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Ko YK, Chi S, Nam GH, Baek KW, Ahn K, Ahn Y, Kang J, Lee MS, Gim JA. Epigenome-wide Association Study for Tic Disorders in Children: A Preliminary Study in Korean Population. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 22:295-305. [PMID: 38627076 PMCID: PMC11024688 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.23.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Objective : Tic disorders can affect the quality of life in both childhood and adolescence. Many factors are involved in the etiology of tic disorders, and the genetic and epigenetic factors of tic disorders are considered complex and heterogeneous. Methods : In this study, the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between normal controls (n = 24; aged 6-15; 7 females) and patients with tic disorders (n = 16; aged 6-15; 5 females) were analyzed. We performed an epigenome-wide association study of tic disorders in Korean children. The tics were assessed using Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. The DNA methylation data consisted of 726,945 cytosine phosphate guanine (CpG) sites, assessed using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC (850k) BeadChip. The DNA methylation data of the 40 participants were retrieved, and DMRs between the four groups based on sex and tic disorder were identified. From 28 male and 16 female samples, 37 and 38 DMRs were identified, respectively. We analyzed the enriched terms and visualized the network, heatmap, and upset plot. Results : In male, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed hypomethylated patterns in the ligand, receptor, and second signal transductors of the PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling pathway (most cells were indicated as green color), and in female, the opposite patterns were revealed (most cells were indicated as red color). Five mental disorder-related enriched terms were identified in the network analysis. Conclusion : Here, we provide insights into the epigenetic mechanisms of tic disorders. Abnormal DNA methylation patterns are associated with mental disorder-related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kyung Ko
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suhyuk Chi
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyu-Hwi Nam
- PhileKorea Technology Co. Ltd., Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyung-Wan Baek
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | | | | | - June Kang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon-Soo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-An Gim
- Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
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Zandt MV, Pittenger C. Sexual dimorphism in histamine regulation of striatal dopamine. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.20.595049. [PMID: 38826392 PMCID: PMC11142073 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.20.595049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Many neuropsychiatric disorders show sex differences in prevalence and presentation. For example, Tourette's Syndrome (TS) is diagnosed 3-5 times more often in males. Dopamine modulation of the basal ganglia is implicated in numerous neuropsychiatric conditions, including TS. Motivated by an unexpected genetic finding in a family with TS, we previously characterized the modulation of striatal dopamine by histamine. Methods We used microdialysis to analyze striatal dopamine response to the targeted infusion of histamine and histamine agonists. siRNA knockdown of histamine receptors was used to identify the cellular mediators of observed effects. Results Intracerebroventricular histamine reduced striatal dopamine in male mice, replicating previous work. Unexpectedly, histamine increased striatal dopamine in females. Targeted infusion of selected agonists revealed that the effect in males depends on H2R receptors in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Knockdown of H2R in SNc GABAergic neurons abrogated the effect, identifying these cells as a key locus of histamine's regulation of dopamine in males. In females, in contrast, H2R had no role; instead, H3R agonists in the striatum increased striatal dopamine. Strikingly, the effect of histamine on dopamine in females was modulated by the estrous cycle, appearing in estrus/proestrus but not in metestrus/diestrus. Conclusions These findings confirm the regulation of striatal dopamine by histamine but identify marked sexual dimorphism in and estrous modulation of this effect. These findings may shed light on the mechanistic underpinnings of other sex differences in the striatal circuitry, perhaps including the marked sex differences seen in TS and related neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Van Zandt
- Pittenger Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Pittenger Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale School of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, USA
- Center for Brain and Mind Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
- Wu-Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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3
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Xu J, Pittenger C. The histamine H3 receptor modulates dopamine D2 receptor-dependent signaling pathways and mouse behaviors. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104583. [PMID: 36871761 PMCID: PMC10139999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The histamine H3 receptor (H3R) is highly enriched in the spiny projection neurons (SPNs) of the striatum, in both the D1 receptor (D1R)-expressing and D2 receptor (D2R)-expressing populations. A crossantagonistic interaction between H3R and D1R has been demonstrated in mice, both at the behavioral level and at the biochemical level. Although interactive behavioral effects have been described upon coactivation of H3R and D2R, the molecular mechanisms underlying this interaction are poorly understood. Here, we show that activation of H3R with the selective agonist R-(-)-α-methylhistamine dihydrobromide mitigates D2R agonist-induced locomotor activity and stereotypic behavior. Using biochemical approaches and the proximity ligation assay, we demonstrated the existence of an H3R-D2R complex in the mouse striatum. In addition, we examined consequences of simultaneous H3R-D2R agonism on the phosphorylation levels of several signaling molecules using immunohistochemistry. H3R agonist treatment modulated Akt (serine/threonine PKB)-glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta signaling in response to D2R activation via a β-arrestin 2-dependent mechanism in D2R-SPNs but not in D1R-SPNs. Phosphorylation of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 and rpS6 (ribosomal protein S6) was largely unchanged under these conditions. As Akt-glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta signaling has been implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders, this work may help clarify the role of H3R in modulating D2R function, leading to a better understanding of pathophysiology involving the interaction between histamine and dopamine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University. ,
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University; Department of Psychology, Yale University; Department of Child Study Center, Yale University; Department of Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University; Department of Wu-Tsai Institute, Yale University; Department of Center for Brain and Mind Health, Yale University.
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The Sapap3 -/- mouse reconsidered as a comorbid model expressing a spectrum of pathological repetitive behaviours. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:26. [PMID: 36717540 PMCID: PMC9886949 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Symptom comorbidity is present amongst neuropsychiatric disorders with repetitive behaviours, complicating clinical diagnosis and impeding appropriate treatments. This is of particular importance for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome. Here, we meticulously analysed the behaviour of Sapap3 knockout mice, the recent rodent model predominantly used to study compulsive-like behaviours, and found that its behaviour is more complex than originally and persistently described. Indeed, we detected previously unreported elements of distinct pathologically repetitive behaviours, which do not form part of rodent syntactic cephalo-caudal self-grooming. These repetitive behaviours include sudden, rapid body and head/body twitches, resembling tic-like movements. We also observed that another type of repetitive behaviour, aberrant hindpaw scratching, might be responsible for the flagship-like skin lesions of this mouse model. In order to characterise the symptomatological nature of observed repetitive behaviours, we pharmacologically challenged these phenotypes by systemic aripiprazole administration, a first-line treatment for tic-like symptoms in Tourette syndrome and trichotillomania. A single treatment of aripiprazole significantly reduced the number of head/body twitches, scratching, and single-phase grooming, but not syntactic grooming events. These observations are in line with the high comorbidity of tic- and compulsive-like symptoms in Tourette, OCD and trichotillomania patients.
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Rapanelli M, Wang W, Hurley E, Feltri ML, Pittenger C, Frick LR, Yan Z. Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain are involved in behavioral abnormalities associated with Cul3 deficiency: Role of prefrontal cortex projections in cognitive deficits. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:22. [PMID: 36693858 PMCID: PMC9873627 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of the gene Cul3 have been identified as a risk factor for autism-spectrum disorder (ASD), but the pathogenic mechanisms are not well understood. Conditional Cul3 ablation in cholinergic neurons of mice (ChatCRECul3F/+) recapitulated ASD-like social and sensory gating phenotypes and caused significant cognitive impairments, with diminished activity of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain (BF). Chemogenetic inhibition of BF cholinergic neurons in healthy mice induced similar social and cognitive deficits. Conversely, chemogenetic stimulation of BF cholinergic neurons in ChatCRECul3F/+ mice reversed abnormalities in sensory gating and cognition. Cortical hypofunction was also found after ChAT-specific Cul3 ablation and stimulation of cholinergic projections from the BF to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) mitigated cognitive deficits. Overall, we demonstrate that cholinergic dysfunction due to Cul3 deficiency is involved in ASD-like behavioral abnormalities, and that BF cholinergic neurons are particularly critical for cognitive component through their projections to the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Rapanelli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Edward Hurley
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Maria Laura Feltri
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
- Institute for Myelin and Glia Exploration, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program. Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Yale Child Study Center, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, Buffalo, USA
| | - Luciana Romina Frick
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program. Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA.
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA.
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program. Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA.
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Xi L, Ji X, Ji W, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Long H. Jing-an oral liquid alleviates Tourette syndrome via the NMDAR/MAPK/CREB pathway in vivo and in vitro. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1790-1800. [PMID: 36102587 PMCID: PMC9487928 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2116056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Jing-an oral liquid (JA) is a Chinese herbal formula used in the treatment of Tourette syndrome (TS); however, its mechanism is unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of JA on amino acid neurotransmitters and microglia activation in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a control group and 5 TS groups. TS was induced in rats with intraperitoneal injection of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (1 mg/kg) and in BV2 cells with lipopolysaccharide. Control and model rats were administered saline, whereas treatment groups were administered JA (5.18, 10.36, or 20.72 g/kg) or tiapride (a benzamide, 23.5 mg/kg) by gavage once daily for 21 days. Stereotypic behaviour was tested. The levels of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-related proteins in striatum and BV2 cells were measured via western blots. CD11b and IBa1 levels were also measured. Ultra-high-performance liquid-chromatography was used to determine γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid (Glu), and aspartic acid (ASP) levels. RESULTS JA markedly alleviated the stereotype behaviour (25.92 ± 0.35 to 13.78 ± 0.47) in rats. It also increased NMDAR1 (0.48 ± 0.09 to 0.67 ± 0.08; 0.54 ± 0.07 to 1.19 ± 0.18) expression and down-regulated the expression of p-ERK, p-JNK, p-P38, and p-CREB in BV2 cells and rat striatum. Additionally, Glu, ASP, GABA, CD11b, and IBa1 levels were significantly decreased by JA. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS JA suppressed microglia activation and regulated the levels of amino acid neurotransmitters, indicating that it could be a promising therapeutic agent for TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leying Xi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pediatric, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xixi Ji
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pediatric, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxiu Ji
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pediatric, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue’e Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Clinical Biobank of Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongyan Long
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pediatric, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Clinical Biobank of Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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7
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Striatal Syntaxin 1A Is Associated with Development of Tourette Syndrome in an Iminodipropionitrile-Induced Animal Model. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:1148191. [PMID: 36157213 PMCID: PMC9492347 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1148191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental movement disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics. In this study, we used a TS rat model induced by 3,3′-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) and aimed to investigate the expression change of Syntaxin 1A (STX1A). Rats in the control group received intraperitoneal injection of normal saline, and TS rats were injected with IDPN (150 mg/kg/day). After 7 days of treatment, the stereotypic behaviors were assessed. Next, rats were sacrificed; brains were removed for RNA extraction and Western blotting analysis and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for immunofluorescence analysis. After 7 days of IDPN administration, stereotypic behaviors were successfully induced. The IDPN group exhibited more counts in biting, putting forepaws around mouth, licking, head twitching, shaking claws, body raising, and episodic utterance. The striatal STX1A mRNA, protein, and STX1A expression in striatal dopaminergic neurons were investigated. As expected, the total STX1A mRNA and protein levels were decreased in the TS model rats. In the striatal dopaminergic neurons, the IDPN group showed a slightly decreased STX1A/TH double positive area, but no statistical significance was found. Additionally, we assessed the expression of some genes closely related to STX1A, such as SNAP25, SY, and gephyrin, and no differences were found between the two groups. Together, reduced STX1A expression is associated with IDPN-induced TS development. Our findings suggested that decreased striatal STX1A expression is associated with the development of TS in the IDPN-induced rat model.
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Ztaou S, Oh SJ, Tepler S, Fleury S, Matamales M, Bertran-Gonzalez J, Chuhma N, Rayport S. Single Dose of Amphetamine Induces Delayed Subregional Attenuation of Cholinergic Interneuron Activity in the Striatum. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0196-21.2021. [PMID: 34462310 PMCID: PMC8454923 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0196-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulants such as amphetamine (AMPH) target dopamine (DA) neuron synapses to engender drug-induced plasticity. While DA neurons modulate the activity of striatal (Str) cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) with regional heterogeneity, how AMPH affects ChI activity has not been elucidated. Here, we applied quantitative fluorescence imaging approaches to map the dose-dependent effects of a single dose of AMPH on ChI activity at 2.5 and 24 h after injection across the mouse Str using the activity-dependent marker phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (p-rpS6240/244). AMPH did not affect the distribution or morphology of ChIs in any Str subregion. While AMPH at either dose had no effect on ChI activity after 2.5 h, ChI activity was dose dependently reduced after 24 h specifically in the ventral Str/nucleus accumbens (NAc), a critical site of psychostimulant action. AMPH at either dose did not affect the spontaneous firing of ChIs. Altogether this work demonstrates that a single dose of AMPH has delayed regionally heterogeneous effects on ChI activity, which most likely involves extra-Str synaptic input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Ztaou
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Soo Jung Oh
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sophia Tepler
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sixtine Fleury
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Miriam Matamales
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jesus Bertran-Gonzalez
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nao Chuhma
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Stephen Rayport
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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9
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Abstract
OCD has lagged behind other psychiatric illnesses in the identification of molecular treatment targets, due in part to a lack of significant findings in genome-wide association studies. However, while progress in this area is being made, OCD's symptoms of obsessions, compulsions, and anxiety can be deconstructed into distinct neural functions that can be dissected in animal models. Studies in rodents and non-human primates have highlighted the importance of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits in OCD pathophysiology, and emerging studies in human post-mortem brain tissue point to glutamatergic synapse abnormalities as a potential cellular substrate for observed dysfunctional behaviors. In addition, accumulated evidence points to a potential role for neuromodulators including serotonin and dopamine in both OCD pathology and treatment. Here, we review current efforts to use animal models for the identification of molecules, cell types, and circuits relevant to OCD pathophysiology. We start by describing features of OCD that can be modeled in animals, including circuit abnormalities and genetic findings. We then review different strategies that have been used to study OCD using animal model systems, including transgenic models, circuit manipulations, and dissection of OCD-relevant neural constructs. Finally, we discuss how these findings may ultimately help to develop new treatment strategies for OCD and other related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Neuroscience Program and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Susanne E Ahmari
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Center for Neuroscience Program and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Ningdong Granule Upregulates the Striatal DA Transporter and Attenuates Stereotyped Behavior of Tourette Syndrome in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:2980705. [PMID: 33005197 PMCID: PMC7509575 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2980705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the possible mechanism of Ningdong granule (NDG) for the treatment of Tourette syndrome (TS). The rats with stereotyped behavior were established by microinjection with TS patients' sera; then, the model rats were divided into NDG and haloperidol (Hal) group, and the nonmedication model rats were regarded as treatment control (TS group). The stereotyped behavior of the rats was recorded, the level of dopamine (DA) in striatum, and the content of homovanillic acid (HVA) in sera were tested, and dopamine transporter (DAT) expression was measured in the study. The experimental results showed that NDG effectively inhibited the stereotyped behavior (P < 0.01), decreased the levels of DA in the striatum (P < 0.05), increased the content of sera HVA (P < 0.01), and enhanced the protein and mRNA expression of DAT in the striatum (P < 0.01). Additionally, the results also revealed Hal could improve the stereotyped behavior as well but had no remarkable influence on DAT expression and DA metabolism. In conclusion, NDG attenuates stereotyped behavior, and its mechanism of action might be associated with the upregulation of DAT expression to regulate DA metabolism in the brain.
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11
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Koski SK, Leino S, Panula P, Rannanpää S, Salminen O. Genetic lack of histamine upregulates dopamine neurotransmission and alters rotational behavior but not levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2020; 729:134932. [PMID: 32224226 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The brain histaminergic and dopaminergic systems closely interact, and some evidence also suggests significant involvement of histamine in Parkinson's disease (PD), where dopaminergic neurons degenerate. To further investigate histamine-dopamine interactions, particularly in the context of PD, a genetic lack of histamine and a mouse model of PD and levodopa-induced dyskinesia were here combined. Dopaminergic lesions were induced in histidine decarboxylase knockout and wildtype mice by 6-hydroxydopamine injections into the medial forebrain bundle. Post-lesion motor dysfunction was studied by measuring drug-induced rotational behavior and dyskinesia. Striatal tissue from both lesioned and naïve animals was used to investigate dopaminergic, serotonergic and histaminergic biomarkers. Histamine deficiency increased amphetamine-induced rotation but did not affect levodopa-induced dyskinesia. qPCR measurements revealed increased striatal expression of D1 and D2 receptor, DARPP-32, and H3 receptor mRNA, and synaptosomal release experiments in naïve mice indicated increased dopamine release. A lack of histamine thus causes pre- and postsynaptic upregulation of striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission which may be reflected in post-lesion motor behavior. Disturbances or manipulations of the histaminergic system may thus have significant consequences for dopaminergic neurotransmission and motor behavior in both healthy and disease conditions. The findings also represent new evidence for the complex interplay between dopamine and histamine within the nigrostriatal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sini K Koski
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Leino
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pertti Panula
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saara Rannanpää
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Salminen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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12
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Moreno-Delgado D, Puigdellívol M, Moreno E, Rodríguez-Ruiz M, Botta J, Gasperini P, Chiarlone A, Howell LA, Scarselli M, Casadó V, Cortés A, Ferré S, Guzmán M, Lluís C, Alberch J, Canela EI, Ginés S, McCormick PJ. Modulation of dopamine D 1 receptors via histamine H 3 receptors is a novel therapeutic target for Huntington's disease. eLife 2020; 9:51093. [PMID: 32513388 PMCID: PMC7282811 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Early Huntington's disease (HD) include over-activation of dopamine D1 receptors (D1R), producing an imbalance in dopaminergic neurotransmission and cell death. To reduce D1R over-activation, we present a strategy based on targeting complexes of D1R and histamine H3 receptors (H3R). Using an HD mouse striatal cell model and HD mouse organotypic brain slices we found that D1R-induced cell death signaling and neuronal degeneration, are mitigated by an H3R antagonist. We demonstrate that the D1R-H3R heteromer is expressed in HD mice at early but not late stages of HD, correlating with HD progression. In accordance, we found this target expressed in human control subjects and low-grade HD patients. Finally, treatment of HD mice with an H3R antagonist prevented cognitive and motor learning deficits and the loss of heteromer expression. Taken together, our results indicate that D1R - H3R heteromers play a pivotal role in dopamine signaling and represent novel targets for treating HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moreno-Delgado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Puigdellívol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Institut of Neuroscience, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d´Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Botta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Gasperini
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Chiarlone
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lesley A Howell
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Cortés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergi Ferré
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, United States
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Lluís
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Institut of Neuroscience, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d´Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric I Canela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Ginés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Institut of Neuroscience, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d´Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter J McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain.,School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Abstract
Movement disorders in women during pregnancy are uncommon. Therefore, high quality studies are limited, and guidelines are lacking for the treatment of movement disorders in pregnancy, thus posing a significant therapeutic challenge for the treating physicians. In this chapter, we discuss movement disorders that arise during pregnancy and the preexisting movement disorders during pregnancy. Common conditions encountered in pregnancy include but are not limited to restless legs syndrome, chorea gravidarum, Parkinson disease, essential tremor, and Huntington disease as well as more rare movement disorders (Wilson's disease, dystonia, etc.). This chapter summarizes the published literature on movement disorders and pharmacologic and surgical considerations for neurologists and physicians in other specialties caring for patients who are pregnant or considering pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ba
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Janis M Miyasaki
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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14
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Abdurakhmanova S, Semenova S, Piepponen TP, Panula P. Abnormal behavior, striatal dopamine turnover and opioid peptide gene expression in histamine‐deficient mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 18:e12595. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T. Petteri Piepponen
- Division of Pharmacology and PharmacotherapyUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Pertti Panula
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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15
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Pittenger C. The histidine decarboxylase model of tic pathophysiology: a new focus on the histamine H 3 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 177:570-579. [PMID: 30714121 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine dysregulation was implicated as a rare cause of Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders a decade ago by a landmark genetic study in a high density family pedigree, which implicated a hypomorphic mutation in the histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) gene as a rare but high penetrance genetic cause. Studies in Hdc knockout (KO) mice have confirmed that this mutation causes tic-relevant behavioural and neurochemical abnormalities that parallel what is seen in patients and thus validate the KO as a potentially informative model of tic pathophysiology. Recent studies have focused on the potential role of the histamine H3 receptor in this model, and by association in tic disorders and related neuropsychiatric conditions. The H3 receptor is up-regulated in the striatum in Hdc KO mice. As the H3 receptor has constitutive activity in the absence of ligand, this receptor up-regulation may have significant cellular effects despite the absence of neurotransmitter histamine in these mice. Activation in vivo of H3 receptors in wild type mice regulates signalling in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) that interacts non-linearly with dopamine receptor signalling. Baseline signalling alterations in MSNs in Hdc KO mice resemble those seen after H3 receptor agonist treatment in wild type animals. H3 receptor agonist treatment in the KOs further accentuates most of these signalling abnormalities and produces behavioural stereotypy. Together, these data suggest the intriguing hypothesis that constitutive signalling by up-regulated H3 receptors explains many of the molecular and behavioural abnormalities seen in these animals. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on New Uses for 21st Century. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.3/issuetoc.
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16
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Valjent E, Biever A, Gangarossa G, Puighermanal E. Dopamine signaling in the striatum. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 116:375-396. [PMID: 31036297 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The striatum integrates dopamine-mediated reward signals to generate appropriate behavior in response to glutamate-mediated sensory cues. Such associative learning relies on enduring neural plasticity in striatal GABAergic spiny projection neurons which, when altered, can lead to the development of a wide variety of pathological states. Considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the intracellular signaling mechanisms in dopamine-related behaviors and pathologies. Through the prism of the regulation of histone H3 and ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation, we review how dopamine-mediated signaling events regulate gene transcription and mRNA translation. Particularly, we focus on the intracellular cascades controlling these phosphorylations downstream of the modulation of dopamine receptors by psychostimulants, antipsychotics and l-DOPA. Finally, we highlight the importance to precisely determine in which neuronal populations these signaling events occur in order to understand how they participate in remodeling neural circuits and altering dopamine-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Valjent
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Anne Biever
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Gangarossa
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Emma Puighermanal
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Rapanelli M, Frick L, Jindachomthong K, Xu J, Ohtsu H, Nairn AC, Pittenger C. Striatal Signaling Regulated by the H3R Histamine Receptor in a Mouse Model of tic Pathophysiology. Neuroscience 2018; 392:172-179. [PMID: 30278251 PMCID: PMC6204318 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Histamine dysregulation has been identified as a rare genetic cause of tic disorders; mice with a knockout of the histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) gene represent a promising model of this pathophysiology. How alterations in the histamine system lead to neuropsychiatric disease, however, remains unclear. The H3R histamine receptor is elevated in the striatum of Hdc KO mice, and H3R agonists, acting in the dorsal striatum, trigger tic-like movements in the model. In wild-type mice, H3R in the dorsal striatum differentially regulates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase B (Akt) signaling in D1R dopamine receptor-expressing striatonigral medium spiny neurons (dMSNs) and D2R dopamine receptor-expressing striatopallidal MSNs (iMSNs), respectively. We examined the effects of H3R agonist treatment on MSN signaling in the Hdc-KO model. In dMSNs, MAPK signaling was elevated at baseline in the Hdc-KO model, resembling what is seen after H3R activation in WT animals. Similarly, in iMSNs, Akt phosphorylation was reduced at baseline in the KO model, resembling what is seen after H3R activation in WT animals. H3R activation in Hdc-KO mice further enhanced the baseline effect on Akt phosphorylation in iMSNs but attenuated the abnormality in MAPK signaling in dMSNs. These observations support the hypothesis that constitutive activity of upregulated H3R receptors in the Hdc-KO model mediates the observed alterations in baseline MSN signaling; but further activation of H3R, which produces tic-like repetitive movements in the model, has more complex effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Frick
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, United States
| | | | - Jian Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, United States; Child Study Center, Yale University, United States
| | - Hiroshi Ohtsu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Angus C Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, United States; Interdepartental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, United States
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, United States; Child Study Center, Yale University, United States; Interdepartental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, United States.
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18
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Sun N, Nasello C, Deng L, Wang N, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Song Z, Kwan K, King RA, Pang ZP, Xing J, Heiman GA, Tischfield JA. The PNKD gene is associated with Tourette Disorder or Tic disorder in a multiplex family. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1487-1495. [PMID: 28894297 PMCID: PMC5847395 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tourette Disorder (TD) is a childhood-onset neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by the presence of both motor and vocal tics. The genetic architecture of TD is believed to be complex and heterogeneous. Nevertheless, DNA sequence variants co-segregating with TD phenotypes within multiplex families have been identified. This report examines whole exomes of affected and unaffected individuals in a multiplex TD family to discover genes involved in the TD etiology. We performed whole exome sequencing on six out of nine members in a three-generation TD multiplex family. Putative deleterious sequence variants co-segregating with TD patients were identified by our in-house bioinformatics pipeline. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated from one unaffected and two TD affected individuals. Neurons were derived from the iPSCs and biochemical assays were conducted to evaluate possible molecular differences between affected and unaffected. A rare heterozygous nonsense mutation in PNKD was co-segregated with TD in this multiplex family. Transcript and protein levels of the PNKD long isoform were reduced in neurons derived from the individuals with TD due to the nonsense mutation, indicating nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. We demonstrated that the PNKD long isoform monomer oligomerizes with itself as well as interacts with the synaptic active zone protein RIMS1α. We concluded that reduced PNKD long isoform levels are detected in all affected individuals and we provide evidence for a mechanism whereby this might contribute to the TD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawei Sun
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Cara Nasello
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Yeting Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Zihui Xu
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Zhichao Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kelvin Kwan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Robert A. King
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhiping P. Pang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jinchuan Xing
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Gary A. Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jay A. Tischfield
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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19
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O'Brien KB, Sharrief AZ, Nordstrom EJ, Travanty AJ, Huynh M, Romero MP, Bittner KC, Bowser MT, Burton FH. Biochemical markers of striatal desensitization in cortical-limbic hyperglutamatergic TS- & OCD-like transgenic mice. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 89:11-20. [PMID: 29481900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tics and compulsions in comorbid Tourette's syndrome (TS) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are associated with chronic hyperactivity of parallel cortico/amygdalo-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loop circuits. Comorbid TS- & OCD-like behaviors have likewise been observed in D1CT-7 mice, in which an artificial neuropotentiating transgene encoding the cAMP-elevating intracellular subunit of cholera toxin (CT) is chronically expressed selectively in somatosensory cortical & amygdalar dopamine (DA) D1 receptor-expressing neurons that activate cortico/amygdalo-striatal glutamate (GLU) output. We've now examined in D1CT-7 mice whether the chronic GLU output from their potentiated cortical/limbic CSTC subcircuit afferents associated with TS- & OCD-like behaviors elicits desensitizing neurochemical changes in the striatum (STR). Microdialysis-capillary electrophoresis and in situ hybridization reveal that the mice's chronic GLU-excited STR exhibits pharmacodynamic changes in three independently GLU-regulated measures of output neuron activation, co-excitation, and desensitization, signifying hyperactive striatal CSTC output and compensatory striatal glial and neuronal desensitization: 1) Striatal GABA, an output neurotransmitter induced by afferent GLU, is increased. 2) Striatal d-serine, a glial excitatory co-transmitter inhibited by afferent GLU, is decreased. 3) Striatal Period1 (Per1), which plays a non-circadian role in the STR as a GLU + DA D1- (cAMP-) dependent repressor thought to feedback-inhibit GLU + DA- triggered ultradian urges and motions, is transcriptionally abolished. These data imply that chronic cortical/limbic GLU excitation of the STR desensitizes its co-excitatory d-serine & DA inputs while freezing its GABA output in an active state to mediate chronic tics and compulsions - possibly in part by abolishing striatal Per1-dependent ultradian extinction of urges and motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie B O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 139 Smith Hall, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Anjail Z Sharrief
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Clark Science Center, 1 College Lane, Sabin-Reed 429, Northampton, MA 01063, USA
| | - Eric J Nordstrom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA; Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Ave, Shapiro S3.111, Minneapolis MN 55415-1623 USA
| | - Anthony J Travanty
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA
| | - Mailee Huynh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA; Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Ave, Shapiro S3.111, Minneapolis MN 55415-1623 USA
| | - Megan P Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA; Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Ave, Shapiro S3.111, Minneapolis MN 55415-1623 USA
| | - Katie C Bittner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA
| | - Michael T Bowser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 139 Smith Hall, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Frank H Burton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455-0217, USA; Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Ave, Shapiro S3.111, Minneapolis MN 55415-1623 USA.
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20
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Burton FH. Back to the Future: Circuit-testing TS & OCD. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 292:2-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Bortolato M, Pittenger C. Modeling tics in rodents: Conceptual challenges and paths forward. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 292:12-19. [PMID: 28237575 PMCID: PMC5568514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of tics have led to the development of novel rodent models capturing different pathophysiological and phenotypic aspects of Tourette syndrome. The proliferation of these models, however, raises vexing questions on what standards should be adopted to assess their theoretical validity and empirical utility. Assessing the homology of a rodent motoric burst with a tic remains problematic, due to our incomplete knowledge of the underpinnings of tics, their high phenotypic complexity and variability, limitations in our ability test key aspects of tic phenomenology (such as premonitory sensory phenomena) in animals, and between-species differences in neuroanatomy and behavioral repertoire. These limitations underscore that any interpretation of behavioral output in an animal model cannot exclusively rely on the recognition of features that bear superficial resemblance with tics, but must be supported by other etiological and convergent phenomenological criteria. NEW METHOD Here, we discuss two complementary approaches for the study and validation of tic-like manifestations in rodents, based respectively on the use of contextual modulators and accompanying features of repetitive motor manifestations and on the reproduction of pathogenic factors. RESULTS Neither strategy can by itself provide convincing evidence that a model informatively recapitulates tic pathophysiology. Their combination holds promise to enhance the rigorous evaluation and translational relevance of rodent models of tic disorders. CONCLUSIONS This systematic consideration of different approaches to the validation and study of animal models of tic pathophysiology provides a framework for future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Skaggs Hall, Room 3916, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Child Study Center, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, 34 Park Street, W315, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
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22
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Abdurakhmanova S, Chary K, Kettunen M, Sierra A, Panula P. Behavioral and stereological characterization of Hdc KO mice: Relation to Tourette syndrome. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3476-3487. [PMID: 28681514 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A premature termination codon in the human histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) gene has been identified in a family suffering from Guilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS). In the current study we investigated if mice lacking the histamine producing enzyme HDC share the morphological and cytological phenotype with GTS patients by using magnetic resonance (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), unbiased stereology and immunohistochemistry. Behavior of Hdc knock-out (Hdc KO) mice was assessed in an open field test. The results of stereological, volumetric and DTI analysis measurements showed no significant differences between control and Hdc KO mice. The numbers and distribution of GABAergic parvalbumin or nitric oxide-expressing and cholinergic interneurons were normal in Hdc KO mice. Cortical morphology and layering in adult Hdc KO mice were also preserved. In open field test Hdc KO mice showed impaired exploratory activity and habituation when introduced to novel environment. Our results indicate that Hdc deficiency in mice does not disturb the development of striatal and cortical interneurons and does not lead to the morphological and cytological phenotypes characterized by humans with GTS. Nevertheless, histamine deficiency leads to behavioral alterations probably due to neurotransmitter dysbalance on the level of the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthik Chary
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Kettunen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alejandra Sierra
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pertti Panula
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Rapanelli M, Frick LR, Xu M, Groman SM, Jindachomthong K, Tamamaki N, Tanahira C, Taylor JR, Pittenger C. Targeted Interneuron Depletion in the Dorsal Striatum Produces Autism-like Behavioral Abnormalities in Male but Not Female Mice. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:194-203. [PMID: 28347488 PMCID: PMC5374721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interneuronal pathology is implicated in many neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Tourette syndrome (TS). Interneurons of the striatum, including the parvalbumin-expressing fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) and the large cholinergic interneurons (CINs), are affected in patients with TS and in preclinical models of both ASD and TS. METHODS To test the causal importance of these neuronal abnormalities, we recapitulated them in vivo in developmentally normal mice using a combination transgenic-viral strategy for targeted toxin-mediated ablation. RESULTS We found that conjoint ~50% depletion of FSIs and CINs in the dorsal striatum of male mice produces spontaneous stereotypy and marked deficits in social interaction. Strikingly, these behavioral effects are not seen in female mice; because ASD and TS have a marked male predominance, this observation reinforces the potential relevance of the finding to human disease. Neither of these effects is seen when only one or the other interneuronal population is depleted; ablation of both is required. Depletion of FSIs, but not of CINs, also produces anxiety-like behavior, as has been described previously. Behavioral pathology in male mice after conjoint FSI and CIN depletion is accompanied by increases in activity-dependent signaling in the dorsal striatum; these alterations were not observed after disruption of only one interneuron type or in doubly depleted female mice. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that disruption of CIN and FSI interneurons in the dorsal striatum is sufficient to produce network and behavioral changes of potential relevance to ASD, in a sexually dimorphic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meiyu Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | | | - Nobuaki Tamamaki
- Department of Morphological Neural Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Chiyoko Tanahira
- Department of Morphological Neural Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jane Rebecca Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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Histamine modulation of the basal ganglia circuitry in the development of pathological grooming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6599-6604. [PMID: 28584117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704547114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant histaminergic function has been proposed as a cause of tic disorders. A rare mutation in the enzyme that produces histamine (HA), histidine decarboxylase (HDC), has been identified in patients with Tourette syndrome (TS). Hdc knockout mice exhibit repetitive behavioral pathology and neurochemical characteristics of TS, establishing them as a plausible model of tic pathophysiology. Where, when, and how HA deficiency produces these effects has remained unclear: whether the contribution of HA deficiency to pathogenesis is acute or developmental, and where in the brain the relevant consequences of HA deficiency occur. Here, we address these key pathophysiological questions, using anatomically and cellularly targeted manipulations in mice. We report that specific ablation or chemogenetic silencing of histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) of the hypothalamus leads to markedly elevated grooming, a form of repetitive behavioral pathology, and to elevated markers of neuronal activity in both dorsal striatum and medial prefrontal cortex. Infusion of HA directly into the striatum reverses this behavioral pathology, confirming that acute HA deficiency mediates the effect. Bidirectional chemogenetic regulation reveals that dorsal striatum neurons activated after TMN silencing are both sufficient to produce repetitive behavioral pathology and necessary for the full expression of the effect. Chemogenetic activation of TMN-regulated medial prefrontal cortex neurons, in contrast, increases locomotion and not grooming. These data confirm the centrality of striatal regulation by neurotransmitter HA in the adult in the production of pathological grooming.
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Rapanelli M. The magnificent two: histamine and the H3 receptor as key modulators of striatal circuitry. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 73:36-40. [PMID: 27773554 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Histaminergic dysfunction has been recently linked to tic disorders and to aberrant striatal function. There is a particular interest in the histamine 3 receptor (H3R) due to its clinical implications for treating multiple disorders and its high expression in the brain. Striatal histamine (HA) modulates through the H3R in complex ways the release of striatal neurotransmitters into this brain region. The H3R has been classically described to be coupled to Gi, although there is evidence that revealed that striatal H3R forms heteromers with the dopamine receptors 1 and 2 in the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) than changes this signaling. Moreover, new data described for the first time a complete, segregated and time dependent signaling after H3R activation in the two types of MSNs (D1R-MSNs and D2R-MSNs). The aim of this review is to update the role of HA and H3R in striatal function at a molecular and signaling levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Rapanelli
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 34 Park St, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by several motor and phonic tics. Tics usually develop before 10 years of age, exhibit a waxing and waning course and typically improve with increasing age. A prevalence of approximately 1% is estimated in children and adolescents. The condition can result in considerable social stigma and poor quality of life, especially when tics are severe (for example, with coprolalia (swearing tics) and self-injurious behaviours) or when GTS is accompanied by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder or another neuropsychiatric disorder. The aetiology is complex and multifactorial. GTS is considered to be polygenic, involving multiple common risk variants combined with rare, inherited or de novo mutations. These as well as non-genetic factors (such as perinatal events and immunological factors) are likely to contribute to the heterogeneity of the clinical phenotype, the structural and functional brain anomalies and the neural circuitry involvement. Management usually includes psychoeducation and reassurance, behavioural methods, pharmacotherapy and, rarely, functional neurosurgery. Future research that integrates clinical and neurobiological data, including neuroimaging and genetics, is expected to reveal the pathogenesis of GTS at the neural circuit level, which may lead to targeted interventions.
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Rapanelli M, Frick L, Pogorelov V, Ohtsu H, Bito H, Pittenger C. Histamine H3R receptor activation in the dorsal striatum triggers stereotypies in a mouse model of tic disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1013. [PMID: 28117842 PMCID: PMC5545743 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tic disorders affect ~5% of the population and are frequently comorbid with obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism, and attention deficit disorder. Histamine dysregulation has been identified as a rare genetic cause of tic disorders; mice with a knockout of the histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) gene represent a promising pathophysiologically grounded model. How alterations in the histamine system lead to tics and other neuropsychiatric pathology, however, remains unclear. We found elevated expression of the histamine H3 receptor in the striatum of Hdc knockout mice. The H3 receptor has significant basal activity even in the absence of ligand and thus may modulate striatal function in this knockout model. We probed H3R function using specific agonists. The H3 agonists R-aminomethylhistamine (RAMH) and immepip produced behavioral stereotypies in KO mice, but not in controls. H3 agonist treatment elevated intra-striatal dopamine in KO mice, but not in controls. This was associated with elevations in phosphorylation of rpS6, a sensitive marker of neural activity, in the dorsal striatum. We used a novel chemogenetic strategy to demonstrate that this dorsal striatal activity is necessary and sufficient for the development of stereotypy: when RAMH-activated cells in the dorsal striatum were chemogenetically activated (in the absence of RAMH), stereotypy was recapitulated in KO animals, and when they were silenced the ability of RAMH to produce stereotypy was blocked. These results identify the H3 receptor in the dorsal striatum as a contributor to repetitive behavioral pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rapanelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 34 Park Street, W315, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. E-mail: or
| | - L Frick
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - V Pogorelov
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - H Ohtsu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - H Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Interdepartental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 34 Park Street, W315, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. E-mail: or
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Pittenger C. Histidine Decarboxylase Knockout Mice as a Model of the Pathophysiology of Tourette Syndrome and Related Conditions. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 241:189-215. [PMID: 28233179 PMCID: PMC5538774 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While the normal functions of histamine (HA) in the central nervous system have gradually come into focus over the past 30 years, the relationship of abnormalities in neurotransmitter HA to human disease has been slower to emerge. New insight came with the 2010 description of a rare nonsense mutation in the biosynthetic enzyme histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) that was associated with Tourette syndrome (TS) and related conditions in a single family pedigree. Subsequent genetic work has provided further support for abnormalities of HA signaling in sporadic TS. As a result of this genetic work, Hdc knockout mice, which were generated more than 15 years ago, have been reexamined as a model of the pathophysiology of TS and related conditions. Parallel work in these KO mice and in human carriers of the Hdc mutation has revealed abnormalities in the basal ganglia system and its modulation by dopamine (DA) and has confirmed the etiologic, face, and predictive validity of the model. The Hdc-KO model thus serves as a unique platform to probe the pathophysiology of TS and related conditions, and to generate specific hypotheses for subsequent testing in humans. This chapter summarizes the development and validation of this model and recent and ongoing work using it to further investigate pathophysiological changes that may contribute to these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pittenger
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Yale Child Study Center, and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, W315, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
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Microglial Dysregulation in OCD, Tourette Syndrome, and PANDAS. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:8606057. [PMID: 28053994 PMCID: PMC5174185 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8606057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that immune dysregulation contributes to the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Tourette syndrome, and Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS). The mechanistic details of this pathophysiology, however, remain unclear. Here we focus on one particular component of the immune system: microglia, the brain's resident immune cells. The role of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases has been understood in terms of classic, inflammatory activation, which may be both a consequence and a cause of neuronal damage. In OCD and Tourette syndrome, which are not characterized by frank neural degeneration, the potential role of microglial dysregulation is much less clear. Here we review the evidence for a neuroinflammatory etiology and microglial dysregulation in OCD, Tourette syndrome, and PANDAS. We also explore new hypotheses as to the potential contributions of microglial abnormalities to pathophysiology, beyond neuroinflammation, including failures in neuroprotection, lack of support for neuronal survival, and abnormalities in synaptic pruning. Recent advances in neuroimaging and animal model work are creating new opportunities to elucidate these issues.
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Frick L, Rapanelli M, Abbasi E, Ohtsu H, Pittenger C. Histamine regulation of microglia: Gene-environment interaction in the regulation of central nervous system inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 57:326-337. [PMID: 27381299 PMCID: PMC5012904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia mediate neuroinflammation and regulate brain development and homeostasis. Microglial abnormalities are implicated in a range of neuropsychiatric pathology, including Tourette syndrome (TS) and autism. Histamine (HA) is both a neurotransmitter and an immune modulator. HA deficiency has been implicated as a rare cause of TS and may contribute to other neuropsychiatric conditions. In vitro studies suggest that HA can regulate microglia, but this has never been explored in vivo. We used immunohistochemistry to examine the effects of HA deficiency in histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) knockout mice and of HA receptor stimulation in wild-type animals. We find HA to regulate microglia in vivo, via the H4 receptor. Chronic HA deficiency in Hdc knockout mice reduces ramifications of microglia in the striatum and (at trend level) in the hypothalamus, but not elsewhere in the brain. Depletion of histaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus has a similar effect. Microglia expressing IGF-1 are particularly reduced, However, the microglial response to challenge with lipopolysacchariade (LPS) is potentiated in Hdc knockout mice. Genetic abnormalities in histaminergic signaling may produce a vulnerability to inflammatory challenge, setting the state for pathogenically dysregulated neuroimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Frick
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Eeman Abbasi
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Hiroshi Ohtsu
- Tohoku University, Graduate School of Engineering, Sendai, Janpan
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
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Rapanelli M, Frick LR, Horn KD, Schwarcz RC, Pogorelov V, Nairn AC, Pittenger C. The Histamine H3 Receptor Differentially Modulates Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and Akt Signaling in Striatonigral and Striatopallidal Neurons. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21042-21052. [PMID: 27510032 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.731406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia have a central role in motor patterning, habits, motivated behaviors, and cognition as well as in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. Receptors for histamine, especially the H3 receptor (H3R), are highly expressed in the striatum, the primary input nucleus of the basal ganglia, but their effects on this circuitry have been little explored. H3R interacts with dopamine (DA) receptors ex vivo; the nature and functional importance of these interactions in vivo remain obscure. We found H3R activation with the agonist R-(-)-α-methylhistamine to produce a unique time- and cell type-dependent profile of molecular signaling events in the striatum. H3 agonist treatment did not detectably alter extracellular DA levels or signaling through the cAMP/DARPP-32 signaling pathway in either D1- or D2-expressing striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). In D1-MSNs, H3 agonist treatment transiently activated MAPK signaling and phosphorylation of rpS6 and led to phosphorylation of GSK3β-Ser9, a novel effect. Consequences of H3 activation in D2-MSNs were completely different. MAPK signaling was unchanged, and GSK3β-Ser9 phosphorylation was reduced. At the behavioral level, two H3 agonists had no significant effect on locomotion or stereotypy, but they dramatically attenuated the locomotor activation produced by the D1 agonist SKF82958. H3 agonist co-administration blocked the activation of MAPK signaling and the phosphorylation of rpS6 produced by D1 activation in D1-MSNs, paralleling behavioral effects. In contrast, GSK3β-Ser9 phosphorylation was seen only after H3 agonist treatment, with no interactive effects. H3R signaling has been neglected in models of basal ganglia function and has implications for a range of pathophysiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rivka C Schwarcz
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06519
| | | | | | - Christopher Pittenger
- From the Departments Psychiatry and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, and Psychology, Child Study Center,
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Georgitsi M, Willsey AJ, Mathews CA, State M, Scharf JM, Paschou P. The Genetic Etiology of Tourette Syndrome: Large-Scale Collaborative Efforts on the Precipice of Discovery. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:351. [PMID: 27536211 PMCID: PMC4971013 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by multiple motor and phonic tics. It has a complex etiology with multiple genes likely interacting with environmental factors to lead to the onset of symptoms. The genetic basis of the disorder remains elusive. However, multiple resources and large-scale projects are coming together, launching a new era in the field and bringing us on the verge of discovery. The large-scale efforts outlined in this report are complementary and represent a range of different approaches to the study of disorders with complex inheritance. The Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics (TSAICG) has focused on large families, parent-proband trios and cases for large case-control designs such as genomewide association studies (GWAS), copy number variation (CNV) scans, and exome/genome sequencing. TIC Genetics targets rare, large effect size mutations in simplex trios, and multigenerational families. The European Multicentre Tics in Children Study (EMTICS) seeks to elucidate gene-environment interactions including the involvement of infection and immune mechanisms in TS etiology. Finally, TS-EUROTRAIN, a Marie Curie Initial Training Network, aims to act as a platform to unify large-scale projects in the field and to educate the next generation of experts. Importantly, these complementary large-scale efforts are joining forces to uncover the full range of genetic variation and environmental risk factors for TS, holding great promise for identifying definitive TS susceptibility genes and shedding light into the complex pathophysiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianthi Georgitsi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of ThraceAlexandroupoli, Greece; Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Jeremy Willsey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carol A Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida School of Medicine Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matthew State
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremiah M Scharf
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peristera Paschou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace Alexandroupoli, Greece
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Karagiannidis I, Tsetsos F, Padmanabhuni SS, Alexander J, Georgitsi M, Paschou P. The Genetics of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: a Common Aetiological Basis with Comorbid Disorders? Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-016-0088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Bolam JP, Ellender TJ. Histamine and the striatum. Neuropharmacology 2016; 106:74-84. [PMID: 26275849 PMCID: PMC4917894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The neuromodulator histamine is released throughout the brain during periods of wakefulness. Combined with an abundant expression of histamine receptors, this suggests potential widespread histaminergic control of neural circuit activity. However, the effect of histamine on many of these circuits is unknown. In this review we will discuss recent evidence for histaminergic modulation of the basal ganglia circuitry, and specifically its main input nucleus; the striatum. Furthermore, we will discuss recent findings of histaminergic dysfunction in several basal ganglia disorders, including in Parkinson's disease and most prominently, in Tourette's syndrome, which has led to a resurgence of interest in this neuromodulator. Combined, these recent observations not only suggest a central role for histamine in modulating basal ganglia activity and behaviour, but also as a possible target in treating basal ganglia disorders. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Histamine Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Bolam
- Department of Pharmacology, MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TH Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tommas J Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TH Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Nespoli E, Rizzo F, Boeckers TM, Hengerer B, Ludolph AG. Addressing the Complexity of Tourette's Syndrome through the Use of Animal Models. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:133. [PMID: 27092043 PMCID: PMC4824761 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by fluctuating motor and vocal tics, usually preceded by sensory premonitions, called premonitory urges. Besides tics, the vast majority—up to 90%—of TS patients suffer from psychiatric comorbidities, mainly attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The etiology of TS remains elusive. Genetics is believed to play an important role, but it is clear that other factors contribute to TS, possibly altering brain functioning and architecture during a sensitive phase of neural development. Clinical brain imaging and genetic studies have contributed to elucidate TS pathophysiology and disease mechanisms; however, TS disease etiology still is poorly understood. Findings from genetic studies led to the development of genetic animal models, but they poorly reflect the pathophysiology of TS. Addressing the role of neurotransmission, brain regions, and brain circuits in TS disease pathomechanisms is another focus area for preclinical TS model development. We are now in an interesting moment in time when numerous innovative animal models are continuously brought to the attention of the public. Due to the diverse and largely unknown etiology of TS, there is no single preclinical model featuring all different aspects of TS symptomatology. TS has been dissected into its key symptomst hat have been investigated separately, in line with the Research Domain Criteria concept. The different rationales used to develop the respective animal models are critically reviewed, to discuss the potential of the contribution of animal models to elucidate TS disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Nespoli
- Competence in Neuro Spine Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberach an der Riss, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of UlmUlm, Germany
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Department of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of UlmUlm, Germany; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of UlmUlm, Germany
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
| | - Bastian Hengerer
- Competence in Neuro Spine Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Andrea G Ludolph
- Department of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
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Biever A, Valjent E, Puighermanal E. Ribosomal Protein S6 Phosphorylation in the Nervous System: From Regulation to Function. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:75. [PMID: 26733799 PMCID: PMC4679984 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the phosphorylation of the 40S ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) about four decades ago, much effort has been made to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of this post-translational modification. In the field of neuroscience, rpS6 phosphorylation is commonly used as a readout of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling activation or as a marker for neuronal activity. Nevertheless, its biological role in neurons still remains puzzling. Here we review the pharmacological and physiological stimuli regulating this modification in the nervous system as well as the pathways that transduce these signals into rpS6 phosphorylation. Altered rpS6 phosphorylation observed in various genetic and pathophysiological mouse models is also discussed. Finally, we examine the current state of knowledge on the physiological role of this post-translational modification and highlight the questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Biever
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5203, Institut de Génomique FonctionnelleMontpellier, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1191Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Valjent
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5203, Institut de Génomique FonctionnelleMontpellier, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1191Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203Montpellier, France
| | - Emma Puighermanal
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5203, Institut de Génomique FonctionnelleMontpellier, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1191Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203Montpellier, France
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"Hyperglutamatergic cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit" breaker drugs alleviate tics in a transgenic circuit model of Tourette׳s syndrome. Brain Res 2015; 1629:38-53. [PMID: 26453289 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The brain circuits underlying tics in Tourette׳s syndrome (TS) are unknown but thought to involve cortico/amygdalo-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loop hyperactivity. We previously engineered a transgenic mouse "circuit model" of TS by expressing an artificial neuropotentiating transgene (encoding the cAMP-elevating, intracellular A1 subunit of cholera toxin) within a small population of dopamine D1 receptor-expressing somatosensory cortical and limbic neurons that hyperactivate cortico/amygdalostriatal glutamatergic output circuits thought to be hyperactive in TS and comorbid obsessive-compulsive (OC) disorders. As in TS, these D1CT-7 ("Ticcy") transgenic mice׳s tics were alleviated by the TS drugs clonidine and dopamine D2 receptor antagonists; and their chronic glutamate-excited striatal motor output was unbalanced toward hyperactivity of the motoric direct pathway and inactivity of the cataleptic indirect pathway. Here we have examined whether these mice׳s tics are countered by drugs that "break" sequential elements of their hyperactive cortical/amygdalar glutamatergic and efferent striatal circuit: anti-serotonoceptive and anti-noradrenoceptive corticostriatal glutamate output blockers (the serotonin 5-HT2a,c receptor antagonist ritanserin and the NE alpha-1 receptor antagonist prazosin); agmatinergic striatothalamic GABA output blockers (the presynaptic agmatine/imidazoline I1 receptor agonist moxonidine); and nigrostriatal dopamine output blockers (the presynaptic D2 receptor agonist bromocriptine). Each drug class alleviates tics in the Ticcy mice, suggesting a hyperglutamatergic CSTC "tic circuit" could exist in TS wherein cortical/amygdalar pyramidal projection neurons׳ glutamatergic overexcitation of both striatal output neurons and nigrostriatal dopaminergic modulatory neurons unbalances their circuit integration to excite striatothalamic output and create tics, and illuminating new TS drug strategies.
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Richer P, Fernandez TV. Tourette Syndrome: Bridging the Gap between Genetics and Biology. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2015; 1:156-164. [PMID: 26509143 DOI: 10.1159/000439085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome is a childhood neuropsychiatric disorder, which presents with disruptive motor and vocal tics. The disease also has a high comorbidity with obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, which may further increase the distress experienced by patients. Current treatments act with varying efficacies in alleviating symptoms, as the underlying biology of the disease is not fully understood to provide precise therapeutic targets. Moreover, the genetic complexity of the disorder presents a substantial challenge to the identification of genetic alterations that contribute to the Tourette's phenotype. Nevertheless, genetic studies have suggested involvement of dopaminergic, serotonergic, glutamatergic, and histaminergic pathways in the pathophysiology of at least some cases. In addition, genetic overlaps with other neuropsychiatric disorders may point toward a shared biology. The findings that are emerging from genetic studies will allow researchers to piece together the underlying components of the disease, in the hopes that a deeper understanding of Tourette's can lead to improved treatments for those affected by it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Richer
- Sewanee: The University of the South, 735 University Avenue Sewanee, TN 37383
| | - Thomas V Fernandez
- Yale Child Study Center and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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Sutton LP, Caron MG. Essential role of D1R in the regulation of mTOR complex1 signaling induced by cocaine. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:610-9. [PMID: 26314207 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that is involved in neuronal adaptions that underlie cocaine-induced sensitization and reward. mTOR exists in two functionally distinct multi-component complexes known as mTORC1 and mTORC2. In this study, we show that increased mTORC1 activity induced by cocaine is mediated by the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R). Specifically, cocaine treatment increased the phosphorylation on residues Thr2446 and Ser2481 but not on Ser2448 in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and that this increase in phosphorylated mTOR levels was also apparent when complexed with its binding partner Raptor. Furthermore, the increase in phosphorylated mTOR levels, as well as phosphorylated 4E-BP1 and S6K, downstream targets of mTORC1 were blocked with SCH23390 treatment. Similar results were also observed in the dopamine-transporter knockout mice as the increase in phosphorylated mTOR Thr2446 and Ser2481 was blocked by SCH23390 but not with raclopride. To further validate D1R role in mTORC1 signaling, decrease in phosphorylated mTOR levels were observed in D1R knockout mice, whereas administration of SKF81297 elevated phosphorylated mTOR in the NAc. Lastly deletion of mTOR or Raptor in D1R expressing neurons reduced cocaine-induced locomotor activity. Together, our data supports a mechanism whereby mTORC1 signaling is activated by cocaine administration through the stimulation of D1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie P Sutton
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Marc G Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Rapanelli M, Pittenger C. Histamine and histamine receptors in Tourette syndrome and other neuropsychiatric conditions. Neuropharmacology 2015; 106:85-90. [PMID: 26282120 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The potential contributions of dysregulation of the brain's histaminergic modulatory system to neuropsychiatric disease, and the potential of histamine-targeting medications as therapeutic agents, are gradually coming into focus. The H3R receptor, which is expressed primarily in the central nervous system, is a promising pharmacotherapeutic target. Recent evidence for a contribution of histamine dysregulation to Tourette syndrome and tic disorders is particularly strong; although specific mutations in histamine-associated genes are rare, they have led to informative studies in animal models that may pave the way for therapeutic advances. A controlled study of an H3R antagonist in Tourette syndrome is ongoing. Preclinical studies of H3R antagonists in schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder, and narcolepsy have all shown promise. Recently reported controlled studies have been disappointing in schizophrenia and attention deficit disorder, but the H3R antagonist pitolisant shows promise in the treatment of narcolepsy and excessive daytime sleepiness and is currently under regulatory review for these conditions. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Histamine Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Xu M, Li L, Ohtsu H, Pittenger C. Histidine decarboxylase knockout mice, a genetic model of Tourette syndrome, show repetitive grooming after induced fear. Neurosci Lett 2015; 595:50-3. [PMID: 25841792 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tics, such as are seen in Tourette syndrome (TS), are common and can cause profound morbidity, but they are poorly understood. Tics are potentiated by psychostimulants, stress, and sleep deprivation. Mutations in the gene histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) have been implicated as a rare genetic cause of TS, and Hdc knockout mice have been validated as a genetic model that recapitulates phenomenological and pathophysiological aspects of the disorder. Tic-like stereotypies in this model have not been observed at baseline but emerge after acute challenge with the psychostimulant d-amphetamine. We tested the ability of an acute stressor to stimulate stereotypies in this model, using tone fear conditioning. Hdc knockout mice acquired conditioned fear normally, as manifested by freezing during the presentation of a tone 48h after it had been paired with a shock. During the 30min following tone presentation, knockout mice showed increased grooming. Heterozygotes exhibited normal freezing and intermediate grooming. These data validate a new paradigm for the examination of tic-like stereotypies in animals without pharmacological challenge and enhance the face validity of the Hdc knockout mouse as a pathophysiologically grounded model of tic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale Univeristy, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lina Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale Univeristy, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hiroshi Ohtsu
- Tohoku University, Graduate School of Engineering, Sendai, Japan
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale Univeristy, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale Univeristy, New Haven, CT, USA; Child Study Center, Yale Univeristy, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale Univeristy, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Abstract
About 200 journal articles reported research on Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders in 2014. Here we briefly summarize a few of the reports that seemed most important or interesting, ranging from animal models to human studies. Readers can comment on our choices or provide their own favorites using the tools on the online article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Richards
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin J Black
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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