1
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Li H, Liu C, Zhu J, Huan X, Xu K, Geng H, Chen X, Li T, Deng D, Ding W, Zu L, Ge L, Jia X, Yang X. Intrinsically reactive hyperbranched interface governs graphene oxide dispersion and crosslinking in epoxy for enhanced flame retardancy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 672:465-476. [PMID: 38852349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Enhancing the flame retardancy of epoxy (EP) resins typically entailed a trade-off with other physical properties. Herein, hyperbranched poly(amidoamine) (HPAA) and phytic acid (PA) were used to functionalize graphene oxide (GO) via electrostatic self-assembly in water to prepare a phosphorus-nitrogen functionalized graphene oxide nanosheet (PN-GOs), which could be utilized as high efficient flame-retardant additive of epoxy resin without sacrificing other properties. The PN-GOs demonstrated improved dispersion and compatibility within the EP matrix, which resulted in significant concurrent enhancements in both the mechanical performance and flame-retardant properties of the PN-GOs/EP nanocomposites over virgin EP. Notably, the incorporation of just 1.0 wt% PN-GOs yielded a 20.4, 6.4 and 42.7 % increases in flexural strength, flexural modulus and impact strength for the PN-GOs/EP nanocomposites, respectively. Furthermore, simultaneous reductions were achieved in the peak heat release rate (pHRR) by 60.0 %, total smoke production (TSP) by 43.0 %, peak CO production rate (pCOP) by 57.9 %, and peak CO2 production rate (pCO2P) by 63.9 %. This study presented a facile method for the design of GO-based nano flame retardants, expanding their application potential in polymer-matrix composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hefeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jiabao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xianhua Huan
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- Inner Mongolia Aerospace Hong Gang Machinery Corporation Limited, Inner Mongolia 010076, PR China
| | - Hongbo Geng
- Inner Mongolia Aerospace Hong Gang Machinery Corporation Limited, Inner Mongolia 010076, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Chen
- Inner Mongolia Aerospace Hong Gang Machinery Corporation Limited, Inner Mongolia 010076, PR China
| | - Tianming Li
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Commercial Aerospace Advanced Composite Materials, Hubei Sanjiang Aerospace Jiangbei Mechanical Engineering Corporation Limited, Xiaogan 432000, PR China
| | - Defeng Deng
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Commercial Aerospace Advanced Composite Materials, Hubei Sanjiang Aerospace Jiangbei Mechanical Engineering Corporation Limited, Xiaogan 432000, PR China
| | - Wenhui Ding
- The 41st Institute of the Fourth Academy of CSAC, National Key Lab of Combustion, Flow and Thermo-structure, Xi'an 710025, PR China
| | - Lei Zu
- Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230000, PR China
| | - Lei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
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2
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Lin CF, Karlsson O, Myronycheva O, Das O, Mensah RA, Mantanis GI, Jones D, Antzutkin ON, Försth M, Sandberg D. Phosphorylated and carbamylated Kraft lignin for improving fire- and biological-resistance of Scots pine wood. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133734. [PMID: 39002903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
In this study, Kraft lignin was modified by ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) and urea for achieving phosphorylation and carbamylation, aiming to protect wood against biological and fire attack. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood was impregnated with a water solution containing Kraft lignin, ADP, and urea, followed by heat treatment at 150 °C, resulting in changes in the properties of the Kraft lignin as well as the wood matrix. Infrared spectroscopy, 13C cross-polarisation magic-angle-spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and direct excitation single-pulse 31P MAS NMR analyses suggested the grafting reaction of phosphate and carbamylate groups onto the hydroxyl groups of Kraft lignin. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that the condensed Kraft lignin filled the lumen as well as partially penetrating the wood cell wall. The modified Kraft lignin imparted fire-retardancy and increased char residue to the wood at elevated temperature, as confirmed by limiting oxygen index, microscale combustion calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The modified wood exhibited superior resistance against mold and decay fungi attack under laboratory conditions. The modified wood had a similar modulus of elasticity to the unmodified wood, while experiencing a reduction in the modulus of rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Feng Lin
- Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 87 Skellefteå, Sweden.
| | - Olov Karlsson
- Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 87 Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - Olena Myronycheva
- Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 87 Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - Oisik Das
- Structural and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Rhoda Afriyie Mensah
- Structural and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - George I Mantanis
- Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology, Department of Forestry, Wood Sciences and Design, University of Thessaly, GR-431 00 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Dennis Jones
- Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 87 Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - Oleg N Antzutkin
- Chemistry of Interfaces, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Michael Försth
- Structural and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Dick Sandberg
- Wood Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 87 Skellefteå, Sweden
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3
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Zhou H, Lu Y, Liang M, Jin Q, Yang Y, Tang Q, Diao S, Cheng Y, Liu K, Li J, Zhang G. A cationic, durable, P/N-containing starch-based flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129543. [PMID: 38246451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A cationic, durable flame retardant for cotton fabrics, 6-(2-(dimethoxy phosphoryl)-2-(trimethyl ammonium)) methoxy-2-methoxy-polysaccharide ammonium phosphate (DTPAP), was synthesized. Its structure was verified by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. According to the FTIR spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), DTPAP formed P(=O)-O-C bonds with cellulose molecules and firmly grafted to cotton fabrics, giving the fabric a high durability. DTPAP-25-treated fabrics passed the vertical flame test (VFT), and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was 43.9 %. After 50 laundering cycles (LCs), the DTPAP-25-treated fabrics had an LOI of 29.9 %, passed the VFT, and retained their flame retardancy. EDS data showed that, compared with engrafted cationic ammonium phosphate flame retardants, the DTPAP-treated fabrics contained fewer metal ions. Cone calorimetry data showed that DTPAP-25-treated fabrics did not display concentrated heat release. The results suggested that DTPAP exhibited a condensed-phase flame retardant mechanism, and the introduction of cations into the ammonium phosphate flame retardant reduced ion exchange, which improved the durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yonghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Mengxiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Shuo Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Institute of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Kunling Liu
- Institute of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jinhao Li
- Institute of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Guangxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Xu Y, Wang B, Guo Z, Fang Z, Chen P, Li J. Effect of a bio-based copolymer containing lysine, dopamine and triazine on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane/ammonium polyphosphate. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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5
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Supper-Low-Addition Flame Retardant for the Fully Bio-based Poly(lactic acid) Composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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6
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Galdino DS, Kondo MY, De Araujo VA, Ferrufino GLAA, Faustino E, dos Santos HF, Christoforo AL, Luna CMR, de Campos CI. Thermal and Gluing Properties of Phenol-Based Resin with Lignin for Potential Application in Structural Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020357. [PMID: 36679237 PMCID: PMC9864801 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Using Kraft lignin, bio-based adhesives have been increasingly studied to replace those petrochemical-based solutions, due to low cost, easy availability and the potential for biodegradability of this biomaterial. In this study, lignin-based phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resins were synthesized using commercial Eucalypt Kraft Lignin (EKL), purified at 95%, as a phenol substitute in different proportions of 10%, 20%, 30% and 50%. The properties of bio-based phenol formaldehyde (BPF) synthesized resin were compared with phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) used for control sampling. The results indicated that viscosity, gel time and solid contents increased with the addition of pure EKL. The shear strength test of glue line was studied according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and BPF-based results were superior to samples bonded with the PF as a control sample, being suitable for structural purposes. Changes in the curing behavior of different resins were analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and sample comparison indicated that the curing of the LPF resin occurred at lower temperatures than the PF. The addition of EKL in PF reduced its thermal stability compared to traditional resin formulation, resulting in a lower decomposition temperature and a smaller amount of carbonaceous residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Soares Galdino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 333 Doutor Ariberto Pereira da Cunha Avenue, Guaratinguetá 12516-410, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcel Yuzo Kondo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 333 Doutor Ariberto Pereira da Cunha Avenue, Guaratinguetá 12516-410, Brazil
| | - Victor Almeida De Araujo
- Civil Engineering Postgraduate Program, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 235 km Washington Luís Highway, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
- Science and Engineering Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 519 Geraldo Alckmin Street, Itapeva 18409-010, Brazil
| | | | - Emerson Faustino
- Campus of Ariquemes, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia (IFRO), Ariquemes 76870-000, Brazil
| | - Herisson Ferreira dos Santos
- Campus of Ariquemes, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia (IFRO), Ariquemes 76870-000, Brazil
| | - André Luis Christoforo
- Civil Engineering Postgraduate Program, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 235 km Washington Luís Highway, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Carlos Manuel Romero Luna
- Science and Engineering Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 519 Geraldo Alckmin Street, Itapeva 18409-010, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Inácio de Campos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 333 Doutor Ariberto Pereira da Cunha Avenue, Guaratinguetá 12516-410, Brazil
- Science and Engineering Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 519 Geraldo Alckmin Street, Itapeva 18409-010, Brazil
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7
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Guo Y, Zuo C, Tan W, Liu Y, Jiang L, Yu D, Ren Y, Liu X. Fabricating flame retardant polyacrylonitrile fibers modified by sodium lignosulfonate and copper ions. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Zhang C, Jiang Y, Li S, Huang Z, Zhan XQ, Ma N, Tsai FC. Recent trends of phosphorus-containing flame retardants modified polypropylene composites processing. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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9
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Li C, Wang B, Zhou L, Hou X, Su S. Effects of lignin-based flame retardants on flame-retardancy and insulation performances of epoxy resin composites. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-022-01052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Mokhena TC, Sadiku ER, Ray SS, Mochane MJ, Matabola KP, Motloung M. Flame retardancy efficacy of phytic acid: An overview. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku
- Institute of Nano Engineering Research (INER), Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (Polymer Technology Division) Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | | | | | - Mpho Motloung
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
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Xie W, Zhang F, Li S, Xing L, Zhu Y, Cheng J, Cheng Y, Gao Z. A new intumescent insulation emergency material for thermal protection of storage tanks –potassium polyacrylate & organic modified hectorite & intumescent flame retardant. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Lizundia E, Sipponen MH, Greca LG, Balakshin M, Tardy BL, Rojas OJ, Puglia D. Multifunctional lignin-based nanocomposites and nanohybrids. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:6698-6760. [PMID: 34671223 PMCID: PMC8452181 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress in lignins valorization and development of high-performance sustainable materials have been achieved in recent years. Reports related to lignin utilization indicate excellent prospects considering green chemistry, chemical engineering, energy, materials and polymer science, physical chemistry, biochemistry, among others. To fully realize such potential, one of the most promising routes involves lignin uses in nanocomposites and nanohybrid assemblies, where synergistic interactions are highly beneficial. This review first discusses the interfacial assembly of lignins with polysaccharides, proteins and other biopolymers, for instance, in the synthesis of nanocomposites. To give a wide perspective, we consider the subject of hybridization with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, as well as uses as precursor of carbon materials and the assembly with other biobased nanoparticles, for instance to form nanohybrids. We provide cues to understand the fundamental aspects related to lignins, their self-assembly and supramolecular organization, all of which are critical in nanocomposites and nanohybrids. We highlight the possibilities of lignin in the fields of flame retardancy, food packaging, plant protection, electroactive materials, energy storage and health sciences. The most recent outcomes are evaluated given the importance of lignin extraction, within established and emerging biorefineries. We consider the benefit of lignin compared to synthetic counterparts. Bridging the gap between fundamental and application-driven research, this account offers critical insights as far as the potential of lignin as one of the frontrunners in the uptake of bioeconomy concepts and its application in value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlantz Lizundia
- Life Cycle Thinking group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Bilbao 48013 Spain
- BCMaterials, Basque Center Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures UPV/EHU Science Park 48940 Leioa Spain
| | - Mika H Sipponen
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 16C SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Luiz G Greca
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Mikhail Balakshin
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia 2360 East Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Debora Puglia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia Strada di Pentima 4 05100 Terni Italy
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Sui Y, Li P, Dai X, Zhang C. Green self-assembly of h-BN@PDA@MoS2 nanosheets by polydopamine as fire hazard suppression materials. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Superior radical scavenging and catalytic carbonization capacities of bioderived assembly modified ammonium polyphosphate as a mono-component intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resin. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Chen Z, Zhang S, Ding M, Wang M, Xu X. Construction of a Phytic Acid-Silica System in Wood for Highly Efficient Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4164. [PMID: 34361358 PMCID: PMC8347795 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic flammability of wood restricts its application in various fields. In this study, we constructed a phytic acid (PA)-silica hybrid system in wood by a vacuum-pressure impregnation process to improve its flame retardancy and smoke suppression. The system was derived from a simple mixture of PA and silica sol. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated an incorporation of the PA molecules into the silica network. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis showed that the system greatly enhanced the char yield of wood from 1.5% to 32.1% (in air) and the thermal degradation rates were decreased. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the PA/silica-nanosol-treated wood was 47.3%. Cone calorimetry test (CCT) was conducted, which revealed large reductions in the heat release rate and smoke production rate. The appearance of the second heat release peak was delayed, indicating the enhanced thermal stability of the char residue. The mechanism underlying flame retardancy was analyzed by field-emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), FTIR, and TG-FTIR. The improved flame retardancy and smoke-suppression property of the wood are mainly attributed to the formation of an intact and coherent char residue with crosslinked structures, which can protect against the transfer of heat and mass (flammable gases, smoke) during burning. Moreover, the hybrid system did not significantly alter the mechanical properties of wood, such as compressive strength and hardness. This approach can be extended to fabricate other phosphorus and silicon materials for enhancing the fire safety of wood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mingzhi Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (M.D.); (X.X.)
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16
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Yang S, Zhang B, Liu M, Yang Y, Liu X, Chen D, Wang B, Tang G, Liu X. Fire performance of piperazine phytate modified rigid polyurethane foam composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Yang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Bing Zhang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Mengru Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Yadong Yang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Xinliang Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Depeng Chen
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
- Nanjing Gongda Kaiyuan Environmental Protection Technology (Chuzhou) Co., Ltd. Chuzhou China
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17
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Combination of Corn Pith Fiber and Biobased Flame Retardant: A Novel Method toward Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, and Mechanical Properties of Polylactide. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101562. [PMID: 34068074 PMCID: PMC8152498 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Some crop by-products are considered to be promising materials for the development of novel biobased products for industrial applications. The flammability of these alternatives to conventional materials is a constraint to expanded applications. Polylactide (PLA) composites containing a combination of oxidized corn pith fiber (OCC) and a biobased flame retardant (PA-THAM) have been prepared via an in situ modification method. SEM/EDS, FTIR and TGA were performed to establish that PA-THAM was coated onto the surface of OCC. The mechanical properties, thermal stability and fire behavior of PLA-based biocomposites were investigated. The incorporation of 5 phr PA-THAM imparted biocomposite good interfacial adhesion and increased decomposition temperature at 10% mass loss by 50 °C. The flame retardant properties were also improved, as reflected by an increased LOI value, a UL-94 V-2 rating, reduction of PHRR, and increased formation of char residue. Therefore, the introduction of 5 phr PA-THAM can maintain a good balance between flame retardancy and mechanical properties of this PLA/OCC system.
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18
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Wang D, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li T, Du M, Chen M, Dong W. Preferred zinc-modified melamine phytate for the flame retardant polylactide with limited smoke release. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The higher flame retardancy and smoke suppression effects for PLA/MPAZn20 were mainly ascribed to the condensed phase during combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Mingliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Mingqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Weifu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
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19
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Sienkiewicz A, Czub P. Flame Retardancy of Biobased Composites-Research Development. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5253. [PMID: 33233820 PMCID: PMC7699906 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the thermal and fire sensitivity of polymer bio-composite materials, especially in the case of plant-based fillers applied for them, next to intensive research on the better mechanical performance of composites, it is extremely important to improve their reaction to fire. This is necessary due to the current widespread practical use of bio-based composites. The first part of this work relates to an overview of the most commonly used techniques and different approaches towards the increasing the fire resistance of petrochemical-based polymeric materials. The next few sections present commonly used methods of reducing the flammability of polymers and characterize the most frequently used compounds. It is highlighted that despite adverse health effects in animals and humans, some of mentioned fire retardants (such as halogenated organic derivatives e.g., hexabromocyclododecane, polybrominated diphenyl ether) are unfortunately also still in use, even for bio-composite materials. The most recent studies related to the development of the flame retardation of polymeric materials are then summarized. Particular attention is paid to the issue of flame retardation of bio-based polymer composites and the specifics of reducing the flammability of these materials. Strategies for retarding composites are discussed on examples of particular bio-polymers (such as: polylactide, polyhydroxyalkanoates or polyamide-11), as well as polymers obtained on the basis of natural raw materials (e.g., bio-based polyurethanes or bio-based epoxies). The advantages and disadvantages of these strategies, as well as the flame retardants used in them, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sienkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
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20
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Liao JJ, Latif NHA, Trache D, Brosse N, Hussin MH. Current advancement on the isolation, characterization and application of lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:985-1024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Xue Q, Wu Q, Yao Y, Li X, Sun J, Gu X, Song W, Yan F, Zhang S. A bio‐safe cyclophosphazene derivative flame retardant for
polylactic acid
composites: Flammability and cytotoxicity. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Xue
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Marine Rehabilitation Drugs and Special New Materials, School of Pharmacy Weifang Medical University Weifang China
| | - Quan Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Xinjian Li
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Marine Rehabilitation Drugs and Special New Materials, School of Pharmacy Weifang Medical University Weifang China
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Weiguo Song
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Marine Rehabilitation Drugs and Special New Materials, School of Pharmacy Weifang Medical University Weifang China
- Doye Pharma Co., Ltd. Dongying China
| | - Fang Yan
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Marine Rehabilitation Drugs and Special New Materials, School of Pharmacy Weifang Medical University Weifang China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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22
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Lizundia E, Armentano I, Luzi F, Bertoglio F, Restivo E, Visai L, Torre L, Puglia D. Synergic Effect of Nanolignin and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles into Poly(l-lactide) Bionanocomposites: Material Properties, Antioxidant Activity, and Antibacterial Performance. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5263-5274. [PMID: 35021701 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Binary and ternary poly(l-lactide) (PLLA)-based nanocomposites, containing nanolignin (1 wt %) and different metal oxide nanoparticles (0.5 wt %, Ag2O, TiO2, WO3, Fe2O3, and ZnFe2O4), were realized by solvent casting, and their morphological, thermal, surface, optical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial characterizations were performed. The presence of metal oxide nanoparticles at the selected weight concentration affects the surface microstructure of the PLLA polymer, and this outcome is particle-type dependent, according to the shape, morphology, and chemical properties of the selected nanoparticles (NPs). Analogously, wettability of PLLA-based nanocomposites was slightly modified by the presence of hydrophobic lignin nanoparticles and different shaped metal oxides. Results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) tests confirmed that nanoparticle addition confined the mobility of the amorphous phase, increasing at the same time the formation of more numerous but less perfect PLLA crystals. Interestingly, antioxidant activity was also obtained in ternary-based nanocomposites, where a synergic effect of lignin and metal oxide nanoparticles was obtained. Antibacterial tests showed manifest activity of TiO2 and Ag2O nanoparticles containing PLLA films, and the time dependence was more evident for Staphylococcus aureus than for Escherichia coli. Lignin nanoparticles are able to provide protection against UV light while still allowing visible light to pass and even surpass the UV-protection capacity provided by many inorganic nanoparticles. This makes them an attractive renewable additive for the realization of PLLA/metal oxide nanocomposites in the fields of food, drug packaging, and biomedical industry, where antibacterial and antioxidant properties are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlantz Lizundia
- Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao 48013, Spain.,BCMaterials, Basque Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain.,Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Armentano
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Francesca Luzi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Federico Bertoglio
- Molecular Medicine Department, UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Restivo
- Molecular Medicine Department, UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri S.p.A Società Benefit, IRCCS, Via S. Boezio, 28, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Molecular Medicine Department, UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Center for Health Technologies, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri S.p.A Società Benefit, IRCCS, Via S. Boezio, 28, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Torre
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Debora Puglia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy
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23
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Kundu CK, Li Z, Li X, Zhang Z, Hu Y. Graphene oxide functionalized biomolecules for improved flame retardancy of Polyamide 66 fabrics with intact physical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:362-371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Eco-friendly flame retardant poly(lactic acid) composites based on banana peel powders and phytic acid: flame retardancy and thermal property. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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25
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Tao W, Hu X, Sun J, Qian L, Li J. Effects of P–N flame retardants based on cytosine on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polyamide 6. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Triply Biobased Thermoplastic Composites of Polylactide/Succinylated Lignin/Epoxidized Soybean Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030632. [PMID: 32164360 PMCID: PMC7182957 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean oil is beneficial to improve the compatibility between polylactide (PLA) and succinylated lignin (SAL), which leads to the preparation of a host of biobased composites containing PLA, SAL, and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO). The introduction of SAL and ESO enables the relatively homogeneous morphology and slightly better miscibility obtained from triply PLA/SAL/ESO composites after dynamic vulcanization compared with unmodified PLA. The rigidity of the composites is found to decline gradually due to the addition of flexible molecular chains. According to the reaction between SAL and ESO, the Tg of PLA/SAL/ESO composites is susceptible to the movement of flexible molecular chains. The rheological behaviors of PLA/SAL/ESO under different conditions, i.e., temperature and frequency, exhibit a competition between viscidity and elasticity. The thermal stability of the composites displays a slight decrease due to the degradation of SAL and then the deterioration of ESO. The elongation at break and notched impact strength of the composites with augmentation of ESO increase by 12% and 0.5 kJ/m2, respectively. The triply biobased PLA/SAL/ESO composite is thus deemed as a bio-renewable and environmentally friendly product that may find vast applications.
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27
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Cao Q, Zhu M, Chen J, Song Y, Li Y, Zhou J. Novel Lignin-Cellulose-Based Carbon Nanofibers as High-Performance Supercapacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:1210-1221. [PMID: 31845573 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a simple phosphating process was proposed to modify cellulose-acetate (CA) and lignin for a novel energy storage precursor material. The prepared precursor fibers exhibited good thermal stability of lignin and flexibility of CA. Subsequently, the precursor fibers undergo a short preoxidation and carbonization treatment process to obtain the biomass-based carbon fibers (CFs) with complete fibrous morphology, uniform fiber diameter, high surface areas, good flexibility, and excellent power storage capacity. The specific capacitance of 346.6 F/g was obtained by using CFs-5 (prepared with 40% H3PO4 content) as a supercapacitor. Simultaneously, the biomass-based CF supercapacitor device delivers a high-energy density of 31.5 Wh/kg at the power density of 400 W/kg. These results indicate that the introduction of H3PO4 can effectively reduce the energy consumption of the preoxidation treatment process for the preparation of the biomass-based CFs, while increasing the energy storage properties significantly. This novel strategy showed a successful route for the preparation of high-quality and low-consumption biomass-based CFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiping Cao
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , Liaoning , China
| | - Mengni Zhu
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , Liaoning , China
| | - Jiaai Chen
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , Liaoning , China
| | - Yueyan Song
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , Liaoning , China
| | - Yao Li
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , Liaoning , China
| | - Jinghui Zhou
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering , Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034 , Liaoning , China
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28
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Zhou Q, Chen J, Zhou T, Shao J. In situ polymerization of polyaniline on cotton fabrics with phytic acid as a novel efficient dopant for flame retardancy and conductivity switching. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05689k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A flame-retardant conductive cotton fabric switch was successfully prepared by the in situ polymerization of polyaniline doped with novel phytic acid (PA) by impregnation in an ice water bath for 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhou
- School of Materials and Textiles
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou
- China
- College of Textiles and Clothing
| | - Jiayi Chen
- College of Textiles and Clothing
- Yancheng Institute of Technology
- Yancheng
- China
| | - Tianchi Zhou
- College of Textiles and Clothing
- Yancheng Institute of Technology
- Yancheng
- China
| | - Jianzhong Shao
- School of Materials and Textiles
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou
- China
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29
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The Influence of Compatibility on the Structure and Properties of PLA/Lignin Biocomposites by Chemical Modification. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:polym12010056. [PMID: 31906231 PMCID: PMC7023527 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin, a natural amorphous three-dimensional aromatic polymer, is investigated as an appropriate filler for biocomposites. The chemical modification of firsthand lignin is an effective pathway to accomplish acetoacetate functional groups replacing polar hydroxyl (–OH) groups, which capacitates lignin to possess better miscibility with poly(lactic acid) (PLA), compared with acidified lignin (Ac-lignin) and butyric lignin (By-lignin), for the sake of blending with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to constitute a new biopolymer based composites. Generally speaking, the characterization of all PLA composites has been performed taking advantage of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic Mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), rheological analysis, and tensile test. Visibly, it is significant to highlight that the existence of acetoacetate functional groups enhances the miscibility, interfacial compatibility, and interface interaction between acetoacetate lignin (At-lignin) and PLA. Identical conclusions were obtained in this study where PLA/At-lignin biocomposites furthest maintain the tensile strength of pure PLA.
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30
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Mincheva R, Guemiza H, Hidan C, Moins S, Coulembier O, Dubois P, Laoutid F. Development of Inherently Flame-Retardant Phosphorylated PLA by Combination of Ring-Opening Polymerization and Reactive Extrusion. MATERIALS 2019; 13:ma13010013. [PMID: 31861398 PMCID: PMC6981615 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a highly efficient flame-retardant bioplastic poly(lactide) was developed by covalently incorporating flame-retardant DOPO, that is, 9,10-dihydro-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide. To that end, a three-step strategy that combines the catalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of L,L-lactide (L,L-LA) in bulk from a pre-synthesized DOPO-diamine initiator, followed by bulk chain-coupling reaction by reactive extrusion of the so-obtained phosphorylated polylactide (PLA) oligomers (DOPO-PLA) with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), is described. The flame retardancy of the phosphorylated PLA (DOPO-PLA-PU) was investigated by mass loss cone calorimetry and UL-94 tests. As compared with a commercially available PLA matrix, phosphorylated PLA shows superior flame-retardant properties, that is, (i) significant reduction of both the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 35% and 36%, respectively, and (ii) V0 classification at UL-94 test. Comparisons between simple physical DOPO-diamine/PLA blends and a DOPO-PLA-PU material were also performed. The results evidenced the superior flame-retardant behavior of phosphorylated PLA obtained by a reactive pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosica Mincheva
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (R.M.); (S.M.); (O.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Hazar Guemiza
- Polymeric and Composite Materials Unit, Materia Nova Research Center, Nicolas Copernic 3, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (H.G.); (C.H.)
| | - Chaimaa Hidan
- Polymeric and Composite Materials Unit, Materia Nova Research Center, Nicolas Copernic 3, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (H.G.); (C.H.)
| | - Sébastien Moins
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (R.M.); (S.M.); (O.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (R.M.); (S.M.); (O.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (R.M.); (S.M.); (O.C.); (P.D.)
- Polymeric and Composite Materials Unit, Materia Nova Research Center, Nicolas Copernic 3, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (H.G.); (C.H.)
| | - Fouad Laoutid
- Polymeric and Composite Materials Unit, Materia Nova Research Center, Nicolas Copernic 3, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (H.G.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-(0)65-55-49-78
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31
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Karaseva V, Bergeret A, Lacoste C, Fulcrand H, Ferry L. New Biosourced Flame Retardant Agents Based on Gallic and Ellagic Acids for Epoxy Resins. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234305. [PMID: 31779081 PMCID: PMC6930652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was an investigation of the ability of gallic (GA) and ellagic (EA) acids, which are phenolic compounds encountered in various plants, to act as flame retardants (FRs) for epoxy resins. In order to improve their fireproofing properties, GA and EA were treated with boric acid (to obtain gallic acid derivatives (GAD) and ellagic acid derivatives (EAD)) to introduce borate ester moieties. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) highlighted the good charring ability of GA and EA, which was enhanced by boration. The grafting of borate groups was also shown to increase the thermal stability of GA and EA that goes up respectively from 269 to 528 °C and from 496 to 628 °C. The phenolic-based components were then incorporated into an epoxy resin formulated from diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and isophorone diamine (IPDA) (72, 18, and 10 wt.% of DGEBA, IPDA, and GA or EA, respectively). According to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the thermosets was decreased. Its values ranged from 137 up to 108 °C after adding the phenolic-based components. A cone calorimeter was used to evaluate the burning behavior of the formulated thermosets. A significant reduction of the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) for combustion was detected. Indeed, with 10 wt.% of GA and EA, pHRR was reduced by 12 and 44%, respectively, compared to that for neat epoxy resin. GAD and EAD also induced the decrease of pHRR values by 65 and 33%, respectively. In addition, a barrier effect was observed for the resin containing GAD. These results show the important influence of the biobased phenolic compounds and their boron derivatives on the fire behavior of a partially biobased epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Karaseva
- INRA, UMR 1083 SPO, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès (C2MA), IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès cedex, France; (A.B.); (C.L.)
- French Environment and Energy Management Agency, 20 avenue du Grésillé, BP 90406, 49004 Angers cedex 01, France
| | - Anne Bergeret
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès (C2MA), IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès cedex, France; (A.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Clément Lacoste
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès (C2MA), IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès cedex, France; (A.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Hélène Fulcrand
- INRA, UMR 1208 IATE, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France;
| | - Laurent Ferry
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès (C2MA), IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès cedex, France; (A.B.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence:
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32
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Biomacromolecules and Bio-Sourced Products for the Design of Flame Retarded Fabrics: Current State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203774. [PMID: 31635143 PMCID: PMC6833018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for possible alternatives to traditional flame retardants (FRs) is pushing the academic and industrial communities towards the design of new products that exhibit low environmental impact and toxicity, notwithstanding high performances, when put in contact with a flame or exposed to an irradiative heat flux. In this context, in the last five to ten years, the suitability and effectiveness of some biomacromolecules and bio-sourced products with a specific chemical structure and composition as effective flame retardants for natural or synthetic textiles has been thoroughly explored at the lab-scale level. In particular, different proteins (such as whey proteins, caseins, and hydrophobins), nucleic acids and extracts from natural sources, even wastes and crops, have been selected and exploited for designing flame retardant finishing treatments for several fibers and fabrics. It was found that these biomacromolecules and bio-sourced products, which usually bear key elements (i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur) can be easily applied to textiles using standard impregnation/exhaustion methods or even the layer-by-layer technique; moreover, these “green” products are mostly responsible for the formation of a stable protective char (i.e., a carbonaceous residue), as a result of the exposure of the textile substrate to a heat flux or a flame. This review is aimed at summarizing the development and the recent progress concerning the utilization of biomacromolecules/bio-sourced products as effective flame retardants for different textile materials. Furthermore, the existing drawbacks and limitations of the proposed finishing approaches as well as some possible further advances will be considered.
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33
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Sag J, Goedderz D, Kukla P, Greiner L, Schönberger F, Döring M. Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants from Biobased Chemicals and Their Application in Polyesters and Epoxy Resins. Molecules 2019; 24:E3746. [PMID: 31627395 PMCID: PMC6833091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing flame retardants synthesized from renewable resources have had a lot of impact in recent years. This article outlines the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of these compounds in polyesters and epoxy resins. The different approaches used in producing biobased flame retardant polyesters and epoxy resins are reported. While for the polyesters biomass derived compounds usually are phosphorylated and melt blended with the polymer, biobased flame retardants for epoxy resins are directly incorporated into the polymer structure by a using a phosphorylated biobased monomer or curing agent. Evaluating the efficiency of the flame retardant composites is done by discussing results obtained from UL94 vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry tests. The review ends with an outlook on future development trends of biobased flame retardant systems for polyesters and epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Sag
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Daniela Goedderz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Ernst-Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Philipp Kukla
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Lara Greiner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Frank Schönberger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Manfred Döring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Gao C, Guo J, Xie H. The effect of alginate on the mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of nano calcium carbonate‐filled polylactic acid composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengtao Gao
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Jianbing Guo
- Technology achievement transformation, National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials China
| | - Haibo Xie
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou University Guiyang China
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Lignin Nanoparticles as A Promising Way for Enhancing Lignin Flame Retardant Effect in Polylactide. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12132132. [PMID: 31269752 PMCID: PMC6651329 DOI: 10.3390/ma12132132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the effect of using lignin at nanoscale as new flame-retardant additive for polylactide (PLA). Lignin nanoparticles (LNP) were prepared from Kraft lignin microparticles (LMP) through a dissolution-precipitation process. Both micro and nano lignins were functionalized using diethyl chlorophosphate (LMP-diEtP and LNP-diEtP, respectively) and diethyl (2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl) phosphonate (LMP-SiP and LNP-SiP, respectively) to enhance their flame-retardant effect in PLA. From the use of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry, it can be considered that a large amount of phosphorus has been grafted onto the nanoparticles. It has been previously shown that blending lignin with PLA induces degradation of the polymer matrix. However, phosphorylated lignin nanoparticles seem to limit PLA degradation during melt processing and the nanocomposites were shown to be relatively thermally stable. Cone calorimeter tests revealed that the incorporation of untreated lignin, whatever its particle size, induced an increase in pHRR. Using phosphorylated lignin nanoparticles, especially those treated with diethyl (2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl) phosphonate allows this negative effect to be overcome. Moreover, the pHRR is significantly reduced, even when only 5 wt% LNP-SiP is used.
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Tawiah B, Yu B, Yang W, Yuen RK, Fei B. Flame retardant poly (lactic acid) biocomposites based on azo‐boron coupled 4,4′‐sulfonyldiphenol and its combination with calcium lignosulfonate—Crystalline and mechanical properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tawiah
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC)The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC)The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Civil and Architectural EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Richard K.K. Yuen
- Department of Civil and Architectural EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC)The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
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Tawiah B, Yu B, Yuen AC, Yuen RK, Xin JH, Fei B. Thermal, crystalline and mechanical properties of flame retarded Poly(lactic acid) with a PBO-like small molecule - Phenylphosphonic Bis(2-aminobenzothiazole). Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Yang J, Ching YC, Chuah CH. Applications of Lignocellulosic Fibers and Lignin in Bioplastics: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E751. [PMID: 31035331 PMCID: PMC6572173 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic fibers and lignin are two of the most important natural bioresources in the world. They show tremendous potential to decrease energy utilization/pollution and improve biodegradability by replacing synthetic fibers in bioplastics. The compatibility between the fiber-matrix plays an important part in the properties of the bioplastics. The improvement of lignocellulosic fiber properties by most surface treatments generally removes lignin. Due to the environmental pollution and high cost of cellulose modification, focus has been directed toward the use of lignocellulosic fibers in bioplastics. In addition, lignin-reinforced bioplastics are fabricated with varying success. These applications confirm there is no need to remove lignin from lignocellulosic fibers when preparing the bioplastics from a technical point of view. In this review, characterizations of lignocellulosic fibers and lignin related to their applications in bioplastics are covered. Then, we generalize the developments and problems of lignin-reinforced bioplastics and modification of lignin to improve the interaction of lignin-matrix. As for lignocellulosic fiber-reinforced bioplastics, we place importance on the low compatibility of the lignocellulosic fiber-matrix. The applications of lignin-containing cellulose and lignocellulosic fibers without delignification in the bioplastics are reviewed. A comparison between lignocellulosic fibers and lignin in the bioplastics is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Cheng Hock Chuah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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The Efficiency of Biobased Carbonization Agent and Intumescent Flame Retardant on Flame Retardancy of Biopolymer Composites and Investigation of their Melt-Spinnability. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081513. [PMID: 30999658 PMCID: PMC6515164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to assess the efficiency of biobased carbonization agent in intumescent formulations (IFRs) to examine the flame retardant properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites and to investigate their melt-spinnability. We used phosphorous-based halogen free flame retardant (FR) and kraft lignin (KL) as bio-based carbonization agent. After melt compounding and molding into sheets by hot pressing various fire related characteristics of IFR composites were inspected and were characterized by different characterization methods. It was fascinating to discover that the introduction of 5–20 wt% FR increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PLA composites from 20.1% to 23.2–33.5%. The addition of KL with content of 3–5 wt% further increased the LOI up to 36.6–37.8% and also endowed PLA/FR/KL composites with improved anti-dripping properties. Cone calorimetry revealed a 50% reduction in the peak heat release rate of the IFR composites in comparison to 100% PLA and confirmed the development of an intumescent char structure containing residue up to 40%. For comparative study, IFR composites containing pentaerythritol (PER) as a carbonization agent were also prepared and their FR properties were compared. IFR composites were melt spun and mechanical properties of multifilament yarns were tested. The analysis of char residues by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and SEM images confirmed that PLA/FR/KL composites developed a thicker and more homogeneous char layer with better flame retardant properties confirming that the fire properties of PLA can be enhanced by using KL as a carbonization agent.
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Cayla A, Rault F, Giraud S, Salaün F, Sonnier R, Dumazert L. Influence of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Lignin Ratio on Thermal and Fire Behavior of Biobased Thermoplastic: The Case of Polyamide 11. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12071146. [PMID: 30965684 PMCID: PMC6479977 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flame retardancy of polymers is a recurring obligation for many applications. The development trend of biobased materials is no exception to this rule, and solutions of flame retardants from agro-resources give an advantage. Lignin is produced as a waste by-product from some industries, and can be used in the intumescent formation development as a source of carbon combined with an acid source. In this study, the flame retardancy of polyamide 11 (PA) is carried out by extrusion with a kraft lignin (KL) and ammonium polyphosphate (AP). The study of the optimal ratio between the KL and the AP makes it possible to optimize the fire properties as well as to reduce the cost and facilitates the implementation of the blend by a melting process. The properties of thermal decomposition and the fire reaction have been studied by thermogravimetric analyzes, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and vertical flame spread tests (UL94). KL permits a charring effect delaying thermal degradation and decreases by 66% the peak of heat release rate in comparison with raw PA. The fire reaction of the ternary blends is improved even if KL-AP association does not have a synergy effect. The 25/75 and 33/67 KL/AP ratios in PA give an intumescence behavior under flame exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Cayla
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - François Rault
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Stéphane Giraud
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Fabien Salaün
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- IMT Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès⁻Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 30100 Alès, France.
| | - Loïc Dumazert
- IMT Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès⁻Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 30100 Alès, France.
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41
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Hobbs CE. Recent Advances in Bio-Based Flame Retardant Additives for Synthetic Polymeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E224. [PMID: 30960208 PMCID: PMC6419264 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It would be difficult to imagine how modern life across the globe would operate in the absence of synthetic polymers. Although these materials (mostly in the form of plastics) have revolutionized our daily lives, there are consequences to their use, one of these being their high levels of flammability. For this reason, research into the development of flame retardant (FR) additives for these materials is of tremendous importance. However, many of the FRs prepared are problematic due to their negative impacts on human health and the environment. Furthermore, their preparations are neither green nor sustainable since they require typical organic synthetic processes that rely on fossil fuels. Because of this, the need to develop more sustainable and non-toxic options is vital. Many research groups have turned their attention to preparing new bio-based FR additives for synthetic polymers. This review explores some of the recent examples made in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Hobbs
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
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42
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Yu Y, Chen Z, Zhang Q, Jiang M, Zhong Z, Chen T, Jiang J. Modified montmorillonite combined with intumescent flame retardants on the flame retardancy and thermal stability properties of unsaturated polyester resins. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yu
- College of Safety Science and Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Zhiquan Chen
- College of Safety Science and Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Qingwu Zhang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Mengwei Jiang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Zhihao Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Anhui University; Heifei 230601 China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Safety Science and Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
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43
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Zhao P, Liu Z, Wang X, Pan YT, Kuehnert I, Gehde M, Wang DY, Leuteritz A. Renewable vanillin based flame retardant for poly(lactic acid): a way to enhance flame retardancy and toughness simultaneously. RSC Adv 2018; 8:42189-42199. [PMID: 35558792 PMCID: PMC9092228 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08531e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A bio-based PLA composite with excellent fire performance, improved toughness and good processability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhao
- Verarbeitungsprozesse
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- Dresden
- Germany
- Fakultät für Maschinenbau
| | - Zhiqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Xining
- China
| | - Xueyi Wang
- Verarbeitungsprozesse
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- Dresden
- Germany
| | - Ye-Tang Pan
- IMDEA Materials Institute
- 28906 Getafe, Madrid
- Spain
| | - Ines Kuehnert
- Verarbeitungsprozesse
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- Dresden
- Germany
| | - Michael Gehde
- Fakultät für Maschinenbau
- Technische Universität Chemnitz
- Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - De-Yi Wang
- Verarbeitungsprozesse
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- Dresden
- Germany
- IMDEA Materials Institute
| | - Andreas Leuteritz
- Verarbeitungsprozesse
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- Dresden
- Germany
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