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Huang C, Ren X, Xu B, Liu P, Li T, Zhu Q, Huang J, Chen X, Wu D, Yang X, Zhu F, Liu J. Urinary nicotine metabolites are associated with cognitive impairment among the elderly in southern China. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:123. [PMID: 37799805 PMCID: PMC10548790 DOI: 10.18332/tid/170423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study comprehensively assessed the association between eight metabolites of urinary nicotine and cognitive impairment. METHODS This cross-sectional study was based on the data of Shenzhen Aging Related Disorder Cohort (SADC), including 51 elderly community data variables such as demographic characteristics, neuropsychological assessment and environmental factors, from July 2017 to November 2018. Participant's cognitive function was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scale and urinary nicotine metabolite [including cotinine N-β-D-glucuronide (CotGluc), rac 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl) butanoic acid dicyclohexylamine salt (HyPyBut), trans-3'-hydroxy cotinine O-β-D-glucuronide (OHCotGluc), and cotinine (Cot), etc.] concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Generalized linear models and restricted cubic spline models were used to explore the relationships between the urinary levels of nicotine metabolite and cognitive function. RESULTS A total of 296 individuals aged >60 years were included. Individuals in the third quartile of CotGluc had a 0.786 point (95% CI: -1.244 - -0.329) decrease or in the highest quartile of OHCotGluc had a 0.804 point (95% CI: -1.330 - -0.278) decreased in attention and calculation compared to those in the lowest quartile (all p for trend <0.05). Compared with those in the lowest quartile, individuals in the highest quartile of CotGluc, HyPyBut, OHCotGluc and Cot, respectively, corresponded to a 1.043 point (95% CI: -2.269-0.182), 1.101 points (95% CI: -2.391-0.188), 2.318 points (95% CI: -3.615 - -1.020), and 1.460 points (95% CI: -2.726 - -0.194) decreased in MMSE total score (all p for trend <0.05). A non-linear dose-response relationship between urinary levels of CotGluc, HyPyBut, OHCotGluc or Cot and cognitive function (all overall p<0.05, non-linear p<0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that urinary levels of CotGluc, OHCotGluc or Cot were significantly negatively associated with cognitive function (all p for trend <0.05) among females and non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the public health implications of environmental tobacco smoke exposure, and effective interventions need to be performed for vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Ren
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Benhong Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiyi Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinqin Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Desheng Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feiqi Zhu
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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Schröder R, Reuter M, Faßbender K, Plieger T, Poulsen J, Lui SSY, Chan RCK, Ettinger U. The role of the SLC6A3 3' UTR VNTR in nicotine effects on cognitive, affective, and motor function. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:489-507. [PMID: 34854936 PMCID: PMC8638222 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nicotine has been widely studied for its pro-dopaminergic effects. However, at the behavioural level, past investigations have yielded heterogeneous results concerning effects on cognitive, affective, and motor outcomes, possibly linked to individual differences at the level of genetics. A candidate polymorphism is the 40-base-pair variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism (rs28363170) in the SLC6A3 gene coding for the dopamine transporter (DAT). The polymorphism has been associated with striatal DAT availability (9R-carriers > 10R-homozygotes), and 9R-carriers have been shown to react more strongly to dopamine agonistic pharmacological challenges than 10R-homozygotes. OBJECTIVES In this preregistered study, we hypothesized that 9R-carriers would be more responsive to nicotine due to genotype-related differences in DAT availability and resulting dopamine activity. METHODS N=194 non-smokers were grouped according to their genotype (9R-carriers, 10R-homozygotes) and received either 2-mg nicotine or placebo gum in a between-subject design. Spontaneous blink rate (SBR) was obtained as an indirect measure of striatal dopamine activity and smooth pursuit, stop signal, simple choice and affective processing tasks were carried out in randomized order. RESULTS Reaction times were decreased under nicotine compared to placebo in the simple choice and stop signal tasks, but nicotine and genotype had no effects on any of the other task outcomes. Conditional process analyses testing the mediating effect of SBR on performance and how this is affected by genotype yielded no significant results. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we could not confirm our main hypothesis. Individual differences in nicotine response could not be explained by rs28363170 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Reuter
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kaja Faßbender
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Plieger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jessie Poulsen
- Nicotine Science Center, Fertin Pharma A/S, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Simon S Y Lui
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience (NACN) Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ulrich Ettinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Eickhoff S, Franzen L, Korda A, Rogg H, Trulley VN, Borgwardt S, Avram M. The Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Nuclei and Their Relevance to Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:909961. [PMID: 35873225 PMCID: PMC9299093 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.909961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei (BFCN) provide the main cholinergic input to prefrontal cortices, the hippocampi, and amygdala. These structures are highly relevant for the regulation and maintenance of many cognitive functions, such as attention and memory. In vivo neuroimaging studies reported alterations of the cholinergic system in psychotic disorders. Particularly, a downregulation of nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors has been found. Crucially, such alterations in neurotransmission have been associated with cognitive impairments and positive and negative symptoms. Recent pharmacological studies support these findings, as they demonstrated an association between the manipulation of cholinergic transmission and an attenuation in symptom severity. Targeting acetylcholine receptors has therefore become a focus for the development of novel psychopharmacological drugs. However, many open questions remain. For instance, it remains elusive what causes such alterations in neurotransmission. While evidence supports the idea that BFCN structural integrity is altered in schizophrenia, it remains to be determined whether this is also present in other psychotic disorders. Furthermore, it is unclear when throughout the course of the disorder these alterations make their appearance and whether they reflect changes in the BFCN alone or rather aberrant interactions between the BFCN and other brain areas. In this review, the specific role of the BFCN and their projections are discussed from a neuroimaging perspective and with a focus on psychotic disorders alongside future directions. These directions set the stage for the development of new treatment targets for psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Eickhoff
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Leon Franzen
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexandra Korda
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Helena Rogg
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Valerie-Noelle Trulley
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mihai Avram
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Dekker TEG, van der Heijden HS, Schirmbeck F, van Amelsvoort T, Bartels-Velthuis AA, Simons CJP, de Haan L, Vermeulen JM. The association between smoking behaviour, social cognition and social functioning in patients with a non-affective psychotic disorder: A prospective follow-up study. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2021; 26:100206. [PMID: 34258239 PMCID: PMC8259295 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2021.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction In patients with psychotic disorders, both tobacco smoking and deficits in social cognition and social functioning are highly prevalent. However, little is known about their relationship in psychosis. The authors sought to evaluate the multi-cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between tobacco smoking, social cognition and social functioning in a large prospective study. Methods This study was performed within the Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Study, a cohort study conducted in patients with non-affective psychosis (N = 1074), their unaffected siblings (N = 1047) and healthy controls (N = 549). At baseline, three years and six years of follow-up, data on tobacco smoking (using the Composite International Diagnostic Review), social cognition (emotion processing and theory of mind) and social functioning were collected. To assess associations between tobacco smoking and social cognition or social functioning, multivariate linear mixed-effects models and multiple linear regression models were used. Bonferroni correction for multiple testing was applied. Results A significant positive association was found between smoking and emotion processing (as part of social cognition) in the patient group (estimate = 1.96, SE = 0.6, p = 0.003). However, smoking was significantly negatively associated with participating in pro-social activities compared with non-smoking (estimate = −2.55, SE = 0.9, p = 0.004). Change in smoking behaviour was not associated with social cognition or social functioning in the longitudinal analyses. Conclusion Findings indicate that smoking patients with a non-affective psychotic disorder slightly outperformed their non-smoking peers on a task on social cognition, but participated less in pro-social activities. Commencement or cessation of smoking was not related to social cognition or functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias E G Dekker
- Early Psychosis Department, Amsterdam UMC (location AMC), Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Frederike Schirmbeck
- Early Psychosis Department, Amsterdam UMC (location AMC), Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Agna A Bartels-Velthuis
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia J P Simons
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,GGzE Institute for Mental Health Care, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Early Psychosis Department, Amsterdam UMC (location AMC), Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jentien M Vermeulen
- Early Psychosis Department, Amsterdam UMC (location AMC), Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Nop O, Senft Miller A, Culver H, Makarewicz J, Dumas JA. Nicotine and Cognition in Cognitively Normal Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:640674. [PMID: 34025390 PMCID: PMC8131527 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.640674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic system has been shown to be the primary neurotransmitter system which is responsible for the cognitive symptoms associated with dementia; its role in healthy non-demented older adults remains a gap in the literature. Understanding the effects of age-related functional changes on the nicotinic system will address this knowledge gap. As the older adult population grows and hence the importance of understanding cognitive changes that impact functional abilities and everyday life. In this article we examine the benefits of using nicotine as a method for improving cognition in non-demented healthy older adults which may have the potential for slowing neurodegeneration in aging. Furthermore, we discuss how nicotine can play a crucial role in maintaining cognitive abilities throughout normal cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Nop
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Anna Senft Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Hannah Culver
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Jenna Makarewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Julie A Dumas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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Contributions of animal models of cognitive disorders to neuropsychopharmacology. Therapie 2021; 76:87-99. [PMID: 33589315 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive disorders and symptoms are key features of many mental and neurological diseases, with a large spectrum of impaired domains. Because of their possible evolution and detrimental functioning impact, they are a major pharmacological target for both symptomatic and disease-modifier drugs, while few cognitive enhancers have been marketed with an insufficient efficiency. It explains the need to model these cognitive disorders beyond the modelization of mental or neurological diseases themselves. According to the experimental strategy used to induce cognitive impairment, three categories of models have been identified: neurotransmission-driven models; pathophysiology-driven models; environment-driven models. These three categories of models reflect different levels of integration of endogenous and exogenous mechanisms underlying cognitive disorders in humans. Their comprehensive knowledge and illustration of their pharmacological modulation could help to propose a renewing strategy of drug development in central nervous system (CNS) field at a time when the academic and industrial invest seems to be declining despite the medical and social burden of brain diseases.
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Pasetes SV, Ling PM, Apollonio DE. Cognitive performance effects of nicotine and industry affiliation: a systematic review. Subst Abuse 2020; 14:1178221820926545. [PMID: 32547048 PMCID: PMC7271274 DOI: 10.1177/1178221820926545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies assessing the cognitive performance effects of nicotine show inconsistent results and tobacco industry funding has been correlated with study outcomes. We conducted a systematic review of the primary literature assessing the cognitive performance effects of nicotine and assessed potential associations between tobacco and pharmaceutical industry affiliation and reported study conclusions. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, BIOSIS, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2009 and 2016 that: (1) were randomized controlled trials; (2) investigated the effects of nicotine on cognitive performance in a laboratory setting; (3) administered nicotine to healthy adults (18-60 years); and (4) included participants were nonsmokers or minimally deprived smokers (⩽2 hours of abstaining from smoking). Study disclosures and tobacco industry documents were reviewed to determine industry funding. RESULTS Searches yielded 3,771 abstracts; 32 studies were included in the review. The majority of studies investigated the effects of nicotine on attention (n = 22). Nicotine had a non-uniform effect on attention: studies reported positive (41%; n = 9), mixed (41%; n = 9), and no effect (18%; n = 4). The majority of study authors had received prior tobacco industry funding (59%; n = 19), however over half of tobacco-industry funded authors did not report this (53%; n = 10). CONCLUSIONS Nicotine does not appear to be associated with consistent cognitive performance effects. Although no association was found between reported outcomes and tobacco or pharmaceutical industry funding, findings likely underestimate the influence of industry funding due to strict inclusion criteria and incomplete data on pharmaceutical industry funding. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah V. Pasetes
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy,
University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Pamela M. Ling
- Department of Medicine, Division of
General Internal Medicine, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education,
University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Dorie E. Apollonio
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy,
University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Gießing C, Ahrens S, Thiel CM. Healthy Subjects With Extreme Patterns of Performance Differ in Functional Network Topology and Benefits From Nicotine. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 13:83. [PMID: 31998085 PMCID: PMC6965056 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Do subjects with atypical patterns in attentional and executive behaviour show different brain network topology and react differently towards nicotine administration? The efficacy of pro-cognitive drugs like nicotine considerably varies between subjects and previous theoretical and empirical evidence suggest stronger behavioural nicotine effects in subjects with low performance. One problem is, however, how to best define low performance, especially if several cognitive functions are assessed for subject characterisation. We here present a method that used a multivariate, robust outlier detection algorithm to identify subjects with suspicious patterns of performance in attentional and executive functioning. In contrast to univariate approaches, this method is sensitive towards extreme positions within the multidimensional space that do not have to be extreme values in the individual behavioural distributions. The method was applied to a dataset of healthy, non-smoking subjects (n = 34) who were behaviorally characterised by an attention and executive function test on which N = 12 volunteers were classified as outliers. All subjects then underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan to characterise brain network topology and an experimental behavioural paradigm under placebo and nicotine (7 mg patch) that gauged aspects of attention and executive function. Our results indicate that subjects with an atypical multivariate pattern in attention and executive functioning showed significant differences in nodal brain network integration in visual association and pre-motor brain regions during resting state. These differences in brain network topology significantly predicted larger individual nicotine effects on attentional processing. In summary, the current approach successfully identified a subgroup of healthy volunteers with low behavioural performance who differ in brain network topology and attentional benefit from nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Gießing
- Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Ahrens
- Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christiane M. Thiel
- Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all”, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Sajedin A, Menhaj MB, Vahabie AH, Panzeri S, Esteky H. Cholinergic Modulation Promotes Attentional Modulation in Primary Visual Cortex- A Modeling Study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20186. [PMID: 31882838 PMCID: PMC6934489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention greatly influences sensory neural processing by enhancing firing rates of neurons that represent the attended stimuli and by modulating their tuning properties. The cholinergic system is believed to partly mediate the attention contingent improvement of cortical processing by influencing neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission and neural network characteristics. Here, we used a biophysically based model to investigate the mechanisms by which cholinergic system influences sensory information processing in the primary visual cortex (V1) layer 4C. The physiological properties and architectures of our model were inspired by experimental data and include feed-forward input from dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus that sets up orientation preference in V1 neural responses. When including a cholinergic drive, we found significant sharpening in orientation selectivity, desynchronization of LFP gamma power and spike-field coherence, decreased response variability and correlation reduction mostly by influencing intracortical interactions and by increasing inhibitory drive. Our results indicated that these effects emerged due to changes specific to the behavior of the inhibitory neurons. The behavior of our model closely resembles the effects of attention on neural activities in monkey V1. Our model suggests precise mechanisms through which cholinergic modulation may mediate the effects of attention in the visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Sajedin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez Ave., 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Menhaj
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez Ave., 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abdol-Hossein Vahabie
- School of Cognitive Sciences (SCS), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), 19395-5746, Tehran, Iran
| | - Stefano Panzeri
- Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 38068, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Hossein Esteky
- Research Group for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, 19839-63113, Tehran, Iran.
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Kangiser MM, Lochner AM, Thomas AM, Lisdahl KM. Gender Moderates Chronic Nicotine Cigarette Effects on Verbal Memory in Young Adults. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1812-1824. [PMID: 31094617 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1613432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Rates of nicotine use remain a prominent public health concern, especially among young adults. Previous findings have demonstrated that chronic exposure to nicotine during adolescence may be linked to various neurocognitive deficits. Nicotine differentially affects the brain by gender. Objectives: The present study investigated the effects of gender and chronic nicotine use on cognition in the developing brain. Methods: From 2008 to 2011, 57 young adult (ages 18-25) participants were recruited as part of a larger cross-sectional neuroimaging study and divided into 21 nicotine users (12 female) and 36 non-using controls (17 female). Participants completed various questionnaires, drug use interview, neuropsychological battery, and MRI scan in a university setting. A series of multiple regressions was conducted with nicotine group and gender*nicotine group interaction as predictors. Results: After controlling for gender, nicotine group status alone was not associated with neuropsychological performance. A gender x nicotine interaction was significantly associated with performance on trial 1, short delay free recall, and long delay free recall of the CVLT-II. Female smokers demonstrated better performance on trial 1 and short and long delay free recall than female controls. Male smokers performed more poorly than male controls on short and long delay free recall. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that cognitive effects of chronic nicotine use are moderated by gender. Further research is needed to determine causality, and identify underlying brain structures and function that may be responsible for differences in verbal memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Kangiser
- a Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Angelina M Lochner
- a Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Alicia M Thomas
- a Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Krista M Lisdahl
- a Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee , WI , USA
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Dresler M, Sandberg A, Bublitz C, Ohla K, Trenado C, Mroczko-Wąsowicz A, Kühn S, Repantis D. Hacking the Brain: Dimensions of Cognitive Enhancement. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1137-1148. [PMID: 30550256 PMCID: PMC6429408 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In an increasingly complex information society, demands for cognitive functioning are growing steadily. In recent years, numerous strategies to augment brain function have been proposed. Evidence for their efficacy (or lack thereof) and side effects has prompted discussions about ethical, societal, and medical implications. In the public debate, cognitive enhancement is often seen as a monolithic phenomenon. On a closer look, however, cognitive enhancement turns out to be a multifaceted concept: There is not one cognitive enhancer that augments brain function per se, but a great variety of interventions that can be clustered into biochemical, physical, and behavioral enhancement strategies. These cognitive enhancers differ in their mode of action, the cognitive domain they target, the time scale they work on, their availability and side effects, and how they differentially affect different groups of subjects. Here we disentangle the dimensions of cognitive enhancement, review prominent examples of cognitive enhancers that differ across these dimensions, and thereby provide a framework for both theoretical discussions and empirical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour , Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen 6525 EN , The Netherlands
| | - Anders Sandberg
- Future of Humanity Institute , Oxford University , Oxford OX1 1PT , United Kingdom
| | | | - Kathrin Ohla
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM3) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich 52428 , Germany
| | - Carlos Trenado
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf 40225 , Germany
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors , TU Dortmund , Dortmund 44139 , Germany
| | | | - Simone Kühn
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development , Berlin 14195 , Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Clinic Hamburg Eppendorf , Hamburg 20246 , Germany
| | - Dimitris Repantis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin 12203 , Germany
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12
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Butler K, Le Foll B. Impact of Substance Use Disorder Pharmacotherapy on Executive Function: A Narrative Review. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:98. [PMID: 30881320 PMCID: PMC6405638 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders are chronic, relapsing, and harmful conditions characterized by executive dysfunction. While there are currently no approved pharmacotherapy options for stimulant and cannabis use disorders, there are several evidence-based options available to help reduce symptoms during detoxification and aid long-term cessation for those with tobacco, alcohol and opioid use disorders. While these medication options have shown clinical efficacy, less is known regarding their potential to enhance executive function. This narrative review aims to provide a brief overview of research that has investigated whether commonly used pharmacotherapies for these substance use disorders (nicotine, bupropion, varenicline, disulfiram, acamprosate, nalmefene, naltrexone, methadone, buprenorphine, and lofexidine) effect three core executive function components (working memory, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility). While pharmacotherapy-induced enhancement of executive function may improve cessation outcomes in dependent populations, there are limited and inconsistent findings regarding the effects of these medications on executive function. We discuss possible reasons for the mixed findings and suggest some future avenues of work that may enhance the understanding of addiction pharmacotherapy and cognitive training interventions and lead to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Butler
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Alcohol Research and Treatment Clinic, Acute Care Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Digging deeper in the differential effects of inflammatory and psychosocial stressors in remitted depression: Effects on cognitive functioning. J Affect Disord 2019; 245:356-363. [PMID: 30423462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) covers a wide spectrum of symptoms, including cognitive dysfunction, which can persist during remission. Both inflammatory states and psychosocial stress play a role in MDD pathogenesis. METHODS The effects of inflammatory (i.e., Salmonella typhi vaccine) and psychosocial stressor (i.e., Trier Social Stress Test), as well as their combination were investigated on cognition in women (aged 25-45 years, n = 21) with (partially) remitted MDD and healthy controls (n = 18) in a single-blind placebo-controlled study. In a crossover design, patients received on the first day one of the aforementioned interventions and on the other day a placebo, or vice versa, with a washout period of 7-14 days. Short-term and verbal memory, working memory, attention, verbal fluency, information processing speed, psychomotor function, and measures of attentional bias to emotions were measured. Exploratory analyses were performed to assess the correlation between biomarkers of inflammation and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis and cognitive functioning. RESULTS In patients, inflammatory stress decreased information processing speed and verbal memory, and increased working memory; after psychosocial stress, there was an increase in attention. There was also an increased negative attentional bias in patients after inflammatory stress. Neither stressor had any effect in controls. LIMITIATIONS Limitations are the relatively small sample size and antidepressant use by a part of the participants. The effects of the stressors were also measured a relatively short period after administration. CONCULSION Patients were sensitive to the cognitive effects of inflammation and psychosocial stress on cognition, while controls were not.
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Abstract
Many smokers are aware that smoking is a dangerous health behavior and eventually try to quit smoking. Unfortunately, most quit attempts end in failure. Traditionally, the addictive nature of smoking has been attributed to the pharmacologic effects of nicotine. In an effort to offer a more comprehensive, biobehavioral analysis of smoking behavior and motivation, some researchers have begun to consider the role of social factors in smoking. In line with recent recommendations to integrate social and pharmacological analyses of smoking, we reviewed the experimental literature examining the effects of nicotine and nicotine withdrawal on social functioning. The review identified 13 studies that experimentally manipulated nicotine and assessed social functioning, 12 of which found support for nicotine's enhancement of social functioning. Although few experiments have investigated social functioning, they nevertheless offer compelling evidence that nicotine enhances social functioning in smokers and suggest that nicotine deprivation may hamper social functioning in those dependent on nicotine. Future directions for investigating social outcomes and context in those who use nicotine products are discussed with a focus on leveraging advances in social and developmental psychology, animal research, sociology, and neuroimaging to more comprehensively understand smoking behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea M Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh
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15
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Moser DA, Doucet GE, Ing A, Dima D, Schumann G, Bilder RM, Frangou S. An integrated brain-behavior model for working memory. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1974-1980. [PMID: 29203849 PMCID: PMC5988862 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is a central construct in cognitive neuroscience because it comprises mechanisms of active information maintenance and cognitive control that underpin most complex cognitive behavior. Individual variation in WM has been associated with multiple behavioral and health features including demographic characteristics, cognitive and physical traits and lifestyle choices. In this context, we used sparse canonical correlation analyses (sCCAs) to determine the covariation between brain imaging metrics of WM-network activation and connectivity and nonimaging measures relating to sensorimotor processing, affective and nonaffective cognition, mental health and personality, physical health and lifestyle choices derived from 823 healthy participants derived from the Human Connectome Project. We conducted sCCAs at two levels: a global level, testing the overall association between the entire imaging and behavioral-health data sets; and a modular level, testing associations between subsets of the two data sets. The behavioral-health and neuroimaging data sets showed significant interdependency. Variables with positive correlation to the neuroimaging variate represented higher physical endurance and fluid intelligence as well as better function in multiple higher-order cognitive domains. Negatively correlated variables represented indicators of suboptimal cardiovascular and metabolic control and lifestyle choices such as alcohol and nicotine use. These results underscore the importance of accounting for behavioral-health factors in neuroimaging studies of WM and provide a neuroscience-informed framework for personalized and public health interventions to promote and maintain the integrity of the WM network.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Moser
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - G E Doucet
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Ing
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College, London, UK
| | - D Dima
- Department of Psychology, City University of London, London, UK
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College, London, UK
| | - G Schumann
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College, London, UK
| | - R M Bilder
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Frangou
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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16
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Waterhouse U, Brennan KA, Ellenbroek BA. Nicotine self-administration reverses cognitive deficits in a rat model for schizophrenia. Addict Biol 2018; 23:620-630. [PMID: 28497655 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
High comorbidity between schizophrenia and tobacco addiction has been well established. Explanatory theories include nicotine as a cognitive enhancer ameliorating symptoms of schizophrenia and underlying shared substrates increasing susceptibility to addiction in these individuals. To test these non-mutually exclusive theories, the maternal immune activation (MIA) model was utilized. To this end, pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were subcutaneously injected with a bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (0.5 mg/kg), on gestation days 10 and 11. Selective attention and working memory in adult male offspring were subsequently assessed using the latent inhibition and delayed non-matching to sample paradigms both before and after nicotine or saline self-administration. MIA led to deficits in both latent inhibition and delayed non-matching to sample in male offspring. Further, these animals showed a small but significantly increased responding for nicotine during self-administration acquisition, although there was no difference in dose-response effect or in progressive ratio testing. However, nicotine, but not saline self-administration, significantly ameliorated the cognitive deficits induced by MIA. While the male offspring of mothers prenatally exposed to lipopolysaccharide was only slightly more sensitive to the reinforcing effects of nicotine, after self-administration, the MIA-induced cognitive deficits significantly improved. These data lend support for the self-medication hypothesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Waterhouse
- School of Psychology; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington New Zealand
| | | | - Bart A. Ellenbroek
- School of Psychology; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington New Zealand
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17
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Grundey J, Amu R, Batsikadze G, Paulus W, Nitsche MA. Diverging effects of nicotine on motor learning performance: Improvement in deprived smokers and attenuation in non-smokers. Addict Behav 2017; 74:90-97. [PMID: 28600927 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine modulates cognition and neuroplasticity in smokers and non-smokers. A possible mechanism for its effect on learning and memory performance is its impact on long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). As neuroplasticity is closely connected to learning processes, we aimed to explore the effect of nicotine in healthy, young smokers and non-smokers on performance of the serial reaction time task (SRTT), a sequential motor learning paradigm. 20 nicotine-deprived smokers and 20 non-smokers participated in the study and were exposed to nicotine or placebo medication. Deprived smokers under placebo medication displayed reduced performance in terms of reaction time and error rates compared to the non-smoking group. After application of nicotine, performance in smokers improved while it deteriorated in non-smokers. These results indicate a restituting effect of nicotine in smokers in terms of cognitive parameters. This sheds further light on the proposed mechanism of nicotine on learning processes, which might be linked to the addictive component of nicotine, the probability of relapse and thus needs also be addressed in cessation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grundey
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - R Amu
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - G Batsikadze
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - W Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - M A Nitsche
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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18
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Ballinger EC, Ananth M, Talmage DA, Role LW. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Circuits and Signaling in Cognition and Cognitive Decline. Neuron 2017; 91:1199-1218. [PMID: 27657448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent work continues to place cholinergic circuits at center stage for normal executive and mnemonic functioning and provides compelling evidence that the loss of cholinergic signaling and cognitive decline are inextricably linked. This Review focuses on the last few years of studies on the mechanisms by which cholinergic signaling contributes to circuit activity related to cognition. We attempt to identify areas of controversy, as well as consensus, on what is and is not yet known about how cholinergic signaling in the CNS contributes to normal cognitive processes. In addition, we delineate the findings from recent work on the extent to which dysfunction of cholinergic circuits contributes to cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Ballinger
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Mala Ananth
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - David A Talmage
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lorna W Role
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Neurosciences Institute, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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Compromised neuroplasticity in cigarette smokers under nicotine withdrawal is restituted by the nicotinic α 4β 2-receptor partial agonist varenicline. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1387. [PMID: 28469204 PMCID: PMC5431184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine modulates neuroplasticity and improves cognitive functions in animals and humans. In the brain of smoking individuals, calcium-dependent plasticity induced by non-invasive brain stimulation methods such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and paired associative stimulation (PAS) is impaired by nicotine withdrawal, but partially re-established after nicotine re-administration. In order to investigate the underlying mechanism further, we tested the impact of the α4β2-nicotinic receptor partial agonist varenicline on focal and non-focal plasticity in smokers during nicotine withdrawal, induced by PAS and tDCS, respectively. We administered low (0.3 mg) and high (1.0 mg) single doses of varenicline or placebo medication before stimulation over the left motor cortex of 20 healthy smokers under nicotine withdrawal. Motor cortex excitability was monitored by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced motor evoked potential amplitudes for 36 hours after plasticity induction. Stimulation-induced plasticity was absent under placebo medication, whereas it was present in all conditions under high dose. Low dose restituted only tDCS-induced non-focal plasticity, producing no significant impact on focal plasticity. High dose varenicline also prolonged inhibitory plasticity. These results are comparable to the impact of nicotine on withdrawal-related impaired plasticity in smokers and suggest that α4β2 nicotinic receptors are relevantly involved in plasticity deficits and restitution in smokers.
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20
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Waterhouse U, Roper VE, Brennan KA, Ellenbroek BA. Nicotine ameliorates schizophrenia-like cognitive deficits induced by maternal LPS exposure: a study in rats. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:1159-1167. [PMID: 27483346 PMCID: PMC5087828 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.025072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal exposure to infectious agents is a predisposing factor for schizophrenia with associated cognitive deficits in offspring. A high incidence of smoking in these individuals in adulthood might be, at least in part, due to the cognitive-enhancing effects of nicotine. Here, we have used prenatal exposure to maternal lipopolysaccharide (LPS, bacterial endotoxin) at different time points as a model for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia to determine whether nicotine reverses any associated impairments. Pregnant rats were treated subcutaneously with LPS (0.5 mg/kg) at one of three neurodevelopmental time periods [gestation days (GD) 10-11, 15-16, 18-19]. Cognitive assessment in male offspring commenced in early adulthood [postnatal day (PND) 60] and included: prepulse inhibition (PPI), latent inhibition (LI) and delayed non-matching to sample (DNMTS). Following PND 100, daily nicotine injections (0.6 mg/kg, subcutaneously) were administered, and animals were re-tested in the same tasks (PND 110). Only maternal LPS exposure early during fetal neurodevelopment (GD 10-11) resulted in deficits in all tests compared to animals that had been prenatally exposed to saline at the same gestational time point. Repeated nicotine treatment led to global (PPI) and selective (LI) improvements in performance. Early but not later prenatal LPS exposure induced consistent deficits in cognitive tests with relevance for schizophrenia. Nicotine reversed the LPS-induced deficits in selective attention (LI) and induced a global enhancement of sensorimotor gating (PPI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Waterhouse
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Vic E Roper
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Katharine A Brennan
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Bart A Ellenbroek
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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21
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McGregor AL, Dysart J, Tingle MD, Russell BR, Kydd RR, Finucane G. Varenicline improves motor and cognitive symptoms in early Huntington's disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:2381-2386. [PMID: 27695336 PMCID: PMC5034909 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s111083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the effects of varenicline, a smoking cessation aid that acts as a nicotinic agonist, on cognitive function in patients with early clinical Huntington's disease (HD) who were current smokers. Three gene-positive patients transitioning to symptomatic HD were evaluated using the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale part I and III (motor and behavioral subscales) at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment. Cognitive function was assessed using a touch screen computer-based neurocognitive test battery (IntegNeuro®). Varenicline (1 mg twice daily) significantly improved performance in executive function and emotional recognition tasks. Our case reports describe no clinically significant adverse effects and suggest that varenicline improves aspects of cognitive function in patients with early HD. A randomized controlled study is now underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa L McGregor
- New Zealand's National School of Pharmacy, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland
| | - Jo Dysart
- Liaison Psychiatry, Auckland City Hospital
| | | | - Bruce R Russell
- New Zealand's National School of Pharmacy, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland
| | - Rob R Kydd
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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22
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Besson M, Forget B. Cognitive Dysfunction, Affective States, and Vulnerability to Nicotine Addiction: A Multifactorial Perspective. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:160. [PMID: 27708591 PMCID: PMC5030478 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although smoking prevalence has declined in recent years, certain subpopulations continue to smoke at disproportionately high rates and show resistance to cessation treatments. Individuals showing cognitive and affective impairments, including emotional distress and deficits in attention, memory, and inhibitory control, particularly in the context of psychiatric conditions, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and mood disorders, are at higher risk for tobacco addiction. Nicotine has been shown to improve cognitive and emotional processing in some conditions, including during tobacco abstinence. Self-medication of cognitive deficits or negative affect has been proposed to underlie high rates of tobacco smoking among people with psychiatric disorders. However, pre-existing cognitive and mood disorders may also influence the development and maintenance of nicotine dependence, by biasing nicotine-induced alterations in information processing and associative learning, decision-making, and inhibitory control. Here, we discuss the potential forms of contribution of cognitive and affective deficits to nicotine addiction-related processes, by reviewing major clinical and preclinical studies investigating either the procognitive and therapeutic action of nicotine or the putative primary role of cognitive and emotional impairments in addiction-like features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Besson
- Unité de Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, Department of Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 3571, Institut Pasteur , Paris , France
| | - Benoît Forget
- Unité de Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, Department of Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 3571, Institut Pasteur , Paris , France
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Vallath AL, Joshi AR, Vaidya SM. Effect of Abstinence on Audio-Visual Reaction Time in Chronic Smokers Pursuing a Professional Course. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:CC08-11. [PMID: 26870702 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/14696.6973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has now been proven that tobacco abuse is the leading cause for various carcinomas such as oral, lung and oesophageal. It also leads to atherosclerosis of major vessels, development of hypertension, autoimmune disorders, COPD, bronchitis, asthma, bronchiectasis, etc. Most smokers are dependent on nicotine and abstinence from smoking results in tobacco withdrawal and craving. It also affects cognitive skills and reaction time. Many students in professional college have the habit of smoking. In spite of awareness programmes carried out in schools, colleges and having ban on smoking, prevalence of smoking is rising in India. AIM To observe the effect of abstinence on audiovisual reaction time and to note the cause for reverting to smoking by the students pursing professional course. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty male volunteers in the age group of 18-25 years participated in the study. The volunteers were divided in to two groups (control group and study group). Cigarette smokers consuming at least 10-19 cigarettes per day for more than 2-3 years were included as subjects in study group. The study was conducted using a audiovisual reaction time apparatus in a quiet and bright lit room. All volunteers were subjected to baseline readings after demonstrating working of the apparatus. Auditory (high pitched and low pitched sound) and visual (red light and green light) reaction time was recorded. Thirty students in study group were subjected to these tests immediately after smoking and after 12 hours of abstinence. After all the individuals were tested, the recorded values were compared by Student's t-test. RESULTS Statistically significant difference was recorded in auditory and visual reaction time in study group subjects immediately after smoking and after 12 hours of abstinence as compared to base line readings. CONCLUSION It was observed that auditory and visual reaction time was prolonged in chronic smokers after 12 hours of abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Lal Vallath
- Student, Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College , Pune, Maharastra, India
| | - Anuradha Rajiv Joshi
- Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College , Pune, Maharastra, India
| | - Savita Madhukar Vaidya
- Professor and Head, Department of Physiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College , Pune, Maharastra, India
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Modulation of nicotine effects on selective attention by DRD2 and CHRNA4 gene polymorphisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2323-31. [PMID: 25647695 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pharmacological and genetic modulation of cholinergic nicotinic neurotransmission influence visuospatial attention in humans. Prior studies show that nicotine as well as a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gene coding for the alpha 4 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRNA4) modulate visuospatial attention and distractor interference. The CHRNA4 gene synergistically interacts with a polymorphism in the dopaminergic receptor type d2 (DRD2) gene and impacts brain structure and cognition. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate whether CHRNA4 and DRD2 genotypes alter the effects of nicotine on distractor interference. METHODS Fifty-eight young healthy non-smokers were genotyped for CHRNA4 (rs1044396) and DRD2 (rs6277). They received either 7 mg transdermal nicotine or a matched placebo in a double-blind, within-subject design 1 h prior to performing a visual search task with distractors. RESULTS In isolation, DRD2 but not CHRNA4 genotype modulated the effects of nicotine on distractor interference with DRD2 CC carriers showing the strongest reduction of distractor interference after nicotine administration. A further analysis provided additional evidence that this effect was driven by those subjects, who carried at least one C allele in the CHRNA4 gene. CONCLUSION The effects of nicotine on distractor interference are modulated synergistically by cholinergic and dopaminergic genetic variations. Hence, both genes may contribute to the often reported individual variability in cognitive and neural effects of nicotine.
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25
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Pistillo F, Clementi F, Zoli M, Gotti C. Nicotinic, glutamatergic and dopaminergic synaptic transmission and plasticity in the mesocorticolimbic system: focus on nicotine effects. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 124:1-27. [PMID: 25447802 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is currently the leading cause of preventable deaths and disability throughout the world, being responsible for about five million premature deaths/year. Unfortunately, fewer than 10% of tobacco users who try to stop smoking actually manage to do so. The main addictive agent delivered by cigarette smoke is nicotine, which induces psychostimulation and reward, and reduces stress and anxiety. The use of new technologies (including optogenetics) and the development of mouse models characterised by cell-specific deletions of receptor subtype genes or the expression of gain-of-function nAChR subunits has greatly increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and neural substrates of nicotine addiction first revealed by classic electrophysiological, neurochemical and behavioural approaches. It is now becoming clear that various aspects of nicotine dependence are mediated by close interactions of the glutamatergic, dopaminergic and γ-aminobutyric acidergic systems in the mesocorticolimbic system. This review is divided into two parts. The first provides an updated overview of the circuitry of the ventral tegmental area, ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex, the neurotransmitter receptor subtypes expressed in these areas, and their physiological role in the mesocorticolimbic system. The second will focus on the molecular, functional and behavioural mechanisms involved in the acute and chronic effects of nicotine on the mesocorticolimbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pistillo
- CNR, Neuroscience Institute-Milano, Biometra University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Clementi
- CNR, Neuroscience Institute-Milano, Biometra University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Zoli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Physiology and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Gotti
- CNR, Neuroscience Institute-Milano, Biometra University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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