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Singh AB, Paul T, Shukla SP, Kumar S, Kumar S, Kumar G, Kumar K. Gut microbiome as biomarker for triclosan toxicity in Labeo rohita: bioconcentration, immunotoxicity and metagenomic profiling. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s10646-024-02817-0. [PMID: 39427267 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-024-02817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a lipophilic, broad spectrum antimicrobial agent commonly used in personal care products with a projected continuous escalation in aquatic environments in the post COVID 19 era. There is rich documentation in the literature on the alteration of physiological responses in fish due to TCS exposure; however, studies on gut associated bacteria of fish are still scarce. This is the first attempt to determine changes in bacterial community structure due to exposure of TCS on Labeo rohita, a commercially essential freshwater species, using 16S V3-V4 region ribosomal RNA (rRNA) next-generation sequencing (NGS). Chronic exposure of TCS at environmentally realistic concentrations viz. 1/5th (T1: 0.129 mg/L) and 1/10th (T2: 0.065 mg/L) of LC50 for 28 days resulted in the dose dependent bioconcentration of TCS in the fish gut. Prolonged exposure to TCS leads to disruption of gut bacteria evidenced by down regulation of the host immune system. Additionally, high-throughput sequencing analysis showed alternation in the abundance and diversity of microbial communities in the gut, signifying Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia as dominant phyla. Significant changes were also observed in the relative abundance of Chloroflexi and Gammatimonadetes phyla in TCS exposed groups. The study revealed that gut microbiome can be used as a biomarker in assessing the degree of TCS toxicity in commercially important fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tapas Paul
- College of Fisheries, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Kishanganj, Bihar, 855107, India
| | - S P Shukla
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India
| | - Sanath Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India
| | - Ganesh Kumar
- Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284003, India
| | - Kundan Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India.
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2
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Kumar K, Sarkar P, Paul T, Shukla SP, Kumar S. Ecotoxicological effects of triclosan on Lemna minor: bioconcentration, growth inhibition and oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:56550-56564. [PMID: 39271616 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34944-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), an emerging pollutant, is a notable contributor to adverse impacts on aquatic organisms due to its widespread use during COVID-19 and hydrophobic properties. There is extensive documented literature on TCS toxicity in commercially important fish species; however, studies on aquatic plants remain limited. In this prelude, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of TCS on Lemna minor, a commercially important aquatic plant species for 7 days. The results showed dose-dependent significant alterations in growth, pigments and stress enzymes of L. minor at varied concentrations of TCS (1 to 8 mg L-1). Median inhibitory concentration (IC50) was found to be 4.813 mg L-1. Total chlorophyll and carotenoid levels decreased 73.11 and 81.83%, respectively after 7 days of TCS exposure. A significant increase in catalase and superoxide dismutase activity was observed in TCS exposed groups as compared to the control. Bioconcentration factor was found to be in the range of 5.855 to 37.129 signifying TCS ability to accumulate and transfer through the food chain. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed deformation in the cell surface and alteration of stroma morphology of TCS exposed groups. Furthermore, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) study also revealed that higher concentrations of TCS could cause alteration in the functional groups in the plant. This study demonstrates that TCS negatively impacts the growth and metabolism of primary producers, offering crucial insights into its interactions with aquatic plants and establishing baseline information essential for crafting effective mitigation strategies for TCS contamination in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Kumar
- Aquatic Environment & Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Pritam Sarkar
- Aquatic Environment & Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tapas Paul
- College of Fisheries, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Kishanganj, 855107, Bihar, India
| | - Satya Prakash Shukla
- Aquatic Environment & Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- Aquatic Environment & Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
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3
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Kumar G, Kumar S, Paul T, Pal P, Shukla SP, Kumar K, Jha AK, Pradeep S. Ecotoxicological risk assessment of triclosan, an emerging pollutant in a riverine and estuarine ecosystems: A comparative study. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 205:116667. [PMID: 38972216 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), an antibacterial biocide, pervades water and sediment matrices globally, posing a threat to aquatic life. In densely populated cities like Mumbai, rivers and coastal bodies demand baseline TCS data for ecotoxicological assessment due to the excessive use of personal care products comprising TCS. This pioneering study compares spatiotemporal TCS variations and risks in freshwater and marine ecosystems employing multivariate analysis of physicochemical parameters. Over five months (January to May 2022), Mithi River exhibited higher TCS concentrations (water: 1.68 μg/L, sediment: 3.19 μg/kg) than Versova Creek (water: 0.49 μg/L, sediment: 0.69 μg/kg). Principal component analysis revealed positive correlations between TCS and physicochemical parameters. High-risk quotients (>1) underscore TCS threats in both water bodies. This study furnishes crucial baseline data, emphasizing the need for effective treatment plans for TCS in effluent waters released into the adjacent aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India.
| | - Tapas Paul
- College of Fisheries, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Kishanganj, Bihar 855107, India
| | - Prasenjit Pal
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (I), Lembucherra, Tripura 799210, India
| | - Satya Prakash Shukla
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India
| | - Kundan Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Jha
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Veraval Research Centre, Gujarat 362265, India
| | - Shilpa Pradeep
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India
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4
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Jiang Y, Liu L, Jin B, Liu Y, Liang X. Critical review on the environmental behaviors and toxicity of triclosan and its removal technologies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:173013. [PMID: 38719041 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
As a highly effective broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, triclosan (TCS) is widely used in personal care and medical disinfection products, resulting in its widespread occurrence in aquatic and terrestrial environments, and even in the human body. Notably, the use of TCS surged during the COVID-19 outbreak, leading to increasing environmental TCS pollution pressure. From the perspective of environmental health, it is essential to systematically understand the environmental occurrence and behavior of TCS, its toxicological effects on biota and humans, and technologies to remove TCS from the environment. This review comprehensively summarizes the current knowledge regarding the sources and behavior of TCS in surface water, groundwater, and soil systems, focusing on its toxicological effects on aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Effluent from wastewater treatment plants is the primary source of TCS in aquatic systems, whereas sewage application and/or wastewater irrigation are the major sources of TCS in soil. Human exposure pathways to TCS and associated adverse outcomes were also analyzed. Skin and oral mucosal absorption, and dietary intake are important TCS exposure pathways. Reducing or completely degrading TCS in the environment is important for alleviating environmental pollution and protecting public health. Therefore, this paper reviews the removal mechanisms, including adsorption, biotic and abiotic redox reactions, and the influencing factors. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the different techniques are compared, and development prospects are proposed. These findings provide a basis for the management and risk assessment of TCS and are beneficial for the application of treatment technology in TCS removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Liangying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, PR China.
| | - Biao Jin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Shandong Vocational College of Light Industry, Zibo 255300, PR China.
| | - Xiaoliang Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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5
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Beghin M, Lambert J, Sturve J, Cornet V, Kestemont P. Immunomodulatory effects of single and combined exposure to ZnO and TiO 2 nanoparticles on rainbow trout challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida achromogenes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 272:106981. [PMID: 38843740 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The increasing release of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in aquatic ecosystems stresses the need for stringent investigations of nanoparticle mixture toxicity towards aquatic organisms. Here, the individual and combined immunotoxicity of two of the most consumed ENPs, the ZnO and the TiO2 ones, was investigated on rainbow trout juveniles (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations (21 and 210 µg L-1 for the ZnO and 210 µg L-1 for the TiO2) for 28 days, and then challenged with the pathogenic bacterium, Aeromonas salmonicida achromogenes. Antioxidant and innate immune markers were assessed before and after the bacterial infection. None of the experimental conditions affected the basal activity of the studied innate immune markers and the redox balance. However, following the bacterial infection, the expression of genes coding for pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines (il1β and il10), as well as innate immune compounds (mpo) were significantly reduced in fish exposed to the mixture. Conversely, exposure to ZnO NPs alone seemed to stimulate the immune response by enhancing the expression of the IgM and c3 genes for instance. Overall, our results suggest that even though the tested ENPs at their environmental concentration do not strongly affect basal immune functions, their mixture may alter the development of the immune response when the organism is exposed to a pathogen by interfering with the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahaut Beghin
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Jérôme Lambert
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Valérie Cornet
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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Kantal D, Kumar S, Shukla SP, Karmakar S, Jha AK, Singh AB, Kumar K. Chronic toxicity of sediment-bound triclosan on freshwater walking catfish Clarias magur: Organ level accumulation and selected enzyme biomarker responses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 351:124108. [PMID: 38705448 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a biocide widely used in personal care and medicinal products. TCS persists in sediments and has been detected worldwide, making sediments a vital route of TCS exposure to aquatic organisms. This experiment explored the bioaccumulation and toxicological effects of TCS-contaminated sediment. The study revealed that the half-life of TCS in the sediment-water system was 21.52 days. Exposure of Clarias magur juveniles to 0.4 and 0.8 mg kg-1 TCS-spiked sediment resulted in high Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF) with the highest bioaccumulation in the liver (29.62-73.61 mg kg-1), followed by gill (9.22-17.57 mg kg-1), kidney (5.04-9.76 mg kg-1), muscle (2.63-4.87 mg kg-1) and brain (1.53-3.20 mg kg-1). Furthermore, a concentration-dependent increase in oxidative stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was documented during 45 days of exposure in gill, liver, kidney, muscle, and brain tissues of exposed fish. A similar increasing trend was also recorded for liver transaminase enzymes such as glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) during the experimental period compared to control. Serum biochemical analysis revealed a significant time and concentration-dependent increase in serum glucose, serum GOT, and serum GPT, while serum total protein and albumin decreased significantly during exposure. These findings demonstrate high bioaccumulative and toxic nature of TCS in fish, promoting multiple physiological and biochemical dysfunctions through sediment exposure. The study underscores the urgent need for strengthened regulations and robust monitoring of triclosan across various environmental matrices, including sediment, to mitigate the detrimental impacts of TCS effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debiprasad Kantal
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India
| | - Satya Prakash Shukla
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India
| | - Sutanu Karmakar
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India; Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Faculty of Fishery Science, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 700094, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Jha
- Veraval Research Centre of CIFT, Matsyabhavan, Bhidiya, Veraval, 362265, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Kundan Kumar
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400061, India.
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Mohanty S, Paul A, Banerjee S, Rajendran KV, Tripathi G, Das PC, Sahoo PK. Ultrastructural, molecular and haemato-immunological changes: Multifaceted toxicological effects of microcystin-LR in rohu, Labeo rohita. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142097. [PMID: 38657687 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
No water body is resilient to afflicts of algal bloom, if goes unmanaged. With the increasing trend of intensification, eutrophication and climate change, Labeo rohita (rohu) is highly anticipated to suffer from the deleterious effects of bloom and eventually its toxins. A comprehensive study was conducted to understand the toxicopathological effects of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in rohu following intraperitoneal injection of 96 h-LD50 dose i.e., 713 μg kg-1. Substantial changes in micro- and ultrastructural level were evident in histopathology and transmission electron microscope (TEM) study. The haematological, biochemical, cellular and humoral innate immune biomarkers were significantly altered (p < 0.05) in MC-LR treated fish. The mRNA transcript levels of IL-1β, IL-10, IgM and IgZ in liver and kidney tissues were significantly up-regulated in 12 hpi and declined in 96 hpi MC-LR exposed fish. The relative mRNA expression of caspase 9 in the liver and kidney indicates mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis which was strongly supported by TEM study. In a nutshell, our study illustrates for the first time MC-LR induced toxicological implications in rohu displaying immunosuppression, enhanced oxidative stress, pathophysiology, modulation in mRNA transcription, genotoxicity, structural and ultrastructural alterations signifying it as a vulnerable species for MC-LR intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snatashree Mohanty
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, 751 002, India
| | - Anirban Paul
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, 751 002, India
| | | | - K V Rajendran
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India; Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, 671 316, India
| | | | - Pratap Chandra Das
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, 751 002, India
| | - Pramoda Kumar Sahoo
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, 751 002, India.
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Dar OI, Vinothkanna A, Aslam B, Furkh A, Sharma S, Kaur A, Gao YA, Jia AQ. Dynamic alterations in physiological and biochemical indicators of Cirrhinus mrigala hatchlings: A sublethal exposure of triclosan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171701. [PMID: 38490412 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a biocide used in various day-to-day products, has been associated with several toxic effects in aquatic organisms. In the present study, biochemical and hematological alterations were evaluated after 14 d (sublethal) exposure of tap water (control), acetone (solvent control), 5, 10, 20, and 50 μg/L (environmentally relevant concentrations) TCS to the embryos/hatchlings of Cirrhinus mrigala, a major freshwater carp distributed in tropic and sub-tropical areas of Asia. A concentration-dependent increase in the content of urea and protein carbonyl, while a decrease in the total protein, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, and bilirubin was observed after the exposure. Hematological analysis revealed a decrease in the total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and partial pressure of oxygen, while there was an increase in the total leucocyte count, carbon dioxide, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide and serum electrolytes. Comet assay demonstrates a concentration-dependent increase in tail length, tail moment, olive tail moment, and percent tail DNA. An amino acid analyzer showed a TCS-dose-dependent increase in various amino acids. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed different proteins ranging from 6.5 to 200 kDa, demonstrating TCS-induced upregulation. Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis exhibited a decline in peak area percents with an increase in the concentration of TCS in water. Curve fitting of amide I (1,700-1600 cm-1) showed a decline in α-helix and turns and an increase in β-sheets. Nuclear magnetic resonance study also revealed concentration-dependent alterations in the metabolites after 14 d exposure. TCS caused alterations in the biomolecules and heamatological parameters of fish, raising the possibility that small amounts of TCS may change the species richness in natural aquatic habitats. In addition, consuming TCS-contaminated fish may have detrimental effects on human health. Consequently, there is a need for the proper utilisation and disposal of this hazardous compound in legitimate quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owias Iqbal Dar
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Annadurai Vinothkanna
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Bisma Aslam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Arajmand Furkh
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Yan-An Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ai-Qun Jia
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, China.
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Chokki Veettil P, Nikarthil Sidhick J, Kavungal Abdulkhader S, Ms SP, Kumari Chidambaran C. Triclosan, an antimicrobial drug, induced reproductive impairment in the freshwater fish, Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792). Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:254-271. [PMID: 38518096 DOI: 10.1177/07482337241242510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial drug, is known to occupy different compartments in aquatic ecosystems. The present study focused to evaluate the reproductive toxicity of triclosan, at environmentally relevant (0.009 and 9 μg L-1) and sublethal (176.7 μg L-1) concentrations for 90 days in the pre-spawning phase of the fish, Anabas testudineus. The reproductive biomarkers, namely, gonadal steroidogenic enzymes, expression of aromatic genes, levels of serum gonadotropins, sex hormones, and histology of gonads were analyzed. The weight of the animal, brain weights along with gonadosomatic index decreased while mucus deposition increased significantly at all concentrations of triclosan as the primary defensive mechanism to prevent the entry of toxicants. Triclosan disrupted gonadal steroidogenesis as evidenced by a reduction in the activities of gonadal steroidogenic enzymes. The expressions of cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b genes were up-regulated in the brain of both sexes and testis, while down-regulated in the ovary indicating estrogenic effects of the compound. The endocrine-disrupting effects of triclosan were confirmed. The current results suggest that chronic exposure to triclosan altered reproductive endpoints thereby impairing normal reproductive functions in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Siva Prasad Ms
- Department of Forensic Science, University of Calicut, Kerala Police Academy, Thrissur, India
| | - Chitra Kumari Chidambaran
- Endocrinology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Malappuram, India
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Lee JS, Lee JS, Kim HS. Toxic effects of triclosan in aquatic organisms: A review focusing on single and combined exposure of environmental conditions and pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170902. [PMID: 38354791 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent commonly used in personal care products. Due to its widespread use and improper disposal, it is also a pervasive contaminant, particularly in aquatic environments. When released into water bodies, TCS can induce deleterious effects on developmental and physiological aspects of aquatic organisms and also interact with environmental stressors such as weather, metals, pharmaceuticals, and microplastics. Multiple studies have described the adverse effects of TCS on aquatic organisms, but few have reported on the interactions between TCS and other environmental conditions and pollutants. Because aquatic environments include a mix of contaminants and natural factors can correlate with contaminants, it is important to understand the toxicological outcomes of combinations of substances. Due to its lipophilic characteristics, TCS can interact with a wide range of substances and environmental stressors in aquatic environments. Here, we identify a need for caution when using TCS by describing not only the effects of exposure to TCS alone on aquatic organisms but also how toxicity changes when it acts in combination with multiple environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sol Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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11
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Liao K, Zhao Y, Qu J, Yu W, Hu S, Fang S, Zhao M, Jin H. Association of serum bisphenols, parabens, and triclosan concentrations with Sjögren Syndrome in the Hangzhou, China population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170031. [PMID: 38220002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been linked to various immune deficiency disorders, including autoimmune diseases like Sjögren Syndrome (SjS). However, the detrimental effects of exposure to EDCs, including bisphenols, parabens, and triclosan (TCS), on SjS have been inadequately documented. Thus, we conducted a cross-sectional study that included both healthy individuals (controls) and patients with SjS (cases). We assessed serum concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), methyl parabens (MeP), ethyl parabens (EtP), and TCS. The relationship between the five EDCs levels and the risk of SjS was also explored. Additionally, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the collective influence of these EDCs mixtures on SjS, employing a weighted quantile sum regression model. Out of the five EDCs analyzed, EtP displayed the highest mean concentration (2.80 ng/mL), followed by BPA (2.66 ng/mL) and MeP (1.99 ng/mL), with TCS registering the lowest level (0.36 ng/mL). Notably, BPS exposure was significantly positively associated with the risk of being diagnosed with SjS (with an odds ratio [OR] of 1.17, p = 0.042). No statistically significant associations with SjS were observed for BPA, MeP, EtP, and TCS (p > 0.05). And we did not observe any significant effects of the EDCs mixture on SjS. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to suggest that BPS may potentially increase the risk of SjS. Although no significant effects were observed between other EDCs and SjS risk, we cannot disregard the potential harm of EDCs due to their non-monotonic dose response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, PR China
| | - Jianli Qu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Wenfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Shetuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Shuhong Fang
- College Resources & Environment, Chengdu University Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China.
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12
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Qian Q, Pu Q, Li X, Liu X, Ni A, Han X, Wang Z, Wang X, Yan J, Wang H. Acute/chronic triclosan exposure induces downregulation of m 6A-RNA methylation modification via mettl3 suppression and elicits developmental and immune toxicity to zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141395. [PMID: 38342143 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a prevalent contaminant in aquatic ecosystems, has been identified as a potential threat to both aquatic biota and human health. Despite its widespread presence, research into the immunotoxic effects of TCS on aquatic organisms is limited, and the underlying mechanisms driving these effects remain largely unexplored. Herein, we investigated the developmental and immune toxicities of environmentally relevant concentrations of TCS in zebrafish, characterized by morphological anomalies, histopathological impairments, and fluctuations in cytological differentiation and biomarkers following both acute (from 6 to 72/120 hpf) and chronic exposure periods (from 30 to 100 dpf). Specifically, acute exposure to TCS resulted in a significant increase in innate immune cells, contrasted by a marked decrease in T cells. Furthermore, we observed that TCS exposure elicited oxidative stress and a reduction in global m6A levels, alongside abnormal expressions within the m6A modification enzyme system in zebrafish larvae. Molecular docking studies suggested that mettl3 might be a target molecule for TCS interaction. Intriguingly, the knock-down of mettl3 mirrored the effects of TCS exposure, adversely impacting the growth and development of zebrafish, as well as the differentiation of innate immune cells. These results provide insights into the molecular basis of TCS-induced immunotoxicity through m6A-RNA epigenetic modification and aid in assessing its ecological risks, informing strategies for disease prevention linked to environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhui Qian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qian Pu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - XingCheng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Anyu Ni
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Xiaowen Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Zejun Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Jin Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Huili Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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13
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Nayak A, Harshitha M, Disha S, Dubey S, Munang'andu HM, Evensen Ø, Karunasagar I, Chakraborty A, Maiti B. In vitro determination of probiotic efficacy of Bacillus subtilis TLDK301120C24 isolated from tilapia against warm water fish pathogens and in vivo validation using gnotobiotic zebrafish model. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106429. [PMID: 37940062 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Eco-friendly alternatives such as probiotics are needed to prevent economically relevant infectious diseases for a successful disease-free harvest in aquaculture. The use of antibiotics has been the favored practice, but its empirical and indiscriminate use has led to antibiotic resistance in the aquatic environment and residues in the food fish. With this rationale, a probiotic was isolated from tilapia, a commercially important cultured fish worldwide. The characteristics of the probiotic were checked against common bacterial pathogens affecting aquaculture. In vitro tests demonstrated the inhibitory effects of the isolated probiotic on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio anguillarum, and V. alginolyticus. The candidate probiotic, referred to as TLDK301120C24, was identified as Bacillus subtilis by a battery of biochemical tests and genotypic confirmation by 16S rDNA sequencing. The in vitro results revealed the ability of the probiotic to withstand the gut conditions that included pH range of 3-9, salt concentration of 0.5-6%, and bile salt concentration of up to 6%. The isolate could hydrolyze starch (12-14 mm clearance zone), protein (20-22 mm clearance zone), and cellulose (22-24 mm clearance zone). Further, the inhibitory ability of the probiotic against aquatic pathogens was determined in vivo using gnotobiotic zebrafish by employing a novel approach that involved tagging the probiotic with a red fluorescent protein and the pathogens with a green fluorescent protein, respectively. The colonizing ability of probiotics and its inhibitory effects against the pathogens were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy, PCR, and estimation of viable counts in LBA + Amp plates. Finally, the competitive inhibition and exclusion of fish pathogens A. hydrophila and E. tarda by B. subtilis was confirmed semi-quantitatively, through challenge experiments. This study shows the potential of B. subtilis as a probiotic and its excellent ability to inhibit major fish pathogens in vivo and in vitro. It also shows promise as a potent substitute for antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwath Nayak
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Mave Harshitha
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Somanath Disha
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Saurabh Dubey
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Section of Experimental Biomedicine, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Øystein Evensen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), DST Technology Enabling Centre, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Molecular Genetics & Cancer, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Biswajit Maiti
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, India.
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14
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Reis FYT, Rocha VP, Janampa-Sarmiento PC, Costa HL, Egger RC, Passos NC, de Assis CHS, Carneiro SP, Santos ÁF, Silva BA, Dorella FA, Leibowitz MP, Luz RK, Pierezan F, Gallani SU, Tavares GC, Figueiredo HCP. Edwardsiella tarda in Tambaqui ( Colossoma macropomum): A Pathogenicity, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Genetic Analysis of Brazilian Isolates. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2910. [PMID: 37760310 PMCID: PMC10526069 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is a crucial pathogenic bacterium in tropical aquaculture. This bacterium was recently isolated from tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), a commercially important fish species in Brazil. This study assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility, pathogenicity, and genetic diversity of the tambaqui-derived E. tarda isolates. Fourteen bacterial isolates isolated from tambaqui were identified as E. tarda by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and dnaJ gene sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted against seven drugs using the disc diffusion assay. The pathogenicity test conducted by intraperitoneal injection of 2.4 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU) fish-1 of E. tarda (ED38-17) into tambaqui juveniles eventually revealed that neither clinical signs nor death were present. However, splenomegaly and whitish areas in the spleen and kidneys were observed. The histological investigation also revealed granulomatous splenitis, nephritis, and hepatitis occurring internally. Repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR fingerprinting separated the 14 isolates into three genetic groups. The antibiogram revealed that all E. tarda isolates were wild-type (WT) to florfenicol (FLO), norfloxacin (NOR), neomycin (NEO), erythromycin (ERY), and oxytetracycline (OXY); however, some were non-wild-type to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (7.1%) and amoxicillin (21.4%). Therefore, through experimental infection, E. tarda ED38-17 could induce pathogenic effects in C. macropomum. Additionally, three distinct genetic types were found, and the E. tarda isolates were WT to FLO, NOR, NEO, ERY, and OXY. These findings raise awareness of a bacteria causing unseen lesions, a pathogen that will potentially impact tambaqui aquaculture in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Yan Tavares Reis
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Victória Pontes Rocha
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Peter Charrie Janampa-Sarmiento
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Henrique Lopes Costa
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Renata Catão Egger
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Naísa Cristine Passos
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Carlos Henrique Santos de Assis
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Sarah Portes Carneiro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Ágna Ferreira Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Brendhal Almeida Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Fernanda Alves Dorella
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Márcia Pimenta Leibowitz
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Ronald Kennedy Luz
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Pierezan
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Umeda Gallani
- Postgraduate Program in Aquaculture, Nilton Lins University, Manaus 69058-030, AM, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Campos Tavares
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Henrique César Pereira Figueiredo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (F.Y.T.R.); (V.P.R.)
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15
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Chen X, Mou L, Qu J, Wu L, Liu C. Adverse effects of triclosan exposure on health and potential molecular mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163068. [PMID: 36965724 PMCID: PMC10035793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
With the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of disinfectants has grown significantly around the world. Triclosan (TCS), namely 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol or 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether, is a broad-spectrum, lipophilic, antibacterial agent that is extensively used in multifarious consumer products. Due to the widespread use and bioaccumulation, TCS is frequently detected in the environment and human biological samples. Accumulating evidence suggests that TCS is considered as a novel endocrine disruptor and may have potential unfavorable effects on human health, but studies on the toxic effect mediated by TCS exposure as well as its underlying mechanisms of action are relatively sparse. Therefore, in this review, we attempted to summarize the potential detrimental effects of TCS exposure on human reproductive health, liver function, intestinal homeostasis, kidney function, thyroid endocrine, and other tissue health, and further explore its mechanisms of action, thereby contributing to the better understanding of TCS characteristics and safety. Moreover, our work suggested the need to further investigate the biological effects of TCS exposure at the metabolic level in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 401120, PR China
| | - Li Mou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 401120, PR China
| | - Jiayuan Qu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 401120, PR China
| | - Liling Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 401120, PR China
| | - Changjiang Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 401120, PR China.
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16
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Sun C, Zhang T, Zhou Y, Liu ZF, Zhang Y, Bian Y, Feng XS. Triclosan and related compounds in the environment: Recent updates on sources, fates, distribution, analytical extraction, analysis, and removal techniques. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161885. [PMID: 36731573 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) has been widely used in daily life because of its broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. The residue of TCS and related compounds in the environment is one of the critical environmental safety problems, and the pandemic of COVID-19 aggravates the accumulation of TCS and related compounds in the environment. Therefore, detecting TCS and related compound residues in the environment is of great significance to human health and environmental safety. The distribution of TCS and related compounds are slightly different worldwide, and the removal methods also have advantages and disadvantages. This paper summarized the research progress on the source, distribution, degradation, analytical extraction, detection, and removal techniques of TCS and related compounds in different environmental samples. The commonly used analytical extraction methods for TCS and related compounds include solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase microextraction, liquid-phase microextraction, and so on. The determination methods include liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, gas chromatography and related methods, sensors, electrochemical method, capillary electrophoresis. The removal techniques in various environmental samples mainly include biodegradation, advanced oxidation, and adsorption methods. Besides, both the pros and cons of different techniques have been compared and summarized, and the development and prospect of each technique have been given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Yu Bian
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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17
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Badawy AAB, Guillemin GJ. Species Differences in Tryptophan Metabolism and Disposition. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221122511. [PMID: 36325027 PMCID: PMC9620070 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221122511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Major species differences in tryptophan (Trp) metabolism and disposition exist
with important physiological, functional and toxicity implications. Unlike
mammalian and other species in which plasma Trp exists largely bound to albumin,
teleosts and other aquatic species possess little or no albumin, such that Trp
entry into their tissues is not hampered, neither is that of environmental
chemicals and toxins, hence the need for strict measures to safeguard their
aquatic environments. In species sensitive to toxicity of excess Trp, hepatic
Trp 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) lacks the free apoenzyme and its glucocorticoid
induction mechanism. These species, which are largely herbivorous, however,
dispose of Trp more rapidly and their TDO is activated by smaller doses of Trp
than Trp-tolerant species. In general, sensitive species may possess a higher
indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity which equips them to resist immune
insults up to a point. Of the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway beyond TDO and
IDO, 2-amino-3-carboxymuconic acid-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD)
determines the extent of progress of the pathway towards NAD+
synthesis and its activity varies across species, with the domestic cat
(Felis catus) being the leading species possessing the
highest activity, hence its inability to utilise Trp for NAD+
synthesis. The paucity of current knowledge of Trp metabolism and disposition in
wild carnivores, invertebrates and many other animal species described here
underscores the need for further studies of the physiology of these species and
its interaction with Trp metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla A-B Badawy
- Formerly School of Health Sciences,
Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Abdulla A-B Badawy, Formerly School of
Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff,
Wales, CF5 2YB, UK.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, MND Research
Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
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18
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Gokulakrishnan M, Kumar R, Pillai BR, Nanda S, Bhuyan SK, Kumari R, Debbarma J, Ferosekhan S, Siddaiah GM, Sundaray JK. Dietary brewer’s spent yeast enhances growth, hematological parameters, and innate immune responses at reducing fishmeal concentration in the diet of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus fingerlings. Front Nutr 2022; 9:982572. [PMID: 36159475 PMCID: PMC9490235 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.982572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to optimally reduce the fishmeal level in climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) fingerling diet using a dietary brewer’s spent yeast biomass (BSY) based diet. In this study, five isonitrogenous (35% CP) and isocaloric (19.15 MJ/Kg) feeds were prepared by replacing 0 (BSY0), 25% (BSY25), 50% (BSY50), 75% (BSY75) and 100% (BSY100) of fishmeal protein using BSY protein. A total of 225 numbers of uniform-sized climbing perch fingerlings (3.29 ± 0.09 g) were randomly stocked in the 15 rectangular FRP (Fiber-reinforced plastic) tanks (150 L capacity). The experimental fish were fed twice daily at 4% BW for the first fortnight and later reduced to 3% BW based on satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, the weight gain (WG) of fish increased with the increasing BSY incorporation rates corresponding to fishmeal content and peaked at 77.88%, and beyond that, WG decreased. Food conversion ratios decreased as dietary BSY levels increased and peaked at 76.28%. All other growth and feed utilization parameters followed a similar trend of weight gain. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerosomatic index (VSI), A:G ratio, serum catalase activity, and monocytes were unaffected and the total serum protein, albumin, globulin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), respiratory burst activity, lysozyme levels, myeloperoxidase activity, hemoglobulin, red blood cells, white blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and gut protease activities were increased significantly (P < 0.05) with the increasing replacement levels and peaked between 25 and 75%. The serum SOD activity and total platelets were decreased, whereas the serum uric acid and gut amylase activities were increased significantly to the increasing levels of FM replacement in the diets (P < 0.05). Among treatments, the BSY100 resulted in an overall poor growth response combined with relatively reduced values in nearly all biochemical parameters. The whole-body composition was nearly unaffected. The integrated biomarker response of various biochemical indicators from the different treatments has shown that the 50% fishmeal protein can be optimally replaced by BSY, which would cause an 18% reduction in the Economic conversion ratio (ECR) and −270.28 gCO2e– reduction in carbon footprint value per kg of climbing perch fingerlings production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Gokulakrishnan
- College of Fisheries (OUAT), Brahmapur, India
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India
- *Correspondence: Rajesh Kumar,
| | - Bindu R. Pillai
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - S. Nanda
- College of Fisheries (OUAT), Brahmapur, India
| | | | - Rakhi Kumari
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jackson Debbarma
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - S. Ferosekhan
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - G. M. Siddaiah
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India
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19
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Tenkov KS, Dubinin MV, Vedernikov AA, Chelyadnikova YA, Belosludtsev KN. An in vivo study of the toxic effects of triclosan on Xenopus laevis (Daudin, 1802) frog: Assessment of viability, tissue damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 259:109401. [PMID: 35764289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the in vivo effect of triclosan on the frog Xenopus laevis (Daudin, 1802). We have found a dose-dependence of the effect of triclosan on the survival of frogs. At a dose of 2 mg/L, the death of frogs was observed already on the 4th day of the experiment, while at a concentration of 0.5 mg/L, the frogs remained viable for 11 days. Triclosan caused damage to the liver tissue, which was expressed in an increase in the area of hemorrhage and the number of melanomacrophage centers. 0.5 mg/L of this agent did not affect the number of frog red blood cells, but reduced their osmotic resistance. Keeping animals in water containing triclosan (0.5 mg/L for 96 h) led to the suppression of the state 3 respiration rate of frog liver mitochondria. This effect was accompanied by suppression of the combined activity of complexes II and III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In parallel with this, we observed a reduction in the Ca2+ retention capacity of frog liver mitochondria, indicating a decrease in the resistance of organelles to mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. The paper discusses the effects of triclosan on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill S Tenkov
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El 424001, Russia.
| | - Mikhail V Dubinin
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El 424001, Russia
| | | | | | - Konstantin N Belosludtsev
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El 424001, Russia; Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
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Sinicropi MS, Iacopetta D, Ceramella J, Catalano A, Mariconda A, Pellegrino M, Saturnino C, Longo P, Aquaro S. Triclosan: A Small Molecule with Controversial Roles. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:735. [PMID: 35740142 PMCID: PMC9220381 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, has been widely used in personal care products, medical products, plastic cutting boards, and food storage containers. Colgate Total® toothpaste, containing 10 mM TCS, is effective in controlling biofilm formation and maintaining gingival health. Given its broad usage, TCS is present ubiquitously in the environment. Given its strong lipophilicity and accumulation ability in organisms, it is potentially harmful to biohealth. Several reports suggest the toxicity of this compound, which is inserted in the class of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In September 2016, TCS was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union in soap products. Despite these problems, its application in personal care products within certain limits is still allowed. Today, it is still unclear whether TCS is truly toxic to mammals and the adverse effects of continuous, long-term, and low concentration exposure remain unknown. Indeed, some recent reports suggest the use of TCS as a repositioned drug for cancer treatment and cutaneous leishmaniasis. In this scenario it is necessary to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of TCS, to understand whether its use is advisable or not. This review intends to highlight the pros and cons that are associated with the use of TCS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Annaluisa Mariconda
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Michele Pellegrino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Carmela Saturnino
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Pasquale Longo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
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21
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Zhao C, Xie R, Qian Q, Yan J, Wang H, Wang X. Triclosan induced zebrafish immunotoxicity by targeting miR-19a and its gene socs3b to activate IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152916. [PMID: 34998771 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, triclosan (TCS) has been confirmed to possess potential immunotoxicity to organisms, but the underlying mechanisms remains unclear. Herein, with the aid of transgenic zebrafish strains Tg (coro1A: EGFP) and Tg (rag2: DsRed), we intuitively observed acute TCS exposure caused the drastic differentiation, abnormal development and distribution of innate immune cells, as well as barriers to formation of adaptive immune T cells. These abnormalities implied occurrence of the cytokine storm, which was further evidenced by expression changes of immune-related genes, and functional biomarkers. Based on transcriptome deep sequencing, target gene prediction and dual luciferase validation, the highly conservative and up-regulated miR-19a was chosen as the research target. Under TCS exposure, miR-19a up-regulation triggered down-regulation of its target gene socs3b, and simultaneously activated the downstream IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Artificial over-expression and knock-down of miR-19a was realized by microinjecting agomir and antagomir, respectively, in 1-2-cell embryos. The miR-19a up-regulation inhibited socs3b expression to activate IL-6/STAT3 pathway, and yielded abnormal changes in the functional cytokine biomarkers, along with the sharp activation of immune responses. These findings disclose the molecular mechanisms regarding TCS-induced immunotoxicity, and offer important theoretical guidance for healthy safety evaluation and disease early warning from TCS pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; College of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ruihui Xie
- Food & Drug Inspection and Testing Center of Puyang City, Puyang 457000, China
| | - Qiuhui Qian
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Jin Yan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Huili Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Xuedong Wang
- College of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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22
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Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Triclosan Induce Cyto-Genotoxicity and Biochemical Alterations in the Hatchlings of Labeo rohita. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112110478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotic Triclosan (TCS) is of great concern because of its existence in a variety of personal, household and healthcare products and continuous discharge in water worldwide. Excessive use of TCS-containing sanitizers and antiseptic products during the COVID-19 pandemic further increased its content in aquatic ecosystems. The present study deals with the cyto-genotoxic effects and biochemical alterations in the hatchlings of Labeo rohita on exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCS. Three-days-old hatchlings were exposed to tap water, acetone (solvent control) and 4 environmentally relevant concentrations (6.3, 12.6, 25.2 and 60 µg/L) of TCS for 14 days and kept for a recovery period of 10 days. The significant concentration-dependent decline in cell viability but increase in micronucleated cells, nucleo-cellular abnormalities (NCAs) and DNA damage parameters like tail length, tail moment, olive tail moment and percent of tail DNA after exposure persisted till the end of recovery period. Glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, uric acid and urea (except for an increase at 60 µg/L) showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) concentration-dependent decrease after 14 days of exposure. The same trend (except for triglycerides, albumin and total bilirubin) continued till 10 days post exposure. In comparison to control, transaminases (alanine and aspartate aminotransferases) increased (p ≤ 0.05) after exposure as well as the recovery period, while a decline in alkaline phosphatase after exposure was followed by a significant increase during the recovery period. The results show that the environmentally relevant concentrations of TCS cause deleterious effects on the hatchlings of L. rohita.
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23
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Kumar S, Paul T, Shukla SP, Kumar K, Karmakar S, Bera KK, Bhushan Kumar C. Biomarkers-based assessment of triclosan toxicity in aquatic environment: A mechanistic review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117569. [PMID: 34438492 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), an emergent pollutant, is raising a global concern due to its toxic effects on organisms and aquatic ecosystems. The non-availability of proven treatment technologies for TCS remediation is the central issue stressing thorough research on understanding the underlying mechanisms of toxicity and assessing vital biomarkers in the aquatic organism for practical monitoring purposes. Given the unprecedented circumstances during COVID 19 pandemic, a several-fold higher discharge of TCS in the aquatic ecosystems cannot be considered a remote possibility. Therefore, identifying potential biomarkers for assessing chronic effects of TCS are prerequisites for addressing the issues related to its ecological impact and its monitoring in the future. It is the first holistic review on highlighting the biomarkers of TCS toxicity based on a comprehensive review of available literature about the biomarkers related to cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, hematological, alterations of gene expression, and metabolic profiling. This review establishes that biomarkers at the subcellular level such as oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, neurotoxicity, and metabolic enzymes can be used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of TCS in future investigations. Micronuclei frequency and % DNA damage proved to be reliable biomarkers for genotoxic effects of TCS in fishes and other aquatic organisms. Alteration of gene expression and metabolic profiling in different organs provides a better insight into mechanisms underlying the biocide's toxicity. In the concluding part of the review, the present status of knowledge about mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance of TCS and its relevance in understanding the toxicity is also discussed referring to the relevant reports on microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Tapas Paul
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - S P Shukla
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kundan Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sutanu Karmakar
- West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Kuntal Krishna Bera
- West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Chandra Bhushan Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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24
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Cao LP, Du JL, Jia R, Ding WD, Xu P, Yin GJ, Zhang T. Effects of cyclophosphamide on antioxidative and immune functions of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) via the TLR-NF-κB signaling pathway. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 239:105956. [PMID: 34496328 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intensive aquaculture often results in immunosuppression in fish, which may cause a series of diseases. In this study, to investigate the immunosuppressive mechanisms in fish, tilapia were intrapleural injected cyclophosphamide (CTX) at the doses of 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg·kg-1 to induce immunosuppression. We determined the viability of immune cells, the content of lysozyme (LZM) and immunoglobulin M (IgM), the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and antioxidant parameters. Meanwhile, the mRNA levels of complement C3 (c3), igm and the genes associated with the TLR-NF-κB signaling pathway in the head kidney (HK) and spleen were also determined. The results showed that CTX had a significant cytotoxic effect on peripheral blood leukocytes, HK macrophages and spleen cells in a dose-dependent manner. The protein and mRNA levels of C3 and IgM were down-regulated with the increase of CTX concentrations in serum, HK and/or spleen. The NO and LZM contents decreased significantly in HK and spleen after CTX treatments with 75 and 100 mg·kg-1. CTX treatments with 50, 75 and/or 100 mg·kg-1 markedly decreased the antioxidant ability and enhanced lipid peroxidation in HK and spleen. Furthermore, qPCR data showed that CTX treatments with 50-100 mg·kg-1 clearly down-regulated the mRNA levels of tlr2, myd88, irak1, traf6, nfκb1, nfκb2, il-6, il-10 and tnf-α in the HK and/or spleen. Overall results suggested that CTX treatment had a cytotoxic effect on immune cells, induced lipid peroxidation, decreased the antioxidant capacity and inhibited immune function. The immunosuppressive mechanisms of CTX may be associated with the TLR-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish immunopharmacology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 2140814, China
| | - Jin-Liang Du
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish immunopharmacology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 2140814, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish immunopharmacology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 2140814, China
| | - Wei-Dong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish immunopharmacology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 2140814, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish immunopharmacology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 2140814, China
| | - Guo-Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish immunopharmacology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, wuxi 2140814, China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- The Affiliated Wuxi Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China.
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25
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Droma D, Kumar S, Paul T, Pal P, Saharan N, Kumar K, Poojary N. Biomarkers for assessing chronic toxicity of carbamazepine, an anticonvulsants drug on Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 87:103691. [PMID: 34153508 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, carbamazepine (CBZ) as an anticonvulsants drug has raised attention because of its safety concern in the aquatic environment. The present study aimed to evaluate the sub-lethal effects of CBZ (1%, 0.1 % and 0.01 % of 96 h LC50) on P. hypophthalmus for 60 days based on haematological, biochemical, and genotoxicity biomarkers. Chronic exposure of CBZ altered blood profiles (total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, haemoglobin) and serum biomarkers such as alkaline phosphates, cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase and transaminase enzymes. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity were also substantially affected in all treatments. Genotoxicity study revealed the formation of micronucleus in erythrocytes of exposed fish. Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) study showed cholesterol, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) in serum and SOD, CAT in liver tissue are the best organ-based enzyme biomarkers. The present report concludes that an environmentally realistic concentration of CBZ can pose a serious threat to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawa Droma
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400 061, India.
| | - Tapas Paul
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Prasenjit Pal
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (I), Lembucherra, Tripura, 799210, India
| | - Neelam Saharan
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Kundan Kumar
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Nalini Poojary
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400 061, India
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26
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An Integrated biomarker approach for explaining the potency of exogenous glucose on transportation induced stress in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5713. [PMID: 33707650 PMCID: PMC7970946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transportation of fish seed is a complex phenomenon associated with multiple kinds of stressors that simultaneously affect the fish in a confined environment, causing stress and mortality. The present study investigated the stress-relieving effect of exogenous glucose as a water additive in different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%) during simulated transportation (12 h) of L. rohita fingerlings. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) index is a holistic tool to determine the optimum dose of exogenous glucose for mitigating transportation stress in fish. Based on selected biomarkers related to the stress hormone, serum biochemistry, oxidative stress, and HSP70 mRNA expression, the IBR index is calculated for each treatment and control group. The result showed a significant change in the level of stress hormone cortisol, enzymes (SGPT, LDH, MDH, SOD, CAT) and metabolites (serum glucose, triglyceride, creatinine) along with an upregulation in liver HSP70 mRNA expression. IBR index suggests that 0.2% glucose exhibited the lowest multi-biomarker stress response in comparison to other treatments and control. Therefore, the use of 0.2% glucose as a water additive will provide a solution to transportation induced stress in L. rohita fingerling and will underwrite the success of grow-out fish culture in days to come.
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