrieved items were trapped within water hyacinths, emphasizing the important role of floating vegetation on river plastic transport dynamics. With this paper, we aim to provide data-driven insights into macroplastic transport and retention dynamics in a tropical tidal river. These are crucial in the design of effective intervention and monitoring strategies, and estimating net plastic emission from rivers into the sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Lotcheris
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - L J Schreyers
- Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T K L Bui
- Institute for Circular Economy Development, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - K V L Thi
- Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Faculty of Water Resources, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - H-Q Nguyen
- Institute for Circular Economy Development, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - B Vermeulen
- Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T H M van Emmerik
- Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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5
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van Thi KL, van Emmerik THM, Vermeulen B, Pham NQ, Hoitink AJFT. Division and retention of floating plastic at river bifurcations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123490. [PMID: 38336137 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The transport of floating macroplastics (>2.5 cm) can be impacted by variations in hydrometeorological forcing. Several studies have demonstrated that river discharge, wind, and tides can either accelerate or impede the downstream travel path of plastic. However, there remains a substantial gap in our understanding of the impact of river geomorphological complexity on this process. In this context, the role that river bifurcations play in driving plastic dynamics under different hydrometeorological conditions is largely unexplored. Here, we show that specific plastic item categories react differently to the transport drivers, and bifurcation areas can function both as a retention and release site of plastic litter. We found that hard polyolefin appears to be the most responsive plastic to changes in flow discharge (ρ≈0.40, p≈0.01). Absolute wind velocity magnitude does not correlate to plastic transport. We explored correlations of the various plastic items types with wind vector components in all directions. Multilayer plastics correlated highest to the wind vector component that is most effective in driving plastics from an urban area to the river (ρ≈0.57, p≈0.0001). On a monthly scale, the bifurcation area retained up to 50% of the incoming upstream plastic flux. At other times, an additional 30% was released in the same area. Our results demonstrate how bifurcations distribute different plastic items types downstream under varied hydrometeorological conditions. These yields underscore the importance of assessing floating plastic transport in specific plastic item categories and taking river geomorphological complexity into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoa L van Thi
- Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Faculty of Water Resources, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Tim H M van Emmerik
- Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Vermeulen
- Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nhan Q Pham
- Faculty of Water Resources, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - A J F Ton Hoitink
- Hydrology and Environmental Hydraulics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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6
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Pace G, Lourenço J, Ribeiro CA, Rodrigues C, Pascoal C, Cássio F. Spatial accumulation of flood-driven riverside litter in two Northern Atlantic Rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123528. [PMID: 38336138 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The escalation of litter accumulation in aquatic environments is recognized as an emerging global concern. Although rivers represent the main conduits for land-based waste into the oceans, the spatial dynamics of litter accumulation in these systems remain poorly investigated, especially after hydro-climatic extreme events. Floods have been identified as major drivers of litter mobilization, including macroplastics, within rivers. However, predicting flood-induced litter accumulation along riverbanks is complex due to the cumulative interplay of multiple environmental (geomorphological and riparian) and anthropogenic factors. Using empirical data collected from 14 stream reaches in two Northern Atlantic rivers in Portugal, our study evaluates which factors, among geomorphological, riparian, and anthropogenic descriptors, best drive riverside litter accumulation after floods. Taking into account the longitudinal gradient and the spatial heterogeneity of the studied reaches, our study enhances how the accumulation and characteristics (type, size) of riverside litter vary across a rural-urban continuum. Our model reveals that the combination of the human population density and the stream slope at river reach showed the highest explanatory power for the accumulation of riverside litter. Our findings indicate that litter tends to be retained close to the source, even under flood conditions. We also found that the structure of riparian vegetation showed low explanatory power for litter accumulation. However, riparian trapping could be influenced by litter input (density and type) which varies with anthropogenic activities. This work highlights the importance of gathering field data to identify critical areas of riverside litter accumulation within river basins. Our findings can further support environmental managers in designing and implementing effective cleanup campaigns and implementing plastic recovery strategies at specific areas. Nevertheless, it is crucial to enhance coordinated efforts across the entire value chain to reduce plastic pollution, promote innovative approaches for plastic litter valorization, and establish effective prevention pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pace
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA) / Aquatic Research Network (ARNET) Associate Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Landscape Laboratory (LL), Rua da Ponte Romana, Creixomil, 4835-095, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - J Lourenço
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA) / Aquatic Research Network (ARNET) Associate Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Landscape Laboratory (LL), Rua da Ponte Romana, Creixomil, 4835-095, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - C A Ribeiro
- Landscape Laboratory (LL), Rua da Ponte Romana, Creixomil, 4835-095, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - C Rodrigues
- Landscape Laboratory (LL), Rua da Ponte Romana, Creixomil, 4835-095, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - C Pascoal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA) / Aquatic Research Network (ARNET) Associate Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - F Cássio
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA) / Aquatic Research Network (ARNET) Associate Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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7
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Gallitelli L, Cutini M, Scalici M. Riparian vegetation plastic monitoring: A harmonized protocol for sampling macrolitter in vegetated riverine habitats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169570. [PMID: 38145673 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Many studies highlighted that rivers transported land-based plastics to the sea. However, most of the litter remains stuck in the fluvial ecosystem, also blocked by vegetation. To date, research on riverine macrolitter focused on floating and riverbank monitoring, thus methods to sample riverbank and floating litter have been developed. Concerning rivers, few recent studies highlighted the role of riparian vegetation in entrapping plastics. Given that vegetation represents a large part of riverine ecosystems and that the dynamics of plastics entrapped by vegetation are neglected, it appears pivotal to study in more detail how vegetation contributes to plastic retention. However, as current protocols and guidelines considered only floating and riverbank plastics without providing standardized and updated strategies to monitor litter in vegetation, here we aimed to develop a new standardized protocol and tools to assess plastics in vegetation. Specifically, we focused on unveiling the three-tridimensional structure of vegetation in relation to plastic occurrence, while considering seasonal and hydromorphological aspects. To investigate the trapping effect of vegetation, we developed a three-dimensional vegetation structure index (3DVI) related to plastics. The 3DVI index considers plant structure (i.e., number of branches) and diversity (i.e., species). To test the 3DVI, we conducted an in-situ case study in central Italy. We found that both primary and secondary riparian vegetation blocked plastic litter. In detail, 3DVI correlated with the number of plastics, highlighting that the densest and most diverse communities trap more plastics. Furthermore, we provided for the first time the assessment of seasonality for the macroplastic entrapment by riparian vegetation and a preliminary quantification of wind-blown plastics. Our results should be of interest to promote the development of standardized and harmonized monitoring strategies for riparian habitat management and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gallitelli
- University of Roma Tre, Department of Sciences, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - M Cutini
- University of Roma Tre, Department of Sciences, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - M Scalici
- University of Roma Tre, Department of Sciences, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446 00146 Rome, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Università di Palermo, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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8
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Wang T, Li B, Shi H, Ding Y, Chen H, Yuan F, Liu R, Zou X. The processes and transport fluxes of land-based macroplastics and microplastics entering the ocean via rivers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133623. [PMID: 38301445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Approximately 80% of marine plastic waste originates from land-based sources and enters oceans through rivers. Hence, to create effective regulations, it is crucial to thoroughly examine the processes by which land-based plastic waste flows into marine environments. To this end, this review covers the complete journey of macro- and microplastics from their initial input into rivers to their ultimate release into oceans. Here, we also discuss the primary influencing factors and current popular research topics. Additionally, the principles, applicability, accuracy, uncertainty, and potential improvement of the standard methods used for flux estimation at each stage are outlined. Emission estimates of land-based macro- and microplastics are typically assessed using the emission factor approach, coefficient accounting approach, or material flow analysis. Accurately estimating mismanaged plastic waste is crucial for reducing uncertainty in the macroplastic emission inventory. In our review of the processes by which land-originating plastics enter rivers, we categorized them into two major types: point-source and diffuse-source pollution. Land surface hydrological models simulate transport from diffuse sources to rivers, necessitating further research. Riverine (micro)plastic flux to the ocean is often estimated using monitoring statistics and watershed hydrological models at the watershed scale; however, standardized monitoring methods have not yet been established. At the global scale, algorithms based on river datasets are often used, which require further improvements in river data selection and microplastic number-mass conversion factors. Furthermore, the article summarizes the accuracy and sources of uncertainty of various methods. Future research efforts should focus on quantifying and mitigating uncertainties in resultant projections. Overall, this review deepens our understanding of the processes by which land-based plastic waste enters the ocean and helps scholars efficiently select or improve relevant methods when studying land-ocean transport fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization & Nanjing Outskirts Sea-Atmosphere Interface Field Scientific Observation Research Station & College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China.
| | - Baojie Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yongcheng Ding
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Feng Yuan
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Rongze Liu
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization & Nanjing Outskirts Sea-Atmosphere Interface Field Scientific Observation Research Station & College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Xinqing Zou
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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9
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Micella I, Kroeze C, Bak MP, Strokal M. Causes of coastal waters pollution with nutrients, chemicals and plastics worldwide. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 198:115902. [PMID: 38101060 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, coastal waters contain pollutants such as nutrients, plastics, and chemicals. Rivers export those pollutants, but their sources are not well studied. Our study aims to quantify river exports of nutrients, chemicals, and plastics to coastal waters by source and sub-basin worldwide. We developed a new MARINA-Multi model for 10,226 sub-basins. The global modelled river export to seas is approximately 40,000 kton of nitrogen, 1,800 kton of phosphorous, 45 kton of microplastics, 490 kton of macroplastics, 400 ton of triclosan and 220 ton of diclofenac. Around three-quarters of these pollutants are transported to the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Diffuse sources contribute by 95-100 % to nitrogen (agriculture) and macroplastics (mismanaged waste) in seas. Point sources (sewage) contribute by 40-95 % to phosphorus and microplastics in seas. Almost 45 % of global sub-basin areas are multi-pollutant hotspots hosting 89 % of the global population. Our findings could support strategies for reducing multiple pollutants in seas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Micella
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Carolien Kroeze
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam P Bak
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maryna Strokal
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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10
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Strokal M, Vriend P, Bak MP, Kroeze C, van Wijnen J, van Emmerik T. River export of macro- and microplastics to seas by sources worldwide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4842. [PMID: 37563145 PMCID: PMC10415377 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Seas are polluted with macro- (>5 mm) and microplastics (<5 mm). However, few studies account for both types when modeling water quality, thus limiting our understanding of the origin (e.g., basins) and sources of plastics. In this work, we model riverine macro- and microplastic exports to seas to identify their main sources in over ten thousand basins. We estimate that rivers export approximately 0.5 million tons of plastics per year worldwide. Microplastics are dominant in almost 40% of the basins in Europe, North America and Oceania, because of sewage effluents. Approximately 80% of the global population live in river basins where macroplastics are dominant because of mismanaged solid waste. These basins include many African and Asian rivers. In 10% of the basins, macro- and microplastics in seas (as mass) are equally important because of high sewage effluents and mismanaged solid waste production. Our results could be useful to prioritize reduction policies for plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna Strokal
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul Vriend
- Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Mirjam P Bak
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien Kroeze
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jikke van Wijnen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim van Emmerik
- Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Bardenas V, Dy MN, Ondap SL, Fornis R. Exploring factors driving macroplastic emissions of Mahiga Creek, Cebu, Philippines to the estuary. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115197. [PMID: 37356127 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Rivers function as a pathway for plastic pollution to enter the marine environment. This study presents one of the first field estimates of macroplastic emissions from the Mahiga Creek into its estuary. Thirty-minute plastic counting surveys were conducted for 31 days with the use of videos and a collecting trawl. The captured plastics were classified according to the OSPAR marine litter manual. The three main categories were crisp packets (27.96 %), small bags (27.08 %), and plastic/polystyrene pieces (2.5-50 cm) (18.35 %). Intraday and daily changes in plastic flux values were compared. Plastic flux comparisons between holidays and regular days were also done. No relationship between plastic flux and discharge was found on days without rainfall (r = 0.0237). However, a significant increase in plastic flux was observed during rainfall events. The findings in this study present an insight into different factors that may affect macroplastic emissions in the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vince Bardenas
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of San Carlos, Gov. M. Cuenco Avenue, Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City, Cebu 6000, Philippines
| | - Mathew Niño Dy
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of San Carlos, Gov. M. Cuenco Avenue, Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City, Cebu 6000, Philippines.
| | - Sidney Lorenz Ondap
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of San Carlos, Gov. M. Cuenco Avenue, Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City, Cebu 6000, Philippines
| | - Ricardo Fornis
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of San Carlos, Gov. M. Cuenco Avenue, Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City, Cebu 6000, Philippines
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12
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Laverre M, Kerhervé P, Constant M, Weiss L, Charrière B, Stetzler M, González-Fernández D, Ludwig W. Heavy rains control the floating macroplastic inputs into the sea from coastal Mediterranean rivers: A case study on the Têt River (NW Mediterranean Sea). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162733. [PMID: 36924956 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the relevance of small watersheds in the macroplastic pollution of coastal environments. It aims to identify and quantify in terms of composition, number and mass, current riverine flows of floating macroplastics (>2.5 cm). Estimates are based on 66 visual monitoring of total litter over a 4-year-period (2016-2019) in a small coastal Mediterranean river, the Têt River (NW Mediterranean Sea). The plastic fraction represented 97 % of the observed litter, mainly cigarette butts (20.5 %), polystyrene fragments (18.8 %) and light packaging (16.3 %). The Tet River is characterized by frequent flash-flood events caused by heavy rain, that can induce a sudden rise of the water discharge. Such hydroclimatic forcing greatly influence macroplastic flows, both in terms of their average compositions and loads. We have estimated that 354,000 macroplastic items, corresponding to 0.65 tons, are discharged annually from the Tet River into the sea, and that 73 % of them are released during rain events (∼6 % of the year). The short observation distance from the water surface allowed to exhibit the great abundance of small litter (80 % of them were < 10 cm) and to evaluate to 1.8 g the average mass of floating plastics. Our results suggest that remediation actions must be taken on rainy days and target small litter in order to significantly limit macroplastic inputs from rivers to the sea. Moreover, the large share of cigarette butts in macrolitter inputs demonstrates that reducing ocean pollution cannot be achieved solely by improving waste management, but that changes in social behavior are also needed to stem waste production at the source.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laverre
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860 Perpignan cedex, France; CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - P Kerhervé
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860 Perpignan cedex, France; CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
| | - M Constant
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860 Perpignan cedex, France; CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - L Weiss
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860 Perpignan cedex, France; CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - B Charrière
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860 Perpignan cedex, France; CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - M Stetzler
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860 Perpignan cedex, France; CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - D González-Fernández
- Department of Biology, University Marine Research Institute INMAR, University of Cádiz and European University of the Seas, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - W Ludwig
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860 Perpignan cedex, France; CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, F-66860 Perpignan, France
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13
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Tasseron P, Begemann F, Joosse N, van der Ploeg M, van Driel J, van Emmerik T. Amsterdam urban water system as entry point of river plastic pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-26566-5. [PMID: 37191752 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26566-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of plastic litter in aquatic environments negatively impacts ecosystems and human livelihood. Urban areas are assumed to be the main source of plastic pollution in these environments because of high anthropogenic activity. Yet, the drivers of plastic emissions, abundance, and retention within these systems and subsequent transport to river systems are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that urban water systems function as major contributors to river plastic pollution, and explore the potential driving factors contributing to the transport dynamics. Monthly visual counting of floating litter at six outlets of the Amsterdam water system results in an estimated 2.7 million items entering the closely connected IJ river annually, ranking it among the most polluting systems measured in the Netherlands and Europe. Subsequent analyses of environmental drivers (including rainfall, sunlight, wind speed, and tidal regimes) and litter flux showed very weak and insignificant correlations (r = [Formula: see text]0.19-0.16), implying additional investigation of potential drivers is required. High-frequency observations at various locations within the urban water system and advanced monitoring using novel technologies could be explored to harmonize and automate monitoring. Once litter type and abundance are well-defined with a clear origin, communication of the results with local communities and stakeholders could help co-develop solutions and stimulate behavioral change geared to reduce plastic pollution in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tasseron
- Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6709 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions, 1018 JA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Finn Begemann
- Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6709 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nonna Joosse
- Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6709 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine van der Ploeg
- Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6709 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joppe van Driel
- Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions, 1018 JA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim van Emmerik
- Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6709 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Hurley R, Braaten HFV, Nizzetto L, Steindal EH, Lin Y, Clayer F, van Emmerik T, Buenaventura NT, Eidsvoll DP, Økelsrud A, Norling M, Adam HN, Olsen M. Measuring riverine macroplastic: Methods, harmonisation, and quality control. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119902. [PMID: 36989801 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
River systems are a key environmental recipient of macroplastic pollution. Understanding the sources of macroplastic to rivers and the mechanisms controlling fate and transport is essential to identify and tailor measures that can effectively reduce global plastic pollution. Several guidelines exist for monitoring macroplastic in rivers; yet, no single method has emerged representing the standard approach. This reflects the substantial variability in river systems globally and the need to adapt methods to the local environmental context and monitoring goals. Here we present a critical review of methods used to measure macroplastic flows in rivers, with a specific focus on opportunities for methods testing, harmonisation, and quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC). Several studies have already revealed important findings; however, there is significant disparity in the reporting of methodologies and data. There is a need to converge methods, and their adaptations, towards greater comparability. This can be achieved through: i) methods testing to better understand what each method effectively measures and how it can be applied in different contexts; ii) incorporating QA/QC procedures during sampling and analysis; and iii) reporting methodological details and data in a more harmonised way to facilitate comparability and the utilisation of data by several end users, including policy makers. Setting this as a priority now will facilitate the collection of rigorous and comparable monitoring data to help frame solutions to limit plastic pollution, including the forthcoming global treaty on plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hurley
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Luca Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway; RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eirik Hovland Steindal
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Yan Lin
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Tim van Emmerik
- Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Asle Økelsrud
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Norling
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Marianne Olsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
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15
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Katsumi N, Kusube T, Nagao S, Okochi H. Spatiotemporal variation in microplastics derived from polymer-coated fertilizer in an agricultural small river in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 325:121422. [PMID: 36898646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Marine plastic pollution has highlighted the need to address the disposal of plastic materials used in agricultural fields and prevent their runoff. To assess the status of microplastics derived from polymer-coated fertilizers (microcapsules), we investigated their seasonal and daily variations in a small agricultural river in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan, throughout the irrigation period of April to October 2021 and 2022. We also investigated the relationship between microcapsule concentration and water quality. The mean microcapsule concentration over the study period ranged from 0.0 to 783.2 mg/m3 (median 18.8 mg/m3) and was positively correlated with total litter weight, but it was not correlated with common water quality parameters such as total nitrogen or suspended solids. Concentrations of microcapsules in river water showed distinct seasonal variations, being particularly high in late April and late May (median 55.5 mg/m3 in 2021, 62.6 mg/m3 in 2022) and almost undetectable thereafter. The timing of the increase in concentration coincided with the timing of the outflow from paddy fields, suggesting that microcapsules that flowed out of the paddy fields would reach the sea relatively quickly. The results of a tracer experiment supported this conclusion. Intensive observations revealed that microcapsule concentrations varied widely over time, with differences reaching a maximum of 110-fold (range 7.3-783.2 mg/m3) over a 3-day period. Daytime concentrations were higher than those at night, reflecting the fact that microcapsules are discharged from paddies by daytime operations such as puddling and surface drainage. Microcapsule concentrations in the river were not correlated with river discharge, making estimating their loading a future research challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Katsumi
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
| | - Takasei Kusube
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Seiya Nagao
- Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, 24, O, Wake, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1224, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okochi
- School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
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16
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Rosa GP, Costa MS, Monteiro SM. Do urban rivers in the amazon coast trap macroplastic? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114757. [PMID: 36870133 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Amazon Rivers are important sources of macroplastic that enter the oceans. The estimated macroplastic transport is still inaccurate as hydrodynamics are not considered and data are not collected in situ. The present study shows the first quantification of floating macroplastics at different temporal scales, and an annual transport estimate through urban rivers in the Amazon: the Acará and Guamá Rivers, which discharge into the Guajará Bay. We conducted visual observations of macroplastics (>2.5 cm) in different river discharges and tidal stages, and we measured current intensity and direction in the three rivers. We quantified 3481 floating macroplastics, which varied according to tidal cycle and seasonality. Although connected to and affected by the same tidal regime, the urban estuarine system had an import rate of 12 ton.y-1 through the Guamá River and an export rate of 21.7 ton.y-1 of macroplastics through the Guajará Bay, affected by local hydrodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Rosa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Monitoramento Ambiental Marinho LAPMAR, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa s/n, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - M S Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Monitoramento Ambiental Marinho LAPMAR, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa s/n, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil
| | - S M Monteiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Monitoramento Ambiental Marinho LAPMAR, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa s/n, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil
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