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Deb S, Borah A. l-theanine, the unique constituent of tea, improves neuronal survivability by curtailing inflammatory responses in MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2024; 179:105830. [PMID: 39128625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Discrete components of tea possess multitude of health advantages. Escalating evidence advocate a consequential association between habitual tea consumption and a subsided risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). l-theanine is a non-protein amino acid inherent in tea plants, which exhibits structural resemblance with glutamate, the copious excitatory neurotransmitter in brain. Neuromodulatory effects of l-theanine are evident from its competency in traversing the blood brain barrier, promoting a sense of calmness beyond enervation, and enhancing cognition and attention. Despite the multifarious reports on antioxidant properties of l-theanine and its potential to regulate brain neurotransmitter levels, it is obligatory to understand its exact contribution in ameliorating the pathophysiology of PD. In this study, MPTP-induced mouse model was established and PD-like symptoms were developed in test animals where an increasing dosage of l-theanine (5, 25, 50, 100 and 250 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered for 23 days. 50 and 100 mg/kg dosage of l-theanine alleviated motor impairment and specific non-motor symptoms in Parkinsonian mice. The dosage of 100 mg/kg of l-theanine also improved striatal dopamine and serotonin level and tyrosine-hydroxylase positive cell count in the substantia nigra. Most crucial finding of the study is the proficiency of l-theanine to diminish astroglial injury as well as nitric oxide synthesis, which suggests its possible credential to prevent neurodegeneration by virtue of its anti-inflammatory attribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satarupa Deb
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India; Department of Zoology, Patharkandi College, Patharkandi, Karimganj, Assam, India.
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India.
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Pujo JM, Fitriani DY, Ben Saad H, Ghariani M, Dghim A, Mellouli M, Burin A, Mutricy R, Houcke S, Roujansky A, Mansyur M, Nkontcho F, de Toffol B, Ben Amara I, Kallel H. The effects of prolonged stress exposure on the brain of rats and insights to understand the impact of work-related stress on caregivers. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1288814. [PMID: 38098499 PMCID: PMC10720043 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1288814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stress exposure is a significant concern in the healthcare sector. This animal model study aims to reproduce caregivers' working conditions and determine their impact on the brain. Method Twenty-four healthy male rats of the Wistar strain were divided into four groups. Three groups were submitted each to one stressor for 21 days, while the fourth group was used as a control. Stressors were food and water deprivation (FW), permanent illumination (PI), and forced swimming (FS). At the end of the experiment, rats were euthanized, and stress biomarkers, biological parameters, and DNA damage were measured. Results Prooxidant biomarker rates increased in the different groups (+50 to +75%) compared to the control (p < 0.0001). Urinary corticosterone rates increased in all stressed animals, mainly in the PI group, with changes of up to +50% compared to the control group. Acetylcholinesterase levels decreased to -50% (p < 0.0001 for the three exposed groups). Total ATPase, (Na+/K+)-ATPase, and Mg2+-ATPase activities decreased in all stressed groups. The percentage of brain cell congestion and apoptosis was 3% for the FW group (p < 0.0001), 2% for the PI group (p < 0.0001), and 4% for the FS group (p < 0.0001) compared to the control (0.8%). DNA damage was observed in all exposed groups. Finally, we noticed behavioral changes and a depression-like syndrome in all stressed rats. Conclusion Stressful conditions such as the working environment of caregivers can trigger several pathophysiological processes leading to oxidative, neurochemical, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal disorders. These changes can progress to cell damage and apoptosis in the brain and trigger psychological and physical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Marc Pujo
- Emergency Department, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Dewi Yunia Fitriani
- Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Occupational Medicine Specialist Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Center, IMERI, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hajer Ben Saad
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Ghariani
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes (LPCMC), LR15CBS07, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Amel Dghim
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Manel Mellouli
- Laboratory of Anatomopathology, CHU Habib Bourguiba, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Antoine Burin
- Emergency Department, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Remi Mutricy
- Emergency Department, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Stephanie Houcke
- Intensive Care Unit, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Ariane Roujansky
- Intensive Care Unit, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Muchtaruddin Mansyur
- Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Occupational Medicine Specialist Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Center, IMERI, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Flaubert Nkontcho
- Pharmacy Department, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Ibtissem Ben Amara
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Kallel
- Intensive Care Unit, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Tropical Biome and Immunopathology CNRS UMR-9017, Inserm U 1019, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Gaber A, Ahmed OM, Khadrawy YA, Zoheir KMA, Abo-ELeneen RE, Alblihed MA, Elbakry AM. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Begacestat Mitigate Amyloid-β 25-35-Induced Cognitive Decline in Rat Dams and Hippocampal Deteriorations in Offspring. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:905. [PMID: 37508337 PMCID: PMC10376406 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of age-related neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. AD more commonly occurs in females than in males, so it is necessary to consider new treatments specifically targeting this population. The present study investigated the protective effects of Begacestat (γ-secretase inhibitor-953, GSI-953) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) during pregnancy on cognitive impairment in rat dams and neurodegeneration in offspring caused by the intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ 25-35 before pregnancy. The performances of dams injected with amyloid-β 25-35 (Aβ 25-35) during behavioral tests were significantly impaired. The offspring of Aβ 25-35-injected dams treated with BM-MSCs or GSI-953 showed a dramatically reduced number and size of activated microglial cells, enhancement in the processes length, and a decrease in the proinflammatory cytokine levels. Additionally, BM-MSC or GSI-953 therapy reduced Aβ 25-35-induced increases in tau phosphorylation and amyloid precursor protein levels in the neonates' hippocampus and elevated the lower levels of glycogen synthase kinase-3 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor; moreover, reversed Aβ 25-35-induced alterations in gene expression in the neonatal hippocampus. Finally, the treatments with BM-MSC or GSI-953 are globally beneficial against Aβ 25-35-induced brain alterations, particularly by suppressing neural inflammation, inhibiting microglial cell activation, restoring developmental plasticity, and increasing neurotrophic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Gaber
- Comparative Anatomy and Embryology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef P.O. Box 62521, Egypt
| | - Osama M Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef P.O. Box 62521, Egypt
| | - Yasser A Khadrawy
- Medical Physiology Department, National Research Center, Giza P.O. Box 12622, Egypt
| | - Khairy M A Zoheir
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Center, Giza P.O. Box 12622, Egypt
| | - Rasha E Abo-ELeneen
- Comparative Anatomy and Embryology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef P.O. Box 62521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Alblihed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, college of medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam M Elbakry
- Comparative Anatomy and Embryology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef P.O. Box 62521, Egypt
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Gaber A, Elbakry AM, Aljarari RM, Jaber FA, Khadrawy YA, Sabry D, Abo-ELeneen RE, Ahmed OM. Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and γ-Secretase Inhibitor Treatments Suppress Amyloid- β25-35-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Rat Dams and Cortical Degeneration in Offspring. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:2690949. [PMID: 37274020 PMCID: PMC10234728 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2690949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of age-related neurodegeneration and ensuing cognitive impairment. Progressive deposition of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregates (plaques) and intracellular hyperphosphorylated Tau protein (p-Tau) are the core pathological markers of AD but may precede clinical symptoms by many years, presenting a therapeutic window of opportunity. Females are more frequently afflicted by AD than males, necessitating evaluation of novel treatments for the female population. The current study examined the protective efficacies of intravenous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and oral gamma-secretase inhibitor-953 (GSI-953) during pregnancy on cognitive impairment in rat dams and neurodegeneration in offspring induced by intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ25-35 prior to pregnancy. The Aβ25-35 (AD) group exhibited significant (P < 0.001) impairments in the Y-maze and novel object recognition test performance prior to conception. Histological analysis of the offspring cortex revealed substantial dendritic shrinkage and activation of microglial cells, while neurochemical analysis demonstrated significant increases in the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In contrast, BM-MSC or GSI-953 treatment of dams following Aβ25-35 injection significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the number and size of activated microglial cells, markedly increased dendrite length, and reversed proinflammatory cytokine elevations in offspring. Moreover, BM-MSC or GSI-953 treatment reversed the Aβ25-35-induced amyloid precursor protein and p-Tau elevations in the offspring brain; these changes were accompanied by upregulation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor and downregulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in the serum and brain. Treatment with BM-MSCs or GSI-953 also reversed Aβ25-35-induced elevations in different gene expressions in the neonatal cortex. Finally, treatment of dams with BM-MSCs or GSI-953 prevented the Aβ25-35-induced disruption of newborn brain development. Thus, BM-MSC and GSI-953 treatments have broad-spectrum effects against Aβ25-35-induced brain pathology, including the suppression of neural inflammation, restoration of developmental plasticity, and promotion of neurotrophic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Gaber
- Comparative Anatomy and Embryology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Ahlam M. Elbakry
- Comparative Anatomy and Embryology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Rabab M. Aljarari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima A. Jaber
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser A. Khadrawy
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Branch Department, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dina Sabry
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo 11829, Egypt
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Rasha E. Abo-ELeneen
- Comparative Anatomy and Embryology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Osama M. Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni Suef, Egypt
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Hajizadeh Tekmeh H, Vanizor Kural B, Kör S, Arıkan Malkoç M, Yuluğ E, Kutlu A, Abidin İ, Orem A. How does l-theanine treatment affect the levels of serum and hippocampal BDNF, insulin and adipocytokines in diabetic rats? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 667:95-103. [PMID: 37210871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes Mellitus (DM), a metabolic disease characterized by the increased blood glucose level, insulin deficiency or ineffectiveness, may cause structural and functional disorders in the brain. l-Theanine (LTN) has the relaxing, psychoactive, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory and antinecrotic properties, and regulates the functions of hippocampus (HP) in brain. In the present study, the aim was to identify the effects LTN on the levels of BDNF, insulin and adipocytokines (TNF-α, leptin, adiponectin and resistin) in both HP and serum of diabetic rats. METHODS 32 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 8/group): Control, LTN, DM and DM + LTN. Diabetes was induced by by nicotinamide/streptozotocin. 200 mg/kg/day LTN treatment was applied for 28 days. The serum and hippocampal levels of the parameters were determined by using commercial ELISA kits. Additionally, HP tissues examined histopathologically. RESULTS LTN treatment significantly decreased leptin and adiponectin levels in HP tissues in diabetic rats (p < 0.05). Although it decreased the insulin level in both serum and HP, this was not statistically significant. No significant effect on other parameters was observed (p > 0.05). In histopathological analysis, although the damage was reduced by LTN in all sections of HP, this change was significant mainly in CA3 region (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION It was concluded that LTN has the ability to reduce hippocampal degeneration and modulates adipocytokines in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Hajizadeh Tekmeh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Birgul Vanizor Kural
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Sevil Kör
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Meltem Arıkan Malkoç
- Vocational School of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Esin Yuluğ
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Abdulkadir Kutlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - İsmail Abidin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Asım Orem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
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Chen S, Kang J, Zhu H, Wang K, Han Z, Wang L, Liu J, Wu Y, He P, Tu Y, Li B. L-Theanine and Immunity: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093846. [PMID: 37175254 PMCID: PMC10179891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
L-theanine (N-ethyl-γ-glutamine) is the main amino acid in tea leaves. It not only contributes to tea flavor but also possesses several health benefits. Compared with its sedative and calming activities, the immunomodulatory effects of L-theanine have received less attention. Clinical and epidemiological studies have shown that L-theanine reduces immunosuppression caused by strenuous exercise and prevents colds and influenza by improving immunity. Numerous cell and animal studies have proven that theanine plays an immunoregulatory role in inflammation, nerve damage, the intestinal tract, and tumors by regulating γδT lymphocyte function, glutathione (GSH) synthesis, and the secretion of cytokines and neurotransmitters. In addition, theanine can be used as an immunomodulator in animal production. This article reviews the research progress of L-theanine on immunoregulation and related mechanisms, as well as its application in poultry and animal husbandry. It is hoped that this work will be beneficial to future related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Chen
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiaxin Kang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huanqing Zhu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kaixi Wang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ziyi Han
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Leyu Wang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junsheng Liu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Puming He
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Youying Tu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Chen X, Chen L, Jia G, Zhao H, Liu G, Huang Z. L-theanine improves intestinal barrier functions by increasing tight junction protein expression and attenuating inflammatory reaction in weaned piglets. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Wang Z, Tang Y, Long L, Zhang H. Effects of Dietary L-Theanine on Growth Performance, Antioxidation, Meat Quality, and Intestinal Microflora in White Feather Broilers With Acute Oxidative Stress. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:889485. [PMID: 35812843 PMCID: PMC9267357 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.889485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to reduce the negative effects caused by oxidative stress on broilers, it is particularly important to find ways to alleviate oxidative stress. As a natural plant extract, L-theanine has a variety of biological effects, such as improving antioxidant capacity, promoting growth, and enhancing immunity and antitumor. This trial evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of L-theanine on growth performance, antioxidation, meat quality, and intestinal microflora in 817 White Feather Broilers. A total of 108 21-day-old 817 broilers with similar body weight (BW) were randomly divided into three groups with six replicates per group and six chickens within each replicate. The three groups were corn-soybean-based diet (NC group); basal diet plus drinking water with 30 mg hydrocortisone/kg (PC group); and basal diet supplemented with 400 mg L-theanine/kg plus drinking water with 30 mg hydrocortisone/kg (LT group). Compared with the NC group, from 21 to 24 days of age, the PC and LT groups had decreased BW, average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI), and increased feed to gain ratio (F/G; p < 0.05). At 24 days of age, the LT group had improved superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in serum as compared to the NC group (p < 0.05). The LT group broilers also had significantly higher concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum and liver (p < 0.05). On the 42nd days, the PC group had lower PH45min (p < 0.05) than the NC and LT groups and higher cooking loss and shear force (p < 0.05). Moreover, the villi height of the PC group was significantly lower in jejunum than the NC group (p < 0.05). The LT group had a higher ZO-1 content in duodenum than the NC and PC groups (p < 0.05). The activity of GSH-Px in the liver of the LT group was increased than in the PC group (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Firmicutes in the LT group was significantly higher than in the NC and PC groups (p < 0.05). These results suggested that the effects of acute oxidative stress on growth performance and meat quality of broilers are continuous, and dietary supplementation of L-theanine could improve the growth performance and meat quality, enhance the intestinal mucosal barrier and antioxidant capacity, and improve the composition of the intestinal flora of broilers caused by acute oxidative stress.
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Li MY, Liu HY, Wu DT, Kenaan A, Geng F, Li HB, Gunaratne A, Li H, Gan RY. L-Theanine: A Unique Functional Amino Acid in Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) With Multiple Health Benefits and Food Applications. Front Nutr 2022; 9:853846. [PMID: 35445053 PMCID: PMC9014247 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.853846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a very popular health drink and has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to its various bioactive substances. Among them, L-theanine, a unique free amino acid, is one of the most important substances in tea and endows tea with a special flavor. Moreover, L-theanine is also a bioactive compound with plenty of health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, metabolic regulatory, cardiovascular protective, liver and kidney protective, immune regulatory, and anti-obesity effects. Due to the unique characteristics and beneficial functions, L-theanine has potential applications in the development of functional foods. This review summarized the influencing factors of L-theanine content in teas, the main health benefits and related molecular mechanisms of L-theanine, and its applications in food, understanding of which can provide updated information for the further research of L-theanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Yan Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ahmad Kenaan
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anil Gunaratne
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka
| | - Hang Li
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Dhouibi R, Affes H, Ben Salem M, Charfi S, Marekchi R, Hammami S, Zeghal K, Ksouda K. Protective effect of Urtica dioica in induced neurobehavioral changes, nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity after chronic exposure to potassium bromate in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117657. [PMID: 34435563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic exposure to potassium bromate (KBrO3), a toxic halogen in the environment, has become a global problem of public health. The current study aims to elucidate for the first time the effect of Urtica dioica (UD) on behavioural changes, oxidative stress, and histopathological changes induced by KBrO3 in the cerebellum, kidney, liver and other organs of adult rats. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The rats were divided into four groups: group 1 served as a control received physiological serum, Group 2 received KBrO3 (2 g/L of drinking water), group 3 received KBrO3 and Urtica dioica (100 mg/kg), and group 4 received KBrO3 and Urtica dioica (400 mg/kg). We then measured behavioural changes, oxidative stress, and biochemical and histological changes in the cerebellum, liver, kidney and others organs in these rats. After 30 days of treatment, the animals were sacrificed. RESULTS We observed significant behavioural changes in KBrO3-exposed rats. When investigating redox homeostasis in the cerebellum, we found that mice treated with KBrO3 had increased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in the cerebellum. In addition, it inhibits hepatic and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP), attenuates KBrO3-mediated enzyme depletion, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase enzymatic and antioxidant activities in the liver and kidney. Rats that were co-managed with Urtica dioica at the high portion of 400 mg/kg indicated a higher effect than that treated with the low dose of 100 mg/kg practically in all the tests carried out. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that Urtica dioica is a potential therapeutic agent for oxidative stress associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raouia Dhouibi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax - University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Hanen Affes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax - University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Maryem Ben Salem
- Department of Anatomopathology, CHU Habib Bourguiba of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Slim Charfi
- Department of Anatomopathology, CHU Habib Bourguiba of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rim Marekchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, CHU Hedi Cheker of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Serria Hammami
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax - University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Zeghal
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax - University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Kamilia Ksouda
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax - University of Sfax, Tunisia
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11
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Bayraktar B, Tekce E, Kaya H, Gürbüz AB, Dirican E, Korkmaz S, Atalay B, Ülker U. Adipokine, gut and thyroid hormone responses to probiotic application in chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) exposed to heat stress. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:282-290. [PMID: 34460430 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus reuteri E81 (LRE) probiotic supplementation on heat stress responses in chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar). The birds were divided into two groups, one of which was exposed to heat stress (HS). Within each group, four subgroups, each including 64 birds, were created for the three treatment doses (200, 400 or 600 mg/kg) of LRE and the control. The experiment was started with day-old birds, kept at a temperature of 25 °C or 37 °C. After a 7-day adjustment period, the LRE supplementation lasted for 35 days. The levels of different adipokines, including visfatin (VF), adiponectin (ADP), chemerin (CHEM), as well as the concentration of plasma citrulline (CIT) and the levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood were measured at 21 and 42 days of age. A significant correlation (P < 0.01) was found between LRE supplementation and the decrease in serum VF, ADP, CIT, T3 and T4 levels in partridges exposed to HS. On the other hand, no significant relationship was found between LRE supplementation and the serum CHEM and TSH levels (P > 0.05). We concluded that the addition of 600 mg/kg LRE is beneficial in preventing intestinal damage and inflammation provoked by HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bülent Bayraktar
- 1 Faculty of Health Sciences, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Emre Tekce
- 2 Faculty of Applied Sciences, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Hacer Kaya
- 3 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gumushane University, Kelkit Aydın Doğan Vocational High School, Gumushane, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Burak Gürbüz
- 4 Department of Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Ebubekir Dirican
- 5 Vocational School of Health Services, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Serol Korkmaz
- 6 Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Banu Atalay
- 7 Vocational School of Health Services, Batman University, Batman, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Ülker
- 8 Veterinary Control Centre Research Institute Directorate, Ankara, Turkey
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l-Theanine Ameliorates d-Galactose-Induced Brain Damage in Rats via Inhibiting AGE Formation and Regulating Sirtuin1 and BDNF Signaling Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8850112. [PMID: 34336115 PMCID: PMC8315880 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8850112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of homeostasis is essential for mitigating stress and delaying degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is generally defined as the abnormal production of β-amyloid (Aβ) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The effects of l-theanine on Aβ and AGE generation were investigated in this study. Decreased AGEs and Aβ1-42 levels were reflected by increased acetylcholine (ACh) concentration and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity inhibition compared to model rats. l-Theanine also inhibited nuclear factor-κB (p65) protein expression by activating sirtuin1 (SIRT1), reducing inflammatory factor expression, and downregulating the mRNA and protein expression of AGE receptors (RAGE). Superoxide dismutase 2 and catalase protein expressions were markedly upregulated by l-theanine, whereas oxidative stress-related injury was alleviated. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) was also found to be increased. H&E staining showed that the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons was mitigated by decreased Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 protein expression and the increase of Bcl-2 protein expression. Moreover, l-theanine increased the gene and protein expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). These findings suggest that the potential preventive effects of l-theanine against AD may be attributed to its regulation of SIRT1 and BDNF proteins and its mitigation of AGEs/RAGE signaling pathways in the brain tissue of AD model rats.
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Matelski L, Keil Stietz KP, Sethi S, Taylor SL, Van de Water J, Lein PJ. The influence of sex, genotype, and dose on serum and hippocampal cytokine levels in juvenile mice developmentally exposed to a human-relevant mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls. Curr Res Toxicol 2020; 1:85-103. [PMID: 34296199 PMCID: PMC8294704 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are pervasive environmental contaminants implicated as risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Immune dysregulation is another NDD risk factor, and developmental PCB exposures are associated with early life immune dysregulation. Studies of the immunomodulatory effects of PCBs have focused on the higher-chlorinated congeners found in legacy commercial mixtures. Comparatively little is known about the immune effects of contemporary, lower-chlorinated PCBs. This is a critical data gap given recent reports that lower-chlorinated congeners comprise >70% of the total PCB burden in serum of pregnant women enrolled in the MARBLES study who are at increased risk for having a child with an NDD. To examine the influence of PCBs, sex, and genotype on cytokine levels, mice were exposed throughout gestation and lactation to a PCB mixture in the maternal diet, which was based on the 12 most abundant PCBs in sera from MARBLES subjects. Using multiplex array, cytokines were quantified in the serum and hippocampus of weanling mice expressing either a human gain-of-function mutation in ryanodine receptor 1 (T4826I mice), a human CGG premutation repeat expansion in the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 (CGG mice), or both mutations (DM mice). Congenic wildtype (WT) mice were used as controls. There were dose-dependent effects of PCB exposure on cytokine concentrations in the serum but not hippocampus. Differential effects of genotype were observed in the serum and hippocampus. Hippocampal cytokines were consistently elevated in T4826I mice and also in WT animals for some cytokines compared to CGG and DM mice, while serum cytokines were usually elevated in the mutant genotypes compared to the WT group. Males had elevated levels of 19 cytokines in the serum and 4 in the hippocampus compared to females, but there were also interactions between sex and genotype for 7 hippocampal cytokines. Only the chemokine CCL5 in the serum showed an interaction between PCB dose, genotype, and sex. Collectively, these findings indicate differential influences of PCB exposure and genotype on cytokine levels in serum and hippocampal tissue of weanling mice. These results suggest that developmental PCB exposure has chronic effects on baseline serum, but not hippocampal, cytokine levels in juvenile mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Matelski
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kimberly P. Keil Stietz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sandra L. Taylor
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA,MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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L-Theanine Reduced the Development of Knee Osteoarthritis in Rats via Its Anti-Inflammation and Anti-Matrix Degradation Actions: In Vivo and In Vitro Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071988. [PMID: 32635404 PMCID: PMC7400703 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of osteoarthritis (OA) is multifactorial, with no effective disease-modifying-drugs. L-theanine has been reported to inhibit inflammatory responses in some diseases and this study aimed to investigate the effect of L-theanine on Interleukin-1(IL-1)β-stimulated chondrocytes, and in an injury-induced OA rat model. Primary chondrocytes were stimulated by IL-1β (10 ng/mL) for 24 h and then co-cultured with L-theanine for 24 h. The effects of L-theanine on IL-1β-stimulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and hydrolytic enzyme were analyzed using Western blotting, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. An immunofluorescence assay was used to detect nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) phosphorylation. OA was induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) surgery in rats and celecoxib was used as a positive control. OA severity was measured using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) grading system to describe histological changes. The results showed that L-theanine decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nitric oxide (NO), both in vivo and in vitro. L-theanine treatment inhibited IL-1β-induced upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-3 and MMP-13, as well as inhibited NF-κB p65 activation. In vivo animal model showed that L-theanine administration (200 mg/kg) significantly alleviated OA lesions and decreased OARSI score. Our data indicated that L-theanine decreased inflammatory cytokines and protected extracellular matrix degradation through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, and L-theanine may be considered a promising therapeutic strategy in OA prevention.
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Wang D, Cai M, Wang T, Liu T, Huang J, Wang Y, Granato D. Ameliorative effects of L-theanine on dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice are associated with the inhibition of inflammatory responses and attenuation of intestinal barrier disruption. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109409. [PMID: 33233096 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of L-theanine supplementation on the colonic mucosa injury in C57BL/6J male mice treated with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Treatment with L-theanine significantly decreased the disease activity index and ameliorated the inflammation-associated pathological damage in colon length, as well as the histopathological features of DSS-induced colitis. L-Theanine administration also inhibited DSS-induced changes in the colonic tissue that included myeloperoxidase by 4.5-fold and malondialdehyde by 2.3-fold in comparison to the DSS group. In addition, GSH was increased by 85% and lipopolysaccharides level was decreased by 55% in comparison to the DSS group. Proinflammatory cytokines expression, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, at the both protein and mRNA levels were also decreased significantly. Notably, the increase in serum content of lipopolysaccharides and colonic expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, toll like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4, TLR-6, and TLR-9 induced by DSS were also significantly inhibited by L-theanine administration. In addition, L-theanine also attenuated the reduction of serum contents of diamine oxidase and the production of short-chain fatty acids in the colonic tissue, and gene expression of mucosal barrier zonula occludens-1 and claudin-1 in DSS-induced colitis. Furthermore, 16S rRNA phylogenetic sequencing revealed a shift in microbial community composition induced by DSS, but no significant difference was observed following L-theanine supplementation. Overall, our findings demonstrated that L-theanine inhibits intestinal inflammation and protects against intestinal barrier disruption in mice with DSS-induced colitis. Further clinical trials should be considered to assess the effects of L-theanine supplementation on oxidative and inflammatory responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Wang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212004, China; School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Min Cai
- School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Jinbao Huang
- School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Daniel Granato
- Food Processing and Quality, Production Systems Unit - Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) - Tietotie 2, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland.
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Chen Y, Lian F, Lu Q, Peng S, Li J, Huang S, Du X. L-Theanine Attenuates Isoflurane-Induced Injury in Neural Stem Cells and Cognitive Impairment in Neonatal Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:938-945. [PMID: 32188832 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental toxicity of isoflurane has been proved by many studies, which makes it essential to explore the underline mechanisms and search for protective agents to attenuate its neurotoxcity. Accumulating evidence showed that L-theanine had neuroprotective effects on injured neurons and the developing brain. The present study was designed to investigate whether L-theanine could attenuate isoflurane-induced damage in neural stem cells and cognitive impairment in young mice, and to discuss the role of protein kinase B (Akt)-glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) signaling pathway in this process. Multipotential neural stem cells (NSCs) and C57BL/6J mice were treated with either gas mixture, isoflurane, or L-theanine 30 min prior to isoflurane exposure, respectively. NSC viability was detected by CCK-8 assay. NSC proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by immunofluorescence and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, respectively. The levels of cleaved caspase-3 and phosphorylated (p)-Akt and p-GSK-3β in NSCs were tested by Western blotting. Cognitive function of mice was tested by Morris Water Maze at postnatal day (P) 30-35. The results indicated that isoflurane exposure inhibited NSC viability and proliferation, promoted NSC apoptosis as well as increased caspase-3 activation and down-regulated the expressions of p-Akt and p-GSK-3β in NSCs, and that isoflurane exposure on neonatal mice would induce late cognitive impairment. Pretreatment with L-theanine could attenuate isoflurane-caused damage in NSCs and cognitive deficits in young mice. Addinonally, the protective effects of L-theanine on isoflurane-injured NSCs could be reversed by Akt inhibitor Triciribine. Our data showed that pretreatment with L-theanine eliminated the NSC damage and cognitive impairment induced by isoflurane exposure, and that the neuroprotective effect of L-theanine was associated with the Akt-GSK-3β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
| | - Fang Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
| | - Shengliang Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
| | - Jiahao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
| | - Song Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
| | - Xiaohong Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
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17
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Malkoç M, Patan H, Yaman SÖ, Türedi S, Kerimoğlu G, Kural BV, Örem A. l-theanine alleviates liver and kidney dysfunction in septic rats induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Life Sci 2020; 249:117502. [PMID: 32142764 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response against infection that triggers systemic inflammatory response syndrome. l-theanine (LT), a glutamate derivative, is a non-protein amino acid derived from tea (Camellia sinensis), and a valuable nutraceutical product used as an additive in the food industry. This study we aimed to investigate whether LT would exert any therapeutic effect on liver and kidney tissues in Sprague Dawley rats with sepsis induced with cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). MAIN METHODS Rats were divided into four groups; sham, CLP, CLP+LT1 (2x250 mg/kg) and CLP+LT2 (2 × 750 mg/kg). Liver and kidney tissues were subjected to histopathological examination. Apoptotic index percentages (AI%) were examined using the TUNEL method. The oxidized glutathione to total glutathione (GSSG/TGSH) ratio (as a marker of oxidative stress, levels of caspase-3 (a marker of apoptosis), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) (as antioxidant enzymes), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the tumor necrosis factor-α to Interleukin-10 ratio (TNF-α/IL-10) (as markers of inflammation) were investigated using commercial kits. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (a marker of oxidative stress) were determined spectrophotometrically. KEY FINDINGS A high dose of LT exhibited more significant effects in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis than a low dose of LT in liver and kidney tissues with CLP-induced sepsis (p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicated that LT significantly and dose-dependently inhibited sepsis induced liver and kidney injury. This effect may be attributed to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities of LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Malkoç
- Vocational School of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Huriye Patan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Serap Özer Yaman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Türedi
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Gökçen Kerimoğlu
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Birgül Vanizor Kural
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Asım Örem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
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Zhang C, Geng ZY, Chen KK, Zhao XH, Wang C. L-theanine attenuates transport stress-induced impairment of meat quality of broilers through improving muscle antioxidant status. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4648-4655. [PMID: 30951605 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was to investigate the effect of dietary L-theanine (THE) supplementation (0, 600 mg/kg) on growth performance, carcass traits, immune organ indexes, meat quality, and muscle antioxidant status of transported broilers. A total of 180 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly allotted to 2 treatment groups including a THE-free group with 12 replicates of 10 birds each and a THE group with 6 replicates of 10 birds each. On the morning of day 42, after a 9-h fast, the birds of THE-free group were divided into 2 equal groups, and then all birds in the 3 groups were placed into 18 crates and were transported according to the following protocols: 0-h transport of birds in the THE-free group (control group), 3-h transport of birds in the THE-free group (T group), and 3-h transport of birds in the THE group (T + THE group). Results showed that dietary THE supplementation improved feed conversion ratio and birds' final body weight (P < 0.05), while transport and dietary THE supplementation did not affect carcass traits of broilers (P > 0.05). Transport increased bird live weight loss, drip loss, L*24 h, muscle malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and lactate contents, while it decreased thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius indexes, pH24h, a*, and muscle total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activities and glycogen content (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, compared with birds in the T group, birds in the T + THE group exhibited increased thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius indexes, pH24h, a*24 h, and muscle T-AOC, CAT, and GSH-PX activities and glycogen content, and decreased drip loss, L*24 h, and muscle MDA, PC, and lactate contents (P < 0.05). This study provided the first evidence that dietary THE supplementation prevented transport-stress-impaired immune organ indexes and meat quality of broilers, and the reason for maintenance of meat quality by supplementation of THE may be partly ascribed to the changed muscle glycolysis metabolism and antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Z Y Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - K K Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - X H Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - C Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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19
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Gong Z, Lin L, Liu Z, Zhang S, Liu A, Chen L, Liu Q, Deng Y, Xiao W. Immune-modulatory effects and mechanism of action of l-theanine on ETEC-induced immune-stressed mice via nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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20
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Di G, Kim H, Xu Y, Kim J, Gu X. A comparative study on influences of static electric field and power frequency electric field on cognition in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 66:91-95. [PMID: 30639900 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, electromagnetic fields around ultra-high voltage transmission lines have received considerable attentions for their potential biological effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of static electric field (SEF) and power frequency electric field (PFEF) on cognition. Mice were exposed to SEF and PFEF with the same strength (35 kV/m) for 49 days, respectively. Behaviors in Morris water maze test and amino acid neurotransmitter levels in hippocampus were examined during exposure. Results indicated that the exposure of 35 kV/m SEF would not cause significant influences on learning and memory ability in mice, while the exposure of 35 kV/m PFEF would cause significant positive effects on learning and memory ability in mice on day 33. This difference in effects from SEF and PFEF on cognition was possibly induced by the difference in the degree of molecular polarization and ion migration in organisms under exposure of two kinds of electric fields with different frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Di
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Hakbong Kim
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Kim Chaek University of Technology, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Yaqian Xu
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Jonghyok Kim
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
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21
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Williams J, Sergi D, McKune AJ, Georgousopoulou EN, Mellor DD, Naumovski N. The beneficial health effects of green tea amino acid l
-theanine in animal models: Promises and prospects for human trials. Phytother Res 2019; 33:571-583. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Williams
- Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra; Bruce ACT Australia
| | - Domenico Sergi
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Health and Biosecurity; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Andrew J. McKune
- Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra; Bruce ACT Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE); Bruce ACT Australia
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban South Africa
| | - Ekavi N. Georgousopoulou
- Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra; Bruce ACT Australia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education; Harokopio University; Athens Greece
| | - Duane D. Mellor
- Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra; Bruce ACT Australia
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
- Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, University of Canberra; Bruce ACT Australia
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Altınkaynak Y, Kural B, Akcan BA, Bodur A, Özer S, Yuluğ E, Munğan S, Kaya C, Örem A. Protective effects of L-theanine against doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1524-1534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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23
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Shen M, Yang Y, Wu Y, Zhang B, Wu H, Wang L, Tang H, Chen J. L-theanine ameliorate depressive-like behavior in a chronic unpredictable mild stress rat model via modulating the monoamine levels in limbic-cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic-circuit related brain regions. Phytother Res 2018; 33:412-421. [PMID: 30474152 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
L-theanine, originally found in green tea, elicits various physiological effects, such as promoting relaxation, improving concentration and learning ability, and providing antianxiety-like and antidepressant-like properties. This study aims to investigate the effects of L-theanine (2 mg/kg) on monoamine levels in an animal model of depression. The effect of l-theanine on the symptoms of depression was examined through the open-field test, sucrose preference test, and forced swim test. The monoamine neurotransmitters that involve serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) were measured in the limbic-cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic (LCSPT)-circuit related brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAC), striatum (ST), amygdala, and hippocampus (HIP). L-theanine ameliorated the depressive-like behaviors in the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model. In the PFC, NAC, and HIP, L-theanine administration significantly increased the levels of 5-HT, NE, and DA. In the ST, the levels of 5-HT and DA were increased after the administration of L-theanine. However, in the HIP, only the level of DA significantly changed after the treatment of L-theanine. Taken together, these results indicated that L-theanine has possibly antidepressant-like effects in the CUMS rat model, which could be mediated by the monoamine neurotransmitters in the LCSPT-circuit related brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjun Shen
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Intensive Care Unit of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haishan Wu
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Effect of l-theanine on the growth performance, immune function, and jejunum morphology and antioxidant status of ducks. Animal 2018; 13:1145-1153. [PMID: 30376911 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118002884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
l-theanine is a unique nonproteinogenic amino acid found in tea, and has recently received considerable attention because of its various biological activities. However, there is no available research report on the use of l-theanine as a feed additive in ducks. This study was conducted to investigate the potential benefits and appropriate dosages of l-theanine on the growth performance, immune function, serum biochemical parameters, and jejunum morphology and antioxidant capacity of ducks. A total of 600 1-day-old Chaohu ducks were randomly allocated into five dietary treatment groups supplemented with 0 (control group), 300, 600, 900 and 1500 mg/kg of l-theanine. Each group included five replicates of 24 birds each. Body weight at day 28 was increased (P<0.05) by l-theanine. From days 15 to 28, l-theanine elevated cumulative BW gain (BWG) and cumulative feed intake (FI), and decreased feed to gain ratio. From days 1 to 28, l-theanine elevated (P<0.05) cumulative BWG and cumulative FI. l-theanine elevated (P<0.05) the relative weight of bursa of Fabricus (day 14), thymus (day 14), spleen (day 28) and liver (day 28). On day 28, l-theanine decreased (P<0.05) serum glucose, uric acid, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-6 contents, and elevated (P<0.05) serum total protein, globulin (GLB), immune globulin A (IgA) and IgG contents, but only serum insulin, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6 contents was decreased (P<0.05) and serum GLB and IgM content was elevated (P<0.05) by l-theanine on day 14. On day 14, l-theanine decreased (P<0.05) jejunum crypt depth, and elevated (P<0.05) jejunum villus height, villus height to crypt depth ratio (V/C), goblet cell number and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity. On day 28, l-theanine decreased (P<0.05) jejunum malondialdehyde content, and elevated (P<0.05) jejunum villus height, V/C, goblet cell number, and T-SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities. l-theanine levels caused quadratic effect on the growth performance, relative organ weight, serum parameters, jejunum morphology and antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, l-theanine can be used as a promising feed additive for ducks, and its optimal supplementation level was 600 to 900 mg/kg based on the current experimental condition.
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Wang D, Gao Q, Zhao G, Kan Z, Wang X, Wang H, Huang J, Wang T, Qian F, Ho CT, Wang Y. Protective Effect and Mechanism of Theanine on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Acute Liver Injury in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7674-7683. [PMID: 29969892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Theanine, a unique bioactive constituent from tea ( Camellia sinensis) leaves, is widely used as a functional ingredient and dietary supplement. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of theanine and its molecular mechanism, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation mouse model was employed in this study. The survival rate of mice in the theanine-treated group increased significantly compared with that of LPS-only group mice. Furthermore, ICR male mice were randomly divided into three or four groups: control, LPS (LPS treatment only), LPS + theanine (20 mg/kg/day), and theanine (theanine treatment only). The results showed that compared with the LPS group, the liver damage and oxidative stress of the theanine-treated group decreased significantly, based on plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations, hepatic total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and histological scores and apoptosis [terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining and caspase-3 activity] in the liver tissues. Furthermore, compared with no treatment, pretreatment with theanine significantly decreased the release of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inhibited the expression of several inflammatory factors (including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6), and increased the IL-10/interferon (IFN)-γ ratio in the hepatic tissues. In the LPS-induced inflammation model, theanine inhibited the expression of proinflammatory mediators involved in the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), and attenuated the phosphorylation of NF-κB in the hepatic tissues. Moreover, theanine suppressed the acute-phase response (elevated nitric oxide and C-reactive protein levels). Furthermore, theanine suppressed the LPS-induced inflammatory state by normalizing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity. Taken together, the results suggest that theanine potentially ameliorates LPS-induced inflammation and acute liver injury; molecular mechanism of action may involve normalization of HPA axis hyperactivity and inactivation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Guangshan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Zhipeng Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Haisong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Jinbao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition , Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , Jiangsu 212000 , China
| | - Frank Qian
- Pritzker School of Medicine , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
- Department of Food Science , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Yijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science & Technology , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , China
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26
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Chai T, Cui F, Song Y, Ye L, Li T, Qiu J, Liu X. Enantioselective Toxicity in Adult Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Induced by Chiral PCB91 through Multiple Pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5448-5458. [PMID: 29641891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to further investigate the toxic mechanism of chiral polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 91 in adult zebrafish ( Danio rerio) exposed to racemic (rac-), (+)-, or (-)-PCB91 for 63 days. The enantioselective mortalities of adult zebrafish exposed to rac-/(+)-/(-)-PCB91 were 95.86, 50.08, and 81.50%, respectively. Tubular necrosis and cellular hypertrophy occurred in the kidneys of (-)-PCB91-treated groups, whereas demyelination and immune cell infiltration occurred in brains of the rac-, (+)-, and (-)-PCB91-treated groups. Additionally, exposure to chiral PCB91 enantioselectively induced neurotoxicity, apoptosis, and inflammation in brain tissues owing to perturbations of gene expression, protein content and sphingolipid levels. The high mortality after rac-/(+)-PCB91 exposure might be due to toxic effects on brain tissue, while the high mortality after (-)-PCB91 exposure might be due to toxic effects on kidney as well as brain tissues. Thus, our findings offer an important reference for elucidating the enantioselective toxicological mechanism of chiral PCBs in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chai
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science , Zhejiang A & F University , Lin'an , Zhejiang 311300 , P.R. China
| | - Feng Cui
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science , Zhejiang A & F University , Lin'an , Zhejiang 311300 , P.R. China
| | - Yue Song
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Linlin Ye
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science , Zhejiang A & F University , Lin'an , Zhejiang 311300 , P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science , Zhejiang A & F University , Lin'an , Zhejiang 311300 , P.R. China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Xingquan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science , Zhejiang A & F University , Lin'an , Zhejiang 311300 , P.R. China
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27
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Zeng WJ, Tan Z, Lai XF, Xu YN, Mai CL, Zhang J, Lin ZJ, Liu XG, Sun SL, Zhou LJ. Topical delivery of l-theanine ameliorates TPA-induced acute skin inflammation via downregulating endothelial PECAM-1 and neutrophil infiltration and activation. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 284:69-79. [PMID: 29458014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
l-theanine, the most abundant free amino acid in tea, has been documented to possess many different bioactive properties through oral or intragastrical delivery. However, little is known about the effect of topical delivery of l-theanine on acute inflammation. In the present study, by using 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA, 2.5 μg/ear)-induced ear edema model in mice, we first found that single-dose local pretreatment of l-theanine 30 min before TPA time- and dose-dependently suppressed the increases in both skin thickness and weight. Subsequently l-theanine ameliorated TPA-induced erythema, vascular permeability increase, epidermal and dermal hyperplasia, neutrophil infiltration and activation via downregulating the expression of PECAM-1 (a platelet endothelial adhesion molecule-1) in blood vessels and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and mediator cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is mainly expressed in neutrophils. It highlighted the potential of l-theanine as a locally administrable therapeutic agent for acute cutaneous inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhi Tan
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xing-Fei Lai
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dafeng Road 6th, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ya-Nan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chun-Lin Mai
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhen-Jia Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xian-Guo Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shi-Li Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dafeng Road 6th, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Li-Jun Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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28
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Hwang YP, Jin SW, Choi JH, Choi CY, Kim HG, Kim SJ, Kim Y, Lee KJ, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Inhibitory effects of l-theanine on airway inflammation in ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 99:162-169. [PMID: 27908701 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
l-theanine, a water-soluble amino acid isolated from green tea (Camellia sinensis), has anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidative properties, and hepatoprotective effects. However, the anti-allergic effect of l-theanine and its underlying molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of l-theanine on asthmatic responses, particularly airway inflammation and oxidative stress modulation in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine model of asthma. Treatment with l-theanine dramatically attenuated the extensive trafficking of inflammatory cells into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Histological studies revealed that l-theanine significantly inhibited OVA-induced mucus production and inflammatory cell infiltration in the respiratory tract and blood vessels. l-theanine administration also significantly decreased the production of IgE, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma in BALF. The lung weight decreased with l-theanine administration. l-theanine also markedly attenuated the OVA-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and matrix metalloprotease-9 in BALF. Moreover, l-theanine reduced the TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation in A549 cells. Together, these results suggest that l-theanine alleviates airway inflammation in asthma, which likely occurs via the oxidative stress-responsive NF-κB pathway, highlighting its potential as a useful therapeutic agent for asthma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pil Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, International University of Korea, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Jin
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Choi
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Yung Choi
- Jeollanamdo Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Gyun Kim
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jong Kim
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongan Kim
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Chung
- Department of Food and Medicine, College of Public Health and Natural Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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L-theanine, a Component of Green Tea Prevents 3-Nitropropionic Acid (3-NP)-Induced Striatal Toxicity by Modulating Nitric Oxide Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2327-2337. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9822-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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