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Käver L, Hinney A, Rajcsanyi LS, Maier HB, Frieling H, Steiger H, Voelz C, Beyer C, Trinh S, Seitz J. Epigenetic alterations in patients with anorexia nervosa-a systematic review. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02601-w. [PMID: 38849516 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02601-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex metabolic and psychological disorder that is influenced by both heritable genetic components and environmental factors. Exposure to various environmental influences can lead to epigenetically induced changes in gene expression. Epigenetic research in AN is still in its infancy, and studies to date are limited in determining clear, valid links to disease onset and progression are limited. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to compile and critically evaluate the available results of epigenetic studies specifically in AN and to provide recommendations for future studies. In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was performed in three different databases (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) through May 2023. Twenty-three original papers or conference abstracts on epigenetic studies in AN were collected. Epigenome-wide association studies (EWASs), which analyze DNA methylation across the genome in patients with AN and identify potential disease-relevant changes in promoter/regulatory regions of genes, are the most promising for future research. To date, five EWASs on AN have been published, suggesting a potential reversibility of malnutrition-induced epigenetic changes once patients recover. Hence, determining differential DNA methylation levels could serve as a biomarker for disease status or early diagnosis and might be involved in disease progression or chronification. For future research, EWASs with a larger sample size, longitudinal study design and uniform methods should be performed to contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of AN, the development of individual interventions and a better prognosis for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Käver
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstrasse 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational and Behavioral Neuroscience, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Luisa Sophie Rajcsanyi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstrasse 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational and Behavioral Neuroscience, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Hannah Benedictine Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, Socialpsychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helge Frieling
- Department of Psychiatry, Socialpsychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Howard Steiger
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Clara Voelz
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Trinh
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Seitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Neuenhofer Weg 21, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, LVR University Hospital Essen, Virchowstrasse 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
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Ohi K, Fujikane D, Takai K, Kuramitsu A, Muto Y, Sugiyama S, Shioiri T. Epigenetic signatures of social anxiety, panic disorders and stress experiences: Insights from genome-wide DNA methylation risk scores. Psychiatry Res 2024; 337:115984. [PMID: 38820651 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and panic disorder (PD) are prevalent anxiety disorders characterized by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Both disorders share overlapping features and often coexist, despite displaying distinct characteristics. Childhood life adversity, overall stressful life events, and genetic factors contribute to the development of these disorders. DNA methylation, an epigenetic modification, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In this study, we investigated whether whole-genome DNA methylation risk scores (MRSs) for SAD risk, severity of social anxiety, childhood life adversity, PD risk, and overall stressful life events were associated with SAD or PD case‒control status. Preliminary epigenome-wide association studies (EWASs) for SAD risk, severity of social anxiety, and childhood life adversity were conducted in 66 SAD individuals and 77 healthy controls (HCs). Similarly, EWASs for PD risk and overall stressful life events were performed in 182 PD individuals and 81 HCs. MRSs were calculated from these EWASs. MRSs derived from the EWASs of SAD risk and severity of social anxiety were greater in PD patients than in HCs. Additionally, MRSs derived from the EWASs of overall stressful life events, particularly in PD individuals, were lower in SAD individuals than in HCs. In contrast, MRSs for childhood life adversity or PD risk were not significantly associated with PD or SAD case‒control status. These findings highlight the epigenetic features shared in both disorders and the distinctive epigenetic features related to social avoidance in SAD patients, helping to elucidate the epigenetic basis of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Fujikane
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takai
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kuramitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukimasa Muto
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sugiyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshiki Shioiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Tomoda A, Nishitani S, Takiguchi S, Fujisawa TX, Sugiyama T, Teicher MH. The neurobiological effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function, and attachment. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01779-y. [PMID: 38466395 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment is a risk factor for psychopathologies, and influences brain development at specific periods, particularly during early childhood and adolescence. This narrative review addresses phenotypic alterations in sensory systems associated with specific types of childhood maltreatment exposure, periods of vulnerability to the neurobiological effects of maltreatment, and the relationships between childhood maltreatment and brain structure, function, connectivity, and network architecture; psychopathology; and resilience. It also addresses neurobiological alterations associated with maternal communication and attachment disturbances, and uses laboratory-based measures during infancy and case-control studies to elucidate neurobiological alterations in reactive attachment disorders in children with maltreatment histories. Moreover, we review studies on the acute effects of oxytocin on reactive attachment disorder and maltreatment and methylation of oxytocin regulatory genes. Epigenetic changes may play a critical role in initiating or producing the atypical structural and functional brain alterations associated with childhood maltreatment. However, these changes could be reversed through psychological and pharmacological interventions, and by anticipating or preventing the emergence of brain alterations and subsequent psychopathological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Tomoda
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Shota Nishitani
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Takiguchi
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takashi X Fujisawa
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sugiyama
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Martin H Teicher
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Ohi K, Shimada M, Soda M, Nishizawa D, Fujikane D, Takai K, Kuramitsu A, Muto Y, Sugiyama S, Hasegawa J, Kitaichi K, Ikeda K, Shioiri T. Genome-wide DNA methylation risk scores for schizophrenia derived from blood and brain tissues further explain the genetic risk in patients stratified by polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. BMJ MENTAL HEALTH 2024; 27:e300936. [PMID: 38216218 PMCID: PMC10806921 DOI: 10.1136/bmjment-2023-300936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). Among genetic risk groups stratified by combinations of Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) deciles for SZ, BD and SZ versus BD, genetic SZ risk groups had high SZ risk and prominent cognitive impairments. Furthermore, epigenetic alterations are implicated in these disorders. However, it was unclear whether DNA Methylation Risk Scores (MRSs) for SZ risk derived from blood and brain tissues were associated with SZ risk, particularly the PRS-stratified genetic SZ risk group. METHODS Epigenome-wide association studies (EWASs) of SZ risk in whole blood were preliminarily conducted between 66 SZ patients and 30 healthy controls (HCs) and among genetic risk groups (individuals with low genetic risk for SZ and BD in HCs (n=30) and in SZ patients (n=11), genetic BD risk in SZ patients (n=25) and genetic SZ risk in SZ patients (n=30)) stratified by combinations of PRSs for SZ, BD and SZ versus BD. Next, differences in MRSs based on independent EWASs of SZ risk in whole blood, postmortem frontal cortex (FC) and superior temporal gyrus (STG) were investigated among our case‒control and PRS-stratified genetic risk status groups. RESULTS Among case‒control and genetic risk status groups, 33 and 351 genome-wide significant differentially methylated positions (DMPs) associated with SZ were identified, respectively, many of which were hypermethylated. Compared with the low genetic risk in HCs group, the genetic SZ risk in SZ group had 39 genome-wide significant DMPs, while the genetic BD risk in SZ group had only six genome-wide significant DMPs. The MRSs for SZ risk derived from whole blood, FC and STG were higher in our SZ patients than in HCs in whole blood and were particularly higher in the genetic SZ risk in SZ group than in the low genetic risk in HCs and genetic BD risk in SZ groups. Conversely, the MRSs for SZ risk based on our whole-blood EWASs among genetic risk groups were also associated with SZ in the FC and STG. There were no correlations between the MRSs and PRSs. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the MRS is a potential genetic marker in understanding SZ, particularly in patients with a genetic SZ risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mihoko Shimada
- Genome Medical Science Project (Toyama), National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Soda
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nishizawa
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujikane
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takai
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kuramitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukimasa Muto
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sugiyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Junko Hasegawa
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoyuki Kitaichi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Shioiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Iwashita M, Tran A, Garcia M, Cashon J, Burbano D, Salgado V, Hasegawa M, Balmilero-Unciano R, Politan K, Wong M, Lee RWY, Yoshizawa M. Metabolic shift toward ketosis in asocial cavefish increases social-like affinity. BMC Biol 2023; 21:219. [PMID: 37840141 PMCID: PMC10577988 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social affinity and collective behavior are nearly ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, but many lineages feature evolutionarily asocial species. These solitary species may have evolved to conserve energy in food-sparse environments. However, the mechanism by which metabolic shifts regulate social affinity is not well investigated. RESULTS In this study, we used the Mexican tetra (Astyanax mexicanus), which features riverine sighted surface (surface fish) and cave-dwelling populations (cavefish), to address the impact of metabolic shifts on asociality and other cave-associated behaviors in cavefish, including repetitive turning, sleeplessness, swimming longer distances, and enhanced foraging behavior. After 1 month of ketosis-inducing ketogenic diet feeding, asocial cavefish exhibited significantly higher social affinity, whereas social affinity regressed in cavefish fed the standard diet. The ketogenic diet also reduced repetitive turning and swimming in cavefish. No major behavioral shifts were found regarding sleeplessness and foraging behavior, suggesting that other evolved behaviors are not largely regulated by ketosis. We further examined the effects of the ketogenic diet via supplementation with exogenous ketone bodies, revealing that ketone bodies are pivotal molecules positively associated with social affinity. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated that fish that evolved to be asocial remain capable of exhibiting social affinity under ketosis, possibly linking the seasonal food availability and sociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Iwashita
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'I at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Amity Tran
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'I at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Marianne Garcia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'I at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Jia Cashon
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI, 96744, USA
| | - Devanne Burbano
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'I at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Vanessa Salgado
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'I at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Malia Hasegawa
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'I at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | | | - Kaylah Politan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'I at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Miki Wong
- Nā Pu'uwai Native Hawaiian Healthcare System, Kaunakakai, HI, 96748, USA
- Nutrition Services Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Honolulu, HI, 96826, USA
| | - Ryan W Y Lee
- Medical Staff Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Honolulu, HI, 96826, USA
| | - Masato Yoshizawa
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'I at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
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Mishra S, Raval M, Kachhawaha AS, Tiwari BS, Tiwari AK. Aging: Epigenetic modifications. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 197:171-209. [PMID: 37019592 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Aging is one of the most complex and irreversible health conditions characterized by continuous decline in physical/mental activities that eventually poses an increased risk of several diseases and ultimately death. These conditions cannot be ignored by anyone but there are evidences that suggest that exercise, healthy diet and good routines may delay the Aging process significantly. Several studies have demonstrated that Epigenetics plays a key role in Aging and Aging-associated diseases through methylation of DNA, histone modification and non-coding RNA (ncRNA). Comprehension and relevant alterations in these epigenetic modifications can lead to new therapeutic avenues of age-delaying contrivances. These processes affect gene transcription, DNA replication and DNA repair, comprehending epigenetics as a key factor in understanding Aging and developing new avenues for delaying Aging, clinical advancements in ameliorating aging-related diseases and rejuvenating health. In the present article, we have described and advocated the epigenetic role in Aging and associated diseases.
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Reduction of DNMT3a and RORA in the nucleus accumbens plays a causal role in post-traumatic stress disorder-like behavior: reversal by combinatorial epigenetic therapy. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7481-7497. [PMID: 34253866 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an incapacitating trauma-related disorder, with no reliable therapy. Although PTSD has been associated with epigenetic alterations in peripheral white blood cells, it is unknown where such changes occur in the brain, and whether they play a causal role in PTSD. Using an animal PTSD model, we show distinct DNA methylation profiles of PTSD susceptibility in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Data analysis revealed overall hypomethylation of different genomic CG sites in susceptible animals. This was correlated with the reduction in expression levels of the DNA methyltransferase, DNMT3a. Since epigenetic changes in diseases involve different gene pathways, rather than single candidate genes, we next searched for pathways that may be involved in PTSD. Analysis of differentially methylated sites identified enrichment in the RAR activation and LXR/RXR activation pathways that regulate Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR) Related Orphan Receptor A (RORA) activation. Intra-NAc injection of a lentiviral vector expressing either RORA or DNMT3a reversed PTSD-like behaviors while knockdown of RORA and DNMT3a increased PTSD-like behaviors. To translate our results into a potential pharmacological therapeutic strategy, we tested the effect of systemic treatment with the global methyl donor S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), for supplementing DNA methylation, or retinoic acid, for activating RORA downstream pathways. We found that combined treatment with the methyl donor SAM and retinoic acid reversed PTSD-like behaviors. Thus, our data point to a novel approach to the treatment of PTSD, which is potentially translatable to humans.
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Histone deacetylase-6 modulates amyloid beta-induced cognitive dysfunction rats by regulating PTK2B. Neuroreport 2021; 31:754-761. [PMID: 32453021 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of histone deacetylase-6 (HDAC6) on the functional and pathological changes of the amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced cognitive dysfunction rats by regulating protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta (PTK2B). Ninety Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into nine groups, consisting of five experimental groups and four control groups. In five experimental groups, Aβ1-42 was infused intracerebroventricularly and 3 days later, rats in each group were infused intracerebroventricularly with tubastatin A hydrochloride (TSA), the HDAC6-specific inhibitor (Aβ + TSA group), theophylline, the HDACs agonist (Aβ + Theo group), PF431396 (PF), the PTK2B inhibitor (Aβ + PF group), the combination of PF and theophylline (Aβ + PF + Theo group), and normal saline (Aβ + normal saline group), respectively. Rats in four control groups took normal saline that was equivalent to the volume of Aβ1-42, and 3 days later, TSA (TSA group), theophylline (Theo group), (PF group, or normal saline group) was given at a volume of 5 µL for rats in each group. Our results showed that HDAC6 may not only lead to the deterioration of learning and memory abilities but also elevate the levels of Aβo and Tau phosphorylation in Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction rats via upregulating PTK2B.
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Schieffler DA, Matta SE. Evidence to Support the Use of S-Adenosylmethionine for Treatment of Post-Concussive Sequelae in the Military. Mil Med 2021; 187:e1182-e1192. [PMID: 33900393 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the year 2000, over 413,000 service members have sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI) and may present with post-concussive sequelae including headaches, fatigue, irritability, cognitive problems, depression, insomnia, and chronic pain. Although the focus of the article is on military TBI, the usefulness of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) would extend to both civilian and military populations. This narrative review examines the preclinical and clinical literature of SAMe's metabolism and alterations seen in disease states such as depressive disorders, pain disorders, fatigue, cognition, dementia, use in pregnancy and peripartum, children, adolescents, and adults, to the elderly with and without dementia, stroke, and neurodegeneration, in order to highlight its potential benefit in post-concussive sequelae after TBI. MATERIALS AND METHODS A MEDLINE/PubMed and Cochrane Database search was conducted between May 3, 2018 and July 30, 2019 by combining search terms for SAMe with terms for relevant disease states including depression, brain injury, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cognition, fatigue, and pain. This search retrieved a total of 676 references. 439 were excluded for being over a 10-year publication date, except where clinically relevant. After additional removal of repeated articles, the number of articles were totaled 197. An additional 59 articles were excluded: 10 not in English, 4 duplicates, 4 not original investigations, and 41 outside the scope of this article. The remaining 138 articles were used in this review and included 25 clinical studies, 46 preclinical studies, 63 reviews, and 4 case reports. RESULTS This narrative review examined the preclinical and clinical literature of SAMe's metabolism and alterations seen in MDD, pain disorders, fatigue, cognition and memory, dementia, and other disorders to highlight the potential benefit of SAMe in post-concussive sequelae in mTBI. The literature showed potential for improvement, safety, and tolerability in these symptom clusters commonly seen in military mild TBI (mTBI). CONCLUSION There is evidence of a potential benefit of SAMe as an intervention to help with symptoms across the range of post-concussive sequelae and syndromes commonly seen in military mTBI. Since the discovery of SAMe in 1952, this pleiotropic molecule has shown the significance of its involvement in several metabolic cascades in such disparate systems as epigenetics, bioenergetics, DNA methylation, neurotransmitter systems, and potential usefulness in military TBI. Significant limitations include disparate presentations seen in patients with mild TBI, those with post-concussive syndrome, as well as those with comorbid depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Also, over-the-counter medications are not regulated and SAMe products may vary widely in price and quality. Given the potential for mania in patients with bipolar disorder, evaluation and recommendations should be made by a physician able to evaluate the underlying bipolar diathesis. Furthermore, this narrative review serves as the rationale for future open-label and double-blind placebo-controlled trials in military mTBI and SAMe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia E Matta
- Naval Hospital Camp Pendleton, Oceanside, CA 92055, USA
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Matheson K, Asokumar A, Anisman H. Resilience: Safety in the Aftermath of Traumatic Stressor Experiences. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:596919. [PMID: 33408619 PMCID: PMC7779406 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.596919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between adverse experiences and the emergence of pathology has often focused on characteristics of the stressor or of the individual (stressor appraisals, coping strategies). These features are thought to influence multiple biological processes that favor the development of mental and physical illnesses. Less often has attention focused on the aftermath of traumatic experiences, and the importance of safety and reassurance that is necessary for longer-term well-being. In some cases (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder) this may be reflected by a failure of fear extinction, whereas in other instances (e.g., historical trauma), the uncertainty about the future might foster continued anxiety. In essence, the question becomes one of how individuals attain feelings of safety when it is fully understood that the world is not necessarily a safe place, uncertainties abound, and feelings of agency are often illusory. We consider how individuals acquire resilience in the aftermath of traumatic and chronic stressors. In this respect, we review characteristics of stressors that may trigger particular biological and behavioral coping responses, as well as factors that undermine their efficacy. To this end, we explore stressor dynamics and social processes that foster resilience in response to specific traumatic, chronic, and uncontrollable stressor contexts (intimate partner abuse; refugee migration; collective historical trauma). We point to resilience factors that may comprise neurobiological changes, such as those related to various stressor-provoked hormones, neurotrophins, inflammatory immune, microbial, and epigenetic processes. These behavioral and biological stress responses may influence, and be influenced by, feelings of safety that come about through relationships with others, spiritual and place-based connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Matheson
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,The Royal Ottawa's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ajani Asokumar
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hymie Anisman
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,The Royal Ottawa's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Studies indicate that environmental factors, acting at various moments throughout the life cycle, can result in epigenetically mediated alterations in gene expression. In this article, we review recent findings on the role of epigenetic factors in eating disorders, address methodological issues that need to be considered when interpreting research findings, and comment on possible clinical applications. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence suggests that eating disorders implicate alterations of methylation in genes involved in the mental status, metabolism, anthropometric features and immunity. Furthermore, some research in individuals with anorexia nervosa suggests the presence of reversible, malnutrition-induced epigenetic alterations that 'reset' as patients recover. SUMMARY Epigenetic studies in the eating disorders corroborate the idea that eating disorder cause is multifactorial, and identify markers that could help inform our understanding of illness staging and subtyping that may explain the commonly progressive course of these disorders, and that may provide insights towards the development of novel interventions. Already, there is evidence to suggest that, in people with eating disorders, epigenetically informed interventions help reduce stigma and shame, and increase self-acceptance and hopes of recovery. Although findings are intriguing, further research is required as, to date, studies apply modest sample sizes and disparate methodologies.
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12
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Steiger H, Booij L. Eating Disorders, Heredity and Environmental Activation: Getting Epigenetic Concepts into Practice. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051332. [PMID: 32375223 PMCID: PMC7291135 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are believed to link environmental exposures to alterations in gene expression, and in so doing, to provide a physical substrate for the activation of hereditary potentials by life experiences. In keeping with this idea, accumulating data suggest that epigenetic processes are implicated in eating-disorder (ED) etiology. This paper reviews literature on putative links between epigenetic factors and EDs, and examines ways in which epigenetic programming of gene expression could account for gene-environment interactions acting in the EDs. The paper also presents evidence suggesting that epigenetic processes link malnutrition and life stresses (gestational, perinatal, childhood, and adult) to risk of ED development. Drawing from empirical evidence and clinical experience, we propose that an epigenetically informed understanding of ED etiology can benefit patients, caregivers, and clinicians alike, in the sense that the perspective can reduce judgmental or blameful attitudes on the part of clinicians and caregivers, and increase self-acceptance and optimism about recovery on the part of those affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Steiger
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas University Institute, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- Douglas Institute Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Linda Booij
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (L.B.)
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13
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Schiele MA, Gottschalk MG, Domschke K. The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy and prevention. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 77:101830. [PMID: 32163803 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mental disorders are highly complex and multifactorial in origin, comprising an elaborate interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA modifications (e.g. CpG methylation), histone modifications (e.g. acetylation) and microRNAs function as a translator between genes and the environment. Indeed, environmental influences such as exposure to stress shape epigenetic patterns, and lifetime experiences continue to alter the function of the genome throughout the lifespan. Here, we summarize the recently burgeoning body of research regarding the involvement of aberrant epigenetic signatures in mediating an increased vulnerability to a wide range of mental disorders. We review the current knowledge of epigenetic changes to constitute useful markers predicting the clinical response to psychotherapeutic interventions, and of psychotherapy to alter - and potentially reverse - epigenetic risk patterns. Given first evidence pointing to a transgenerational transmission of epigenetic information, epigenetic alterations arising from successful psychotherapy might be transferred to future generations and thus contribute to the prevention of mental disorders. Findings are integrated into a multi-level framework highlighting challenges pertaining to the mechanisms of action and clinical implications of epigenetic research. Promising future directions regarding the prediction, prevention, and personalized treatment of mental disorders in line with a 'precision medicine' approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Schiele
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael G Gottschalk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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14
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Pirozzi C, Lama A, Annunziata C, Cavaliere G, De Caro C, Citraro R, Russo E, Tallarico M, Iannone M, Ferrante MC, Mollica MP, Mattace Raso G, De Sarro G, Calignano A, Meli R. Butyrate prevents valproate-induced liver injury: In vitro and in vivo evidence. FASEB J 2019; 34:676-690. [PMID: 31914696 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900927rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sodium valproate (VPA), an antiepileptic drug, may cause dose- and time-dependent hepatotoxicity. However, its iatrogenic molecular mechanism and the rescue therapy are disregarded. Recently, it has been demonstrated that sodium butyrate (NaB) reduces hepatic steatosis, improving respiratory capacity and mitochondrial dysfunction in obese mice. Here, we investigated the protective effect of NaB in counteracting VPA-induced hepatotoxicity using in vitro and in vivo models. Human HepG2 cells and primary rat hepatocytes were exposed to high VPA concentration and treated with NaB. Mitochondrial function, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress were evaluated, using Seahorse analyzer, spectrophotometric, and biochemical determinations. Liver protection by NaB was also evaluated in VPA-treated epileptic WAG/Rij rats, receiving NaB for 6 months. NaB prevented VPA toxicity, limiting cell oxidative and mitochondrial damage (ROS, malondialdehyde, SOD activity, mitochondrial bioenergetics), and restoring fatty acid oxidation (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α expression and carnitine palmitoyl-transferase activity) in HepG2 cells, primary hepatocytes, and isolated mitochondria. In vivo, NaB confirmed its activity normalizing hepatic biomarkers, fatty acid metabolism, and reducing inflammation and fibrosis induced by VPA. These data support the protective potential of NaB on VPA-induced liver injury, indicating it as valid therapeutic approach in counteracting this common side effect due to VPA chronic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Annunziata
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gina Cavaliere
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen De Caro
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Martina Tallarico
- CNR, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Pharmacology Section, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Iannone
- CNR, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Pharmacology Section, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Ferrante
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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15
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Cheminformatics Explorations of Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 110:1-35. [PMID: 31621009 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14632-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of natural products is fascinating and has continuously attracted the attention of the scientific community for many reasons including, but not limited to, biosynthesis pathways, chemical diversity, the source of bioactive compounds and their marked impact on drug discovery. There is a broad range of experimental and computational techniques (molecular modeling and cheminformatics) that have evolved over the years and have assisted the investigation of natural products. Herein, we discuss cheminformatics strategies to explore the chemistry and applications of natural products. Since the potential synergisms between cheminformatics and natural products are vast, we will focus on three major aspects: (1) exploration of the chemical space of natural products to identify bioactive compounds, with emphasis on drug discovery; (2) assessment of the toxicity profile of natural products; and (3) diversity analysis of natural product collections and the design of chemical collections inspired by natural sources.
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16
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Short AK, Baram TZ. Early-life adversity and neurological disease: age-old questions and novel answers. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:657-669. [PMID: 31530940 PMCID: PMC7261498 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurological illnesses, including cognitive impairment, memory decline and dementia, affect over 50 million people worldwide, imposing a substantial burden on individuals and society. These disorders arise from a combination of genetic, environmental and experiential factors, with the latter two factors having the greatest impact during sensitive periods in development. In this Review, we focus on the contribution of adverse early-life experiences to aberrant brain maturation, which might underlie vulnerability to cognitive brain disorders. Specifically, we draw on recent robust discoveries from diverse disciplines, encompassing human studies and experimental models. These discoveries suggest that early-life adversity, especially in the perinatal period, influences the maturation of brain circuits involved in cognition. Importantly, new findings suggest that fragmented and unpredictable environmental and parental signals comprise a novel potent type of adversity, which contributes to subsequent vulnerabilities to cognitive illnesses via mechanisms involving disordered maturation of brain 'wiring'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel K Short
- Departments of Anatomy and Neruobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- Departments of Anatomy and Neruobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Departments of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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17
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Sild M, Booij L. Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4): a new player in anorexia nervosa? Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1425-1434. [PMID: 30742020 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) and other eating disorders continue to constitute significant challenges for individual and public health. AN is thought to develop as a result of complex interactions between environmental triggers, psychological risk factors, sociocultural influences, and genetic vulnerability. Recent research developments have highlighted a novel potentially relevant component in the AN etiology-activity of the histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) gene that has emerged in several recent studies related to AN. HDAC4 is a member of the ubiquitously important family of epigenetic modifier enzymes called histone deacetylases and has been implicated in processes related to the formation and function of the central nervous system (CNS), bone, muscle, and metabolism. In a family affected by eating disorders, a missense mutation in HDAC4 (A786T) was found to segregate with the illness. The relevance of this mutation in eating-related behaviors was further confirmed with mouse models. Despite the fact that HDAC4 has not been identified as a significant signal in genome-wide association studies in AN, several studies have found significant or near-significant methylation differences in HDAC4 locus in peripheral tissues of actively ill AN patients in comparison with different control groups. Limitations of these studies include a lack of understanding of to what extent the changes in methylation are predictive of AN as such changes might also occur as a consequence of the disease. It remains to be determined how methylation in peripheral tissues correlates with that in the CNS and how different methylation patterns affect HDAC4 expression. The present review discusses the findings and potential roles of HDAC4 in AN. Its emerging roles in learning and neuroplasticity may be specific and relevant for the etiology of AN and potentially lead to novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Sild
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Linda Booij
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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18
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Zurawek D, Gruca P, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Resilient Phenotype in Chronic Mild Stress Paradigm Is Associated with Altered Expression Levels of miR-18a-5p and Serotonin 5-HT 1a Receptor in Dorsal Part of the Hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7680-7693. [PMID: 31098953 PMCID: PMC6815272 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed serotonergic signaling in the hippocampus observed in many individuals vulnerable to stress has been suggested as one of the primary factors contributing to the development of depression. However, little is known about the physiology of the brain in the resilient phenotype. Resilient subjects maintain a positive mood and psychological balance despite being under the stress influence. In our study, we generated stress-vulnerable and resilient rats by using a chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm. Using different molecular approaches, we revealed that resilient animals exhibited a significantly decreased expression level of miR-18a-5p and, in the same time, an elevated level of 5-HT1AR in dorsal, but not ventral, part of the hippocampus. Described biochemical changes were not observed in animals behaviorally vulnerable to stress. Further, in vitro analysis showed that miR-18a-5p may be a negative epigenetic regulator of 5-HT1AR since the treatment of adult hippocampal neurons with miR-18a-5p mimic significantly lowered the expression level of mRNA encoding 5-HT1AR. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis of potential target genes expressed in the hippocampus and being regulated by miR-18a-5p showed that this microRNA may regulate biological processes, such as axonogenesis, which are important in the functioning of the hippocampus in both rats and humans. All these molecular features may contribute to serotonergic homeostatic balance at the level of serotonin turnover observed in hippocampi of resilient but not stress-vulnerable rats. Delineation of further molecular and biochemical markers underlying resilience to stress may contribute to the development of new antidepressant strategies which will restore resilient phenotype in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Zurawek
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of General Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland. .,Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Gruca
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lucyna Antkiewicz-Michaluk
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
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19
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Rustad SR, Papale LA, Alisch RS. DNA Methylation and Hydroxymethylation and Behavior. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 42:51-82. [PMID: 31392630 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2019_104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Environmentally sensitive molecular mechanisms in the brain, such as DNA methylation, have become a significant focus of neuroscience research because of mounting evidence indicating that they are critical in response to social situations, stress, threats, and behavior. The recent identification of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), which is enriched in the brain (tenfold over peripheral tissues), raises new questions as to the role of this base in mediating epigenetic effects in the brain. The development of genome-wide methods capable of distinguishing 5-methylcytosine (5mC) from 5hmC has revealed that a growing number of behaviors are linked to independent disruptions of 5mC and 5hmC levels, further emphasizing the unique importance of both of these modifications in the brain. Here, we review the recent links that indicate DNA methylation (both 5mC and 5hmC) is highly dynamic and that perturbations in this modification may contribute to behaviors related to psychiatric disorders and hold clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ligia A Papale
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Reid S Alisch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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20
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Gao J, Cahill CM, Huang X, Roffman JL, Lamon-Fava S, Fava M, Mischoulon D, Rogers JT. S-Adenosyl Methionine and Transmethylation Pathways in Neuropsychiatric Diseases Throughout Life. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:156-175. [PMID: 29340929 PMCID: PMC5794704 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Adenosyl methionine (SAMe), as a major methyl donor, exerts its influence on central nervous system function through cellular transmethylation pathways, including the methylation of DNA, histones, protein phosphatase 2A, and several catecholamine moieties. Based on available evidence, this review focuses on the lifelong range of severe neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases and their associated neuropathologies, which have been linked to the deficiency/load of SAMe production or/and the disturbance in transmethylation pathways. Also included in this review are the present-day applications of SAMe in the treatment in these diseases in each age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xudong Huang
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua L Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefania Lamon-Fava
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Mischoulon
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jack T Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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21
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Kim SH, Kim JS, Jin MH, Lee JH. The effects of weather on pediatric seizure: A single-center retrospective study (2005-2015). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:535-540. [PMID: 28763650 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported an association between seizure and the weather. However, reports are conflicting. Thus, we investigated whether emergency department visits due to seizure are affected by weather. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 108,628 emergency department visits to Samsung Changwon Hospital by pediatric patients from January 2005 to December 2015. Among them, there were 3484 (3.2%) visits for any type of seizure. Seizures were categorized as febrile seizure, afebrile seizure, epilepsy, or status epilepticus. We used a distributed lag non-linear model with quasi-Poisson distribution to investigate the association between weather and pediatric seizure. RESULTS During this 11-year study period, over the half of total pediatric seizure patients were febrile seizure (53.5%) and the proportion for status epilepticus were the lowest (5.9%). Mean of mean temperature and diurnal temperature range were 14.7°C and 8.3°C. Mean humidity was 62.1%, mean of atmospheric pressure was 1015.5hPa and mean of sunshine was 6.3Hr. When considering the overall 0-15days lagged effect of weather, only mean temperature was significantly associated with emergency department visits. At lower temperatures, the number of emergency department visits increases and decreases at higher temperatures. All 4 types of seizure also showed similar patterns. In particular, only visits of febrile seizure were significantly associated with mean temperature. CONCLUSION We investigated the association weather and pediatric seizure by considering 0-15day lags. In particular, low mean temperature increase the emergency department visits for pediatric seizure and high mean temperature decrease the pediatric seizure. In addition, only febrile seizure of 4 seizure types was affected by mean average temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Soo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hyeon Jin
- Department of Biostatistics, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Giegling I, Hosak L, Mössner R, Serretti A, Bellivier F, Claes S, Collier DA, Corrales A, DeLisi LE, Gallo C, Gill M, Kennedy JL, Leboyer M, Maier W, Marquez M, Massat I, Mors O, Muglia P, Nöthen MM, Ospina-Duque J, Owen MJ, Propping P, Shi Y, St Clair D, Thibaut F, Cichon S, Mendlewicz J, O'Donovan MC, Rujescu D. Genetics of schizophrenia: A consensus paper of the WFSBP Task Force on Genetics. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:492-505. [PMID: 28112043 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1268715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disease affecting about 1% of the general population. The relative contribution of genetic factors has been estimated to be up to 80%. The mode of inheritance is complex, non-Mendelian, and in most cases involving the combined action of large numbers of genes. METHODS This review summarises recent efforts to identify genetic variants associated with schizophrenia detected, e.g., through genome-wide association studies, studies on copy-number variants or next-generation sequencing. RESULTS A large, new body of evidence on genetics of schizophrenia has accumulated over recent years. Many new robustly associated genetic loci have been detected. Furthermore, there is consensus that at least a dozen microdeletions and microduplications contribute to the disease. Genetic overlap between schizophrenia, other psychiatric disorders, and neurodevelopmental syndromes raised new questions regarding the current classification of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental diseases. CONCLUSIONS Future studies will address especially the functional characterisation of genetic variants. This will hopefully open the doors to our understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other related diseases. Complementary, integrated systems biology approaches to genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics may also play crucial roles in enabling a precision medicine approach to the treatment of individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Giegling
- a Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics , Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Ladislav Hosak
- c Department of Psychiatriy , Charles University, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Rainald Mössner
- d Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- e Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Frank Bellivier
- f Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal, Pôle Neurosciences , Paris , France.,g Equipe 1, Université Paris Diderot , Paris , France
| | - Stephan Claes
- h GRASP-Research Group, Department of Neuroscience , University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,i Department of Neurosciences, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - David A Collier
- j Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre , Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK.,k Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Erl Wood Manor , Surrey , UK
| | - Alejo Corrales
- l Argentinean Association of Biological Psychiatry , National University, UNT, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Lynn E DeLisi
- m VA Boston Health Care System , Brockton , MA , USA.,n Department of Psychiatry , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Carla Gallo
- o Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru
| | - Michael Gill
- p Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - James L Kennedy
- q Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , ON , Canada.,r Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Toronto , ON , Canada.,s Department of Psychiatry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.,t Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Marion Leboyer
- u Equipe Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Inserm U955 , Créteil , France.,v DHU Pe-Psy, Pôle de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie , AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor , Créteil , France.,w Pôle de Psychiatrie , Hôpital Albert Chenevier , Créteil , France.,x Fondation FondaMental , Créteil , France
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- y Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Bonn, Bonn , Germany
| | - Miguel Marquez
- z Asistencia, Docencia e Investigación en Neurociencia , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Isabelle Massat
- aa UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, ULB , Bruxelles , Belgium.,ab National Fund of Scientific Research (FNRS) , Bruxelles , Belgium.,ac Laboratory of Experimental Neurology , ULB , Bruxelles , Belgium.,ad UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, Centre de Recherche Cognition et Neurosciences , Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Bruxelles , Belgium
| | - Ole Mors
- ae Psychosis Research Unit , Aarhus University Hospital , Risskov , Denmark.,af The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | - Markus M Nöthen
- ah Head, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany.,ai Department of Genomics , Life and Brain Center , Bonn , Germany
| | - Jorge Ospina-Duque
- aj Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Antioquia , Medellín , Colombia
| | - Michael J Owen
- ak MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK.,al National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | | | - YongYong Shi
- an Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.,ao Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabloic Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , P.R. China.,ap Institute of Social Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - David St Clair
- aq Department of Psychiatry, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Florence Thibaut
- ar INSERM U 894 Centre Psychiatry and Neurosciences , University Hospital Cochin (Site Tarnier), University Sorbonne Paris Cité (Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes) , Paris , France
| | - Sven Cichon
- ah Head, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany.,ai Department of Genomics , Life and Brain Center , Bonn , Germany.,as Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland.,at Genomic Imaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine , Research Center Juelich , Juelich , Germany
| | - Julien Mendlewicz
- au Laboratoire de Psychologie Medicale, Centre Europe´en de Psychologie Medicale , Universite´ Libre de Bruxelles and Psy Pluriel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- ak MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK.,al National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Dan Rujescu
- a Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics , Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
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23
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Schmitt A, Martins-de-Souza D, Akbarian S, Cassoli JS, Ehrenreich H, Fischer A, Fonteh A, Gattaz WF, Gawlik M, Gerlach M, Grünblatt E, Halene T, Hasan A, Hashimoto K, Kim YK, Kirchner SK, Kornhuber J, Kraus TFJ, Malchow B, Nascimento JM, Rossner M, Schwarz M, Steiner J, Talib L, Thibaut F, Riederer P, Falkai P. Consensus paper of the WFSBP Task Force on Biological Markers: Criteria for biomarkers and endophenotypes of schizophrenia, part III: Molecular mechanisms. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:330-356. [PMID: 27782767 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1224929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite progress in identifying molecular pathophysiological processes in schizophrenia, valid biomarkers are lacking for both the disease and treatment response. METHODS This comprehensive review summarises recent efforts to identify molecular mechanisms on the level of protein and gene expression and epigenetics, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and micro RNA expression. Furthermore, it summarises recent findings of alterations in lipid mediators and highlights inflammatory processes. The potential that this research will identify biomarkers of schizophrenia is discussed. RESULTS Recent studies have not identified clear biomarkers for schizophrenia. Although several molecular pathways have emerged as potential candidates for future research, a complete understanding of these metabolic pathways is required to reveal better treatment modalities for this disabling condition. CONCLUSIONS Large longitudinal cohort studies are essential that pair a thorough phenotypic and clinical evaluation for example with gene expression and proteome analysis in blood at multiple time points. This approach might identify biomarkers that allow patients to be stratified according to treatment response and ideally also allow treatment response to be predicted. Improved knowledge of molecular pathways and epigenetic mechanisms, including their potential association with environmental influences, will facilitate the discovery of biomarkers that could ultimately be effective tools in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schmitt
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , LMU Munich , Germany.,b Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) , Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- b Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) , Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil.,c Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry , Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- d Division of Psychiatric Epigenomics, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience , Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York , USA
| | - Juliana S Cassoli
- c Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry , Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- e Clinical Neuroscience , Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, DFG Centre for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- f Research Group for Epigenetics in Neurodegenerative Diseases , German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen , Germany.,g Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Medical Centre Göttingen , Germany
| | - Alfred Fonteh
- h Neurosciences , Huntington Medical Research Institutes , Pasadena , CA , USA
| | - Wagner F Gattaz
- b Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) , Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Michael Gawlik
- i Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Würzburg , Germany
| | - Manfred Gerlach
- j Centre for Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University of Würzburg , Germany
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- i Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Würzburg , Germany.,k Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich , Switzerland.,l Neuroscience Centre Zurich , University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich , Switzerland.,m Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology , University of Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Tobias Halene
- d Division of Psychiatric Epigenomics, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience , Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York , USA
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , LMU Munich , Germany
| | - Kenij Hashimoto
- n Division of Clinical Neuroscience , Chiba University Centre for Forensic Mental Health , Chiba , Japan
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- o Department of Psychiatry , Korea University, College of Medicine , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Johannes Kornhuber
- p Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | | | - Berend Malchow
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , LMU Munich , Germany
| | - Juliana M Nascimento
- c Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry , Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Moritz Rossner
- r Department of Psychiatry, Molecular and Behavioural Neurobiology , LMU Munich , Germany.,s Research Group Gene Expression , Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Markus Schwarz
- t Institute for Laboratory Medicine, LMU Munich , Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- u Department of Psychiatry , University of Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Leda Talib
- b Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27) , Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Florence Thibaut
- v Department of Psychiatry , University Hospital Cochin (site Tarnier), University of Paris-Descartes, INSERM U 894 Centre Psychiatry and Neurosciences , Paris , France
| | - Peter Riederer
- w Center of Psychic Health; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital of Würzburg , Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , LMU Munich , Germany
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Abstract
Persistent or chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) has been defined as 'pain persisting beyond 2 months'. The cut-off limit of 2 months has been controversial, and some researchers argue for a 3-month period for the definition of CPSP. Multiple mechanisms, including both patient and surgical, have been shown to influence this transition. Patient factors include age, gender, anxiety, depression, somatisation, catastrophising, pre-existing pain anywhere and pain at the site of surgery. The various surgical factors include site and nature of surgery, infection, inflammation and repeat surgery. There is evidence that pre- or post-op chemotherapy and radiotherapy can also contribute towards the chronification of pain after surgery. The question of why pain following surgery or trauma persists long after the normal healing time is not yet fully explained by current evidence. This is frustrating to healthcare providers and intensely disappointing to the patients, many of whom suffer in silence for years. Genetics is now being shown to influence both the onset and the perpetuation of chronic pain in the susceptible patient. The main mechanisms are believed to be 'single nucleotide polymorphisms' (SNPs) and 'epigenetics', both of which will be discussed, with current and ongoing research and evidence, in this review. The influence of SNPs has not been replicated in recent studies and researchers advise caution in interpreting past studies. More research is needed to demonstrate the involvement of epigenetics as well as linking SNPs to the susceptible patient's journey.
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25
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McArthur RA. Aligning physiology with psychology: Translational neuroscience in neuropsychiatric drug discovery. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:4-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Dwyer JB, Ross DA. The Nature of Nurture: How Developmental Experiences Program Adult Stress Circuitry. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:e57-e59. [PMID: 28317550 PMCID: PMC5712909 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Dwyer
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - David A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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27
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Alivand MR, Soheili ZS, Pornour M, Solali S, Sabouni F. Novel Epigenetic Controlling of Hypoxia Pathway Related to Overexpression and Promoter Hypomethylation of TET1 and TET2 in RPE Cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3193-3204. [PMID: 28252217 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CpG methylation of DNA takes part in a specific epigenetic memory that plays crucial roles in the differentiation and abnormality of the cells. The methylation pattern aberration of genomes is affected in three ways, namely DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), ten-eleven translocation (TET), and methyl-binding domain (MBD) proteins. Of these, TET enzymes have recently been demonstrated to be master modifier enzymes in the DNA methylation process. Additionally, recent studies emphasize that not only epigenetic phenomena play a role in controlling hypoxia pathway, but the hypoxia condition also triggers hypomethylation of genomes that may help with the expression of hypoxia pathway genes. In this study, we suggested that TET1 and TET2 could play a role in the demethylation of genomes under chemical hypoxia conditions. Herein, the evaluating methylation status and mRNA expression of mentioned genes were utilized through real-time PCR and methylation-specific PCR (MSP), respectively. Our results showed that TET1 and TET2 genes were overexpressed (P < 0.05) under chemical hypoxia conditions in Retinal Pigment Epithelial (RPE) cells, whereas the promoter methylation status of them were hypomethylated in the same condition. Therefore, chemical hypoxia not only causes overexpression of TET1 and TET2 but also could gradually do promoter demethylation of same genes. This is the first study to show the relationship between epigenetics and the expression of mentioned genes related to hypoxia pathways. Furthermore, it seems that these associations in RPE cells are subjected to chemical hypoxia as a mechanism that could play a crucial role in methylation pattern changes of hypoxia-related diseases such as cancer and ischemia. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3193-3204, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Alivand
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra-Soheila Soheili
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeed Solali
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Sabouni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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28
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HDAC7 Ubiquitination by the E3 Ligase CBX4 Is Involved in Contextual Fear Conditioning Memory Formation. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3848-3863. [PMID: 28283560 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2773-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation, an epigenetic modification, plays an important role in long-term memory formation. Recently, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors were demonstrated to promote memory formation, which raises the intriguing possibility that they may be used to rescue memory deficits. However, additional research is necessary to clarify the roles of individual HDACs in memory. In this study, we demonstrated that HDAC7, within the dorsal hippocampus of C57BL6J mice, had a late and persistent decrease after contextual fear conditioning (CFC) training (4-24 h), which was involved in long-term CFC memory formation. We also showed that HDAC7 decreased via ubiquitin-dependent degradation. CBX4 was one of the HDAC7 E3 ligases involved in this process. Nur77, as one of the target genes of HDAC7, increased 6-24 h after CFC training and, accordingly, modulated the formation of CFC memory. Finally, HDAC7 was involved in the formation of other hippocampal-dependent memories, including the Morris water maze and object location test. The current findings facilitate an understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of HDAC7 in the regulation of hippocampal-dependent memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The current findings demonstrated the effects of histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) on hippocampal-dependent memories. Moreover, we determined the mechanism of decreased HDAC7 in contextual fear conditioning (CFC) through ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation. We also verified that CBX4 was one of the HDAC7 E3 ligases. Finally, we demonstrated that Nur77, as one of the important targets for HDAC7, was involved in CFC memory formation. All of these proteins, including HDAC7, CBX4, and Nur77, could be potential therapeutic targets for preventing memory deficits in aging and neurological diseases.
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Abstract
Epigenome editing aims for an introduction or removal of chromatin marks at a defined genomic region using artificial EpiEffectors resulting in a modulation of the activity of the targeted functional DNA elements. Rationally designed EpiEffectors consist of a targeting DNA-binding module (such as a zinc finger protein, TAL effector, or CRISPR/Cas complex) and usually, but not exclusively, a catalytic domain of a chromatin-modifying enzyme. Epigenome editing opens a completely new strategy for basic research of the central nervous system and causal treatment of psychiatric and neurological diseases, because rewriting of epigenetic information can lead to the direct and durable control of the expression of disease-associated genes. Here, we review current advances in the design of locus- and allele-specific DNA-binding modules, approaches for spatial, and temporal control of EpiEffectors and discuss some examples of existing and propose new potential therapeutic strategies based on epigenome editing for treatment of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. These include the targeted silencing of disease-associated genes or activation of neuroprotective genes which may be applied in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases or the control of addiction and depression. Moreover, we discuss allele-specific epigenome editing as novel therapeutic approach for imprinting disorders, Huntington's disease and Rett syndrome.
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30
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Seizure Suppression by High Temperature via cAMP Modulation in Drosophila. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:3381-3387. [PMID: 27558668 PMCID: PMC5068957 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.034629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bang-sensitive (BS) Drosophila mutants display characteristic seizure-like activity (SLA) and paralysis after mechanical shock . After high-frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) of the brain, they generate robust seizures at very low threshold voltage. Here we report an important phenomenon, which effectively suppresses SLA in BS mutants. High temperature causes seizure suppression in all BS mutants (parabss1, eas, sda) examined in this study. This effect is fully reversible and flies show complete recovery from BS paralysis once the temperature effect is nullified. High temperature induces an increase in seizure threshold after a brief pulse of heat shock (HS). By genetic screening, we identified the involvement of cAMP in the suppression of seizures by high temperature. We propose that HS induces adenylyl cyclase which in turn increases cAMP concentration which eventually suppresses seizures in mutant flies. In summary, we describe an unusual phenomenon, where high temperature can suppress SLA in flies by modulating cAMP concentration.
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31
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Childhood adversity and epigenetic regulation of glucocorticoid signaling genes: Associations in children and adults. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 28:1319-1331. [PMID: 27691985 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Early childhood experiences have lasting effects on development, including the risk for psychiatric disorders. Research examining the biologic underpinnings of these associations has revealed the impact of childhood maltreatment on the physiologic stress response and activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. A growing body of literature supports the hypothesis that environmental exposures mediate their biological effects via epigenetic mechanisms. Methylation, which is thought to be the most stable form of epigenetic change, is a likely mechanism by which early life exposures have lasting effects. We present recent evidence related to epigenetic regulation of genes involved in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation, namely, the glucocorticoid receptor gene (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 [NR3C1]) and FK506 binding protein 51 gene (FKBP5), after childhood adversity and associations with risk for psychiatric disorders. Implications for the development of interventions and future research are discussed.
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32
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Madrid A, Papale LA, Alisch RS. New hope: the emerging role of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mental health and disease. Epigenomics 2016; 8:981-91. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically biomedical research has examined genetic influences on mental health but these approaches have been limited, likely due to the broad heritability of brain-related disorders (e.g., 30–90%). Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, are environmentally sensitive mechanisms that may play a role in the origins and progression of mental illness. Recently, genome-wide disruptions of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) were associated with the development of early and late onset mental illnesses such as autism and Alzheimer’s disease, bringing new hope to the field of psychiatry. Here, we review the recent links of 5hmC to mental illness and discuss several putative functions of 5hmC in the context of its promising clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Madrid
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, USA
- Neuroscience training program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Ligia A Papale
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Reid S Alisch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, USA
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33
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Modai S, Shomron N. Molecular Risk Factors for Schizophrenia. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:242-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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34
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Chen Y, Baram TZ. Toward Understanding How Early-Life Stress Reprograms Cognitive and Emotional Brain Networks. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:197-206. [PMID: 26105143 PMCID: PMC4677123 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerability to emotional disorders including depression derives from interactions between genes and environment, especially during sensitive developmental periods. Adverse early-life experiences provoke the release and modify the expression of several stress mediators and neurotransmitters within specific brain regions. The interaction of these mediators with developing neurons and neuronal networks may lead to long-lasting structural and functional alterations associated with cognitive and emotional consequences. Although a vast body of work has linked quantitative and qualitative aspects of stress to adolescent and adult outcomes, a number of questions are unclear. What distinguishes 'normal' from pathologic or toxic stress? How are the effects of stress transformed into structural and functional changes in individual neurons and neuronal networks? Which ones are affected? We review these questions in the context of established and emerging studies. We introduce a novel concept regarding the origin of toxic early-life stress, stating that it may derive from specific patterns of environmental signals, especially those derived from the mother or caretaker. Fragmented and unpredictable patterns of maternal care behaviors induce a profound chronic stress. The aberrant patterns and rhythms of early-life sensory input might also directly and adversely influence the maturation of cognitive and emotional brain circuits, in analogy to visual and auditory brain systems. Thus, unpredictable, stress-provoking early-life experiences may influence adolescent cognitive and emotional outcomes by disrupting the maturation of the underlying brain networks. Comprehensive approaches and multiple levels of analysis are required to probe the protean consequences of early-life adversity on the developing brain. These involve integrated human and animal-model studies, and approaches ranging from in vivo imaging to novel neuroanatomical, molecular, epigenomic, and computational methodologies. Because early-life adversity is a powerful determinant of subsequent vulnerabilities to emotional and cognitive pathologies, understanding the underlying processes will have profound implications for the world's current and future children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncai Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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35
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Meyer-Lindenberg A. Editor's note: The changing face of European Neuropsychopharmacology. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1-2. [PMID: 26833271 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
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36
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Prieto-Martínez FD, Gortari EFD, Méndez-Lucio O, Medina-Franco JL. A chemical space odyssey of inhibitors of histone deacetylases and bromodomains. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07224k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in epigenetic drug and probe discovery is growing as reflected in the large amount of structure-epigenetic activity information available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eli Fernández-de Gortari
- Facultad de Química
- Departamento de Farmacia
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Mexico City 04510
- Mexico
| | - Oscar Méndez-Lucio
- Facultad de Química
- Departamento de Farmacia
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Mexico City 04510
- Mexico
| | - José L. Medina-Franco
- Facultad de Química
- Departamento de Farmacia
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Mexico City 04510
- Mexico
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37
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Lardenoije R, Iatrou A, Kenis G, Kompotis K, Steinbusch HWM, Mastroeni D, Coleman P, Lemere CA, Hof PR, van den Hove DLA, Rutten BPF. The epigenetics of aging and neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:21-64. [PMID: 26072273 PMCID: PMC6477921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is a quickly growing field encompassing mechanisms regulating gene expression that do not involve changes in the genotype. Epigenetics is of increasing relevance to neuroscience, with epigenetic mechanisms being implicated in brain development and neuronal differentiation, as well as in more dynamic processes related to cognition. Epigenetic regulation covers multiple levels of gene expression; from direct modifications of the DNA and histone tails, regulating the level of transcription, to interactions with messenger RNAs, regulating the level of translation. Importantly, epigenetic dysregulation currently garners much attention as a pivotal player in aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, where it may mediate interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors, or directly interact with disease-specific pathological factors. We review current knowledge about the major epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and DNA demethylation, chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs, as well as the involvement of these mechanisms in normal aging and in the pathophysiology of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we examine the current state of epigenetics-based therapeutic strategies for these diseases, which either aim to restore the epigenetic homeostasis or skew it to a favorable direction to counter disease pathology. Finally, methodological challenges of epigenetic investigations and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lardenoije
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Artemis Iatrou
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gunter Kenis
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos Kompotis
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Mastroeni
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Paul Coleman
- L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel L A van den Hove
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Fuechsleinstrasse 15, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Millan MJ, Goodwin GM, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Ögren SO, Ögren SO. 60 years of advances in neuropsychopharmacology for improving brain health, renewed hope for progress. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:591-8. [PMID: 25799919 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy is effective in helping many patients suffering from psychiatric and neurological disorders, and both psychotherapeutic and stimulation-based techniques likewise have important roles to play in their treatment. However, therapeutic progress has recently been slow. Future success for improving the control and prevention of brain disorders will depend upon deeper insights into their causes and pathophysiological substrates. It will also necessitate new and more rigorous methods for identifying, validating, developing and clinically deploying new treatments. A field of Research and Development (R and D) that remains critical to this endeavour is Neuropsychopharmacology which transformed the lives of patients by introducing pharmacological treatments for psychiatric disorder some 60 years ago. For about half of this time, the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) has fostered efforts to enhance our understanding of the brain, and to improve the management of psychiatric disorders. Further, together with partners in academia and industry, and in discussions with regulators and patients, the ECNP is implicated in new initiatives to achieve this goal. This is then an opportune moment to survey the field, to analyse what we have learned from the achievements and failures of the past, and to identify major challenges for the future. It is also important to highlight strategies that are being put in place in the quest for more effective treatment of brain disorders: from experimental research and drug discovery to clinical development and collaborative ventures for reinforcing "R and D". The present article sets the scene, then introduces and interlinks the eight articles that comprise this Special Volume of European Neuropsychopharmacology. A broad-based suite of themes is covered embracing: the past, present and future of "R and D" for psychiatric disorders; complementary contributions of genetics and epigenetics; efforts to improve the treatment of depression, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders; and advances in the analysis and neuroimaging of cellular and cerebral circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole for Innovation in Neurosciences, IDR Servier, 125 chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
| | - Guy M Goodwin
- University Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, England
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Millan MJ, Goodwin GM, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Ove Ögren S. Learning from the past and looking to the future: Emerging perspectives for improving the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:599-656. [PMID: 25836356 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern neuropsychopharmacology commenced in the 1950s with the serendipitous discovery of first-generation antipsychotics and antidepressants which were therapeutically effective yet had marked adverse effects. Today, a broader palette of safer and better-tolerated agents is available for helping people that suffer from schizophrenia, depression and other psychiatric disorders, while complementary approaches like psychotherapy also have important roles to play in their treatment, both alone and in association with medication. Nonetheless, despite considerable efforts, current management is still only partially effective, and highly-prevalent psychiatric disorders of the brain continue to represent a huge personal and socio-economic burden. The lack of success in discovering more effective pharmacotherapy has contributed, together with many other factors, to a relative disengagement by pharmaceutical firms from neuropsychiatry. Nonetheless, interest remains high, and partnerships are proliferating with academic centres which are increasingly integrating drug discovery and translational research into their traditional activities. This is, then, a time of transition and an opportune moment to thoroughly survey the field. Accordingly, the present paper, first, chronicles the discovery and development of psychotropic agents, focusing in particular on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic utility, and how problems faced were eventually overcome. Second, it discusses the lessons learned from past successes and failures, and how they are being applied to promote future progress. Third, it comprehensively surveys emerging strategies that are (1), improving our understanding of the diagnosis and classification of psychiatric disorders; (2), deepening knowledge of their underlying risk factors and pathophysiological substrates; (3), refining cellular and animal models for discovery and validation of novel therapeutic agents; (4), improving the design and outcome of clinical trials; (5), moving towards reliable biomarkers of patient subpopulations and medication efficacy and (6), promoting collaborative approaches to innovation by uniting key partners from the regulators, industry and academia to patients. Notwithstanding the challenges ahead, the many changes and ideas articulated herein provide new hope and something of a framework for progress towards the improved prevention and relief of psychiatric and other CNS disorders, an urgent mission for our Century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole for Innovation in Neurosciences, IDR Servier, 125 chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
| | - Guy M Goodwin
- University Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, England, UK
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Tomizawa H, Matsuzawa D, Ishii D, Matsuda S, Kawai K, Mashimo Y, Sutoh C, Shimizu E. Methyl-donor deficiency in adolescence affects memory and epigenetic status in the mouse hippocampus. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 14:301-9. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Tomizawa
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology
| | - D. Matsuzawa
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba
| | - D. Ishii
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology
| | - S. Matsuda
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry; Kodaira
| | - K. Kawai
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology
| | - Y. Mashimo
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - C. Sutoh
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba
| | - E. Shimizu
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba
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Logan AC, Katzman MA, Balanzá-Martínez V. Natural environments, ancestral diets, and microbial ecology: is there a modern "paleo-deficit disorder"? Part I. J Physiol Anthropol 2015; 34:1. [PMID: 25636731 PMCID: PMC4318214 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Famed microbiologist René J. Dubos (1901-1982) was an early pioneer in the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) construct. In the 1960s, he conducted groundbreaking experimental research concerning the ways in which early-life experience with nutrition, microbiota, stress, and other environmental variables could influence later-life health outcomes. He also wrote extensively on potential health consequences of a progressive loss of contact with natural environments (now referred to as green or blue space), arguing that Paleolithic experiences have created needs, particularly in the mental realm, that might not be met in the context of rapid global urbanization. He posited that humans would certainly adapt to modern urban landscapes and high technology, but there might be a toll to be paid in the form of higher psychological distress (symptoms of anxiety and depression) and diminished quality of life. In particular, there might be an erosion of humanness, exemplified by declines in altruism/empathy. Here in the first of a two-part review, we examine contemporary research related to natural environments and question to what extent Dubos might have been correct in some of his 50-year-old assertions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Logan
- CAMNR, 23679 Calabasas Road Suite 542, Calabasas, CA, 91302, USA.
| | - Martin A Katzman
- START Clinic for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, 32 Park Road, Toronto, ON, M4W 2 N4, Canada.
| | - Vicent Balanzá-Martínez
- Department of Medicine, Section of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University of Valencia Medical School, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, E46010, Valencia, Spain.
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Sturm E, Stefanova N. Multiple system atrophy: genetic or epigenetic? Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:277-91. [PMID: 25548529 PMCID: PMC4276800 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.4.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, late-onset and fatal neurodegenerative disease including multisystem neurodegeneration and the formation of α-synuclein containing oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs), which present the hallmark of the disease. MSA is considered to be a sporadic disease; however certain genetic aspects have been studied during the last years in order to shed light on the largely unknown etiology and pathogenesis of the disease. Epidemiological studies focused on the possible impact of environmental factors on MSA disease development. This article gives an overview on the findings from genetic and epigenetic studies on MSA and discusses the role of genetic or epigenetic factors in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Sturm
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
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