Pro-inflammatory cytokines increase reactive oxygen species through mitochondria and NADPH oxidase in cultured RPE cells

Alterations in Striatal Architecture and Biochemical Markers' Levels During Postnatal Development in the Rat Model of an Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is defined as a neurodevelopmental condition. The precise underlying mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. A body of research suggests disruptions in both the cellular architecture and neuronal function within the brain regions of individuals with ADHD, coupled with disturbances in the biochemical parameters. This study seeks to evaluate the morphological characteristics with a volume measurement of the striatal regions and a neuron density assessment within the studied areas across different developmental stages in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRs) and Wistar Kyoto Rats (WKYs). Furthermore, the investigation aims to scrutinize the levels and activities of specific markers related to immune function, oxidative stress, and metabolism within the striatum of juvenile and maturing SHRs compared to WKYs. The findings reveal that the most pronounced reductions in striatal volume occur during the juvenile stage in SHRs, alongside alterations in neuronal density within these brain regions compared to WKYs. Additionally, SHRs exhibit heightened levels and activities of various markers, including RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT-1), glucocorticoid receptor (GCsRβ), malondialdehyde (MDA), sulfhydryl groups (-SH), glucose (G), iron (Fe), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST). In summary, notable changes in striatal morphology and elevated levels of inflammatory, oxidative, and metabolic markers within the striatum may be linked to the disrupted brain development and maturation observed in ADHD.

Exploring the interplay between inflammation and male fertility

Male fertility results from a complex interplay of physiological, environmental, and genetic factors. It is conditioned by the properly developed anatomy of the reproductive system, hormonal regulation balance, and the interplay between different cell populations that sustain an appropriate and functional environment in the testes. Unfortunately, the mechanisms sustaining male fertility are not flawless and their perturbation can lead to infertility. Inflammation is one of the factors that contribute to male infertility. In the testes, it can be brought on by varicocele, obesity, gonadal infections, leukocytospermia, physical obstructions or traumas, and consumption of toxic substances. As a result of prolonged or untreated inflammation, the testicular resident cells that sustain spermatogenesis can suffer DNA damage, lipid and protein oxidation, and mitochondrial dysfunction consequently leading to loss of function in affected Sertoli cells (SCs) and Leydig cells (LCs), and the formation of morphologically abnormal dysfunctional sperm cells that lay in the basis of male infertility and subfertility. This is due mainly to the production and secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by local immune cells (macrophages, lymphocytes T, mast cells) and tissue-specific cells [SCs, LCs, peritubular myoid cells (PMCs) and germ cells (GCs)]. Depending on the location, duration, and intensity of inflammation, these mediators can exert their toxic effect on different elements of the testes. In this review, we discuss the most prevalent inflammatory factors that negatively affect male fertility and describe the different ways inflammation can impair male reproductive function.

Deciphering the links: Fragmented polystyrene as a driver of skin inflammation

Nano- and microplastics (NMPs), ubiquitous in the environment, pose significant health risks. We report for the first time a comprehensive study using in-vitro, in-vivo, and ex-vivo models to investigate the penetration and inflammatory effects of fragmented polystyrene (fPS) on human skin, including the analysis of both penetration depth and fPS amounts that penetrate the skin. Human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells exposed to fPS exhibited notable internalization and cytotoxicity. In a 3D human skin model, fPS particles penetrated the dermal layer within one hour, with an average maximum penetration of 4.7 μg for particles smaller than 2 µm. Similarly, mouse dorsal skin and human abdominal skin models confirmed fPS penetration. RNA sequencing revealed substantial upregulation of inflammatory genes, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, IL-8, ICAM-1, FOS, and JUN, following fPS exposure. These findings were validated at both the mRNA and protein levels, indicating a robust inflammatory response. Notably, the inflammatory response in both the 3D human skin and mouse models increased in a dose-dependent manner, underscoring the toxicological impact of fPS on skin health. This study provides crucial insights into the mechanisms through which NMPs affect human health and underscores the need for further research to develop effective mitigation strategies.

Red blood cells from patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and elevated C-reactive protein levels induce endothelial dysfunction

Endothelial dysfunction is an early consequence of vascular inflammation and a driver of coronary atherosclerotic disease leading to myocardial infarction. The red blood cells (RBCs) mediate endothelial dysfunction in patients at cardiovascular risk, but their role in patients with acute myocardial infarction is unknown. This study aimed to investigate if RBCs from patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) induced endothelial dysfunction and the role of systemic inflammation in this effect. RBCs from patients with STEMI and aged-matched healthy controls were coincubated with rat aortic segments for 18 h followed by evaluation of endothelium-dependent (EDR) and endothelium-independent relaxation (EIDR). RBCs and aortic segments were also analyzed for arginase and oxidative stress. The patients were divided into groups depending on C-reactive protein (CRP) levels at admission. RBCs from patients with STEMI and CRP levels ≥2 mg/L induced impairment of EDR, but not EIDR, compared with RBCs from STEMI and CRP <2 mg/L and healthy controls. Aortic expression of arginase 1 was increased following incubation with RBCs from patients with STEMI and CRP ≥2, and arginase inhibition prevented the RBC-induced endothelial dysfunction. RBCs from patients with STEMI and CRP ≥2 had increased reactive oxygen species compared with RBCs from patients with CRP <2 and healthy controls. Vascular inhibition of NADPH oxidases and increased dismutation of superoxide improved EDR. RBCs from patients with STEMI and low-grade inflammation induce endothelial dysfunction through a mechanism involving arginase 1 as well as increased RBC and vascular superoxide by NADPH oxidases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Red blood cells from patients with STEMI and systemic inflammation induce endothelial dysfunction ex vivo. The RBC-induced endothelial dysfunction is mediated through increased arginase 1 and a shift in the redox balance toward oxidative stress. Inhibition of arginase or free radicals attenuates the impairment of endothelial function. The study suggests that red blood cells deserve attention as a key player in systemic inflammation and STEMI.

Genomic instabilities in hepatocellular carcinoma: biomarkers and application in immunotherapies

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest cancers. For patients with advanced HCC, liver function decompensation often occurs, which leads to poor tolerance to chemotherapies and other aggressive treatments. Therefore, it remains critical to develop effective therapeutic strategies for HCC. Etiological factors for HCC are complex and multifaceted, including hepatitis virus infection, alcohol, drug abuse, chronic metabolic abnormalities, and others. Thus, HCC has been categorized as a "genomically unstable" cancer due to the typical manifestation of chromosome breakage and aneuploidy, and oxidative DNA damage. In recent years, immunotherapy has provided a new option for cancer treatments, and the degree of genomic instability positively correlates with immunotherapy efficacies. This article reviews the endogenous and exogenous causes that affect the genomic stability of liver cells; it also updates the current biomarkers and their detection methods for genomic instabilities and relevant applications in cancer immunotherapies. Including genomic instability biomarkers in consideration of cancer treatment options shall increase the patients' well-being.

Hypoxia-Induced Mitochondrial ROS and Function in Pulmonary Arterial Endothelial Cells

Pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) are a major contributor to hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to the possible roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the molecular mechanisms and functional roles of ROS in PAECs are not well established. In this study, we first used Amplex UltraRed reagent to assess hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation. The result indicated that hypoxic exposure resulted in a significant increase in Amplex UltraRed-derived fluorescence (i.e., H2O2 production) in human PAECs. To complement this result, we employed lucigenin as a probe to detect superoxide (O2-) production. Our assays showed that hypoxia largely increased O2- production. Hypoxia also enhanced H2O2 production in the mitochondria from PAECs. Using the genetically encoded H2O2 sensor HyPer, we further revealed the hypoxic ROS production in PAECs, which was fully blocked by the mitochondrial inhibitor rotenone or myxothiazol. Interestingly, hypoxia caused an increase in the migration of PAECs, determined by scratch wound assay. In contrast, nicotine, a major cigarette or e-cigarette component, had no effect. Moreover, hypoxia and nicotine co-exposure further increased migration. Transfection of lentiviral shRNAs specific for the mitochondrial Rieske iron-sulfur protein (RISP), which knocked down its expression and associated ROS generation, inhibited the hypoxic migration of PAECs. Hypoxia largely increased the proliferation of PAECs, determined using Ki67 staining and direct cell number accounting. Similarly, nicotine caused a large increase in proliferation. Moreover, hypoxia/nicotine co-exposure elicited a further increase in cell proliferation. RISP knockdown inhibited the proliferation of PAECs following hypoxia, nicotine exposure, and hypoxia/nicotine co-exposure. Taken together, our data demonstrate that hypoxia increases RISP-mediated mitochondrial ROS production, migration, and proliferation in human PAECs; nicotine has no effect on migration, increases proliferation, and promotes hypoxic proliferation; the effects of nicotine are largely mediated by RISP-dependent mitochondrial ROS signaling. Conceivably, PAECs may contribute to PH via the RISP-mediated mitochondrial ROS.

Signaling pathways involved in colorectal cancer: pathogenesis and targeted therapy

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Its complexity is influenced by various signal transduction networks that govern cellular proliferation, survival, differentiation, and apoptosis. The pathogenesis of CRC is a testament to the dysregulation of these signaling cascades, which culminates in the malignant transformation of colonic epithelium. This review aims to dissect the foundational signaling mechanisms implicated in CRC, to elucidate the generalized principles underpinning neoplastic evolution and progression. We discuss the molecular hallmarks of CRC, including the genomic, epigenomic and microbial features of CRC to highlight the role of signal transduction in the orchestration of the tumorigenic process. Concurrently, we review the advent of targeted and immune therapies in CRC, assessing their impact on the current clinical landscape. The development of these therapies has been informed by a deepening understanding of oncogenic signaling, leading to the identification of key nodes within these networks that can be exploited pharmacologically. Furthermore, we explore the potential of integrating AI to enhance the precision of therapeutic targeting and patient stratification, emphasizing their role in personalized medicine. In summary, our review captures the dynamic interplay between aberrant signaling in CRC pathogenesis and the concerted efforts to counteract these changes through targeted therapeutic strategies, ultimately aiming to pave the way for improved prognosis and personalized treatment modalities in colorectal cancer.

Trade-off between photosymbiosis and innate immunity influences cnidarian's response to pathogenic bacteria

Mutualistic relationships with photosynthetic organisms are common in cnidarians, which form an intracellular symbiosis with dinoflagellates in the family Symbiodiniaceae. The establishment and maintenance of these symbionts are associated with the suppression of key host immune factors. Because of this, there are potential trade-offs between the nutrition that cnidarian hosts gain from their symbionts and their ability to successfully defend themselves from pathogens. To investigate these potential trade-offs, we utilized the facultatively symbiotic polyps of the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana and exposed aposymbiotic and symbiotic polyps to the pathogen Serratia marcescens. Symbiotic polyps had a lower probability of survival following S. marcescens exposure. Gene expression analyses 24 hours following pathogen exposure indicate that symbiotic animals mounted a more damaging immune response, with higher levels of inflammation and oxidative stress likely resulting in more severe disruptions to cellular homeostasis. Underlying this more damaging immune response may be differences in constitutive and pathogen-induced expression of immune transcription factors between aposymbiotic and symbiotic polyps rather than broadscale immune suppression during symbiosis. Our findings indicate that in facultatively symbiotic polyps, hosting symbionts limits C. xamachana's ability to survive pathogen exposure, indicating a trade-off between symbiosis and immunity that has potential implications for coral disease research.

Oxidative stress modulating nanomaterials and their biochemical roles in nanomedicine

Many pathological conditions are predominantly associated with oxidative stress, arising from reactive oxygen species (ROS); therefore, the modulation of redox activities has been a key strategy to restore normal tissue functions. Current approaches involve establishing a favorable cellular redox environment through the administration of therapeutic drugs and redox-active nanomaterials (RANs). In particular, RANs not only provide a stable and reliable means of therapeutic delivery but also possess the capacity to finely tune various interconnected components, including radicals, enzymes, proteins, transcription factors, and metabolites. Here, we discuss the roles that engineered RANs play in a spectrum of pathological conditions, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, infections, and inflammation. We visualize the dual functions of RANs as both generator and scavenger of ROS, emphasizing their profound impact on diverse cellular functions. The focus of this review is solely on inorganic redox-active nanomaterials (inorganic RANs). Additionally, we deliberate on the challenges associated with current RANs-based approaches and propose potential research directions for their future clinical translation.

Exploring the Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease and the Efficacy of Antioxidant Treatment

Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) are life-altering diseases that are characterised by progressive memory loss and motor dysfunction. The prevalence of AD and PD is predicted to continuously increase. Symptoms of AD and PD are primarily mediated by progressive neuron death and dysfunction in the hippocampus and substantia nigra. Central features that drive neurodegeneration are caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, amyloid-β, and/or α-synuclein formation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase these central features. Currently, there are limited therapeutic options targeting these mechanisms. Antioxidants reduce ROS levels by the induction of antioxidant proteins and direct neutralisation of ROS. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of antioxidants in reducing ROS and neurodegeneration. Antioxidants enhance major endogenous defences against ROS including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione. Direct neutralisation of ROS by antioxidants protects against ROS-induced cytotoxicity. The combination of Indirect and direct protective mechanisms prevents ROS-induced α-synuclein and/or amyloid-β formation. Antioxidants ameliorate ROS-mediated oxidative stress and subsequent deleterious downstream effects that promote apoptosis. As a result, downstream harmful events including neuron death, dysfunction, and protein aggregation are decreased. The protective effects of antioxidants in human models have yet to directly replicate the success seen in cell and animal models. However, the lack of diversity in antioxidants for clinical trials prevents a definitive answer if antioxidants are protective. Taken together, antioxidant treatment is a promising avenue in neurodegenerative disease therapy and subsequent clinical trials are needed to provide a definitive answer on the protective effects of antioxidants. No current treatment strategies have significant impact in treating advanced AD and PD, but new mimetics of endogenous mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes (Avasopasem Manganese, GC4419 AVA) may be a promising innovative option for decelerating neurodegenerative progress in the future at the mitochondrial level of OS.

Resolvin D5 Protects Female Hairless Mouse Skin from Pathological Alterations Caused by UVB Irradiation

Resolvin D5 (RvD5) is a lipid mediator that has been reported to present anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution properties. Evidence also supports its capability to enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during bacterial infections, which would be detrimental in diseases driven by ROS. The biological activity of RvD5 and mechanisms against UVB irradiation skin pathology have not been investigated so far. Female hairless mice were treated intraperitoneally with RvD5 before UVB stimulus. RvD5 reduced skin edema in a dose-dependent manner as well as oxidative stress by increasing antioxidants (endogenous tissue antioxidant scavenging of cationic radical, iron reduction, catalase activity and reduced glutathione levels) and decreasing pro-oxidants (superoxide anion and lipid peroxidation). RvD5 antioxidant activity was accompanied by enhancement of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 mRNA expression. RvD5 reduced the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-10. RvD5 also reduced the inflammatory cell counts, including mast cells and neutrophils/macrophages. The reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation resulted in diminished matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity, collagen degradation, epidermal thickening and sunburn cell development. Therefore, this study demonstrates, to our knowledge, the first body of evidence that RvD5 can be used to treat UVB skin pathology and unveils, at least in part, its mechanisms of action.

Pycnogenol-Assisted Alleviation of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Induced Lung Inflammation via Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein Downregulation

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) are used in products that are applied to the human body, such as cosmetics and food, but their biocompatibility remains controversial. Pycnogenol (PYC), a natural extract of pine bark, exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, we investigated whether PYC effectively alleviates pulmonary toxicity induced by airway exposure to TiO2NPs, and the beneficial effects of PYC were explained through the analysis of changes to the mechanism of cytotoxicity. TiO2NPs induced pulmonary inflammation and mucus production, increased the levels of malondialdehyde, and upregulated thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and cleaved-caspase 3 (Cas3) in the lungs of mice. However, PYC treatment reduced the levels of all toxicity markers of TiO2NPs and restored glutathione levels. These antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of PYC were also demonstrated in TiO2NP-exposed human airway epithelial cells by increasing the mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes and decreasing the expression of TXNIP, cleaved-Cas3, and inflammatory mediators. Taken together, our results showed that PYC attenuated TiO2NP-induced lung injury via TXNIP downregulation. Therefore, our results suggest the potential of PYC as an effective anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent against TiO2NP-induced pulmonary toxicity.

The impact of cytokines in neuroinflammation-mediated stroke

Cerebral stroke is ranked as the third most common contributor to global mortality and disability. The involvement of inflammatory mechanisms, both peripherally and within the CNS, holds significance in the pathophysiological cascades following the initiation of stroke. After the onset of acute stroke, predominantly ischemic, a subsequent phase of neuroinflammation ensues. It is a dual-effect process that not only exacerbates injury, leading to cell death, but paradoxically, it also serves a shielding role in facilitating recovery. Cytokines serve as pivotal mediators within the inflammatory cascade, actively contributing to the progression of ischemic damage. Stroke is followed by increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, etc. leading to the recruitment and stimulation of glial cells and peripheral leukocytes at the site of injury, promoting neuroinflammation. Cytokines can directly induce neuronal injury and death through various mechanisms, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, HPA-axis activation, secretion of matrix metalloproteinase and apoptosis. They can also amplify the inflammatory response, leading to further neuronal damage. Therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating cytokine release, immune response and cytokine signalling or activity are being explored as potential interventions to mitigate neuroinflammation and its detrimental effects in stroke. In this review, we have given a concise summary of our current knowledge of the function of various cytokines, brain inflammation and various signalling and molecular pathways including JAK/STAT3, TGF-β/Smad, MAPK, HMGB1/TLR and NF-κB modulated cytokines regulation in stroke. Therapeutic agents such as MCC950, genistein, edaravone, minocycline, etc. targeting various cytokines-associated signalling pathways have shown efficacy in preclinical and clinical trials reducing the pathophysiology of the illness were also addressed in this study.

Therapy-induced senescence through the redox lens

Therapy-induced senescent tumor cells have emerged as significant drivers of tumor recurrence and disease relapse. Interestingly, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and its associated redox signaling networks are intertwined with initiation and establishment of therapy-induced senescence. Therapy-induced senescent cells influence neighboring cells and the tumor microenvironment via their bioactive secretome known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The intracellular effects of ROS are dose and context-dependent. Under normal physiological conditions, ROS is involved in various signalling pathways and cellular processes important for maintenance of cellular homeostasis, such as redox balance, stress response, inflammatory signalling, cell proliferation and cell death among others. However excess ROS accompanied by a pro-oxidant microenvironment can engender oxidative DNA damage, triggering cellular senescence. In this review, we discuss the role of ROS and the redox state dynamics in fine-tuning homeostatic processes that drive therapy-induced cell fate towards senescence establishment, as well as their influence in stimulating inflammatory signalling and SASP production. We also offer insights into interventional strategies, specifically senotherapeutics, that could potentially leverage on modulation of redox and antioxidant pathways. Lastly, we evaluate possible implications of redox rewiring during escape from therapy-induced senescence, an emerging area of research. We envision that examining therapy-induced senescence through the redox lens, integrated with time-resolved single-cell RNA sequencing combined with spatiotemporal multi-omics, could further enhance our understanding of its functional heterogeneity. This could aid identification of targetable signalling nodes to reduce disease relapse, as well as inform strategies for development of broad-spectrum senotherapeutics. Overall, our review aims to delineate redox-driven mechanisms which contribute to the biology of therapy-induced senescence and beyond, while highlighting implications for tumor initiation and recurrence.

Difamilast, a Topical Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor, Produces Soluble ST2 via the AHR-NRF2 Axis in Human Keratinocytes

Difamilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD), although the mechanism involved remains unclear. Since IL-33 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD, we investigated the effect of difamilast on IL-33 activity. Since an in vitro model of cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) has been utilized to evaluate the pharmacological potential of adjunctive treatment of AD, we treated NHEKs with difamilast and analyzed the expression of the suppression of tumorigenicity 2 protein (ST2), an IL-33 receptor with transmembrane (ST2L) and soluble (sST2) isoforms. Difamilast treatment increased mRNA and protein levels of sST2, a decoy receptor suppressing IL-33 signal transduction, without affecting ST2L expression. Furthermore, supernatants from difamilast-treated NHEKs inhibited IL-33-induced upregulation of TNF-α, IL-5, and IL-13 in KU812 cells, a basophil cell line sensitive to IL-33. We also found that difamilast activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) axis. Additionally, the knockdown of AHR or NRF2 abolished the difamilast-induced sST2 production. These results indicate that difamilast treatment produces sST2 via the AHR-NRF2 axis, contributing to improving AD symptoms by inhibiting IL-33 activity.

Attenuated adiponectin, omentin, increased interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels with altered cognition and depression in non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients: A case-control study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Immune dysfunction is one of the risk factors which plays an important role in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and inflammation may be involved in its etiology. Minimal data is available on the effect of cytokine levels on neurobehavioral function in lymphoma before the initiation of chemotherapy. Therefore, we aimed to explore the risk of NHL by assessment of cytokine and adipokine levels and their correlation with neurobehavioral changes.

METHODS

This case-control study enrolled 62 subjects (age-sex matched: 31 cases and 31 controls). Neurobehavioral assessment was done using Montreal Cognitive Assessment questionnaire (MoCA) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). EORTC Core Quality of Life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) was used to assess quality of life. Questionnaire assessment and sample collection were done after the patient enrolment and before first cycle of chemotherapy.

RESULTS

Mean age of NHL patients and healthy controls was 51.9 ± 11.8 and 50 ± 10.9 years, respectively. NHL patients showed significantly higher levels of IL-6 (0.77 ± 0.11) and TNF- α (1.47 ± 1.31) than controls (0.55 ± 0.4 and 0.66 ± 0.89, respectively) with p-value<0.005. Also, NHL patients showed significantly lower levels of adiponectin (0.31 ± 0.24) and omentin (0.46 ± 0.1) than controls (0.42 ± 0.13 and 0.53 ± 0.11, respectively) with p-value<0.005. Lower MoCA and EORTC QLQ C-30 scores and higher PHQ-9 scores were observed in NHL patients in comparison to healthy control.

CONCLUSION

Our results showed that adiponectin, omentin IL-6 and TNF-α may be used as pre-diagnostic markers of NHL risk. Neurobehavioral changes observed in NHL patients may alter the quality of life.

OxInflammatory Responses in the Wound Healing Process: A Systematic Review

Significant sums are spent every year to find effective treatments to control inflammation and speed up the repair of damaged skin. This study investigated the main mechanisms involved in the skin wound cure. Consequently, it offered guidance to develop new therapies to control OxInflammation and infection and decrease functional loss and cost issues. This systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines, with a structured search in the MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science databases, analyzing 23 original studies. Bias analysis and study quality were assessed using the SYRCLE tool (Prospero number is CRD262 936). Our results highlight the activation of membrane receptors (IFN-δ, TNF-α, toll-like) in phagocytes, especially macrophages, during early wound healing. The STAT1, IP3, and NF-kβ pathways are positively regulated, while Ca2+ mobilization correlates with ROS production and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This pathway activation leads to the proteolytic cleavage of caspase-1, releasing IL-1β and IL-18, which are responsible for immune modulation and vasodilation. Mediators such as IL-1, iNOS, TNF-α, and TGF-β are released, influencing pro- and anti-inflammatory cascades, increasing ROS levels, and inducing the oxidation of lipids, proteins, and DNA. During healing, the respiratory burst depletes antioxidant defenses (SOD, CAT, GST), creating a pro-oxidative environment. The IFN-δ pathway, ROS production, and inflammatory markers establish a positive feedback loop, recruiting more polymorphonuclear cells and reinforcing the positive interaction between oxidative stress and inflammation. This process is crucial because, in the immune system, the vicious positive cycle between ROS, the oxidative environment, and, above all, the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome inappropriately triggers hypoxia, increases ROS levels, activates pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibits the antioxidant action and resolution of anti-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to the evolution of chronic inflammation and tissue damage.

Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Based on the Inherent Bioactivity of Black Phosphorus Nanosheets

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that affects the living quality of patients, especially the elderly population. RA-related morbidity and mortality increase significantly with age, while current clinical drugs for RA are far from satisfactory and may have serious side effects. Therefore, the development of new drugs with higher biosafety and efficacy is demanding. Black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) have been widely studied because of their excellent biocompatibility. Here, we focus on the inherent bioactivity of BPNSs, report the potential of BPNSs as a therapeutic drug for RA and elucidate the underlying therapeutic mechanism. We find that BPNSs inhibit autophagy at an early stage via the AMPK-mTOR pathway, switch the energy metabolic pathway to oxidative phosphorylation, increase intracellular ATP levels, suppress apoptosis, reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, and down-regulate senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)-related genes in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RA-SFs). Further, BPNSs induce the apoptosis of macrophages and promote their transition from the M1 to the M2 phenotype by regulating related cytokines. Significantly, the administration of BPNSs can alleviate key pathological features of RA in mice, revealing great therapeutic potential. This study provides a novel option for treating RA, with BPNSs emerging as a promising therapeutic candidate.

The Crucial Role of Inflammation and the Immune System in Colorectal Cancer Carcinogenesis: A Comprehensive Perspective

Chronic inflammation drives the growth of colorectal cancer through the dysregulation of molecular pathways within the immune system. Infiltration of immune cells, such as macrophages, into tumoral regions results in the release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6; IL-17; TNF-α), fostering tumor proliferation, survival, and invasion. Tumors employ various mechanisms to evade immune surveillance, effectively 'cloaking' themselves from detection and subsequent attack. A comprehensive understanding of these intricate molecular interactions is paramount for advancing novel strategies aimed at modulating the immune response against cancer.

Effects of fluorescent protein tdTomato on mouse retina

Fluorescent proteins (FPs) have been widely used to investigate cellular and molecular interactions and trace biological events in many applications. Some of the FPs have been demonstrated to cause undesirable cellular damage by light-induced ROS production in vivo or in vitro. However, it remains unknown if one of the most popular FPs, tdTomato, has similar effects in neuronal cells. In this study, we discovered that tdTomato expression led to unexpected retinal dysfunction and ultrastructural defects in the transgenic mouse retina. The retinal dysfunction mainly manifested in the reduced photopic electroretinogram (ERG) responses and decreased contrast sensitivity in visual acuity, caused by mitochondrial damages characterized with cellular redistribution, morphological modifications and molecular profiling alterations. Taken together, our findings for the first time demonstrated the retinal dysfunction and ultrastructural defects in the retinas of tdTomato-transgenic mice, calling for a more careful design and interpretation of experiments involved in FPs.

Inflammation subsequent to mild iron excess differentially alters regional brain iron metabolism, oxidation and neuroinflammation status in mice

Iron dyshomeostasis and neuroinflammation, characteristic features of the aged brain, and exacerbated in neurodegenerative disease, may induce oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration. In this study, the effects of potential priming with mild systemic iron injections on subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in adult C57Bl/6J mice were examined. After cognitive testing, regional brain tissues were dissected for iron (metal) measurements by total reflection X-ray fluorescence and synchrotron radiation X-Ray fluorescence-based elemental mapping; and iron regulatory, ferroptosis-related, and glia-specific protein analysis, and lipid peroxidation by western blotting. Microglial morphology and astrogliosis were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Iron only treatment enhanced cognitive performance on the novel object location task compared with iron priming and subsequent LPS-induced inflammation. LPS-induced inflammation, with or without iron treatment, attenuated hippocampal heme oxygenase-1 and augmented 4-hydroxynonenal levels. Conversely, in the cortex, elevated ferritin light chain and xCT (light chain of System Xc-) were observed in response to LPS-induced inflammation, without and with iron-priming. Increased microglial branch/process lengths and astrocyte immunoreactivity were also increased by combined iron and LPS in both the hippocampus and cortex. Here, we demonstrate iron priming and subsequent LPS-induced inflammation led to iron dyshomeostasis, compromised antioxidant function, increased lipid peroxidation and altered neuroinflammatory state in a brain region-dependent manner.

Pap12-6: A host defense peptide with potent immunomodulatory activity in a chicken hepatic cell culture

In the fight against antimicrobial resistance, host defense peptides (HDPs) are increasingly referred to as promising molecules for the design of new antimicrobial agents. In terms of their future clinical use, particularly small, synthetic HDPs offer several advantages, based on which their application as feed additives has aroused great interest in the poultry sector. However, given their complex mechanism of action and the limited data about the cellular effects in production animals, their investigation is of great importance in these species. The present study aimed to examine the immunomodulatory activity of the synthetic HDP Pap12-6 (PAP) solely and in inflammatory environments evoked by lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), in a primary chicken hepatocyte-non-parenchymal cell co-culture. Based on the investigation of the extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, PAP seemed to exert no cytotoxicity on hepatic cells, suggesting its safe application. Moreover, PAP was able to influence the immune response, reflected by the decreased production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and "regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted"(RANTES), as well as the reduced IL-6/IL-10 ratio in Poly I:C-induced inflammation. PAP also diminished the levels of extracellular H2O2 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) when applied together with Poly I:C and in both inflammatory conditions, respectively. Consequently, PAP appeared to display potent immunomodulatory activity, preferring to act towards the cellular anti-inflammatory and antioxidant processes. These findings confirm that PAP might be a promising alternative for designing novel antimicrobial immunomodulatory agents for chickens, thereby contributing to the reduction of the use of conventional antibiotics.

Viral infection and host immune response in diabetes

Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder disrupting blood sugar regulation, has emerged as a prominent silent pandemic. Uncontrolled diabetes predisposes an individual to develop fatal complications like cardiovascular disorders, kidney damage, and neuropathies and aggravates the severity of treatable infections. Escalating cases of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes correlate with a global upswing in diabetes-linked mortality. As a growing global concern with limited preventive interventions, diabetes necessitates extensive research to mitigate its healthcare burden and assist ailing patients. An altered immune system exacerbated by chronic hyperinflammation heightens the susceptibility of diabetic individuals to microbial infections, including notable viruses like SARS-CoV-2, dengue, and influenza. Given such a scenario, we scrutinized the literature and compiled molecular pathways and signaling cascades related to immune compartments in diabetics that escalate the severity associated with the above-mentioned viral infections in them as compared to healthy individuals. The pathogenesis of these viral infections that trigger diabetes compromises both innate and adaptive immune functions and pre-existing diabetes also leads to heightened disease severity. Lastly, this review succinctly outlines available treatments for diabetics, which may hold promise as preventive or supportive measures to effectively combat these viral infections in the former.

Cytokine CCL9 Mediates Oncogenic KRAS-Induced Pancreatic Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia by Promoting Reactive Oxygen Species and Metalloproteinases

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) can originate from acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM). Pancreatic acini harboring oncogenic Kras mutations are transdifferentiated to a duct-like phenotype that further progresses to become pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions, giving rise to PDAC. Although ADM formation is frequently observed in KrasG12D transgenic mouse models of PDAC, the exact mechanisms of how oncogenic KrasG12D regulates this process remain an enigma. Herein, we revealed a new downstream target of oncogenic Kras, cytokine CCL9, during ADM formation. Higher levels of CCL9 and its receptors, CCR1 and CCR3, were detected in ADM regions of the pancreas in p48cre:KrasG12D mice and human PDAC patients. Knockdown of CCL9 in KrasG12D-expressed pancreatic acini reduced KrasG12D-induced ADM in a 3D organoid culture system. Moreover, exogenously added recombinant CCL9 and overexpression of CCL9 in primary pancreatic acini induced pancreatic ADM. We also showed that, functioning as a downstream target of KrasG12D, CCL9 promoted pancreatic ADM through upregulation of the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP14, MMP3 and MMP2. Blockade of MMPs via its generic inhibitor GM6001 or knockdown of specific MMP such as MMP14 and MMP3 decreased CCL9-induced pancreatic ADM. In p48cre:KrasG12D transgenic mice, blockade of CCL9 through its specific neutralizing antibody attenuated pancreatic ADM structures and PanIN lesion formation. Furthermore, it also diminished infiltrating macrophages and expression of MMP14, MMP3 and MMP2 in the ADM areas. Altogether, our results provide novel mechanistic insight into how oncogenic Kras enhances pancreatic ADM through its new downstream target molecule, CCL9, to initiate PDAC.

An Update on the Potential of Tangeretin in the Management of Neuroinflammation-Mediated Neurodegenerative Disorders

Neuroinflammation is the major cause of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Currently available drugs present relatively low efficacy and are not capable of modifying the course of the disease or delaying its progression. Identifying well-tolerated and brain-penetrant agents of plant origin could fulfil the pressing need for novel treatment techniques for neuroinflammation. Attention has been drawn to a large family of flavonoids in citrus fruits, which may function as strong nutraceuticals in slowing down the development and progression of neuroinflammation. This review is aimed at elucidating and summarizing the effects of the flavonoid tangeretin (TAN) in the management of neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegenerative disorders. A literature survey was performed using various resources, including ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer, and Web of Science. The data revealed that TAN exhibited immense neuroprotective effects in addition to its anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonistic effects. The effects of TAN are mainly mediated through the inhibition of oxidative and inflammatory pathways via regulating multiple signaling pathways, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, and CRE-dependent transcription. In conclusion, the citrus flavonoid TAN has the potential to prevent neuronal death mediated by neuroinflammatory pathways and can be developed as an auxiliary therapeutic agent in the management of neurodegenerative disorders.

Oxidative Effects in Early Stages of Embryo Development Due to Alcohol Consumption

Alcohol, a widely consumed drug, exerts significant toxic effects on the human organism. This review focuses on its impact during fetal development, when it leads to a spectrum of disorders collectively termed Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Children afflicted by FASD exhibit distinct clinical manifestations, including facial dysmorphism, delayed growth, and neurological and behavioral disorders. These behavioral issues encompass diminished intellectual capacity, memory impairment, and heightened impulsiveness. While the precise mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced fetal damage remain incompletely understood, research indicates a pivotal role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are released during alcohol metabolism, inciting inflammation at the cerebral level. Ethanol metabolism amplifies the generation of oxidant molecules, inducing through alterations in enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems responsible for cellular homeostasis. Alcohol consumption disrupts endogenous enzyme activity and fosters lipid peroxidation in consumers, potentially affecting the developing fetus. Addressing this concern, administration of metformin during the prenatal period, corresponding to the third trimester of human pregnancy, emerges as a potential therapeutic intervention for mitigating FASD. This proposed approach holds promise for ameliorating the adverse effects of alcohol exposure on fetal development and warrants further investigation.

The Role of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Molecular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Cervical Ripening: A Comprehensive Review

The uterine cervix is one of the key factors involved in ensuring a proper track of gestation and labor. At the end of the gestational period, the cervix undergoes extensive changes, which can be summarized as a transformation from a non-favorable cervix to one that is soft and prone to dilation. During a process called cervical ripening, fundamental remodeling of the cervical extracellular matrix (ECM) occurs. The cervical ripening process is a derivative of many interlocking and mutually driving biochemical and molecular pathways under the strict control of mediators such as inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and reactive oxygen species. A thorough understanding of all these pathways and learning about possible triggering factors will allow us to develop new, better treatment algorithms and therapeutic goals that could protect women from both dysfunctional childbirth and premature birth. This review aims to present the possible role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the cervical ripening process, emphasizing possible mechanisms of action and regulatory factors.

Sulforaphane Inhibits IL-1β-Induced IL-6 by Suppressing ROS Production, AP-1, and STAT3 in Colorectal Cancer HT-29 Cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as a major cause of cancer-related mortality globally, accounting for approximately 881,000 deaths each year. Traditional approaches such as chemotherapy and surgery have been the primary treatment modalities, yet the outcomes for patients with metastatic CRC are often unsatisfactory. Recent research has focused on targeting the pathways involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and metastasis to enhance the survival of CRC patients. Within this context, sulforaphane (SFN), a notable phytochemical found predominantly in cruciferous vegetables, has been recognized as a potential anticancer agent. However, the specific mechanisms through which SFN may exert its chemopreventive effects in CRC remain unclear. This study explores the impact of SFN on IL-1β-induced IL-6 activation and MAPK and AP-1 signaling in HT-29 cells. Our findings reveal that SFN treatment not only diminishes IL-1β-stimulated IL-6 expression but also reduces oxidative stress by curtailing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, it hinders the proliferation and invasiveness of HT-29 cells through the modulation of MAPK/AP-1 and STAT3 signaling pathways. These results indicate that SFN mitigates IL-1β-induced IL-6 expression in CRC cells by attenuating ROS production and disrupting MAPK/AP-1 signaling. This suggests that SFN holds significant potential as a chemotherapeutic agent for both treating and preventing CRC.

Elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor in intermediate age-related macular degeneration and geographic atrophy

Introduction

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine implicated in pathological changes to the retinal pigment epithelium that are similar to changes in geographic atrophy (GA), an advanced form of age related macular degeneration (AMD). TNF-α also modulates expression of other cytokines including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), leading to choroidal atrophy in models of AMD. The purpose of this study was to investigate systemic TNF-α and VEGF in patients with GA and intermediate AMD (iAMD) compared to controls without AMD.

Methods

We examined plasma levels of TNF-α and VEGF in patients with GA, iAMD, and controls without AMD from the University of Colorado AMD registry (2014 to 2021). Cases and controls were characterized by multimodal imaging. TNF-α and VEGF were measured via multiplex immunoassay and data were analyzed using a non-parametric rank based linear regression model fit to plasma biomarkers.

Results

There were 97 GA, 199 iAMD patients and 139 controls. TNF-α was significantly increased in GA (Median:9.9pg/ml, IQR:7.3-11.8) compared to iAMD (Median:7.4, IQR:5.3-9.1) and in both GA and iAMD compared to controls (Median:6.4, IQR:5.3-7.8), p<0.01 for all comparisons. VEGF was significantly increased in iAMD (Median:8.9, IQR:4.8-14.3) compared to controls (Median:7.7, IQR:4.6-11.1), p<0.01. There was a significant positive correlation between TNF-α and VEGF in GA (0.46, p<0.01), and iAMD (0.20, p=0.01) with no significant interaction between TNF-α and VEGF in any group.

Discussion

These findings suggest TNF-α and VEGF may contribute to systemic inflammatory processes associated with iAMD and GA. TNF-α and VEGF may function as systemic biomarkers for disease development.

The mechanism underlying correlation of particulate matter-induced ferroptosis with inflammasome activation and iron accumulation in macrophages

Particulate matter (PM) is a global environmental hazard, which affects human health through free radical production, cell death induction, and immune responses. PM activates inflammasomes leading to excessive inflammatory responses and induces ferroptosis, a type of cell death. Despite ongoing research on the correlation among PM-induced ferroptosis, immune response, and inflammasomes, the underlying mechanism of this relationship has not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated the levels of PM-induced cell death and immune responses in murine macrophages, J774A.1 and RAW264.7, depending on the size and composition of particulate matter. PM2.5, with extraction ions, induced significant levels of cell death and immune responses; it induces lipid peroxidation, iron accumulation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which characterize ferroptosis. In addition, inflammasome-mediated cell death occurred owing to the excessive activation of inflammatory responses. PM-induced iron accumulation activates ferroptosis and inflammasome formation through ROS production; similar results were observed in vivo. These results suggest that the link between ferroptosis and inflammasome formation induced by PM, especially PM2.5 with extraction ions, is established through the iron-ROS axis. Moreover, this study can effectively facilitate the development of a new therapeutic strategy for PM-induced immune and respiratory diseases.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with Brazilian green propolis controls intradermal infection induced by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and modulates the inflammatory response in a murine model

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the leading causes of skin and soft tissue infections worldwide. This microorganism has a wide range of antibiotics resistance, a fact that has made the treatment of infections caused by MRSA difficult. In this sense, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with natural products has emerged as a good alternative in combating infections caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of aPDT with Brazilian green propolis against intradermal MRSA infection in a murine model. Initially, 24 Balb/c mice were infected intradermally in the ears with 1.5 × 108 colony-forming units of MRSA 43300. After infection, they were separated into 4 groups (6 animals per group) and treated with the vehicle, only Brazilian green propolis, only blue LED light or with the aPDT protocol (Brazilian green propolis + blue LED light). It was observed in this study that aPDT with Brazilian green propolis reduced the bacterial load at the site of infection. Furthermore, it was able to inhibit weight loss resulting from the infection, as well as modulate the inflammatory response through greater recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells/neutrophils to the infected tissue. Finally, aPDT induced an increase in the cytokines IL-17A and IL-12p70 in the draining retromaxillary lymph node. Thus, aPDT with Brazilian green propolis proved to be effective against intradermal MRSA infection in mice, reducing bacterial load and modulating the immune response in the animals. However, more studies are needed to assess whether such effects are repeated in humans.

Actives from the Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LMIREG® Reduce the Expression of Cytokines and Immune-Related Markers Including Interleukin-2 and HLA-II While Modulating Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Function

Introduction

Micro-immunotherapy (MI) is a therapeutic option employing low doses (LD) and ultra-low doses (ULD) of cytokines and immune factors to help the organism at modulating the immune responses. In an overpowering inflammatory context, this strategy may support the restoration of the body's homeostasis, as the active ingredients of MI medicines' (MIM) could boost or slow down the physiological functions of the immune cells. The aim of the study is to evaluate for the first time the in vitro anti-inflammatory properties of some actives employed by the MIM of interest in several human immune cell models.

Methods

In the first part of the study, the effects of the actives from the MIM of interest were assessed from a molecular standpoint: the expression of HLA-II, interleukin (IL)-2, and the secretion of several other cytokines were evaluated. In addition, as mitochondrial metabolism is also involved in the inflammatory processes, the second part of the study aimed at assessing the effects of these actives on the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and on the mitochondrial membrane potential.

Results

We showed that the tested actives decreased the expression of HLA-DR and HLA-DP in IFN-γ-stimulated endothelial cells and in LPS-treated-M1-macrophages. The tested MIM slightly reduced the intracellular expression of IL-2 in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells isolated from PMA/Iono-stimulated human PBMCs. Additionally, while the secretion of IL-2, IL-10, and IFN-γ was diminished, the treatment increased IL-6, IL-9, and IL-17A, which may correspond to a "Th17-like" secretory pattern. Interestingly, in PMA/Iono-treated PBMCs, we reported that the treatment reduced the ROS production in B-cells. Finally, in PMA/Iono-treated human macrophages, we showed that the treatment slightly protected the cells from early cell death/apoptosis.

Discussion

Overall, these results provide data about the molecular and functional anti-inflammatory effects of several actives contained in the tested MIM in immune-related cells, and their impact on two mitochondria-related processes.

GLP-1/Sigma/RAGE receptors: An evolving picture of Alzheimer's disease pathology and treatment

According to the facts and figures 2023stated that 6.7 million Americans over the age of 65 have Alzheimer's disease (AD). The scenario of AD has reached up to the maximum, of 4.1 million individuals, 2/3rd are female patients, and approximately 1 in 9 adults over the age of 65 have dementia with AD dementia. The fact that there are now no viable treatments for AD indicates that the underlying disease mechanisms are not fully understood. The progressive neurodegenerative disease, AD is characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau protein and senile plaques (SPs), which are brought on by the buildup of amyloid beta (Aβ). Numerous attempts have been made to produce compounds that interfere with these characteristics because of significant research efforts into the primary pathogenic hallmark of this disorder. Here, we summarize several research that highlights interesting therapy strategies and the neuroprotective effects of GLP-1, Sigma, and, AGE-RAGE receptors in pre-clinical and clinical AD models.

Comparative study of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the natural coumarins 1,2-benzopyrone, umbelliferone and esculetin: in silico, in vitro and in vivo analyses

The aim of this work was to compare the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of three natural coumarins: 1,2-benzopyrone, umbelliferone and esculetin. The antioxidant capacity of coumarins was evaluated using both chemical and biological in vitro assays. Chemical assays included DPPH and ABTS∙+ radical scavenging as well as ferric ion reducing ability power (FRAP) assay. Inhibition of mitochondrial ROS generation and lipid peroxidation in brain homogenates were used as biological in vitro assays. The experimental method of carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rats was used for the in vivo investigation of the anti-inflammatory activity. In silico molecular docking analysis was undertaken to predict the affinity of COX-2 to the coumarins. Considering the antioxidant capacity, esculetin was the most efficient one as revealed by all employed assays. Particularly, the mitochondrial ROS generation was totally abolished by the compound at low concentrations (IC50 = 0.57 μM). As for the anti-inflammatory effects, the COX-2 enzyme presented good affinities to the three coumarins, as revealed by the molecular docking analyses. However, considering the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects, 1,2-benzopyrone was the most efficient one in counteracting pleural inflammation and it potentiated the anti-inflammatory actions of dexamethasone. Umbelliferone and esculetin treatments failed to reduce the volume of pleural exudate. Overall, therefore, our results support the notion that this class of plant secondary metabolites displays promising effects in the prevention and/or treatment of inflammation and other diseases associated with oxidative stress, although the singularities regarding the type of the inflammatory process and pharmacokinetics must be taken into account.

Evidence that Alzheimer's Disease Is a Disease of Competitive Synaptic Plasticity Gone Awry

 Mounting evidence indicates that a physiological function of amyloid-β (Aβ) is to mediate neural activity-dependent homeostatic and competitive synaptic plasticity in the brain. I have previously summarized the lines of evidence supporting this hypothesis and highlighted the similarities between Aβ and anti-microbial peptides in mediating cell/synapse competition. In cell competition, anti-microbial peptides deploy a multitude of mechanisms to ensure both self-protection and competitor elimination. Here I review recent studies showing that similar mechanisms are at play in Aβ-mediated synapse competition and perturbations in these mechanisms underpin Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specifically, I discuss evidence that Aβ and ApoE, two crucial players in AD, co-operate in the regulation of synapse competition. Glial ApoE promotes self-protection by increasing the production of trophic monomeric Aβ and inhibiting its assembly into toxic oligomers. Conversely, Aβ oligomers, once assembled, promote the elimination of competitor synapses via direct toxic activity and amplification of "eat-me" signals promoting the elimination of weak synapses. I further summarize evidence that neuronal ApoE may be part of a gene regulatory network that normally promotes competitive plasticity, explaining the selective vulnerability of ApoE expressing neurons in AD brains. Lastly, I discuss evidence that sleep may be key to Aβ-orchestrated plasticity, in which sleep is not only induced by Aβ but is also required for Aβ-mediated plasticity, underlining the link between sleep and AD. Together, these results strongly argue that AD is a disease of competitive synaptic plasticity gone awry, a novel perspective that may promote AD research.

The dichotomic role of single cytokines: Fine-tuning immune responses

Cytokines are known for their pleiotropic effects. They can be classified by their function as pro-inflammatory, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL) 1 and IL-12, or anti-inflammatory, like IL-10, IL-35 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Though this type of classification is an important simplification for the understanding of the general cytokine's role, it can be misleading. Here, we discuss recent studies that show a dichotomic role of the so-called pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, highlighting that their function can be dependent on the microenvironment and their concentrations. Furthermore, we discuss how the back-and-forth interplay between cytokines and immunometabolism can influence the dichotomic role of inflammatory responses as an important target to complement cytokine-based therapies.

Regulation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses by methanol extract of Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B. L. Rob. leaves via the inactivation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and activation of Nrf2 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages

Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B.L. Rob. has been traditionally used in tropical countries throughout Asia and Africa to treat gastric ulcers, dyspepsia, and dysentery. However, the mechanisms responsible for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities are not fully understood. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of methanol extracts of M. cordata (MMC) on inflammation and oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages and elucidate its underlying regulatory mechanism. MMC significantly suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by downregulating the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at both the mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, MMC effectively reduced the mRNA expression levels and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). These suppressive effects of MMC on pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines were mediated through the inhibition of transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), which subsequently blocked the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). MMC also upregulated the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by inducing the degradation of Kelch-like ECH-related protein 1 (Keap1), an Nrf2-specific E3 ligase. Accordingly, MMC enhanced Nrf2 target gene expression of anti-oxidative regulators such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). However, it had minimal effect on the DPPH radical scavenging capacity in vitro. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that MMC holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for alleviating inflammation-related diseases and oxidative stress.

Cladribine induces apoptosis, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial oxidative stress, tau phosphorylation and Aβ (1-42) pathway in the hippocampus: An in vivo approach

Cladribine is a purine nucleoside found to enhance toxic amyloid protein and cause memory impairment. Patients following chemotherapy treatment commonly suffer from cognitive deficits more prevalent in the elderly than adults. A previous research study revealed that cladribine has a high affinity to the brain, increases the level of amyloid precursor protein, and results in learning deficits. The study was designed to validate an animal model of cladribine administration to rats through mitochondrial oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, tau phosphorylation, and amyloid-β (1-42) accumulation. In this study, all rats were orally given cladribine (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) for 28 days, resulting in impaired spatial memory confirmed by behavioural activity. On day 29, all rats were euthanized, and the hippocampal tissues were isolated and used for the estimation of neuroinflammatory markers, biochemicals parameters (glutathione, catalase, lipid peroxidation, and nitrite), amyloid-β (1-42) level, neurotransmitters, and nuclear factor kappa B analysis. Cladribine administration significantly elevated cytokines release, dysbalanced neurotransmitter concentration, and promoted the Aβ accumulation and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. Our study outcome confirmed that cladribine produces cognitive impairment via activation of Nuclear factor kappa B, mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysbalanced of the endogenous antioxidant defence system.

GDU-952, a novel AhR agonist ameliorates skin barrier abnormalities and immune dysfunction in DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis in mice

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is widely expressed in the skin. It controls immune-mediated skin responses to various external environmental signals, promote terminal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes and participates the maintenance of the skin barrier function. As a therapeutic target, AhR activation modulates many diseases progression driven by immune/inflammatory processes such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. In this study, we revealed that GDU-952 is a novel AhR agonist, which is able to decreases IgE serum levels, to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α and to induce immunoregulatory effects through restoring Th1/Th2 immune balance and promoting CD4+FOXP3+regulatory T (Treg) populations in AD skin lesions. Furthermore, GDU-952 can strengthen the skin barrier function through upregulating epidermal differentiation-related and tight junction proteins. This may alleviate AD symptoms, such as dermatitis scores, epidermal hyperplasia and mast cell infiltration. These results offer a rationale for further preclinical/clinical studies to evaluate the possible use of GDU-952 in the management of AD.

Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Polymeric Prodrug Nanoparticles for Selective and Effective Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases

It is challenging to manage inflammatory diseases using traditional anti-inflammatory drugs due to their limited efficacy and systemic side effects, which are a result of their lack of selectivity, poor stability, and low solubility. Herein, it reports the development of a novel nanoparticle system, called ROS-CA-NPs, which is formed using polymer-cinnamaldehyde (CA) conjugates and is responsive to reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS-CA-NPs exhibit excellent drug stability, tissue selectivity, and controlled drug release upon oxidative stress activation. Using mouse models of chronic rheumatoid arthritis and acute ulcerative colitis, this study demonstrates that the systemic administration of ROS-CA-NPs results in their accumulation at inflamed lesions and leads to greater therapeutic efficacy compared to traditional drugs. Furthermore, ROS-CA-NPs present excellent biocompatibility. The findings suggest that ROS-CA-NPs have the potential to be developed as safe and effective nanotherapeutic agents for a broad range of inflammatory diseases.

Oxidative Stress, Atherogenic Dyslipidemia, and Cardiovascular Risk

Oxidative stress is the consequence of an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that exceeds the antioxidant defense mechanisms. Increased levels of ROS contribute to the development of cardiovascular disorders through oxidative damage to macromolecules, particularly by oxidation of plasma lipoproteins. One of the most prominent features of atherogenic dyslipidemia is plasma accumulation of small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles, characterized by an increased susceptibility to oxidation. Indeed, a considerable and diverse body of evidence from animal models and epidemiological studies was generated supporting oxidative modification of sdLDL particles as the earliest event in atherogenesis. Lipid peroxidation of LDL particles results in the formation of various bioactive species that contribute to the atherosclerotic process through different pathophysiological mechanisms, including foam cell formation, direct detrimental effects, and receptor-mediated activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. In this paper, we will discuss recent data on the pathophysiological role of oxidative stress and atherogenic dyslipidemia and their interplay in the development of atherosclerosis. In addition, a special focus will be placed on the clinical applicability of novel, promising biomarkers of these processes.

Stages, pathogenesis, clinical management and advancements in therapies of age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal degenerative disorder prevalent in the elderly population, which leads to the loss of central vision. The disease progression can be managed, if not prevented, either by blocking neovascularization ("wet" form of AMD) or by preserving retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells ("dry" form of AMD). Although current therapeutic modalities are moderately successful in delaying the progression and management of the disease, advances over the past years in regenerative medicine using iPSC, embryonic stem cells, advanced materials (including nanomaterials) and organ bio-printing show great prospects in restoring vision and efficient management of either forms of AMD. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism of the disease, model systems (both cellular and animal) used in studying AMD, the list of various regenerative therapies and the current treatments available. The article also highlights on the recent clinical trials using regenerative therapies and management of the disease.

Inhibition of COX-2 signaling favors E. coli during urinary tract infection

BACKGROUND

To avoid the overuse of antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acting via cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition, have been used to reduce pain and as an alternative treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). However, clinical studies evaluating NSAIDs versus antibiotics have reported an increased risk of acute pyelonephritis. Therefore, we hypothesized that COX inhibition could compromise the innate immune response and contribute to complications in patients with uncomplicated UTI.

RESULTS

We here demonstrate that in particular COX-2 inhibition led to decreased expression of the antimicrobial peptides psoriasin and human β-defensin-2 in human uroepithelial cells. Psoriasin expression was altered in neutrophils and macrophages. COX-2 inhibition also had impact on the inflammasome mediated IL-1β expression in response to uroepithelial E. coli infection. Further, COX-2 inhibition downregulated free radicals and the epithelial barrier protein claudin 1, favoring infectivity. In addition, conditioned media from COX-2 inhibited uroepithelial cells infected with E. coli failed to activate macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, our data suggests an adverse innate immune effect of COX-2 inhibition on uroepithelial cells during UTI.

Therapeutic health effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale): updated narrative review exploring the mechanisms of action

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been investigated for its potentially therapeutic effect on a range of chronic conditions and symptoms in humans. However, a simplified and easily understandable examination of the mechanisms behind these effects is lacking and, in turn, hinders interpretation and translation to practice, and contributes to overall clinical heterogeneity confounding the results. Therefore, drawing on data from nonhuman trials, the objective for this narrative review was to comprehensively describe the current knowledge on the proposed mechanisms of action of ginger on conferring therapeutic health effects in humans. Mechanistic studies support the findings from human clinical trials that ginger may assist in improving symptoms and biomarkers of pain, metabolic chronic disease, and gastrointestinal conditions. Bioactive ginger compounds reduce inflammation, which contributes to pain; promote vasodilation, which lowers blood pressure; obstruct cholesterol production, which regulates blood lipid profile; translocate glucose transporter type 4 molecules to plasma membranes to assist in glycemic control; stimulate fatty acid breakdown to aid weight management; and inhibit serotonin, muscarinic, and histaminergic receptor activation to reduce nausea and vomiting. Additional human trials are required to confirm the antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antineoplastic, and liver- and kidney-protecting effects of ginger. Interpretation of the mechanisms of action will help clinicians and researchers better understand how and for whom ginger may render therapeutic effects and highlight priority areas for future research.

The Role of Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis

Cancer is a process involving cell mutation, increased proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Over the years, this condition has represented one of the most concerning health problems worldwide due to its significant morbidity and mortality. At present, the incidence of cancer continues to grow exponentially. Thus, it is imperative to open new avenues in cancer research to understand the molecular changes driving DNA transformation, cell-to-cell interaction derangements, and immune system surveillance decay. In this regard, evidence supports the relationship between chronic inflammation and cancer. In light of this, a group of bioactive lipids derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may have a position as novel anti-inflammatory molecules known as the specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), a group of pro-resolutive inflammation agents that could improve the anti-tumor immunity. These molecules have the potential role of chemopreventive and therapeutic agents for various cancer types, and their effects have been documented in the scientific literature. Thus, this review objective centers around understanding the effect of SPMs on carcinogenesis and their potential therapeutic effect.

Crosstalk of Mast Cells and Natural Killer Cells with Neurons in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a major comorbidity of cancer. Multiple clinical interventions have been studied to effectively treat CIPN, but the results have been disappointing, with no or little efficacy. Hence, understanding the pathophysiology of CIPN is critical to improving the quality of life and clinical outcomes of cancer patients. Although various mechanisms of CIPN have been described in neuropathic anti-cancer agents, the neuroinflammatory process involving cytotoxic/proinflammatory immune cells remains underexamined. While mast cells (MCs) and natural killer (NK) cells are the key innate immune compartments implicated in the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathy, their role in CIPN has remained under-appreciated. Moreover, the biology of proinflammatory cytokines associated with MCs and NK cells in CIPN is particularly under-evaluated. In this review, we will focus on the interactions between MCs, NK cells, and neuronal structure and their communications via proinflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6, in peripheral neuropathy in association with tumor immunology. This review will help lay the foundation to investigate MCs, NK cells, and cytokines to advance future therapeutic strategies for CIPN.

Exploring the Potential of Bee-Derived Antioxidants for Maintaining Oral Hygiene and Dental Health: A Comprehensive Review

Honey bee products comprise various compounds, including honey, propolis, royal jelly, bee pollen, bee wax and bee venom, which have long been recognized for their pharmacological and health-promoting benefits. Scientists have discovered that periodontal disorders stem from dental biofilm, an inflammatory response to bacterial overgrowth produced by dysbiosis in the oral microbiome. The bee products have been investigated for their role in prevention of oral diseases, which are attributed to a myriad of biologically active compounds including flavonoids (pinocembrin, catechin, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and galangin), phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, p-coumaric, ellagic, caffeic and ferulic acids) and terpenoids. This review aims to update the current understanding of role of selected bee products, namely, honey, propolis and royal jelly, in preventing oral diseases as well as their potential biological activities and mechanism of action in relation to oral health have been discussed. Furthermore, the safety of incorporation of bee products is also critically discussed. To summarize, bee products could potentially serve as a therapy option for people suffering from a variety of oral disorders.

Comparative Roles of IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-18, 1L-22, IL-33, and IL-37 in Various Cardiovascular Diseases With Potential Insights for Targeted Immunotherapy

In recent years, the study of interleukins (ILs), crucial cytokines involved in immune response and inflammation, has garnered significant attention within the sphere of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The research has provided insights into the involvement of ILs in diverse CVDs, including arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and heart failure (HF). ILs have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for drug interventions through their involvement in disease development and progression. This comprehensive review provides a detailed overview of ILs, elucidating their functions within the immune system and offering insights into their specific contributions to various CVDs. Moreover, the article delves into the examination of current and potential drug therapies that selectively target ILs in the management of CVDs, presenting a comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages associated with these therapeutic approaches. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to investigate the involvement of ILs in CVDs. The relevant articles were searched on PubMed, PubMed Central, Medline, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases. The search encompassed articles published from these databases' inception until July 12, 2023. We first examine generalized aspects of ILs, particularly CVDs. Then, we shift focus towards examining the direct impact of ILs on cardiac cells and tissue; on the immune system and inflammation; endothelial cells and vascular function; and finally, their interactions with other signaling pathways and molecules. Then, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of various ILs. Sequentially, we delve into a comprehensive analysis of the individualized role of each distinct IL in diverse CVDs, examining their specific contributions. Finally, we explore the potential for targeted drug therapy to modulate IL activity, aiming to enhance outcomes for patients burdened with CVD. The objective is the identification of gaps in current knowledge and highlight areas that require further investigation within the context of cardiovascular medicine. Through deepening our comprehension of the intricate involvement of ILs in CVDs and harnessing their potential for targeted drug therapy, novel treatment strategies can be devised, leading to improved patient outcomes in cardiovascular medicine.

Oxidative stress and COVID-19-associated neuronal dysfunction: mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 virus causes novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and there is a possible role for oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases associated with COVID-19. Excessive oxidative stress could be responsible for the thrombosis and other neuronal dysfunctions observed in COVID-19. This review discusses the role of oxidative stress associated with SARS-CoV-2 and the mechanisms involved. Furthermore, the various therapeutics implicated in treating COVID-19 and the oxidative stress that contributes to the etiology and pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced neuronal dysfunction are discussed. Further mechanistic and clinical research to combat COVID-19 is warranted to understand the exact mechanisms, and its true clinical effects need to be investigated to minimize neurological complications from COVID-19.

Benefits of Natural Antioxidants on Oral Health

In recent years, special attention has been paid to the correlation between oxidation-reduction mechanisms and human health. The free radicals produced via physiological cellular biochemical processes are major contributors to oxidation phenomena. Their instability is the major cause of cellular damage. Free radical reactive oxygen species containing oxygen are the best-known ones. The body neutralises the harmful effects of free radicals via the production of endogenous antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and melatonin). The field of study of nutraucetics has found antioxidant capacity in substances such as vitamins A, B, C, E, coenzyme Q-10, selenium, flavonoids, lipoic acid, carotenoids, and lycopene contained in some foods. There are several areas of investigation that aim to research the interaction between reactive oxygen species, exogenous antioxidants, and the microbiota to promote increased protection via the peroxidation of macromolecules (proteins, and lipids) by maintaining a dynamic balance among the species that make up the microbiota. In this scoping review, we aim to map the scientific literature on oxidative stress related to the oral microbiota, and the use of natural antioxidants to counteract it, to assess the volume, nature, characteristics, and type of studies available to date, and to suggest the possible gaps that will emerge from the analysis.