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Arregi A, Vegas O, Lertxundi A, García-Baquero G, Ibarluzea J, Andiarena A, Babarro I, Subiza-Pérez M, Lertxundi N. Hair cortisol determinants in 11-year-old children: Environmental, social and individual factors. Horm Behav 2024; 164:105575. [PMID: 38851169 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children's exposure to chronic stress is associated with several health problems. Measuring hair cortisol concentration is particularly useful for studying chronic stress but much is unknown about hair cortisol determinants in children and adolescents, and previous research has often not considered the simultaneous exposure of multiple variables. This research is focused on investigating the relationship between environmental, social and individual factors with hair cortisol concentration in children. METHODS The data used in this study are from the INMA prospective epidemiological cohort study. The assessment of chronic stress was made on the basis of hair samples taken at the age of 11 years in the INMA-Gipuzkoa cohort (n = 346). A metamodel summarizing the hypothesized relationships among environmental, social and individual factors and hair cortisol concentration was constructed based on previous literature. Structural Equation Modelling was performed to examine the relationships among the variables. RESULTS In the general model higher behavioural problems were associated with higher cortisol levels and an inverse relationship between environmental noise and cortisol levels was observed, explaining 5 % of the variance in HCC. Once stratified by sex these associations were only hold in boys, while no significant effect of any of the study variables was related with cortisol levels in girls. Importantly, maternal stress was positively related to behavioural difficulties in children. Finally, higher traffic-related air pollution and lower exposure to neighborhood greenness were related to higher environmental noise. DISCUSSION This study highlights that simultaneous exposure to different environmental, social and individual characteristics may determine the concentration of hair cortisol. More research is needed and future studies should include this complex view to better understanding of hair cortisol determinants in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Arregi
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20008 San Sebastian, Spain; Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Oscar Vegas
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20008 San Sebastian, Spain; Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Aitana Lertxundi
- Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Gonzalo García-Baquero
- Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; Faculty of Biology, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Avda Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesus Ibarluzea
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20008 San Sebastian, Spain; Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Sub-Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, 20013 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ainara Andiarena
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20008 San Sebastian, Spain; Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Izaro Babarro
- Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; Faculty of Medicine and Nursing of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20014 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mikel Subiza-Pérez
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20008 San Sebastian, Spain; Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Nerea Lertxundi
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20008 San Sebastian, Spain; Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Paseo Doctor Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Sears CG, Liu Y, Lanphear BP, Buckley JP, Meyer J, Xu Y, Chen A, Yolton K, Braun JM. Evaluating Mixtures of Urinary Phthalate Metabolites and Serum Per-/Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Relation to Adolescent Hair Cortisol: The HOME Study. Am J Epidemiol 2024; 193:454-468. [PMID: 37846096 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Results of toxicological studies indicate that phthalates and per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), 2 classes of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, may alter the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. We evaluated the associations of urinary phthalate metabolites and serum PFAS during gestation and childhood with adolescent hair cortisol concentrations (pg/mg hair) at age 12 years, an integrative marker of HPA axis activity (n = 205 mother-child pairs; Cincinnati, Ohio; enrolled 2003-2006). We used quantile-based g-computation to estimate associations between mixtures of urinary phthalate metabolites or serum PFAS and hair cortisol. We also examined whether associations of individual phthalate metabolites or PFAS with cortisol varied by the timing of exposure. We found that a 1-quartile increase in all childhood phthalate metabolites was associated with 35% higher adolescent hair cortisol (phthalate mixture ψ = 0.13; 95% confidence interval: 0.03, 0.22); these associations were driven by monoethyl phthalate, monoisobutyl phthalate, and monobenzyl phthalate. We did not find evidence that phthalate metabolites during gestation or serum PFAS mixtures were related to adolescent hair cortisol concentrations. We found suggestive evidence that higher childhood concentrations of individual PFAS were related to higher and lower adolescent hair cortisol concentrations. Our results suggest that phthalate exposure during childhood may contribute to higher levels of chronic HPA axis activity.
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McGuinn LA, Gutiérrez-Avila I, Rosa MJ, Just A, Coull B, Kloog I, Ortiz MT, Harari H, Martinez S, Osorio-Valencia E, Téllez-Rojo MM, Klein DN, Wright RJ, Wright RO. Association between prenatal and childhood PM 2.5 exposure and preadolescent anxiety and depressive symptoms. Environ Epidemiol 2024; 8:e283. [PMID: 38343740 PMCID: PMC10852372 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure has been linked to anxiety and depression in adults; however, there is limited research in the younger populations, in which symptoms often first arise. Methods We examined the association between early-life PM2.5 exposure and symptoms of anxiety and depression in a cohort of 8-11-year-olds in Mexico City. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Spanish versions of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale and Children's Depression Inventory. Daily PM2.5 was estimated using a satellite-based exposure model and averaged over several early and recent exposure windows. Linear and logistic regression models were used to estimate the change in symptoms with each 5-µg/m3 increase in PM2.5. Models were adjusted for child's age, child's sex, maternal age, maternal socioeconomic status, season of conception, and temperature. Results Average anxiety and depressive symptom T-scores were 51.0 (range 33-73) and 53.4 (range 44-90), respectively. We observed consistent findings for exposures around the fourth year of life, as this was present for both continuous and dichotomized anxiety symptoms, in both independent exposure models and distributed lag modeling approaches. This window was also observed for elevated depressive symptoms. An additional consistent finding was for PM2.5 exposure during early pregnancy in relation to both clinically elevated anxiety and depressive symptoms, this was seen in both traditional and distributed lag modeling approaches. Conclusion Both early life and recent PM2.5 exposure were associated with higher mental health symptoms in the child highlighting the role of PM2.5 in the etiology of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. McGuinn
- Institute for Population and Precision Health, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Iván Gutiérrez-Avila
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Maria José Rosa
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Allan Just
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Brent Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Marcela Tamayo Ortiz
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, New York
| | - Homero Harari
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | | | | | - Martha Maria Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Daniel N. Klein
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Rosalind J. Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
- Kravis Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Robert O. Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
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Kodavanti UP, Jackson TW, Henriquez AR, Snow SJ, Alewel DI, Costa DL. Air Pollutant impacts on the brain and neuroendocrine system with implications for peripheral organs: a perspective. Inhal Toxicol 2023; 35:109-126. [PMID: 36749208 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2023.2172486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants are being increasingly linked to extrapulmonary multi-organ effects. Specifically, recent studies associate air pollutants with brain disorders including psychiatric conditions, neuroinflammation and chronic diseases. Current evidence of the linkages between neuropsychiatric conditions and chronic peripheral immune and metabolic diseases provides insights on the potential role of the neuroendocrine system in mediating neural and systemic effects of inhaled pollutants (reactive particulates and gases). Autonomically-driven stress responses, involving sympathetic-adrenal-medullary and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axes regulate cellular physiological processes through adrenal-derived hormones and diverse receptor systems. Recent experimental evidence demonstrates the contribution of the very stress system responding to non-chemical stressors, in mediating systemic and neural effects of reactive air pollutants. The assessment of how respiratory encounter of air pollutants induce lung and peripheral responses through brain and neuroendocrine system, and how the impairment of these stress pathways could be linked to chronic diseases will improve understanding of the causes of individual variations in susceptibility and the contribution of habituation/learning and resiliency. This review highlights effects of air pollution in the respiratory tract that impact the brain and neuroendocrine system, including the role of autonomic sensory nervous system in triggering neural stress response, the likely contribution of translocated nano particles or metal components, and biological mediators released systemically in causing effects remote to the respiratory tract. The perspective on the use of systems approaches that incorporate multiple chemical and non-chemical stressors, including environmental, physiological and psychosocial, with the assessment of interactive neural mechanisms and peripheral networks are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmila P Kodavanti
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Thomas W Jackson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Andres R Henriquez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Devin I Alewel
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Daniel L Costa
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gilling's School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Mallach G, Shutt R, Thomson EM, Valcin F, Kulka R, Weichenthal S. Randomized Cross-Over Study of In-Vehicle Cabin Air Filtration, Air Pollution Exposure, and Acute Changes to Heart Rate Variability, Saliva Cortisol, and Cognitive Function. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3238-3247. [PMID: 36787278 PMCID: PMC9979657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To determine how traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) exposures affect commuter health, and whether cabin air filtration (CAF) can mitigate exposures, we conducted a cross-over study of 48 adults exposed to TRAP during two commutes with and without CAF. Measurements included particulate air pollutants (PM2.5, black carbon [BC], ultrafine particles [UFPs]), volatile organic compounds, and nitrogen dioxide. We measured participants' heart rate variability (HRV), saliva cortisol, and cognitive function. On average, CAF reduced concentrations of UFPs by 26,232 (95%CI: 11,734, 40,730) n/cm3, PM2.5 by 6 (95%CI: 5, 8) μg/m3, and BC by 1348 (95%CI: 1042, 1654) ng/m3, or 28, 30, and 32%, respectively. Each IQR increase in PM2.5 was associated with a 28% (95%CI: 2, 60) increase in high-frequency power HRV at the end of the commute and a 22% (95%CI: 7, 39) increase 45 min afterward. IQR increases in UFPs were associated with increased saliva cortisol in women during the commute (18% [95%CI: 0, 40]). IQR increases in UFPs were associated with strong switching costs (19% [95%CI: 2, 39]), indicating a reduced capacity for multitasking, and PM2.5 was associated with increased reaction latency, indicating slower responses (5% [95%CI: 1, 10]). CAF can reduce particulate exposures by almost a third.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Mallach
- Water
and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Robin Shutt
- Environmental
Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Errol M. Thomson
- Environmental
Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Frédéric Valcin
- Water
and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Ryan Kulka
- Water
and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Scott Weichenthal
- Water
and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department
of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1G1, Canada
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Yao Y, Chen X, Yang M, Han Y, Xue T, Zhang H, Wang T, Chen W, Qiu X, Que C, Zheng M, Zhu T. Neuroendocrine stress hormones associated with short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter in individuals with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A panel study in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119822. [PMID: 35870527 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major trigger of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dysregulation of the neuroendocrine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and sympathetic-adrenal medullary (SAM) axes is essential in progression of COPD. However, it is not clear whether air pollution exposure is associated with neuroendocrine responses in individuals with and without COPD. Based on a panel study of 51 stable COPD patients and 78 non-COPD participants with 384 clinical visits, we measured the morning serum levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine as indicators of stress hormones released from the HPA and SAM axes. Ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and meteorological conditions were continuously monitored at the station from 2 weeks before the start of clinical visits. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate associations between differences in stress hormones following an average of 1-14-day exposures to NO2 and PM2.5. The average 1 day air pollutant levels prior to the clinical visits were 24.4 ± 14.0 ppb for NO2 and 55.6 ± 41.5 μg/m3 for PM2.5. We observed significant increases in CRH, ACTH, and norepinephrine, and decreases in cortisol and epinephrine with interquartile range increase in the average NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations in all participants. In the stratified analyses, we identified significant between-group difference in epinephrine following NO2 exposure in individuals with and without COPD. These results may suggest the susceptibility of COPD patients to the neuroendocrine responses associated with short-term air pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xi Chen
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Human Settlement in Green Building (TCHS), Shenzhen Institute of Building Research Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518049, China
| | - Meigui Yang
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yiqun Han
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Tao Xue
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hanxiyue Zhang
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Teng Wang
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wu Chen
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chengli Que
- Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Ortiz R, Joseph JJ, Branas CC, MacDonald JM, Nguemeni Tiako MJ, Oyekanmi K, South EC. Advancing health equity through integrated biology and population health research: A community-based sample cortisol feasibility and exploratory study. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2022; 11:100145. [PMID: 35757172 PMCID: PMC9228000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Community-based research inclusive of self-assessment and objective environmental metrics can be enhanced by the collection of biomarker data in unity toward assessing the health impacts of the totality of environmental stress driven by structural racism. Cortisol dynamic range (CDR), a measure of chronic stress burden, may underpin place-based connections to health, but a gap remains in elucidating community-based CDR methodology. Purpose To 1) assess the feasibility of cortisol collection and CDR measurement in a community-based study with home-based, participant-directed specimen collection, and 2) explore the association between CDR and other individual and environmental measures in a sample of predominantly Black participants. Methods: In this cross-sectional, observational study in predominantly Black urban neighborhoods, participants (n = 73) completed health assessments and in-home, self-collected salivary cortisol. For feasibility, CDR (peak-nadir) was compared to cortisol awakening response (CAR) slope over time. Comparisons of CDR quartile by person and place variables were explored (ANOVA). Results The cohort (77% Black, 39.7% <$15 k/year income, high perceived stress) completed 98.6% of cortisol collection timepoints. CDR was calculated in all participants without interruptions to sleep-wake cycle as seen with CAR collection. Participants in the lowest quartile of CDR were the oldest (p = 0.03) with lowest reported mental health (p = 0.048) with no associations seen for CAR. Conclusion Participant-collected 10.13039/501100011622CDR is more feasible than cortisol measures dependent on slopes over time in a community-based, predominately Black cohort with exploratory findings supporting relevance to outcomes of interest to future work. Future community-based studies should integrate CDR with environment and psychosocial measures. Biological and social metrics can enhance community studies of structural racism. Cortisol dynamic range (CDR) may reflect the burden of chronic stress in a community. In-home, participant-collected salivary cortisol is feasible with in-field guidance. CDR may be more feasible in community-based study than measures dependent on time. Greatest CDR is seen with youngest age and best self-reported mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Ortiz
- Departments of Pediatrics and Population Health, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, New York University Langone Health, New York, Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- National Clinician Scholars Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 1300 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Corresponding author. Departments of Pediatrics and Population Health, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Joshua J. Joseph
- The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 579 McCampbell Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Charlie C. Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Rm 1508, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - John M. MacDonald
- Department of Criminology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 558 McNeil Building, Locus Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Kehinde Oyekanmi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Urban Health Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Eugenia C. South
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Urban Health Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Zhao T, Triebner K, Markevych I, Standl M, Altug H, de Hoogh K, Schikowski T, Berdel D, Koletzko S, Bauer CP, von Berg A, Nowak D, Heinrich J. Outdoor air pollution and hormone-assessed pubertal development in children: Results from the GINIplus and LISA birth cohorts. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 152:106476. [PMID: 33714142 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is hypothesized to affect pubertal development. However, the few studies on this topic yielded overall mixed results. These studies did not consider important pollutants like ozone, and none of them involved pubertal development assessed by estradiol and testosterone measurements. We aimed to analyze associations between long-term exposure to four pollutants and pubertal development based on sex hormone concentrations among 10-year-old children. METHODS These cross-sectional analyses were based on the 10-year follow-up medical examinations of 1945 children from the Munich and Wesel centers of the GINIplus and LISA German birth cohorts. Female and male pubertal development was assessed by dichotomizing the concentration of hormones in serum at 18.4 pmol/L and 0.087 nmol/L using the lower limits of quantification for estradiol and testosterone, respectively. Land-use regression models derived annual average concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 and 10 µm (PM2.5 and PM10), as well as spatial models assessed yearly average concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone, were calculated at the 10-year residential addresses. To evaluate associations, we utilized logistic regressions adjusted for potential covariates. The analyses were stratified by area and sex. RESULTS Around 73% of the 943 females and 25% of the 1002 males had a high level of hormones and had already started puberty at the age of 10. Overall, we found no statistically significant associations between exposure to particles (PM2.5 or PM10) and pubertal development. Results on NO2 and ozone were not significant as well; for instance, per 10 µg/m3 increase in ozone concentration, odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were 0.900 (0.605, 1.339) and 0.830 (0.573, 1.203) for females and males, respectively. Stratified by area, the aforementioned results did not reveal any associations either. CONCLUSIONS Our study did not observe the associations between ambient air pollutants and pubertal development determined by estradiol and testosterone levels in children. However, due to the current limited number of studies on this topic, our results should be cautiously interpreted. Future longitudinal studies are needed to assess the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) Munich, member, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Applied Social Sciences, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Triebner
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Core Facility for Metabolomics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Iana Markevych
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) Munich, member, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hicran Altug
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dietrich Berdel
- Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Marien-Hospital Wesel, Wesel, Germany
| | - Sibylle Koletzko
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital Munich, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, School of Medicine Collegium Medicum University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Carl-Peter Bauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea von Berg
- Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Marien-Hospital Wesel, Wesel, Germany
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) Munich, member, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) Munich, member, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany; Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Toledo-Corral CM, Alderete TL, Herting MM, Habre R, Peterson AK, Lurmann F, Goran MI, Weigensberg MJ, Gilliland FD. Ambient air pollutants are associated with morning serum cortisol in overweight and obese Latino youth in Los Angeles. Environ Health 2021; 20:39. [PMID: 33832509 PMCID: PMC8034084 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis dysfunction has been associated with a variety of mental health and cardio-metabolic disorders. While causal models of HPA-axis dysregulation have been largely focused on either pre-existing health conditions or psychosocial stress factors, recent evidence suggests a possible role for central nervous system activation via air pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM). Therefore, in an observational study of Latino youth, we investigated if monthly ambient NO2, O3, and PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 (PM2.5) exposure were associated with morning serum cortisol levels. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, morning serum cortisol level was assessed after a supervised overnight fast in 203 overweight and obese Latino children and adolescents (female/male: 88/115; mean age: 11.1 ± 1.7 years; pre-pubertal/pubertal/post-pubertal: 85/101/17; BMI z-score: 2.1 ± 0.4). Cumulative concentrations of NO2, O3 and PM2.5 were spatially interpolated at the residential addresses based on measurements from community monitors up to 12 months prior to testing. Single and multi-pollutant linear effects models were used to test the cumulative monthly lag effects of NO2, O3, and PM2.5 on morning serum cortisol levels after adjusting for age, sex, seasonality, social position, pubertal status, and body fat percent by DEXA. RESULTS Single and multi-pollutant models showed that higher O3 exposure (derived from maximum 8-h exposure windows) in the prior 1-7 months was associated with higher serum morning cortisol (p < 0.05) and longer term PM2.5 exposure (4-10 months) was associated with lower serum morning cortisol levels (p < 0.05). Stratification by pubertal status showed associations in pre-pubertal children compared to pubertal and post-pubertal children. Single, but not multi-pollutant, models showed that higher NO2 over the 4-10 month exposure period associated with lower morning serum cortisol (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Chronic ambient NO2, O3 and PM2.5 differentially associate with HPA-axis dysfunction, a mechanism that may serve as an explanatory pathway in the relationship between ambient air pollution and metabolic health of youth living in polluted urban environments. Further research that uncovers how ambient air pollutants may differentially contribute to HPA-axis dysfunction are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Toledo-Corral
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, 91330, USA.
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Environmental Health Division, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - T L Alderete
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | - M M Herting
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Environmental Health Division, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
| | - R Habre
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Environmental Health Division, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
| | - A K Peterson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Environmental Health Division, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
| | - F Lurmann
- Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, USA
| | - M I Goran
- Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
| | - M J Weigensberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
| | - F D Gilliland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Environmental Health Division, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
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10
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Green space, air pollution, traffic noise and saliva cortisol in children: The PIAMA study. Environ Epidemiol 2021; 5:e141. [PMID: 33870014 PMCID: PMC8043724 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Green space, air pollution, and traffic noise exposure may be associated with stress levels in children. A flattened diurnal cortisol slope (the decline in cortisol concentrations from awakening to evening) is an indicator of chronic stress. We examined associations of green space, ambient air pollution, and traffic noise with the diurnal cortisol slope in children 12 years of age.
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11
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Thomson EM, Filiatreault A, Williams A, Rider CF, Carlsten C. Exposure to Diesel Exhaust and Plasma Cortisol Response: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:37701. [PMID: 33769847 PMCID: PMC7997608 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Errol M Thomson
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alain Filiatreault
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher F Rider
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris Carlsten
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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12
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Thomson EM, Christidis T, Pinault L, Tjepkema M, Colman I, Crouse DL, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Hystad P, Robichaud A, Ménard R, Brook JR, Burnett RT. Self-rated stress, distress, mental health, and health as modifiers of the association between long-term exposure to ambient pollutants and mortality. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:109973. [PMID: 32810502 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual and neighbourhood-scale socioeconomic characteristics modify associations between exposure to air pollution and mortality. The role of stress, which may integrate effects of social and environmental exposures on health, is unknown. We examined whether an individual's perspective on their own well-being, as assessed using self-rated measures of stress and health, modifies the pollutant-mortality relationship. METHODS The Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS)-mortality cohort includes respondents from surveys administered between 2001 and 2012 linked to vital statistics and postal codes from 1981 until 2016. Annual fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) exposure estimates were attached to a sample of cohort members aged 30-89 years (n = 398,300 respondents/3,848,400 person-years). We examined whether self-rated stress, distress, mental health, and general health modified associations between long-term exposure to each pollutant (three-year moving average with one-year lag) and non-accidental mortality using Cox survival models, adjusted for individual- (i.e. socioeconomic and behavioural) and neighbourhood-scale covariates. RESULTS In fully-adjusted models, the relationship between exposure to pollutants and mortality was stronger among those with poor self-rated mental health, including a significant difference for NO2 (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.25 per IQR) compared to those with very good/excellent mental health (HR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.01-1.08; Cochran's Q = 4.01; p < 0.05). Poor self-rated health was similarly associated with higher pollutant-associated HRs, but only in unadjusted models. Stress and distress did not modify pollutant-mortality associations. CONCLUSIONS Poor self-rated mental and general health were associated with increased mortality attributed to exposure to ambient pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errol M Thomson
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Lauren Pinault
- Health Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ian Colman
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics & Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Physics & Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Alain Robichaud
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dorval, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Ménard
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dorval, QC, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard T Burnett
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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13
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Yorifuji T, Kashima S. Long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and natural-cause and cause-specific mortality in Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140465. [PMID: 32887012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term exposure to air pollution is linked with increased risk of adverse health outcomes, but the evidence for the association between nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and mortality is weak because of the inadequate adjustment of potential confounders and limited spatial resolution of the exposure assessment. Moreover, there are concerns about the independent effects of NO2. Therefore, we examined the association between NO2 long-term exposure and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. METHODS We included participants who were enrolled in health checkups in Okayama City, Japan, in 2006 or 2007 and were followed until 2016. We used a land-use regression model to estimate the average NO2 concentrations from 2006 to 2007 and allocated them to the participants. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for a 10-μg/m3 increase in NO2 levels for all-cause or cause-specific mortality using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS After excluding the participants who were assigned with outlier exposures, a total of 73,970 participants were included in the analyses. NO2 exposure was associated with increased risk of mortality and the HRs and their confidence intervals were 1.06 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.11) for all-cause, 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) for cardiopulmonary, and 1.36 (1.14, 1.63) for lung cancer mortality. However, the elevated risks became equivocal after the adjustment for fine particulate matter except lung cancer. CONCLUSION Long-term exposure to NO2 was associated with increased risk of all-cause, cardiopulmonary, and lung cancer mortality. The elevated risk for lung cancer was still observable even after adjustment for fine particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yorifuji
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Saori Kashima
- Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Higashi, Hiroshima, Japan
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Miller JG, Gillette JS, Kircanski K, LeMoult J, Gotlib IH. Air pollution is associated with elevated HPA-Axis response to stress in anxious adolescent girls. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2020; 4:100015. [PMID: 35755623 PMCID: PMC9216601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2020.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Research suggests that exposure to fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) increases hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation in adults; it is unclear, however, whether PM2.5 is associated with HPA-axis functioning in psychosocial contexts, such as during the experience of social stress. One recent study of adolescents found that PM2.5 was associated with heightened autonomic reactivity to a social stress task, and that this association was strongest for adolescents with more severe internalizing symptoms. Here, we sought to replicate and extend these findings to HPA-axis stress responsivity in an independent sample of adolescent girls (N = 130). We estimated PM2.5 concentrations at each participant’s address using data from nearby air quality monitoring stations, and assessed participants’ anxiety symptoms. We measured salivary cortisol in response to a social stress task and characterized HPA-axis functioning by computing area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCg) and with respect to increase (AUCi). Controlling for demographic factors, we found that PM2.5 was associated with heightened HPA-axis stress responsivity (both AUCg and AUCi) for girls who reported more severe levels of anxiety. We did not find a main effect of PM2.5 on HPA-axis functioning. These findings suggest that anxious adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of PM2.5 exposure on biological sensitivity to social stress. Fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) may affect HPA-axis responsivity to acute stress. We estimated PM2.5 concentrations and measured anxiety and cortisol in adolescent girls. For anxious girls, higher PM2.5 predicted greater HPA-axis responsivity to stress. Anxious adolescents are sensitive to the effects of PM2.5 on stress biology.
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15
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Khamirchi R, Moslem A, Agah J, Pozo ÓJ, Miri M, Dadvand P. Maternal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and cortisol level in cord blood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136622. [PMID: 31955102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution has been associated with disorders of the endocrine system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; however, the available evidence on these associations is still scarce. This study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the association of exposure to PM1, PM2.5, and PM10, as well as traffic indicators (distance to major roads and total street length in different buffers around maternal residential address) during pregnancy with cortisol level in cord blood samples. This cross-sectional study was carried out based on 150 mother-newborn pairs in Sabzevar, Iran (2018). Land use regression models were applied to estimate air pollution exposure during the entire pregnancy at maternal residential addresses. Multiple linear regression models were applied to estimate the association of exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and cord blood cortisol levels, controlled for relevant covariates. There was a significant positive association between exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 and cortisol levels in cord blood (β = 2.55, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 0.57, 4.52, P-value = 0.01, and β = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.28, 4.90, P-value < 0.01, respectively). Moreover, there was a significant positive association between total street length in a 100 m buffer around maternal residence and cortisol level. Each one interquartile range (IQR) increase in distance from home to major roads was associated with a -2.58 (95% CI: -4.85, -0.30, P-value = 0.03) decrease in cord blood cortisol level. The median (IQR) of the cord blood cortisol levels for the first and fourth quartiles of distance to major roads were 50.7 (19.5) and 38.2 (20.4) ng/mL, respectively. The associations for total street length in 300 m and 500 m buffers and PM1 exposure were not statistically significant. Our findings suggest a direct association of exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and cortisol levels at cord blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramezanali Khamirchi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Alireza Moslem
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Jila Agah
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Óscar J Pozo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohammad Miri
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Payam Dadvand
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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Ramacher MOP, Karl M. Integrating Modes of Transport in a Dynamic Modelling Approach to Evaluate Population Exposure to Ambient NO 2 and PM 2.5 Pollution in Urban Areas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17062099. [PMID: 32235712 PMCID: PMC7142857 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effectiveness of alternative policies and measures to reduce air pollution effects on urban citizen's health, population exposure assessments are needed. Due to road traffic emissions being a major source of emissions and exposure in European cities, it is necessary to account for differentiated transport environments in population dynamics for exposure studies. In this study, we applied a modelling system to evaluate population exposure in the urban area of Hamburg in 2016. The modeling system consists of an urban-scale chemistry transport model to account for ambient air pollutant concentrations and a dynamic time-microenvironment-activity (TMA) approach, which accounts for population dynamics in different environments as well as for infiltration of outdoor to indoor air pollution. We integrated different modes of transport in the TMA approach to improve population exposure assessments in transport environments. The newly developed approach reports 12% more total exposure to NO2 and 19% more to PM2.5 compared with exposure estimates based on residential addresses. During the time people spend in different transport environments, the in-car environment contributes with 40% and 33% to the annual sum of exposure to NO2 and PM2.5, in the walking environment with 26% and 30%, in the cycling environment with 15% and 17% and other environments (buses, subway, suburban, and regional trains) with less than 10% respectively. The relative contribution of road traffic emissions to population exposure is highest in the in-car environment (57% for NO2 and 15% for PM2.5). Results for population-weighted exposure revealed exposure to PM2.5 concentrations above the WHO AQG limit value in the cycling environment. Uncertainties for the exposure contributions arising from emissions and infiltration from outdoor to indoor pollutant concentrations range from -12% to +7% for NO2 and PM2.5. The developed "dynamic transport approach" is integrated in a computationally efficient exposure model, which is generally applicable in European urban areas. The presented methodology is promoted for use in urban mobility planning, e.g., to investigate on policy-driven changes in modal split and their combined effect on emissions, population activity and population exposure.
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17
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Hajat A, Hazlehurst MF, Golden SH, Merkin SS, Seeman T, Szpiro AA, Kaufman JD, Roux AD. The cross-sectional and longitudinal association between air pollution and salivary cortisol: Evidence from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105062. [PMID: 31491811 PMCID: PMC6994173 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortisol, a stress hormone released by the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is critical to the body's adaptive response to physiological and psychological stress. Cortisol has also been implicated in the health effects of air pollution through the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. This study evaluates the cross-sectional and longitudinal association between several air pollutants and salivary cortisol. METHODS We used data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a cohort of 45-85 years old participants from six US cities. Salivary cortisol was evaluated at two time points between 2004 and 2006 and then again from 2010 to 2012. Cortisol samples were taken several times per day on two or three consecutive days. Particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the year prior to cortisol sampling were examined. We used piecewise linear mixed models that were adjusted for demographics, socioeconomic status and cardiovascular risk factors to examine both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations. Longitudinal models evaluated change in cortisol over time. RESULTS The pooled cross-sectional results revealed largely null results with the exception of a 9.7% higher wake-up cortisol associated with a 10 ppb higher NO2 (95% CI, -0.2%, 20.5%). Among all participants, the features of the cortisol curve became flatter over 5 years. The wake-to-bed slope showed a more pronounced flattening over time (0.014, 95% CI, 0.0, 0.03) with a 10 ppb higher NO2 level. Other air pollutants were not associated with change in cortisol over time. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest only a moderate association between traffic related air pollution and cortisol. Very few epidemiologic studies have examined the long-term impact of air pollution on the stress response systems, thus warranting further exploration of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Hajat
- University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, Box 357236, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Marnie F Hazlehurst
- University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, Box 357236, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Sherita Hill Golden
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 1830 E. Monument Street, Room 9052, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Sharon Stein Merkin
- University of California Los Angeles, Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 10945 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2339, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Teresa Seeman
- University of California Los Angeles, Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 10945 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2339, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Adam A Szpiro
- University of Washington, Department of Biostatistics, Box 357232, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Joel D Kaufman
- University of Washington, Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and Epidemiology, Box 354695, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Ana Diez Roux
- Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Urban Health Collaborative Nesbitt Hall 3215 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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