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Martignoni MM, Raulo A, Linkovski O, Kolodny O. SIR+ models: accounting for interaction-dependent disease susceptibility in the planning of public health interventions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12908. [PMID: 38839831 PMCID: PMC11153654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Avoiding physical contact is regarded as one of the safest and most advisable strategies to follow to reduce pathogen spread. The flip side of this approach is that a lack of social interactions may negatively affect other dimensions of health, like induction of immunosuppressive anxiety and depression or preventing interactions of importance with a diversity of microbes, which may be necessary to train our immune system or to maintain its normal levels of activity. These may in turn negatively affect a population's susceptibility to infection and the incidence of severe disease. We suggest that future pandemic modelling may benefit from relying on 'SIR+ models': epidemiological models extended to account for the benefits of social interactions that affect immune resilience. We develop an SIR+ model and discuss which specific interventions may be more effective in balancing the trade-off between minimizing pathogen spread and maximizing other interaction-dependent health benefits. Our SIR+ model reflects the idea that health is not just the mere absence of disease, but rather a state of physical, mental and social well-being that can also be dependent on the same social connections that allow pathogen spread, and the modelling of public health interventions for future pandemics should account for this multidimensionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Martignoni
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Faculty of Sciences, A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Aura Raulo
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Omer Linkovski
- Department of Psychology and The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Oren Kolodny
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Faculty of Sciences, A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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2
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Wang MH, Onnela JP. Flexible Bayesian inference on partially observed epidemics. JOURNAL OF COMPLEX NETWORKS 2024; 12:cnae017. [PMID: 38533184 PMCID: PMC10962317 DOI: 10.1093/comnet/cnae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Individual-based models of contagious processes are useful for predicting epidemic trajectories and informing intervention strategies. In such models, the incorporation of contact network information can capture the non-randomness and heterogeneity of realistic contact dynamics. In this article, we consider Bayesian inference on the spreading parameters of an SIR contagion on a known, static network, where information regarding individual disease status is known only from a series of tests (positive or negative disease status). When the contagion model is complex or information such as infection and removal times is missing, the posterior distribution can be difficult to sample from. Previous work has considered the use of Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC), which allows for simulation-based Bayesian inference on complex models. However, ABC methods usually require the user to select reasonable summary statistics. Here, we consider an inference scheme based on the Mixture Density Network compressed ABC, which minimizes the expected posterior entropy in order to learn informative summary statistics. This allows us to conduct Bayesian inference on the parameters of a partially observed contagious process while also circumventing the need for manual summary statistic selection. This methodology can be extended to incorporate additional simulation complexities, including behavioural change after positive tests or false test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell H Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jukka-Pekka Onnela
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Pujante-Otalora L, Canovas-Segura B, Campos M, Juarez JM. The use of networks in spatial and temporal computational models for outbreak spread in epidemiology: A systematic review. J Biomed Inform 2023; 143:104422. [PMID: 37315830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2023.104422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine recent literature in order to present a comprehensive overview of the current trends as regards the computational models used to represent the propagation of an infectious outbreak in a population, paying particular attention to those that represent network-based transmission. METHODS a systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Papers published in English between 2010 and September 2021 were sought in the ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, PubMed and Scopus databases. RESULTS Upon considering their titles and abstracts, 832 papers were obtained, of which 192 were selected for a full content-body check. Of these, 112 studies were eventually deemed suitable for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Emphasis was placed on the spatial and temporal scales studied, the use of networks or graphs, and the granularity of the data used to evaluate the models. The models principally used to represent the spreading of outbreaks have been stochastic (55.36%), while the type of networks most frequently used are relationship networks (32.14%). The most common spatial dimension used is a region (19.64%) and the most used unit of time is a day (28.57%). Synthetic data as opposed to an external source were used in 51.79% of the papers. With regard to the granularity of the data sources, aggregated data such as censuses or transportation surveys are the most common. CONCLUSION We identified a growing interest in the use of networks to represent disease transmission. We detected that research is focused on only certain combinations of the computational model, type of network (in both the expressive and the structural sense) and spatial scale, while the search for other interesting combinations has been left for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pujante-Otalora
- AIKE Research Group (INTICO), University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | | | - Manuel Campos
- AIKE Research Group (INTICO), University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain; Murcian Bio-Health Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), El Palmar, Murcia 30120, Spain.
| | - Jose M Juarez
- AIKE Research Group (INTICO), University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain.
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Sulaimon TA, Chaters GL, Nyasebwa OM, Swai ES, Cleaveland S, Enright J, Kao RR, Johnson PCD. Modeling the effectiveness of targeting Rift Valley fever virus vaccination using imperfect network information. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1049633. [PMID: 37456963 PMCID: PMC10340087 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1049633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock movements contribute to the spread of several infectious diseases. Data on livestock movements can therefore be harnessed to guide policy on targeted interventions for controlling infectious livestock diseases, including Rift Valley fever (RVF)-a vaccine-preventable arboviral fever. Detailed livestock movement data are known to be useful for targeting control efforts including vaccination. These data are available in many countries, however, such data are generally lacking in others, including many in East Africa, where multiple RVF outbreaks have been reported in recent years. Available movement data are imperfect, and the impact of this uncertainty in the utility of movement data on informing targeting of vaccination is not fully understood. Here, we used a network simulation model to describe the spread of RVF within and between 398 wards in northern Tanzania connected by cattle movements, on which we evaluated the impact of targeting vaccination using imperfect movement data. We show that pre-emptive vaccination guided by only market movement permit data could prevent large outbreaks. Targeted control (either by the risk of RVF introduction or onward transmission) at any level of imperfect movement information is preferred over random vaccination, and any improvement in information reliability is advantageous to their effectiveness. Our modeling approach demonstrates how targeted interventions can be effectively used to inform animal and public health policies for disease control planning. This is particularly valuable in settings where detailed data on livestock movements are either unavailable or imperfect due to resource limitations in data collection, as well as challenges associated with poor compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijani A. Sulaimon
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma L. Chaters
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) Programme, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Obed M. Nyasebwa
- Veterinary Council of Tanzania, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Emanuel S. Swai
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Enright
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rowland R. Kao
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C. D. Johnson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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5
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Ekwem D, Enright J, Hopcraft JGC, Buza J, Shirima G, Shand M, Mwajombe JK, Bett B, Reeve R, Lembo T. Local and wide-scale livestock movement networks inform disease control strategies in East Africa. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9666. [PMID: 37316521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock mobility exacerbates infectious disease risks across sub-Saharan Africa, but enables critical access to grazing and water resources, and trade. Identifying locations of high livestock traffic offers opportunities for targeted control. We focus on Tanzanian agropastoral and pastoral communities that account respectively for over 75% and 15% of livestock husbandry in eastern Africa. We construct networks of livestock connectivity based on participatory mapping data on herd movements reported by village livestock keepers as well as data from trading points to understand how seasonal availability of resources, land-use and trade influence the movements of livestock. In communities that practise agropastoralism, inter- and intra-village connectivity through communal livestock resources (e.g. pasture and water) was 1.9 times higher in the dry compared to the wet season suggesting greater livestock traffic and increased contact probability. In contrast, livestock from pastoral communities were 1.6 times more connected at communal locations during the wet season when they also tended to move farther (by 3 km compared to the dry season). Trade-linked movements were twice more likely from rural to urban locations. Urban locations were central to all networks, particularly those with potentially high onward movements, for example to abattoirs, livestock holding grounds, or other markets, including beyond national boundaries. We demonstrate how livestock movement information can be used to devise strategic interventions that target critical livestock aggregation points (i.e. locations of high centrality values) and times (i.e. prior to and after the wet season in pastoral and agropastoral areas, respectively). Such targeted interventions are a cost-effective approach to limit infection without restricting livestock mobility critical to sustainable livelihoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divine Ekwem
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.
| | - Jessica Enright
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Grant C Hopcraft
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joram Buza
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Gabriel Shirima
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Mike Shand
- School of Geographical & Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - James K Mwajombe
- Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Richard Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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6
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Puspitarani GA, Fuchs R, Fuchs K, Ladinig A, Desvars-Larrive A. Network analysis of pig movement data as an epidemiological tool: an Austrian case study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9623. [PMID: 37316653 PMCID: PMC10267221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal movements represent a major risk for the spread of infectious diseases in the domestic swine population. In this study, we adopted methods from social network analysis to explore pig trades in Austria. We used a dataset of daily records of swine movements covering the period 2015-2021. We analyzed the topology of the network and its structural changes over time, including seasonal and long-term variations in the pig production activities. Finally, we studied the temporal dynamics of the network community structure. Our findings show that the Austrian pig production was dominated by small-sized farms while spatial farm density was heterogeneous. The network exhibited a scale-free topology but was very sparse, suggesting a moderate impact of infectious disease outbreaks. However, two regions (Upper Austria and Styria) may present a higher structural vulnerability. The network also showed very high assortativity between holdings from the same federal state. Dynamic community detection revealed a stable behavior of the clusters. Yet trade communities did not correspond to sub-national administrative divisions and may be an alternative zoning approach to managing infectious diseases. Knowledge about the topology, contact patterns, and temporal dynamics of the pig trade network can support optimized risk-based disease control and surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavrila A Puspitarani
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstaedter Strasse 39, 1080, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Reinhard Fuchs
- Department for Data, Statistics and Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Zinzendorfgasse 27/1, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Systems Sciences, Innovation and Sustainability Research, University of Graz, Merangasse 18/1, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Klemens Fuchs
- Department for Data, Statistics and Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Zinzendorfgasse 27/1, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amélie Desvars-Larrive
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstaedter Strasse 39, 1080, Vienna, Austria
- VetFarm, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Kremesberg 13, 2563, Pottenstein, Austria
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7
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Comper JR, Kelton D, Hand KJ, Poljak Z, Greer AL. Descriptive network analysis and the influence of timescale on centrality and cohesion metrics from a system of between-herd dairy cow movements in Ontario, Canada. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105861. [PMID: 36808003 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that static monthly networks of between-herd dairy cow movements in Ontario, Canada were highly fragmented, reducing potential for large-scale outbreaks. Extrapolating results from static networks can become problematic for diseases with an incubation period that exceeds the timescale of the network. The objectives of this research were to: 1) describe the networks of dairy cow movements in Ontario, and 2) describe the changes that occur among network analysis metrics when conducted at seven different timescales. Networks of dairy cow movements were created using Lactanet Canada milk recording data collected in Ontario between 2009 and 2018. Centrality and cohesion metrics were calculated after aggregating the data at seven timescales: weekly, monthly, semi-annual, annual, biennial, quinquennial, and decennial. There were 50,598 individual cows moved between Lactanet-enrolled farms, representing approximately 75% of provincially registered dairy herds. Most movements occurred over short distances (median = 39.18 km), with fewer long-range movements (maximum = 1150.80 km). The number of arcs increased marginally relative to the number of nodes with longer network timescales. Both mean out-degree, and mean clustering coefficients increased disproportionately with increasing timescale. Conversely, mean network density decreased with increasing timescale. The largest weak and strong components at the monthly timescale were small relative to the full network (267 and 4 nodes), whereas yearly networks had much higher values (2213 and 111 nodes). Higher relative connectivity in networks with longer timescales suggests pathogens with long incubation periods and animals with subclinical infection present increased potential for wide-spread disease transmission among dairy farms in Ontario. Careful consideration of disease-specific dynamics should be made when using static networks to model disease transmission among dairy cow populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reilly Comper
- University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - David Kelton
- University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Karen J Hand
- Precision Strategic Solutions, Puslinch, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Amy L Greer
- University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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8
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The effect of risk-based trading and within-herd measures on Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis spread within and between Irish dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2022; 209:105779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Modeling nation-wide U.S. swine movement networks at the resolution of the individual premises. Epidemics 2022; 41:100636. [PMID: 36274568 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2022.100636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of infectious livestock diseases is a major cause for concern in modern agricultural systems. In the dynamics of the transmission of such diseases, movements of livestock between herds play an important role. When constructing mathematical models used for activities such as forecasting epidemic development, evaluating mitigation strategies, or determining important targets for disease surveillance, including between-premises shipments is often a necessity. In the United States (U.S.), livestock shipment data is not routinely collected, and when it is, it is not readily available and mostly concerned with between-state shipments. To bridge this gap in knowledge and provide insight into the complete livestock shipment network structure, we have developed the U.S. Animal Movement Model (USAMM). Previously, USAMM has only existed for cattle shipments, but here we present a version for domestic swine. This new version of USAMM consists of a Bayesian model fit to premises demography, county-level livestock industry variables, and two limited data sets of between-state swine movements. The model scales up the data to simulate nation-wide networks of both within- and between-state shipments at the level of individual premises. Here we describe this shipment model in detail and subsequently explore its usefulness with a rudimentary predictive model of the prevalence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDv) across the U.S. Additionally, in order to promote further research on livestock disease and other topics involving the movements of swine in the U.S., we also make 250 synthetic premises-level swine shipment networks with complete coverage of the entire conterminous U.S. freely available to the research community as a useful surrogate for the absent shipment data.
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10
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NETWORK ANALYSIS OF CATTLE MOVEMENTS IN CHILE: IMPLICATIONS POR PATHOGEN SPREAD AND CONTROL. Prev Vet Med 2022; 204:105644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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A mechanistic model captures livestock trading, disease dynamics, and compensatory behaviour in response to control measures. J Theor Biol 2022; 539:111059. [PMID: 35181285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trade is a complex, multi-faceted process that can contribute to the spread and persistence of disease. We here develop novel mechanistic models of supply. Our model is framed within a livestock trading system, where farms form and end trade partnerships with rates dependent on current demand, with these trade partnerships facilitating trade between partners. With these time-varying, stock dependent partnership and trade dynamics, our trading model goes beyond current state of the art modelling approaches. By studying instantaneous shocks to farm-level supply and demand we show that behavioural responses of farms lead to trading systems that are highly resistant to shocks with only temporary disturbances to trade observed. Individual adaptation in response to permanent alterations to trading propensities, such that animal flows are maintained, illustrates the ability for farms to find new avenues of trade, minimising disruptions imposed by such alterations to trade that common modelling approaches cannot adequately capture. In the context of endemic disease control, we show that these adaptations hinder the potential beneficial reductions in prevalence suTrade is a complex, multi-faceted process that can contribute to the spread and persistence of disease. We here develop novel mechanistic models ofch changes to trading propensities have previously been shown to confer. Assessing the impact of a common disease control measure, post-movement batch testing, highlights the ability for our model to measure the stress on multiple components of trade imposed by such control measures and also highlights the temporary and, in some cases, the permanent disturbances to trade that post-movement testing has on the trading system.
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12
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Identifying Important Nodes in Complex Networks Based on Node Propagation Entropy. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24020275. [PMID: 35205569 PMCID: PMC8871465 DOI: 10.3390/e24020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the identification of the essential nodes in complex networks has attracted significant attention because of their theoretical and practical significance in many applications, such as preventing and controlling epidemic diseases and discovering essential proteins. Several importance measures have been proposed from diverse perspectives to identify crucial nodes more accurately. In this paper, we propose a novel importance metric called node propagation entropy, which uses a combination of the clustering coefficients of nodes and the influence of the first- and second-order neighbor numbers on node importance to identify essential nodes from an entropy perspective while considering the local and global information of the network. Furthermore, the susceptible–infected–removed and susceptible–infected–removed–susceptible epidemic models along with the Kendall coefficient are used to reveal the relevant correlations among the various importance measures. The results of experiments conducted on several real networks from different domains show that the proposed metric is more accurate and stable in identifying significant nodes than many existing techniques, including degree centrality, betweenness centrality, closeness centrality, eigenvector centrality, and H-index.
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13
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Quantifying changes in the British cattle movement network. Prev Vet Med 2021; 198:105524. [PMID: 34775127 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The modelling of disease spread is crucial to the farming industry and policy makers. In some of these industries, excellent data exist on animal movements, along with the networks that these movements create, and allow researchers to model spread of disease (both epidemic and endemic). The Cattle Tracing System is an online recording system for cattle births, deaths and between-herd movements in the United Kingdom and is an excellent resource for any researchers interested in networks or modelling infectious disease spread through the UK cattle system. Data exist that cover many years, and it can be useful to know how much change is occurring in a network, to help judge the merit of using historical data within a modelling context. This article uses the data to construct weighted directed monthly movement networks for two distinct periods of time, 2004-2006 and 2015-2017, to quantify by how much the underlying structure of the network has changed. Substantial changes in network structure may influence policy-makers directly or may influence models built upon the network data, and these in turn could impact policy-makers and their assessment of risk. We examined 13 network metrics, ranging from general descriptive metrics such as total number of nodes with movements and total movements, through to metrics to describe the network (e.g., Giant weakly and strongly connected components) and metrics calculated per node (betweenness, degree and strength). Mixed effect models show that there is a statistically significant effect of the period (2004-2006 vs 2015-2017) in the values of nine of the 13 network metrics. For example median total degree decreased by 19%. In addition to examining networks for two time periods, two updates of the data were examined to determine by how much the movement data stored for 2004-2006 had been cleansed between updates. Examination of these updates shows that there are small decreases in problem movements (such as animals leaving slaughterhouses) and therefore evidence of historical data being improved between updates. In combination with the significant effect of period on many of the network metrics, the modification of data between updates provides further evidence that the most recent available data should be used for network modelling. This will ensure that the most representative descriptions of the network are available to provide accurate modelling results to best inform policy makers.
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14
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Ezanno P, Arnoux S, Joly A, Vermesse R. Rewiring cattle trade movements helps to control bovine paratuberculosis at a regional scale. Prev Vet Med 2021; 198:105529. [PMID: 34808579 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a worldwide disease mainly introduced through trade. Due to the low sensitivity of diagnostic tests, it is difficult to protect herds from purchasing infected animals. Our objective was to assess if rewiring trade networks to promote risk-based movements could reduce the spread of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) between dairy cattle herds at a regional scale. Two levels of control strategies were assessed. At the between-herd scale, trade rewiring aimed to prevent animals from high-risk herds moving into low-risk herds. At the within-herd scale, complementary additional measures were considered based on the herd infection status, aiming to limit the within-herd spread by reducing calf exposure to adult faeces and culling more rapidly after positive test results. We used a stochastic individual-based and between-herd mechanistic epidemiological model adapted to the 12,857 dairy cattle herds located in Brittany, western France. We compared the regional spread of MAP using observed trade movements against a rewiring algorithm rendering trade movements risk-based. All females over two years old were tested. Based on the results, and taking into account the low test sensitivity, herds were annually assigned one of three statuses: A if the estimated true prevalence was below 7%, B if it ranged from 7 to 21 %, C otherwise. We also identified herds with a high probability of being MAP-free (AAA herds that had obtained an A status over three consecutive years) to assess the effect of decreasing their risk of purchasing infected animals on MAP regional spread. We showed that movement rewiring to prevent the sale of animals from high to low-prevalence herds reduces MAP regional spread. Targeting AAA herds made it possible to minimize the control effort to decrease MAP regional spread. However, animals purchased by AAA herds should have a moderate to high probability of being MAP-free, especially if the risk of purchasing animals from herds of unknown status cannot be managed. Improved hygiene and early culling of positive animals were relevant complementary on-farm control options to further decrease MAP spread. Future studies should identify how to define herd statuses to target optimal control measure combinations that could reduce the spread of MAP on a regional scale most effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ezanno
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44300, Nantes, France.
| | - S Arnoux
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - A Joly
- Groupement de Défense Sanitaire de Bretagne, 56019, Vannes, France
| | - R Vermesse
- Groupement de Défense Sanitaire de Bretagne, 56019, Vannes, France
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15
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Tang H, Fournié G, Li J, Zou L, Shen C, Wang Y, Cai C, Edwards J, Robertson ID, Huang B, Bruce M. Analysis of the movement of live broilers in Guangxi, China and implications for avian influenza control. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e775-e787. [PMID: 34693647 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most Chinese provinces have a daily-updated database of live animal movements; however, the data are not efficiently utilized to support interventions to control H7N9 and other avian influenzas. Based on official records, this study assessed the spatio-temporal patterns of live broilers moved out of and within Guangxi in 2017. The yearly and monthly networks were analyzed for inter- and intra-provincial movements, respectively. Approximately 200,000 movements occurred in 2017, involving the transport of 200 million live broilers from Guangxi. Although Guangxi exported to 24 out of 32 provinces of China, 95% of inter-provincial movements occurred with three bordering provinces. Within Guangxi, counties were highly connected through the live broiler movements, creating conditions for rapid virus spreading throughout the province. Interestingly, a peak in movements during the Chinese Lunar New Year celebrations, late January in 2017, was not observed in this study, likely due to H7N9-related control measures constraining live bird trading. Both intra- and inter-provincial movements in March 2017 were significantly higher than in other months of that year, suggesting that dramatic price changes may influence the movement's network and reshape the risk pathways. However, despite these variations, the same small proportion of counties (less than 20%) exporting/importing more than 90% of inter- and intra-provincial movements remains the same throughout the year. Interventions, particularly surveillance and improving biosecurity, targeted to those counties are thus likely to be more effective for avian influenza risk mitigation than implemented indiscriminately. Additionally, simulations further demonstrated that targeting counties according to their degree or betweenness in the movement network would be the most efficient way to limit disease transmission via broiler movements. The study findings provide evidence to support the design of risk-based control interventions for H7N9 and all other avian influenza viruses in broiler value chains in Guangxi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, China.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Jinming Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, China
| | - Lianbin Zou
- Guangxi Centre of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Chaojian Shen
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, China
| | - Youming Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, China
| | - Chang Cai
- China Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John Edwards
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, China.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ian D Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baoxu Huang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, China
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.,Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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16
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Greening SS, Rawdon TG, Mulqueen K, French NP, Gates MC. Using multiple data sources to explore disease transmission risk between commercial poultry, backyard poultry, and wild birds in New Zealand. Prev Vet Med 2021; 190:105327. [PMID: 33740595 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The movements of backyard poultry and wild bird populations are known to pose a disease risk to the commercial poultry industry. However, it is often difficult to estimate this risk due to the lack of accurate data on the numbers, locations, and movement patterns of these populations. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the use of three different data sources when investigating disease transmission risk between poultry populations in New Zealand including (1) cross-sectional survey data looking at the movement of goods and services within the commercial poultry industry, (2) backyard poultry sales data from the online auction site TradeMe®, and (3) citizen science data from the wild bird monitoring project eBird. The cross-sectional survey data and backyard poultry sales data were transformed into network graphs showing the connectivity of commercial and backyard poultry producers across different geographical regions. The backyard poultry network was also used to parameterise a Susceptible-Infectious (SI) simulation model to explore the behaviour of potential disease outbreaks. The citizen science data was used to create an additional map showing the spatial distribution of wild bird observations across New Zealand. To explore the potential for diseases to spread between each population, maps were combined into bivariate choropleth maps showing the overlap between movements within the commercial poultry industry, backyard poultry trades and, wild bird observations. Network analysis revealed that the commercial poultry network was highly connected with geographical clustering around the urban centres of Auckland, New Plymouth and Christchurch. The backyard poultry network was also a highly active trade network and displayed similar geographic clustering to the commercial network. In the disease simulation models, the high connectivity resulted in all suburbs becoming infected in 96.4 % of the SI simulations. Analysis of the eBird data included reports of over 80 species; the majority of which were identified as coastal seabirds or wading birds that showed little overlap with either backyard or commercial poultry. Overall, our study findings highlight how the spatial patterns of trading activity within the commercial poultry industry, alongside the movement of backyard poultry and wild birds, have the potential to contribute significantly to the spread of diseases between these populations. However, it is clear that in order to fully understand this risk landscape, further data integration is needed; including the use of additional datasets that have further information on critical variables such as environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Greening
- Massey University School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Thomas G Rawdon
- Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Kerry Mulqueen
- Poultry Industry Association of New Zealand (PIANZ), Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P French
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Massey University School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- Massey University School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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17
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Knight MA, White PCL, Hutchings MR, Davidson RS, Marion G. Generative models of network dynamics provide insight into the effects of trade on endemic livestock disease. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:201715. [PMID: 33959334 PMCID: PMC8074963 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We develop and apply analytically tractable generative models of livestock movements at national scale. These go beyond current models through mechanistic modelling of heterogeneous trade partnership network dynamics and the trade events that occur on them. Linking resulting animal movements to disease transmission between farms yields analytical expressions for the basic reproduction number R 0. We show how these novel modelling tools enable systems approaches to disease control, using R 0 to explore impacts of changes in trading practices on between-farm prevalence levels. Using the Scottish cattle trade network as a case study, we show our approach captures critical complexities of real-world trade networks at the national scale for a broad range of endemic diseases. Changes in trading patterns that minimize disruption to business by maintaining in-flow of animals for each individual farm reduce R 0, with the largest reductions for diseases that are most challenging to eradicate. Incentivizing high-risk farms to adopt such changes exploits 'scale-free' properties of the system and is likely to be particularly effective in reducing national livestock disease burden and incursion risk. Encouragingly, gains made by such targeted modification of trade practices scale much more favourably than comparably targeted improvements to more commonly adopted farm-level biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. Knight
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5NG, UK
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Piran C. L. White
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | | | - Ross S. Davidson
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Glenn Marion
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
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18
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Brommesson P, Sellman S, Beck-Johnson L, Hallman C, Murrieta D, Webb CT, Miller RS, Portacci K, Lindström T. Assessing intrastate shipments from interstate data and expert opinion. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:192042. [PMID: 33959304 PMCID: PMC8074939 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.192042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Live animal shipments are a potential route for transmitting animal diseases between holdings and are crucial when modelling spread of infectious diseases. Yet, complete contact networks are not available in all countries, including the USA. Here, we considered a 10% sample of Interstate Certificate of Veterinary Inspections from 1 year (2009). We focused on distance dependence in contacts and investigated how different functional forms affect estimates of unobserved intrastate shipments. To further enhance our predictions, we included responses from an expert elicitation survey about the proportion of shipments moving intrastate. We used hierarchical Bayesian modelling to estimate parameters describing the kernel and effects of expert data. We considered three functional forms of spatial kernels and the inclusion or exclusion of expert data. The resulting six models were ranked by widely applicable information criterion (WAIC) and deviance information criterion (DIC) and evaluated through within- and out-of-sample validation. We showed that predictions of intrastate shipments were mildly influenced by the functional form of the spatial kernel but kernel shapes that permitted a fat tail at large distances while maintaining a plateau-shaped behaviour at short distances better were preferred. Furthermore, our study showed that expert data may not guarantee enhanced predictions when expert estimates are disparate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Brommesson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Division of Theoretical Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stefan Sellman
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Division of Theoretical Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Clayton Hallman
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Deedra Murrieta
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Colleen T. Webb
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ryan S. Miller
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Katie Portacci
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Tom Lindström
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Division of Theoretical Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
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19
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Makau DN, Paploski IAD, Corzo CA, VanderWaal K. Dynamic network connectivity influences the spread of a sub-lineage of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:524-537. [PMID: 33529439 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Swine production in the United States is characterized by dynamic farm contacts through animal movements; such movements shape the risk of disease occurrence on farms. Pig movements have been linked to the spread of a virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), RFLP type 1-7-4, herein denoted as phylogenetic sub-lineage 1A [L1A]. This study aimed to quantify the contribution of pig movements to the risk of L1A occurrence on farms in the United States. Farms were defined as L1A-positive in a given 6-month period if at least one L1A sequence was recovered from the farm. Temporal network autocorrelation modelling was performed using data on animal movements and 1,761 PRRSV ORF5 sequences linked to 494 farms from a dense pig production area in the United States between 2014 and 2017. A farm's current and past exposure to L1A and other PRRSV variants was assessed through its primary and secondary contacts in the animal movement network. Primary and secondary contacts with an L1A-positive farm increased the likelihood of L1A occurrence on a farm by 19% (p = .04) and 23% (p = .03), respectively. While the risk posed by primary contacts with PRRS-positive farms is unsurprising, the observation that secondary contacts also increase the likelihood of infection is novel. Risk of L1A occurrence on a farm also increased by 3.0% (p = .01) for every additional outgoing shipment, possibly due to biosecurity breaches during loading and transporting pigs from the farm. Finally, use of vaccines or field virus inoculation on sow farms one year prior reduced the risk of L1A occurrence in downstream farms by 36% (p = .04), suggesting that control measures that reduce viral circulation and enhance immunological protection in sow farms have a carry-over effect on L1A occurrence in downstream farms. Therefore, coordinated disease management interventions between farms connected via animal movements may be more effective than individual farm-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis N Makau
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Igor A D Paploski
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Cesar A Corzo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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20
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Use of Network Analysis and Spread Models to Target Control Actions for Bovine Tuberculosis in a State from Brazil. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020227. [PMID: 33499225 PMCID: PMC7912437 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock movements create complex dynamic interactions among premises that can be represented, interpreted, and used for epidemiological purposes. These movements are a very important part of the production chain but may also contribute to the spread of infectious diseases through the transfer of infected animals over large distances. Social network analysis (SNA) can be used to characterize cattle trade patterns and to identify highly connected premises that may act as hubs in the movement network, which could be subjected to targeted control measures in order to reduce the transmission of communicable diseases such as bovine tuberculosis (TB). Here, we analyzed data on cattle movement and slaughterhouse surveillance for detection of TB-like lesions (TLL) over the 2016-2018 period in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) in Brazil with the following aims: (i) to characterize cattle trade describing the static full, yearly, and monthly snapshots of the network contact trade, (ii) to identify clusters in the space and contact networks of premises from which animals with TLL originated, and (iii) to evaluate the potential of targeted control actions to decrease TB spread in the cattle population of RS using a stochastic metapopulation disease transmission model that simulated within-farm and between-farm disease spread. We found heterogeneous densities of premises and animals in the study area. The analysis of the contact network revealed a highly connected (~94%) trade network, with strong temporal trends, especially for May and November. The TLL cases were significantly clustered in space and in the contact network, suggesting the potential for both local (e.g., fence-to-fence) and movement-mediated TB transmission. According to the disease spread model, removing the top 7% connected farms based on degree and betweenness could reduce the total number of infected farms over three years by >50%. In conclusion, the characterization of the cattle network suggests that highly connected farms may play a role in TB dissemination, although being close to infected farms was also identified as a risk factor for having animals with TLL. Surveillance and control actions based on degree and betweenness could be useful to break the transmission cycle between premises in RS.
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21
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Morel-Journel T, Assié S, Vergu E, Mercier JB, Bonnet-Beaugrand F, Ezanno P. Minimizing the number of origins in batches of weaned calves to reduce their risks of developing bovine respiratory diseases. Vet Res 2021; 52:5. [PMID: 33413651 PMCID: PMC7792323 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00872-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) are a major concern for the beef cattle industry, as beef calves overwhelmingly develop BRD symptoms during the first weeks after their arrival at fattening units. These cases occur after weaned calves from various cow-calf producers are grouped into batches to be sold to fatteners. Cross-contaminations between calves from different origins (potentially carrying different pathogens), together with increased stress because of the process of batch creation, can increase their risks of developing BRD symptoms. This study investigated whether reducing the number of different origins per batch is a strategy to reduce the risk of BRD cases. We developed an algorithm aimed at creating batches with as few origins as possible, while respecting constraints on the number and breed of the calves. We tested this algorithm on a dataset of 137,726 weaned calves grouped into 9701 batches by a French organization. We also computed an index assessing the risks of developing BRD because of the batch composition by considering four pathogens involved in the BRD system. While increasing the heterogeneity of batches in calf bodyweight, which is not expected to strongly impact the performance, our algorithm successfully decreased the average number of origins in the same batch and their risk index. Both this algorithm and the risk index can be used as part of decision tool to assess and possibly minimize BRD risk at batch creation, but they are generic enough to assess health risk for other production animals, and optimize the homogeneity of selected characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elisabeta Vergu
- INRAE, Université Paris-SaclayMaIAGE, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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22
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Schirdewahn F, Lentz HHK, Colizza V, Koher A, Hövel P, Vidondo B. Early warning of infectious disease outbreaks on cattle-transport networks. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244999. [PMID: 33406156 PMCID: PMC7787438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of infectious diseases in livestock is traditionally carried out at the farms, which are the typical units of epidemiological investigations and interventions. In Central and Western Europe, high-quality, long-term time series of animal transports have become available and this opens the possibility to new approaches like sentinel surveillance. By comparing a sentinel surveillance scheme based on markets to one based on farms, the primary aim of this paper is to identify the smallest set of sentinel holdings that would reliably and timely detect emergent disease outbreaks in Swiss cattle. Using a data-driven approach, we simulate the spread of infectious diseases according to the reported or available daily cattle transport data in Switzerland over a four year period. Investigating the efficiency of surveillance at either market or farm level, we find that the most efficient early warning surveillance system [the smallest set of sentinels that timely and reliably detect outbreaks (small outbreaks at detection, short detection delays)] would be based on the former, rather than the latter. We show that a detection probability of 86% can be achieved by monitoring all 137 markets in the network. Additional 250 farm sentinels—selected according to their risk—need to be placed under surveillance so that the probability of first hitting one of these farm sentinels is at least as high as the probability of first hitting a market. Combining all markets and 1000 farms with highest risk of infection, these two levels together will lead to a detection probability of 99%. We conclude that the design of animal surveillance systems greatly benefits from the use of the existing abundant and detailed animal transport data especially in the case of highly dynamic cattle transport networks. Sentinel surveillance approaches can be tailored to complement existing farm risk-based and syndromic surveillance approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Schirdewahn
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut H. K. Lentz
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Vittoria Colizza
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Koher
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Hövel
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Beatriz Vidondo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern-Liebefeld, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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23
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van Andel M, Tildesley MJ, Gates MC. Challenges and opportunities for using national animal datasets to support foot-and-mouth disease control. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1800-1813. [PMID: 32986919 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
National level databases of animal numbers, locations and movements provide the essential foundations for disease preparedness, outbreak investigations and control activities. These activities are particularly important for managing and mitigating the risks of high-impact transboundary animal disease outbreaks such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which can significantly affect international trade access and domestic food security. In countries where livestock production systems are heavily subsidized by the government, producers are often required to provide detailed animal movement and demographic data as a condition of business. In the remaining countries, it can be difficult to maintain these types of databases and impossible to estimate the extent of missing or inaccurate information due to the absence of gold standard datasets for comparison. Consequently, competent authorities are often required to make decisions about disease preparedness and control based on available data, which may result in suboptimal outcomes for their livestock industries. It is important to understand the limitations of poor data quality as well as the range of methods that have been developed to compensate in both disease-free and endemic situations. Using FMD as a case example, this review first discusses the different activities that competent authorities use farm-level animal population data for to support (1) preparedness activities in disease-free countries, (2) response activities during an acute outbreak in a disease-free country, and (3) eradication and control activities in an endemic country. We then discuss (4) data requirements needed to support epidemiological investigations, surveillance, and disease spread modelling both in disease-free and endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary van Andel
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Operations Branch, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Tildesley
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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24
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Fielding HR, McKinley TJ, Delahay RJ, Silk MJ, McDonald RA. Characterization of potential superspreader farms for bovine tuberculosis: A review. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:310-321. [PMID: 32937038 PMCID: PMC8025614 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Variation in host attributes that influence their contact rates and infectiousness can lead some individuals to make disproportionate contributions to the spread of infections. Understanding the roles of such ‘superspreaders’ can be crucial in deciding where to direct disease surveillance and controls to greatest effect. In the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in Great Britain, it has been suggested that a minority of cattle farms or herds might make disproportionate contributions to the spread of Mycobacterium bovis, and hence might be considered ‘superspreader farms’. Objectives and Methods We review the literature to identify the characteristics of farms that have the potential to contribute to exceptional values in the three main components of the farm reproductive number ‐ Rf: contact rate, infectiousness and duration of infectiousness, and therefore might characterize potential superspreader farms for bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain. Results Farms exhibit marked heterogeneity in contact rates arising from between‐farm trading of cattle. A minority of farms act as trading hubs that greatly augment connections within cattle trading networks. Herd infectiousness might be increased by high within‐herd transmission or the presence of supershedding individuals, or infectiousness might be prolonged due to undetected infections or by repeated local transmission, via wildlife or fomites. Conclusions Targeting control methods on putative superspreader farms might yield disproportionate benefits in controlling endemic bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain. However, real‐time identification of any such farms, and integration of controls with industry practices, present analytical, operational and policy challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Fielding
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | | | - Richard J Delahay
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Matthew J Silk
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Robbie A McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
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25
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Ezanno P, Andraud M, Beaunée G, Hoch T, Krebs S, Rault A, Touzeau S, Vergu E, Widgren S. How mechanistic modelling supports decision making for the control of enzootic infectious diseases. Epidemics 2020; 32:100398. [PMID: 32622313 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2020.100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling enzootic diseases, which generate a large cumulative burden and are often unregulated, is needed for sustainable farming, competitive agri-food chains, and veterinary public health. We discuss the benefits and challenges of mechanistic epidemiological modelling for livestock enzootics, with particular emphasis on the need for interdisciplinary approaches. We focus on issues arising when modelling pathogen spread at various scales (from farm to the region) to better assess disease control and propose targeted options. We discuss in particular the inclusion of farmers' strategic decision-making, the integration of within-host scale to refine intervention targeting, and the need to ground models on data.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ezanno
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Site de la Chantrerie, CS40706, 44307 Nantes, France.
| | - M Andraud
- Unité épidémiologie et bien-être du porc, Anses Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, Ploufragan, France.
| | - G Beaunée
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Site de la Chantrerie, CS40706, 44307 Nantes, France.
| | - T Hoch
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Site de la Chantrerie, CS40706, 44307 Nantes, France.
| | - S Krebs
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Site de la Chantrerie, CS40706, 44307 Nantes, France.
| | - A Rault
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Site de la Chantrerie, CS40706, 44307 Nantes, France.
| | - S Touzeau
- INRAE, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, ISA, France; Inria, INRAE, CNRS, Université Paris Sorbonne, Université Côte d'Azur, BIOCORE, France.
| | - E Vergu
- INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, MaIAGE, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - S Widgren
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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26
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Greening SS, Mulqueen K, Rawdon TG, French NP, Gates MC. Estimating the level of disease risk and biosecurity on commercial poultry farms in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2020; 68:261-271. [PMID: 32212922 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2020.1746208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To collect baseline data on the contact risk pathways and biosecurity practices of commercial poultry farms in New Zealand, investigate the relationship between the farm-level disease contact risks and biosecurity practices, and identify important poultry health concerns of producers. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of all registered New Zealand commercial poultry operations was conducted in 2016 collecting information on farm demographics, biosecurity practices, and contact risk pathways. Survey responses were used to generate an unweighted subjective disease risk score based on eight risk criteria and a subjective biosecurity score based on the frequency with which producers reported implementing seven biosecurity measures. Producer opinions towards poultry health issues were also determined. Results: Responses to the survey response were obtained from 120/414 (29.0%) producers, including 57/157 (36.3%) broiler, 33/169 (19.5%) layer, 24/55 (44%) breeder, and 6/32 (19%) other poultry production types. Median disease risk scores differed between production types (p < 0.001) and were lowest for breeder enterprises. The greatest risk for layer and broiler enterprises was from the potential movement of employees between sheds, and for breeder enterprises was the on- and off-farm movement of goods and services. Median biosecurity scores also differed between production types (p < 0.001), and were highest for breeder and broiler enterprises. Across all sectors there was no statistical correlation between biosecurity scores and disease risk scores. Producers showed a high level of concern over effectively managing biosecurity measures. Conclusions: The uptake of biosecurity measures in the commercial poultry farms surveyed was highly variable, with some having very low scores despite significant potential disease contact risks. This may be related to the low prevalence or absence of many important infectious poultry diseases in New Zealand leading farmers to believe there is a limited need to maintain good biosecurity as well as farmer uncertainty around the efficacy of different biosecurity measures. Further research is needed to understand barriers towards biosecurity adoption including evaluating the cost-effectiveness of biosecurity interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Greening
- Epicentre, Massey University School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K Mulqueen
- Poultry Industry Association of New Zealand (PIANZ), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - T G Rawdon
- Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - N P French
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M C Gates
- Epicentre, Massey University School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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27
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Li Y, Huang B, Shen C, Cai C, Wang Y, Edwards J, Zhang G, Robertson ID. Pig trade networks through live pig markets in Guangdong Province, China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1315-1329. [PMID: 31903722 PMCID: PMC7228257 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study used social network analysis to investigate the indirect contact network between counties through the movement of live pigs through four wholesale live pig markets in Guangdong Province, China. All 14,118 trade records for January and June 2016 were collected from the markets and the patterns of pig trade in these markets analysed. Maps were developed to show the movement pathways. Evaluating the network between source counties was the primary objective of this study. A 1‐mode network was developed. Characteristics of the trading network were explored, and the degree, betweenness and closeness were calculated for each source county. Models were developed to compare the impacts of different disease control strategies on the potential magnitude of an epidemic spreading through this network. The results show that pigs from 151 counties were delivered to the four wholesale live pig markets in January and/or June 2016. More batches (truckloads of pigs sourced from one or more piggeries) were traded in these markets in January (8,001) than in June 2016 (6,117). The pigs were predominantly sourced from counties inside Guangdong Province (90%), along with counties in Hunan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Fujian and Henan provinces. The major source counties (46 in total) contributed 94% of the total batches during the two‐month study period. Pigs were sourced from piggeries located 10 to 1,417 km from the markets. The distribution of the nodes' degrees in both January and June indicates a free‐scale network property, and the network in January had a higher clustering coefficient (0.54 vs. 0.39) and a shorter average pathway length (1.91 vs. 2.06) than that in June. The most connected counties of the network were in the central, northern and western regions of Guangdong Province. Compared with randomly removing counties from the network, eliminating counties with higher betweenness, degree or closeness resulted in a greater reduction of the magnitude of a potential epidemic. The findings of this study can be used to inform targeted control interventions for disease spread through this live pig market trade network in south China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Baoxu Huang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Chaojian Shen
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Chang Cai
- Research and Innovation Office, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,China Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youming Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - John Edwards
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ian D Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,China-Australia Joint Research and Training Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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28
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Qi L, Beaunée G, Arnoux S, Dutta BL, Joly A, Vergu E, Ezanno P. Neighbourhood contacts and trade movements drive the regional spread of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). Vet Res 2019; 50:30. [PMID: 31036076 PMCID: PMC6489178 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the regional spread of endemic pathogens, investigations are required both at within and between population levels. The bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is such a pathogen, spreading among cattle herds mainly due to trade movements and neighbourhood contacts, and causing an endemic disease with economic consequences. To assess the contribution of both transmission routes on BVDV regional and local spread, we developed an original epidemiological model combining data-driven and mechanistic approaches, accounting for heterogeneous within-herd dynamics, animal movements and neighbourhood contacts. Extensive simulations were performed over 9 years in an endemic context in a French region with high cattle density. The most uncertain model parameters were calibrated on summary statistics of epidemiological data, highlighting that neighbourhood contacts and within-herd transmission should be high. We showed that neighbourhood contacts and trade movements complementarily contribute to BVDV spread on a regional scale in endemically infected and densely populated areas, leading to intense fade-out/colonization events: neighbourhood contacts generate the vast majority of outbreaks (72%) but mostly in low immunity herds and correlated to a rather short presence of persistently infected animals (P); trade movements generate fewer infections but could affect herds with higher immunity and generate a prolonged presence of P. Both movements and neighbourhood contacts should be considered when designing control or eradication strategies for densely populated region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyuan Qi
- BIOEPAR, Oniris, INRA, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France.,MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gaël Beaunée
- BIOEPAR, Oniris, INRA, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Sandie Arnoux
- BIOEPAR, Oniris, INRA, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Bhagat Lal Dutta
- BIOEPAR, Oniris, INRA, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France.,MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alain Joly
- Groupement de Défense Sanitaire de Bretagne, 56019, Vannes, France
| | - Elisabeta Vergu
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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29
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Gorsich EE, Miller RS, Mask HM, Hallman C, Portacci K, Webb CT. Spatio-temporal patterns and characteristics of swine shipments in the U.S. based on Interstate Certificates of Veterinary Inspection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3915. [PMID: 30850719 PMCID: PMC6408505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40556-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic swine production in the United States is a critical economic and food security industry, yet there is currently no large-scale quantitative assessment of swine shipments available to support risk assessments. In this study, we provide a national-level characterization of the swine industry by quantifying the demographic (i.e. age, sex) patterns, spatio-temporal patterns, and the production diversity within swine shipments. We characterize annual networks of swine shipments using a 30% stratified sample of Interstate Certificates of Veterinary Inspection (ICVI), which are required for the interstate movement of agricultural animals. We used ICVIs in 2010 and 2011 from eight states that represent 36% of swine operations and 63% of the U.S. swine industry. Our analyses reflect an integrated and spatially structured industry with high levels of spatial heterogeneity. Most shipments carried young swine for feeding or breeding purposes and carried a median of 330 head (range: 1–6,500). Geographically, most shipments went to and were shipped from Iowa, Minnesota, and Nebraska. This work, therefore, suggests that although the swine industry is variable in terms of its size and type of swine, counties in states historically known for breeding and feeding operations are consistently more central to the shipment network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Gorsich
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. .,Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. .,The Zeeman Institute: Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. .,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Ryan S Miller
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,USDA APHIS Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Holly M Mask
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Clayton Hallman
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,USDA APHIS Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Katie Portacci
- USDA APHIS Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Colleen T Webb
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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30
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Wiratsudakul A, Sekiguchi S. The implementation of cattle market closure strategies to mitigate the foot-and-mouth disease epidemics: A contact modeling approach. Res Vet Sci 2018; 121:76-84. [PMID: 30359814 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most endemic diseases in livestock worldwide. The disease occurrence generally results in a huge economic impact. The virus may distribute across countries or even continents along the contact network of animal movements. The present study, therefore, aimed to explore a cattle movement network originated in Tak, a Thailand-Myanmar bordered province and to demonstrate how FMDV spread among the nodes of market, source and destination. Subsequently, we examined the effectiveness of market closure intervention. The market-market (M-M) network was constructed to highlight the inter-market connections and the FMDV was modeled to spread along the trade chain. Four market closure scenarios based on rapidness and duration of implementation were examined. Our results indicate that two of the three major markets located in the province were highly connected and a strongly connected component was identified. The intra-provincial animal movements, which were currently overlooked, should be moved into sights as most of the high-risk sources for FMD epidemics were recognized in a close proximity to the cattle markets. Simultaneously, remote destinations across the country were identified. The inter-provincial animal movement control must be strengthened once FMD outbreak is notified. Based on our simulations, closing markets with low inter-market connectivity may not prevent the spread of FMDV. A selective market closure strategy targeting highly connected markets together with cattle trader tracking system was an alternative approach. However, socio-economic consequences regarding this intervention must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuwat Wiratsudakul
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
| | - Satoshi Sekiguchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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31
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Widgren S, Engblom S, Emanuelson U, Lindberg A. Spatio-temporal modelling of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 in cattle in Sweden: exploring options for control. Vet Res 2018; 49:78. [PMID: 30068384 PMCID: PMC6071428 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A spatial data-driven stochastic model was developed to explore the spread of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 (VTEC O157) by livestock movements and local transmission among neighbouring holdings in the complete Swedish cattle population. Livestock data were incorporated to model the time-varying contact network between holdings and population demographics. Furthermore, meteorological data with the average temperature at the geographical location of each holding was used to incorporate season. The model was fitted against observed data and extensive numerical experiments were conducted to investigate the model’s response to control strategies aimed at reducing shedding and susceptibility, as well as interventions informed by network measures. The results showed that including local spread and season improved agreement with prevalence studies. Also, control strategies aimed at reducing the average shedding rate were more efficient in reducing the VTEC O157 prevalence than strategies based on network measures. The methodology presented in this study could provide a basis for developing disease surveillance on regional and national scales, where observed data are combined with readily available high-resolution data in simulations to get an overview of potential disease spread in unobserved regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Widgren
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Division of Scientific Computing, Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, 751 05, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Engblom
- Division of Scientific Computing, Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, 751 05, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Emanuelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann Lindberg
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
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32
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Mohr S, Deason M, Churakov M, Doherty T, Kao RR. Manipulation of contact network structure and the impact on foot-and-mouth disease transmission. Prev Vet Med 2018; 157:8-18. [PMID: 30086853 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The movements of livestock between premises and markets can be characterised as a dynamic network where the structure of the network itself can critically impact the transmission dynamics of many infectious diseases. As evidenced by the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic in the UK, this can involve transmission over large geographical distances and can result in major economic loss. One consequence of the FMD epidemic was the introduction of mandatory livestock movement restrictions: a 13-day standstill in Scotland for cattle and sheep after moving livestock onto a farm (allowing many exemptions) and a 6-day standstill for cattle and sheep in England and Wales (with minor exemptions, e.g. direct movements to slaughter). Such standstills are known to be effective but commercial considerations result in pressures to relax them. When contemplating legislative changes such as a change in length of movement restrictions we need to consider the consequent effect these could have on the emergent properties of the system, i.e. the network structure itself. In this study, we investigate how disease dynamics change when the local contact structure of the recorded livestock movement network in Scotland is altered through rewiring movements between premises. The network rewiring used here changes the structure of the recorded trade network through a combination of altered movement restrictions and redirection of movements between holdings and markets to avoid nonsensical activity (e.g. movements to markets on days when they are inactive) while conserving other characteristics (e.g. movement date as closely as possible and market sales of the correct animal production type). Rewiring results in networks with higher clustering coefficients and lower network density. The impact of rewiring on a hypothetical foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in Scotland was assessed by stochastic simulation, considering scenarios with and without exemptions to the standstill rules. As expected, rewiring leads to a decrease in outbreak size and - if standstill exemptions are prohibited - higher probability of smaller outbreaks. Without exemptions, a shorter movement standstill is almost as effective as a longer standstill period, indicating that a simpler biosecurity system would offer minimal additional risk for FMD. These results suggest that explicitly manipulating the contact network structure in a sensible way has the potential to significantly impact disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Mohr
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Michael Deason
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Mikhail Churakov
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France; CNRS, URA3012, Paris, 75015, France; Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Thomas Doherty
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Rowland R Kao
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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33
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Sellman S, Tsao K, Tildesley MJ, Brommesson P, Webb CT, Wennergren U, Keeling MJ, Lindström T. Need for speed: An optimized gridding approach for spatially explicit disease simulations. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006086. [PMID: 29624574 PMCID: PMC5906030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerical models for simulating outbreaks of infectious diseases are powerful tools for informing surveillance and control strategy decisions. However, large-scale spatially explicit models can be limited by the amount of computational resources they require, which poses a problem when multiple scenarios need to be explored to provide policy recommendations. We introduce an easily implemented method that can reduce computation time in a standard Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model without introducing any further approximations or truncations. It is based on a hierarchical infection process that operates on entire groups of spatially related nodes (cells in a grid) in order to efficiently filter out large volumes of susceptible nodes that would otherwise have required expensive calculations. After the filtering of the cells, only a subset of the nodes that were originally at risk are then evaluated for actual infection. The increase in efficiency is sensitive to the exact configuration of the grid, and we describe a simple method to find an estimate of the optimal configuration of a given landscape as well as a method to partition the landscape into a grid configuration. To investigate its efficiency, we compare the introduced methods to other algorithms and evaluate computation time, focusing on simulated outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) on the farm population of the USA, the UK and Sweden, as well as on three randomly generated populations with varying degree of clustering. The introduced method provided up to 500 times faster calculations than pairwise computation, and consistently performed as well or better than other available methods. This enables large scale, spatially explicit simulations such as for the entire continental USA without sacrificing realism or predictive power. Numerical models for simulating the outbreak of infectious disease are powerful tools that can be used to inform policy decisions by simulating outbreaks and control actions. However, they rely on considerable computational power to explore all outcomes and scenarios of interest. Focusing on model types commonly used for livestock diseases, we here introduce novel algorithms for efficient computation, alongside techniques to optimize them based on simplifying assumptions. Through simulations of FMD outbreak in the US, the UK and Sweden, as well as in computer generated landscapes, we test how these methods perform under realistic conditions. We find that our optimization techniques works well, and when the introduced algorithms are implemented with these optimizations, computation time can be reduced by more than two orders of magnitude compared to pairwise calculations. We propose that the considered algorithms—which are straight forward to implement—will be useful for simulation of a wide range of diseases, and will promote the use of simulation models for policy recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Sellman
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Division of Theoretical Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Kimberly Tsao
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Tildesley
- Zeeman Institute (SBIDER), School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Peter Brommesson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Division of Theoretical Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Colleen T. Webb
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Uno Wennergren
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Division of Theoretical Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Matt J. Keeling
- Zeeman Institute (SBIDER), School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Tom Lindström
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Division of Theoretical Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Abstract
Transmissibility is the defining characteristic of infectious diseases. Quantifying transmission matters for understanding infectious disease epidemiology and designing evidence-based disease control programs. Tracing individual transmission events can be achieved by epidemiological investigation coupled with pathogen typing or genome sequencing. Individual infectiousness can be estimated by measuring pathogen loads, but few studies have directly estimated the ability of infected hosts to transmit to uninfected hosts. Individuals' opportunities to transmit infection are dependent on behavioral and other risk factors relevant given the transmission route of the pathogen concerned. Transmission at the population level can be quantified through knowledge of risk factors in the population or phylogeographic analysis of pathogen sequence data. Mathematical model-based approaches require estimation of the per capita transmission rate and basic reproduction number, obtained by fitting models to case data and/or analysis of pathogen sequence data. Heterogeneities in infectiousness, contact behavior, and susceptibility can have substantial effects on the epidemiology of an infectious disease, so estimates of only mean values may be insufficient. For some pathogens, super-shedders (infected individuals who are highly infectious) and super-spreaders (individuals with more opportunities to transmit infection) may be important. Future work on quantifying transmission should involve integrated analyses of multiple data sources.
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35
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Liu J, Jiang H, Zhang H, Guo C, Wang L, Yang J, Nie S. Use of social network analysis and global sensitivity and uncertainty analyses to better understand an influenza outbreak. Oncotarget 2018; 8:43417-43426. [PMID: 28177887 PMCID: PMC5522157 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the summer of 2014, an influenza A(H3N2) outbreak occurred in Yichang city, Hubei province, China. A retrospective study was conducted to collect and interpret hospital and epidemiological data on it using social network analysis and global sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. Results for degree (χ2=17.6619, P<0.0001) and betweenness(χ2=21.4186, P<0.0001) centrality suggested that the selection of sampling objects were different between traditional epidemiological methods and newer statistical approaches. Clique and network diagrams demonstrated that the outbreak actually consisted of two independent transmission networks. Sensitivity analysis showed that the contact coefficient (k) was the most important factor in the dynamic model. Using uncertainty analysis, we were able to better understand the properties and variations over space and time on the outbreak. We concluded that use of newer approaches were significantly more efficient for managing and controlling infectious diseases outbreaks, as well as saving time and public health resources, and could be widely applied on similar local outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yichang City, Hubei, China
| | - Hongbo Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yichang City, Hubei, China
| | - Chun Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yichang City, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yichang City, Hubei, China
| | - Shaofa Nie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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36
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Beaunée G, Vergu E, Joly A, Ezanno P. Controlling bovine paratuberculosis at a regional scale: Towards a decision modelling tool. J Theor Biol 2017; 435:157-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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37
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Lana RM, Gomes MFDC, de Lima TFM, Honório NA, Codeço CT. The introduction of dengue follows transportation infrastructure changes in the state of Acre, Brazil: A network-based analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006070. [PMID: 29149175 PMCID: PMC5693297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mobility, presence and passive transportation of Aedes aegypti mosquito, and environmental characteristics are a group of factors which contribute to the success of dengue spread and establishment. To understand this process, we assess data from dengue national and municipal basins regarding population and demographics, transportation network, human mobility, and Ae. aegypti monitoring for the Brazilian state of Acre since the first recorded dengue case in the year 2000 to the year 2015. During this period, several changes in Acre's transport infrastructure and urbanization have been started. To reconstruct the process of dengue introduction in Acre, we propose an analytic framework based on concepts used in malaria literature, namely vulnerability and receptivity, to inform risk assessments in dengue-free regions as well as network theory concepts for disease invasion and propagation. We calculate the probability of dengue importation to Acre from other Brazilian states, the evolution of dengue spread between Acrean municipalities and dengue establishment in the state. Our findings suggest that the landscape changes associated with human mobility have created favorable conditions for the establishment of dengue virus transmission in Acre. The revitalization of its major roads, as well as the increased accessibility by air to and within the state, have increased dengue vulnerability. Unplanned urbanization and population growth, as observed in Acre during the period of study, contribute to ideal conditions for Ae. aegypti mosquito establishment, increase the difficulty in mosquito control and consequently its local receptivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martins Lana
- Fiocruz, Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca (ENSP), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Fiocruz, Programa de Computação Científica (PROCC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago França Melo de Lima
- Laboratório de Engenharia e Desenvolvimento de Sistemas (LEDS), Departamento de Computação e Sistemas (DECSI), Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Aplicadas (ICEA), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), João Monlevade, MG, Brazil
| | - Nildimar Alves Honório
- Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Fiocruz, Núcleo Operacional Sentinela de Mosquitos Vetores (Nosmove), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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38
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McQuaid CF, van den Bosch F, Szyniszewska A, Alicai T, Pariyo A, Chikoti PC, Gilligan CA. Spatial dynamics and control of a crop pathogen with mixed-mode transmission. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005654. [PMID: 28746374 PMCID: PMC5528833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trade or sharing that moves infectious planting material between farms can, for vertically-transmitted plant diseases, act as a significant force for dispersal of pathogens, particularly where the extent of material movement may be greater than that of infected vectors or inoculum. The network over which trade occurs will then effect dispersal, and is important to consider when attempting to control the disease. We consider the difference that planting material exchange can make to successful control of cassava brown streak disease, an important viral disease affecting one of Africa's staple crops. We use a mathematical model of smallholders' fields to determine the effect of informal trade on both the spread of the pathogen and its control using clean-seed systems, determining aspects that could limit the damage caused by the disease. In particular, we identify the potentially detrimental effects of markets, and the benefits of a community-based approach to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank van den Bosch
- Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Szyniszewska
- Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Titus Alicai
- Root Crops Research Programme, National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anthony Pariyo
- Root Crops Research Programme, National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick Chiza Chikoti
- Zambia Agriculture Research Institute, Plant Protection and Quarantine Division, Mt. Makulu Research Station, Chilanga, Zambia
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39
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Rossi G, Smith RL, Pongolini S, Bolzoni L. Modelling farm-to-farm disease transmission through personnel movements: from visits to contacts, and back. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2375. [PMID: 28539663 PMCID: PMC5443770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases in livestock can be transmitted through fomites: objects able to convey infectious agents. Between-farm spread of infections through fomites is mostly due to indirect contacts generated by on-farm visits of personnel that can carry pathogens on their clothes, equipment, or vehicles. However, data on farm visitors are often difficult to obtain because of the heterogeneity of their nature and privacy issues. Thus, models simulating disease spread between farms usually rely on strong assumptions about the contribution of indirect contacts on infection spread. By using data on veterinarian on-farm visits in a dairy farm system, we built a simple simulation model to assess the role of indirect contacts on epidemic dynamics compared to cattle movements (i.e. direct contacts). We showed that including in the simulation model only specific subsets of the information available on indirect contacts could lead to outputs widely different from those obtained with the full-information model. Then, we provided a simple preferential attachment algorithm based on the probability to observe consecutive on-farm visits from the same operator that allows overcoming the information gaps. Our results suggest the importance of detailed data and a deeper understanding of visit dynamics for the prevention and control of livestock diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Rossi
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, 61802, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, 61802, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stefano Pongolini
- Risk Analysis Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via dei Mercati, 13/A, I-43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Bolzoni
- Risk Analysis Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via dei Mercati, 13/A, I-43126, Parma, Italy
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40
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Relun A, Grosbois V, Alexandrov T, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Waret-Szkuta A, Molia S, Etter EMC, Martínez-López B. Prediction of Pig Trade Movements in Different European Production Systems Using Exponential Random Graph Models. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:27. [PMID: 28316972 PMCID: PMC5334338 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In most European countries, data regarding movements of live animals are routinely collected and can greatly aid predictive epidemic modeling. However, the use of complete movements’ dataset to conduct policy-relevant predictions has been so far limited by the massive amount of data that have to be processed (e.g., in intensive commercial systems) or the restricted availability of timely and updated records on animal movements (e.g., in areas where small-scale or extensive production is predominant). The aim of this study was to use exponential random graph models (ERGMs) to reproduce, understand, and predict pig trade networks in different European production systems. Three trade networks were built by aggregating movements of pig batches among premises (farms and trade operators) over 2011 in Bulgaria, Extremadura (Spain), and Côtes-d’Armor (France), where small-scale, extensive, and intensive pig production are predominant, respectively. Three ERGMs were fitted to each network with various demographic and geographic attributes of the nodes as well as six internal network configurations. Several statistical and graphical diagnostic methods were applied to assess the goodness of fit of the models. For all systems, both exogenous (attribute-based) and endogenous (network-based) processes appeared to govern the structure of pig trade network, and neither alone were capable of capturing all aspects of the network structure. Geographic mixing patterns strongly structured pig trade organization in the small-scale production system, whereas belonging to the same company or keeping pigs in the same housing system appeared to be key drivers of pig trade, in intensive and extensive production systems, respectively. Heterogeneous mixing between types of production also explained a part of network structure, whichever production system considered. Limited information is thus needed to capture most of the global structure of pig trade networks. Such findings will be useful to simplify trade networks analysis and better inform European policy makers on risk-based and more cost-effective prevention and control against swine diseases such as African swine fever, classical swine fever, or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Relun
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), VM: Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; CIRAD, UPR AGIRs, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Tsviatko Alexandrov
- Animal Health and Welfare Directorate, Bulgarian Food Safety Agency , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Jose M Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- Animal Health Center (VISAVET), Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Agnes Waret-Szkuta
- INRA, INP, ENVT, UMR 1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | | | | | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), VM: Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
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41
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Moslonka-Lefebvre M, Gilligan CA, Monod H, Belloc C, Ezanno P, Filipe JAN, Vergu E. Market analyses of livestock trade networks to inform the prevention of joint economic and epidemiological risks. J R Soc Interface 2016; 13:rsif.2015.1099. [PMID: 26984191 PMCID: PMC4843675 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional epidemiological studies of infections spreading through trade networks, e.g. via livestock movements, generally show that central large-size holdings (hubs) should be preferentially surveyed and controlled in order to reduce epidemic spread. However, epidemiological strategies alone may not be economically optimal when costs of control are factored in together with risks of market disruption from targeting core holdings in a supply chain. Using extensive data on animal movements in supply chains for cattle and swine in France, we introduce a method to identify effective strategies for preventing outbreaks with limited budgets while minimizing the risk of market disruptions. Our method involves the categorization of holdings based on position along the supply chain and degree of market share. Our analyses suggest that trade has a higher risk of propagating epidemics through cattle networks, which are dominated by exchanges involving wholesalers, than for swine. We assess the effectiveness of contrasting interventions from the perspectives of regulators and the market, using percolation analysis. We show that preferentially targeting minor, non-central agents can outperform targeting of hubs when the costs to stakeholders and the risks of market disturbance are considered. Our study highlights the importance of assessing joint economic–epidemiological risks in networks underlying pathogen propagation and trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Moslonka-Lefebvre
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK AgroParisTech, Paris 75005, France
| | - Christopher A Gilligan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Hervé Monod
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Catherine Belloc
- INRA, UMR1300 Biologie, Epidémiologie et Analyse de Risques en santé animale, CS 40706, Nantes 44307, France LUNAM Université, Oniris, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, UMR BioEpAR, Nantes 44307, France
| | - Pauline Ezanno
- INRA, UMR1300 Biologie, Epidémiologie et Analyse de Risques en santé animale, CS 40706, Nantes 44307, France LUNAM Université, Oniris, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, UMR BioEpAR, Nantes 44307, France
| | - João A N Filipe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK Integrative Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Elisabeta Vergu
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
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42
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Evaluating the efficacy of regionalisation in limiting high-risk livestock trade movements. Prev Vet Med 2016; 133:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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