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Fucito M, Spedicato M, Felletti S, Yu AC, Busin M, Pasti L, Franchina FA, Cavazzini A, De Luca C, Catani M. A Look into Ocular Diseases: The Pivotal Role of Omics Sciences in Ophthalmology Research. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2024; 4:247-259. [PMID: 38910860 PMCID: PMC11191728 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Precision medicine is a new medical approach which considers both population characteristics and individual variability to provide customized healthcare. The transition from traditional reactive medicine to personalized medicine is based on a biomarker-driven process and a deep knowledge of biological mechanisms according to which the development of diseases occurs. In this context, the advancements in high-throughput omics technologies represent a unique opportunity to discover novel biomarkers and to provide an unbiased picture of the biological system. One of the medical fields in which omics science has started to be recently applied is that of ophthalmology. Ocular diseases are very common, and some of them could be highly disabling, thus leading to vision loss and blindness. The pathogenic mechanism of most ocular diseases may be dependent on various genetic and environmental factors, whose effect has not been yet completely understood. In this context, large-scale omics approaches are fundamental to have a comprehensive evaluation of the whole system and represent an essential tool for the development of novel therapies. This Review summarizes the recent advancements in omics science applied to ophthalmology in the last ten years, in particular by focusing on proteomics, metabolomics and lipidomics applications from an analytical perspective. The role of high-efficiency separation techniques coupled to (high-resolution) mass spectrometry ((HR)MS) is also discussed, as well as the impact of sampling, sample preparation and data analysis as integrating parts of the analytical workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurine Fucito
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Spedicato
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department
of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Angeli Christy Yu
- Department
of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, via Aldo Moro 8, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Busin
- Department
of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, via Aldo Moro 8, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department
of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Flavio A. Franchina
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Council
for Agricultural Research and Economics, via della Navicella 2/4, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Ponzini E. Tear biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 120:69-115. [PMID: 38762243 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
An extensive exploration of lacrimal fluid molecular biomarkers in understanding and diagnosing a spectrum of ocular and systemic diseases is presented. The chapter provides an overview of lacrimal fluid composition, elucidating the roles of proteins, lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids within the tear film. Pooled versus single-tear analysis is discussed to underline the benefits and challenges associated with both approaches, offering insights into optimal strategies for tear sample analysis. Subsequently, an in-depth analysis of tear collection methods is presented, with a focus on Schirmer's test strips and microcapillary tubes methods. Alternative tear collection techniques are also explored, shedding light on their applicability and advantages. Variability factors, including age, sex, and diurnal fluctuations, are examined in the context of their impact on tear biomarker analysis. The main body of the chapter is dedicated to discussing specific biomarkers associated with ocular discomfort and a wide array of ocular diseases. From dry eye disease and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy to keratoconus, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, the intricate relationship between molecular biomarkers and these conditions is thoroughly dissected. Expanding beyond ocular pathologies, the chapter explores the applicability of tear biomarkers in diagnosing systemic diseases such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. This broader perspective underscores the potential of lacrimal fluid analysis in offering non-invasive diagnostic tools for conditions with far-reaching implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ponzini
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy; COMiB Research Center, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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Krok M, Wróblewska-Czajka E, Łach-Wojnarowicz O, Bronikowska J, Czuba ZP, Wylęgała E, Dobrowolski D. Analysis of Cytokine and Chemokine Level in Tear Film in Keratoconus Patients before and after Corneal Cross-Linking (CXL) Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1052. [PMID: 38256126 PMCID: PMC10816198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is a degenerative corneal disorder whose aetiology remains unknown. The aim of our study was to analyse the expressions of cytokines and chemokines in KC patients before and after specified time intervals after corneal cross-linking (CXL) treatment to better understand the molecular mechanisms occurring before and after CXL in KC patients process of corneal regeneration.; Tear samples were gathered from 52 participants immediately after the CXL procedure and during the 12-month follow-up period. All patients underwent a detailed ophthalmological examination and tear samples were collected before and after CXL at regular intervals: 1 day before and after the surgery, at the day 7 visit, and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after CXL. The control group consisted of 20 healthy people. 10 patients were women (50%) and 10 were men (50%). The mean age was 30 ± 3 years of age. Tear analysis was performed using the Bio-Plex 3D Suspension Array System. Corneal topography parameters measured by Scheimpflug Camera included: keratometry values (Ks, Kf), PI-Apex, PI-Thinnest, Cylinder.; All the 12 months post-op values of the KC patients' topographic measurements were significantly lower than the pre-op. As for the tear cytokine levels comparison between the patient and control groups, cytokine levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL-10, among others, were detected in lower amounts in the KC group. The pre-op level of IL-6 exhibited a significant increase the day after CXL, whereas comparing the day after the procedure to 12 months after CXL, this showed a significant decrease. Both TNF-α and IL-1 showed a significant decrease compared to the day before and after CXL. We observed significantly higher levels of IL-1β, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α in moderate and severe keratoconus than in mild keratoconus (p < 0.05). We also demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation between both pre-op and 12 months after CXL TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and Ks and Kf values (p < 0.05, r > 0); Alterations of inflammatory mediators in tear fluid after CXL link with topographic changes and may contribute to the development and progression of KC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krok
- Chair and Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Panewnicka 65 Street, 40-760 Katowice, Poland (E.W.-C.); (E.W.); (D.D.)
- Ophthalmology of Department, District Railway Hospital, 65 Panewnicka Street, 40-760 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Wróblewska-Czajka
- Chair and Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Panewnicka 65 Street, 40-760 Katowice, Poland (E.W.-C.); (E.W.); (D.D.)
- Ophthalmology of Department, District Railway Hospital, 65 Panewnicka Street, 40-760 Katowice, Poland
| | - Olga Łach-Wojnarowicz
- Chair and Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Panewnicka 65 Street, 40-760 Katowice, Poland (E.W.-C.); (E.W.); (D.D.)
| | - Joanna Bronikowska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (J.B.); (Z.P.C.)
| | - Zenon P. Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (J.B.); (Z.P.C.)
| | - Edward Wylęgała
- Chair and Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Panewnicka 65 Street, 40-760 Katowice, Poland (E.W.-C.); (E.W.); (D.D.)
- Ophthalmology of Department, District Railway Hospital, 65 Panewnicka Street, 40-760 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Dobrowolski
- Chair and Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Panewnicka 65 Street, 40-760 Katowice, Poland (E.W.-C.); (E.W.); (D.D.)
- Ophthalmology of Department, District Railway Hospital, 65 Panewnicka Street, 40-760 Katowice, Poland
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Böhm EW, Buonfiglio F, Voigt AM, Bachmann P, Safi T, Pfeiffer N, Gericke A. Oxidative stress in the eye and its role in the pathophysiology of ocular diseases. Redox Biol 2023; 68:102967. [PMID: 38006824 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs through an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant defense mechanisms of cells. The eye is particularly exposed to oxidative stress because of its permanent exposure to light and due to several structures having high metabolic activities. The anterior part of the eye is highly exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and possesses a complex antioxidant defense system to protect the retina from UV radiation. The posterior part of the eye exhibits high metabolic rates and oxygen consumption leading subsequently to a high production rate of ROS. Furthermore, inflammation, aging, genetic factors, and environmental pollution, are all elements promoting ROS generation and impairing antioxidant defense mechanisms and thereby representing risk factors leading to oxidative stress. An abnormal redox status was shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of various ocular diseases in the anterior and posterior segment of the eye. In this review, we aim to summarize the mechanisms of oxidative stress in ocular diseases to provide an updated understanding on the pathogenesis of common diseases affecting the ocular surface, the lens, the retina, and the optic nerve. Moreover, we discuss potential therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing oxidative stress in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Wilma Böhm
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Francesco Buonfiglio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Voigt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Bachmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tarek Safi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Adrian Gericke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Shetty R, Mahendran K, Joshi PD, Jeyabalan N, Jayadev C, Das D. Corneal stromal regeneration-keratoconus cell therapy: a review. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:3051-3065. [PMID: 37074409 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratoconus is a corneal ectatic disease caused by stromal thinning leading to astigmatism and progressive loss of vision. Loss of the keratocytes and excessive degradation of collagen fibres by matrix metalloproteinases are the molecular signatures of the disease. Despite several limitations, corneal collagen cross-linking and keratoplasty are the most widely used treatment options for keratoconus. In the pursuit of alternative treatment modalities, clinician scientists have explored cell therapy paradigms for treating the condition. METHODS Articles pertaining to keratoconus cell therapy with relevant key words were used to search in PubMed, Researchgate, and Google Scholar. The articles were selected based on their relevance, reliability, publication year, published journal, and accessibility. RESULTS Various cellular abnormalities have been reported in keratoconus. Diverse cell types such as mesenchymal stromal cells, dental pulp cells, bone marrow stem cells, haematopoietic stem cells, adipose-derived stem cells apart from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells can be used for keratoconus cell therapy. The results obtained show that there is a potential for these cells from various sources as a viable treatment option. CONCLUSION There is a need for consensus with respect to the source of cells, mode of delivery, stage of disease, and duration of follow-up, to establish a standard operating protocol. This would eventually widen the cell therapy options for corneal ectatic diseases beyond keratoconus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Shetty
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Krithikaa Mahendran
- Stem Cell Research Lab, GROW Lab, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Parth D Joshi
- Stem Cell Research Lab, GROW Lab, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Chaitra Jayadev
- Department of Vitreo-Retina, Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Debashish Das
- Stem Cell Research Lab, GROW Lab, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India.
- Stem Cell Lab, GROW Lab, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Narayana Health City, 258/A Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bangalore, 560099, Karnataka, India.
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Metabolomics in Corneal Diseases: A Narrative Review from Clinical Aspects. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030380. [PMID: 36984820 PMCID: PMC10055016 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal pathologies may have subtle manifestations in the initial stages, delaying diagnosis and timely treatment. This can lead to irreversible visual loss. Metabolomics is a rapidly developing field that allows the study of metabolites in a system, providing a complementary tool in the early diagnosis and management of corneal diseases. Early identification of biomarkers is key to prevent disease progression. The advancement of nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry allows the identification of new biomarkers in the analysis of tear, cornea, and aqueous humor. Novel perspectives on disease mechanisms are identified, which provide vital information for potential targeted therapies in the future. Current treatments are analyzed at a molecular level to offer further information regarding their efficacy. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the metabolomic studies undertaken in the cornea and various pathologies such as dry eye disease, Sjogren’s syndrome, keratoconus, post-refractive surgery, contact lens wearers, and diabetic corneas. Lastly, we discuss the exciting future that metabolomics plays in cornea research.
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New insight of metabolomics in ocular diseases in the context of 3P medicine. EPMA J 2023; 14:53-71. [PMID: 36866159 PMCID: PMC9971428 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-023-00313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics refers to the high-through untargeted or targeted screening of metabolites in biofluids, cells, and tissues. Metabolome reflects the functional states of cells and organs of an individual, influenced by genes, RNA, proteins, and environment. Metabolomic analyses help to understand the interaction between metabolism and phenotype and reveal biomarkers for diseases. Advanced ocular diseases can lead to vision loss and blindness, reducing patients' quality of life and aggravating socio-economic burden. Contextually, the transition from reactive medicine to the predictive, preventive, and personalized (PPPM / 3P) medicine is needed. Clinicians and researchers dedicate a lot of efforts to explore effective ways for disease prevention, biomarkers for disease prediction, and personalized treatments, by taking advantages of metabolomics. In this way, metabolomics has great clinical utility in the primary and secondary care. In this review, we summarized much progress achieved by applying metabolomics to ocular diseases and pointed out potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways involved to promote 3P medicine approach in healthcare.
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Ludi Z, Sule AA, Samy RP, Putera I, Schrijver B, Hutchinson PE, Gunaratne J, Verma I, Singhal A, Nora RLD, van Hagen PM, Dik WA, Gupta V, Agrawal R. Diagnosis and biomarkers for ocular tuberculosis: From the present into the future. Theranostics 2023; 13:2088-2113. [PMID: 37153734 PMCID: PMC10157737 DOI: 10.7150/thno.81488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and can manifest both pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease, including ocular tuberculosis (OTB). Accurate diagnosis and swift optimal treatment initiation for OTB is faced by many challenges combined with the lack of standardized treatment regimens this results in uncertain OTB outcomes. The purpose of this study is to summarize existing diagnostic approaches and recently discovered biomarkers that may contribute to establishing OTB diagnosis, choice of anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) regimen, and treatment monitoring. The keywords ocular tuberculosis, tuberculosis, Mycobacterium, biomarkers, molecular diagnosis, multi-omics, proteomics, genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, T-lymphocytes profiling were searched on PubMed and MEDLINE databases. Articles and books published with at least one of the keywords were included and screened for relevance. There was no time limit for study inclusion. More emphasis was placed on recent publications that contributed new information about the pathogenesis, diagnosis, or treatment of OTB. We excluded abstracts and articles that were not written in the English language. References cited within the identified articles were used to further supplement the search. We found 10 studies evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), and 6 studies evaluating that of tuberculin skin test (TST) in OTB patients. IGRA (Sp = 71-100%, Se = 36-100%) achieves overall better sensitivity and specificity than TST (Sp = 51.1-85.7%; Se = 70.9-98.5%). For nuclear acid amplification tests (NAAT), we found 7 studies on uniplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with different Mtb targets, 7 studies on DNA-based multiplex PCR, 1 study on mRNA-based multiplex PCR, 4 studies on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay with different Mtb targets, 3 studies on GeneXpert assay, 1 study on GeneXpert Ultra assay and 1 study for MTBDRplus assay for OTB. Specificity is overall improved but sensitivity is highly variable for NAATs (excluding uniplex PCR, Sp = 50-100%; Se = 10.5-98%) as compared to IGRA. We also found 3 transcriptomic studies, 6 proteomic studies, 2 studies on stimulation assays, 1 study on intraocular protein analysis and 1 study on T-lymphocyte profiling in OTB patients. All except 1 study evaluated novel, previously undiscovered biomarkers. Only 1 study has been externally validated by a large independent cohort. Future theranostic marker discovery by a multi-omics approach is essential to deepen pathophysiological understanding of OTB. Combined these might result in swift, optimal and personalized treatment regimens to modulate the heterogeneous mechanisms of OTB. Eventually, these studies could improve the current cumbersome diagnosis and management of OTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Ludi
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ashita Ashish Sule
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ramar Perumal Samy
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ikhwanuliman Putera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - CiptoMangunkusmoKirana Eye Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, ErasmusMC, UniversityMedical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Schrijver
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, ErasmusMC, UniversityMedical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Edward Hutchinson
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Singhal
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University of Singapore, Singapore
- A*SATR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rina La Distia Nora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - CiptoMangunkusmoKirana Eye Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, ErasmusMC, UniversityMedical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- University of Indonesia Hospital (RSUI), Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - P. Martin van Hagen
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, ErasmusMC, UniversityMedical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem A Dik
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, ErasmusMC, UniversityMedical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vishali Gupta
- Advanced Eye Centre, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University of Singapore, Singapore
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- ✉ Corresponding author: A/Prof (Dr) Rupesh Agrawal, Senior Consultant, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433,
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Hefley BS, Deighan C, Vasini B, Khan A, Hjortdal J, Riaz KM, Liu Y, Karamichos D. Revealing the presence of tear extracellular vesicles in Keratoconus. Exp Eye Res 2022; 224:109242. [PMID: 36084727 PMCID: PMC10159047 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound vesicles that originate from the endosomal system or budded off from the plasma membrane. EVs are involved in cell-cell communication via transporting DNA, RNA, and proteins from one cell to another. Tear EVs (tEVs) have been reported in dry eye, Sjӧgren's Syndrome, and primary open-angle glaucoma. In this study, we sought to investigate the presence of tEVs in relation to keratoconus (KC). Tears were passively collected from the lateral meniscus from 10 healthy (5 males and 5 females) and 9 KC (4 males and 5 females) subjects. Tear samples were processed and analyzed using the ExoView™ R100. Statistical analysis was performed using a Mann-Whitney U non-parametric Student's t-test. All tEVs, in both Healthy and KC subjects, showed a CD9+ dominant tEV cohort independent of sex. A significant decrease in CD63+/CD9+ and CD63+/CD81+/CD9+ was found in the male KC tEVs (p < 0.05), but not in females compared to their healthy counterparts. Neither Healthy nor KC tEVs showed differences in the total number of tEVs, however significant differences were identified between the sexes (p < 0.05), with males having a higher number of tEVs. tEVs diameters ranged from 50 to 200 nm, in both Healthy and KC cohorts, with the majority in the 50-80 nm range suggesting exosome-dominant cohorts. To our knowledge, this is the first time, to date, that tEVs have been isolated and characterized in KCs. While further studies are warranted, the tEVs differences between KC and Healthy subjects suggest a potential role for tEVs in KC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna S Hefley
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | | | - Brenda Vasini
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Asher Khan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jesper Hjortdal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 167, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Kamran M Riaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
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Single-cell atlas of keratoconus corneas revealed aberrant transcriptional signatures and implicated mechanical stretch as a trigger for keratoconus pathogenesis. Cell Discov 2022; 8:66. [PMID: 35821117 PMCID: PMC9276680 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus is a common ectatic corneal disorder in adolescents and young adults that can lead to progressive visual impairment or even legal blindness. Despite the high prevalence, its etiology is not fully understood. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) analysis on 39,214 cells from central corneas of patients with keratoconus and healthy individuals, to define the involvement of each cell type during disease progression. We confirmed the central role of corneal stromal cells in this disease, where dysregulation of collagen and extracellular matrix (ECM) occurred. Differential gene expression and histological analyses revealed two potential novel markers for keratoconus stromal cells, namely CTSD and CTSK. Intriguingly, we detected elevated levels of YAP1 and TEAD1, the master regulators of biomechanical homeostasis, in keratoconus stromal cells. Cyclical mechanical experiments implicated the mechanical stretch in prompting protease production in corneal stromal cells during keratoconus progression. In the epithelial cells of keratoconus corneas, we observed reduced basal cells and abnormally differentiated superficial cells, unraveling the corneal epithelial lesions that were usually neglected in clinical diagnosis. In addition, several elevated cytokines in immune cells of keratoconus samples supported the involvement of inflammatory response in the progression of keratoconus. Finally, we revealed the dysregulated cell-cell communications in keratoconus, and found that only few ligand-receptor interactions were gained but a large fraction of interactional pairs was erased in keratoconus, especially for those related to protease inhibition and anti-inflammatory process. Taken together, this study facilitates the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying keratoconus pathogenesis, providing insights into keratoconus diagnosis and potential interventions.
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11
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Stachon T, Nastaranpour M, Seitz B, Meese E, Latta L, Taneri S, Ardjomand N, Szentmáry N, Ludwig N. Altered Regulation of mRNA and miRNA Expression in Epithelial and Stromal Tissue of Keratoconus Corneas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:7. [PMID: 35816043 PMCID: PMC9284461 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.8.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Evaluation of mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression in epithelium and stroma of patients with keratoconus. Methods The epithelium and stroma of eight corneas of eight patients with keratoconus and eight corneas of eight non-keratoconus healthy controls were studied separately. RNA was extracted, and mRNA and miRNA analyses were performed using microarrays. Differentially expressed mRNAs and miRNAs in epithelial and stromal keratoconus samples compared to healthy controls were identified. Selected genes and miRNAs were further validated using RT-qPCR. Results We discovered 170 epithelial and 1498 stromal deregulated protein-coding mRNAs in KC samples. In addition, in epithelial samples 180 miRNAs and in stromal samples 379 miRNAs were significantly deregulated more than twofold compared to controls. Pathway analysis revealed enrichment of metabolic and axon guidance pathways for epithelial cells and enrichment of metabolic, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and focal adhesion pathways for stromal cells. Conclusions This study demonstrates significant differences in the expression and regulation of mRNAs and miRNAs in the epithelium and stroma of Patients with KC. Also, in addition to the well-known target candidates, we were able to identify further genes and miRNAs that may be associated with keratoconus. Signaling pathways influencing metabolic changes and cell contacts are affected in epithelial and stromal cells of patients with keratoconus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Stachon
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Mahsa Nastaranpour
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Berthold Seitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Eckart Meese
- Department of Human Genetics and Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Lorenz Latta
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Suphi Taneri
- Center for Refractive Surgery, Eye Department at St. Francis Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Nóra Szentmáry
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Homburg (Saar), Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nicole Ludwig
- Department of Human Genetics and Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany
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12
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Amit C, Ghose V, Narayanan J, Padmanabhan P, Sathe G, Elchuri S. Phosphoprotein network analysis of corneal epithelium of Keratoconus patients. Proteomics 2022; 22:e2100416. [PMID: 35776780 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is non-inflammatory, bilateral progressive corneal ectasia, and a disease of established biomechanical instability. The etiology of KC is believed to be multifactorial. Although previous studies gained insight into the understanding of the disease, little is known thus far on global protein phosphorylation changes in Keratoconus. We performed phosphoproteome analysis of corneal epithelium from control (n = 5) and KC patients. Tandem mass tag (TMT) multiplexing technology along with immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) were used for the phosphopeptides enrichment and quantitation. Enriched peptides were analyzed on Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer. This leads to the identification of 2939 unique phosphopeptides derived from 1270 proteins. We observed significant differential phosphorylation of 591 phosphopeptides corresponding to 375 proteins. Our results provide first phosphoproteomic signature of the Keratoconus disease and identified dysregulated signalling pathways that can be targeted for therapy in future studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatterjee Amit
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Vivek Ghose
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jankiraman Narayanan
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Prema Padmanabhan
- Department of Cornea, Medical Research Foundation Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Gajanan Sathe
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sailaja Elchuri
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya Campus, Chennai, India
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13
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Biochemistry of human tear film: A review. Exp Eye Res 2022; 220:109101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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de Barros MRM, Chakravarti S. Pathogenesis of keratoconus: NRF2-antioxidant, extracellular matrix and cellular dysfunctions. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109062. [PMID: 35385756 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is a degenerative disease associated with cell and extracellular matrix (ECM) loss that causes gradual thinning and steepening of the cornea and loss of vision. Collagen cross linking with ultraviolet light treatment can strengthen the ECM and delay weakening of the cornea, but severe cases require corneal transplantation. KC is multifactorial and multigenic, but its pathophysiology is still an enigma. Multiple approaches are being pursued to elucidate the molecular changes that underlie the corneal phenotype to identify relevant genes for tailored candidate searches and to develop potential biomarkers and targets for therapeutic interventions. Recent proteomic and transcriptomic studies suggest dysregulations in oxidative stress, NRF2-regulated antioxidant programs, WNT-signaling, TGF-β, ECM and matrix metalloproteinases. This review aims to provide a broad update on the transcriptomic and proteomic studies of KC with a focus on findings that relate to oxidative stress, and dysregulations in cellular and extracellular matrix functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NY, 10016, USA.
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15
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Fast and Sensitive Quantification of AccQ-Tag Derivatized Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines by UHPLC-UV Analysis from Complex Biological Samples. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030272. [PMID: 35323715 PMCID: PMC8949038 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic analysis of different body fluids bears high importance in medical sciences. Our aim was to develop and validate a fast UHPLC-UV method for the analysis of 33 amino acids and biogenic amines from complex biological samples. AccQ-Tag derivatization was conducted on target molecules and the derivatized targets were analyzed by UHPLC-UV. The detection of the analytes was carried out with UV analysis and by Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM)-based targeted mass spectrometry. The method was validated according to the FDA guidelines. Serum and non-stimulated tear samples were collected from five healthy individuals and the samples were analyzed by the method. The method was successfully validated with appropriate accuracy and precision for all 33 biomolecules. A total of 29 analytes were detected in serum samples and 26 of them were quantified. In the tears, 30 amino acids and biogenic amines were identified and 20 of them were quantified. The developed and validated UHPLC-UV method enables the fast and precise analysis of amino acids and biogenic amines from complex biological samples.
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Lasagni Vitar RM, Bonelli F, Rama P, Ferrari G. Nutritional and Metabolic Imbalance in Keratoconus. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040913. [PMID: 35215563 PMCID: PMC8876314 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is a progressive corneal degeneration characterized by structural changes consisting of progressive thinning and steepening of the cornea. These alterations result in biomechanical weakening and, clinically, in vision loss. While the etiology of KC has been the object of study for over a century, no single agent has been found. Recent reviews suggest that KC is a multifactorial disease that is associated with a wide variety of genetic and environmental factors. While KC is typically considered a disease of the cornea, associations with systemic conditions have been well described over the years. In particular, nutritional and metabolic imbalance, such as the redox status, hormones, metabolites, and micronutrients (vitamins and metal ions), can deeply influence KC initiation and progression. In this paper, we comprehensively review the different nutritional (vitamins and minerals) and metabolic (hormones and metabolites) factors that are altered in KC, discussing their possible implication in the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giulio Ferrari
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-26436186; Fax: +39-02-26436164
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17
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Wang H, Li S, Wang C, Wang Y, Fang J, Liu K. Plasma and Vitreous Metabolomics Profiling of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:17. [PMID: 35133401 PMCID: PMC8842420 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the differences of metabolites and metabolic pathways between patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and without diabetes (nondiabetic controls) in plasma and vitreous, respectively, and to characterize the relationship between plasma and vitreous metabolic profiles. Methods Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry technology was performed to distinct metabolite profiles of plasma and vitreous. A total of 139 plasma samples from 88 patients with PDR and 51 nondiabetic controls, as well as 74 vitreous samples from 51 patients with PDR and 23 nondiabetic controls, were screened. Pathway analysis was performed using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. Pearson correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation of metabolites in vitreous and plasma. Results After adjusting for age, fasting blood glucose, and urea, in vitreous metabolomes, a total of 76 features distinguished patients with PDR from controls. Fifteen differential metabolites were found in plasma metabolites. Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis was the common metabolic pathway altered in both plasma and vitreous. Aromatic amino acid metabolism pathways were dysregulated in vitreous of PDR. For four metabolic features, there were positive correlations between vitreous and plasma. Conclusions Despite great differences between the metabolic profiles of plasma and vitreous in PDR cases, there are also similarities in the change of metabolites and metabolic pathways. Exploring the relationship of metabolomics between vitreous and plasma may help provide new understanding of the mechanism of PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, and Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chingyi Wang
- Shanghai Runer Ophthalmology Clinic Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, and Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Junwei Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, and Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, and Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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18
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Khanna RK, Catanese S, Emond P, Corcia P, Blasco H, Pisella PJ. Metabolomics and lipidomics approaches in human tears: A systematic review. Surv Ophthalmol 2022; 67:1229-1243. [PMID: 35093405 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human tear film is at the interface between the ocular surface and the external environment. Although investigation has been hindered by its small volume, improvements in preanalytical and analytical methods have allowed the omics approach to represent an innovative biomarker search strategy. There is still a significant lack of standardization, representing a barrier for performing between-studies comparisons and transferring experimental findings into clinical use and trials. We summarize the preanalytical and analytical procedures, describe the biomarkers that can be found using the metabo-lipidomics approach, and provide our expert opinion for omics investigations in human tears. For this systematic review of 38 studies, we searched PubMed by combining Boolean operators with the following keywords: tear, metabolomic, lipidomic, -omics. The human tear metabo-lipidome has been well-characterized in normal individuals using high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Lipid and metabolite profiles were influenced by ocular (e.g. dry eye disorders; Meibomian gland dysfunction; contact lens wear; glaucoma; keratoconus; pterygium) and systemic conditions (e.g. multiple sclerosis). Investigating the tear metabo-lipidome could improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of both ocular and systemic diseases, but also provide diagnostic as well as prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul K Khanna
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bretonneau University Hospital of Tours, France; UMR 1253, iBrain, Tours, Centre-Val de Loire, France
| | - Sophie Catanese
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bretonneau University Hospital of Tours, France; UMR 1253, iBrain, Tours, Centre-Val de Loire, France
| | - Patrick Emond
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Tours, Centre-Val de Loire, France; CHRU Tours, Nuclear medicine in vitro department, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Corcia
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Tours, Centre-Val de Loire, France; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, CHRU Tours, France
| | - Hélène Blasco
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Tours, Centre-Val de Loire, France; CHRU Tours, Biochemistry and molecular biology department, Tours, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Pisella
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bretonneau University Hospital of Tours, France.
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Stachon T, Latta L, Seitz B, Szentmáry N. Different mRNA expression patterns in keratoglobus and pellucid marginal degeneration keratocytes. Exp Eye Res 2021; 213:108804. [PMID: 34756941 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alike keratoconus (KC), keratoglobus (KG) and pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD) belong to ectatic corneal diseases. While there are numerous studies on keratoconus pathophysiology, there is no exact knowledge on genetic and pathophysiological background of KG and PMD, so far. It is not yet clarified, whether KG and PMD are independent clinical entities or represent different stages of the same disease. Our purpose was to investigate key parameters concerning collagen synthesis, intracellular LOX expression and inflammation in corneal stromal cells of KG and PMD subjects, in vitro. METHODS Normal human keratocytes of corneas from the LIONS Cornea Bank Saar-Lor-Lux, Trier/Westpfalz and human keratocytes of KG and PMD patients were isolated and cultured as keratocytes. To examine Collagen I and V (Col I, Col V), heat shock protein 47 (Hsp47), Lysyl Oxidase (LOX), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) mRNA and protein expression in all cell types, quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis has been performed. RESULTS Col5A1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in KG and PMD keratocytes and LOX mRNA expression was significantly higher in KG-keratocytes, compared to controls. Col1A1, Hsp47 and NF-κB mRNA expression and the analyzed protein expressions did not differ from controls, in KG or PMD. CONCLUSIONS Col5A1 mRNA expression is decreased in KG and PMD and LOX mRNA expression is increased in KG. Therefore, the pathophysiology of KG and PMD differs from KC and these seem to be from KC independent entities. The explanation of the peripheral corneal thinning in KG and PMD must be investigated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Stachon
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Lorenz Latta
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Berthold Seitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Nóra Szentmáry
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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20
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Navel V, Malecaze J, Pereira B, Baker JS, Malecaze F, Sapin V, Chiambaretta F, Dutheil F. Oxidative and antioxidative stress markers in keratoconus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:e777-e794. [PMID: 33354927 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the levels of oxidative stress markers and antioxidants in keratoconus compared to healthy subject. METHOD The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases were searched on 1st June 2020 for studies reporting oxidative and antioxidative stress markers in keratoconus and healthy controls. Main meta-analysis was stratified by type of biomarkers, type of samples (tears, cornea, aqueous humour and blood) and type of corneal samples (stromal cells, epithelium and endothelium). RESULTS We included 36 articles, for a total of 1328 keratoconus patients and 1208 healthy controls. There is an overall increase in oxidative stress markers in keratoconus compared with healthy controls (standard mean deviation (SMD) = 0.94, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.55-1.33), with a significant increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (1.09, 0.41-1.78) and malondialdehyde (1.78, 0.83-2.73). There is an overall decrease in antioxidants in keratoconus compared with healthy controls (-0.63, -0.89 to -0.36), with a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity/status (-1.65, -2.88 to -0.43), aldehyde/NADPH dehydrogenase (-0.77, -1.38 to -0.17), lactoferrin/transferrin/albumin (-1.92, -2.96 to -0.89) and selenium/zinc (-1.42, -2.23 to -0.61). Oxidative stress markers were higher in tears and in cornea of keratoconus than in aqueous humour, and antioxidants were decreased in tears, aqueous humour and blood without difference between sample type. Oxidative stress markers increased in stromal cells and antioxidants decreased in endothelium. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress markers and antioxidants were dysregulated in keratoconus, involving an imbalance of redox homeostasis in tears, cornea, aqueous humour and blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Navel
- Ophthalmology CHU Clermont‐Ferrand University Hospital of Clermont‐Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
- Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team CNRS UMR 6293 INSERM U1103 Université Clermont Auvergne Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Jean Malecaze
- Ophthalmology CHU Clermont‐Ferrand University Hospital of Clermont‐Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
- Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team CNRS UMR 6293 INSERM U1103 Université Clermont Auvergne Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Clinical Research and Innovation Direction CHU Clermont–Ferrand University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong Hong Kong
| | - François Malecaze
- Ophthalmology Department Pierre‐Paul Riquet Hospital University Hospital of Toulouse Toulouse France
| | - Vincent Sapin
- Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team CNRS UMR 6293 INSERM U1103 Université Clermont Auvergne Clermont‐Ferrand France
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology CHU Clermont‐Ferrand University Hospital of Clermont‐Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Frédéric Chiambaretta
- Ophthalmology CHU Clermont‐Ferrand University Hospital of Clermont‐Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
- Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD) Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team CNRS UMR 6293 INSERM U1103 Université Clermont Auvergne Clermont‐Ferrand France
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- Preventive and Occupational Medicine CNRS, LaPSCo Physiological and Psychosocial Stress CHU Clermont‐Ferrand Université Clermont Auvergne University Hospital of Clermont‐Ferrand Clermont‐Ferrand France
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Identification of potential serum metabolic biomarkers for patient with keratoconus using untargeted metabolomics approach. Exp Eye Res 2021; 211:108734. [PMID: 34428458 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the metabolite differences between patients with keratoconus and control subjects and identify potential serum biomarkers for keratoconus using a non-targeted metabolomics approach. Venous blood samples were obtained from patients with keratoconus (n = 20) as well as from age-, gender- and race-matched control subjects (n = 20). Metabolites extracted from serum were separated and analyzed by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Processing of raw data and analysis of the data files was performed using Agilent Mass Hunter Qualitative software. The identified metabolites were subjected to a principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis. Appropriate statistical tests were used to analyze the metabolomic profiling data. Together, the analysis revealed that the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate from the steroidal hormone synthesis pathway was significantly upregulated in patients with keratoconus (p < 0.05). Also, a combination of eicosanoids from the arachidonic acid pathway, mainly prostaglandin F2α, prostaglandin A2, 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2, and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid were collectively up-regulated as a group in keratoconus patients (p < 0.05). On the other hand, glycerophospholipid PS(17:2(9Z,12Z)/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)) was found to be significantly upregulated in the metabolomics profiles of control subjects (p < 0.05). The differently regulated metabolites provide insights into the pathophysiology of keratoconus and could potentially be used as biomarkers for keratoconus to aid in screening for individuals at risk hence, enabling early diagnosis and timely monitoring of disease.
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22
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Age-related differences in corneal nerve regeneration after SMILE and the mechanism revealed by metabolomics. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108665. [PMID: 34118276 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of age on wound healing after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and the underlying metabolomic mechanisms. METHODS This prospective study was conducted on 216 patients in four groups: the 18-20 (n = 38, Group I), 21-30 (n = 84, Group Ⅱ), 31-40 (n = 58, Group Ⅲ), and 41-50 (n = 36, Group IV) age groups. The density of corneal epithelial wing cells, basal cells, corneal stromal cells, endothelial cells and corneal nerves were examined with a laser confocal microscope (HRT III-RCM) before and 1 month, 3 month, 6 month and 1 year after SMILE. The central nerve fiber length (CNFL), the central corneal nerve fibre density (CNFD), and the central corneal nerve branch density (CNBD) were analyzed by Nero J. The corneal stroma lenticules were obtained from SMILE to analyze metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS). RESULTS The density of corneal wing epithelial cells and basal epithelial cells have no significant difference among the four groups. The CNFL was 21.90 ± 1.68 mm/mm2 in Group Ⅰ and 21.63 ± 2.09 mm/mm2 in Group Ⅱ after 1 year of SMILE, which represented a return to the preoperative level, whereas the CNFL of Group Ⅲ (19.40 ± 0.98 mm/mm2) and Group Ⅳ (18.94 ± 0.72 mm/mm2) were lower than that preoperation (P ˂0.01). CNFL repair had a negative correlation with age after surgery (Pearson's R = -0.572, P ˂0.01). The CNFD and the CNBD showed the same trend with the CNFL (Pearson's R = -0.602 and -0.531, P ˂0.05). Through screening the significantly different metabolites between the 18-30 age group (including Group I and Group Ⅱ) and other two groups, 6 common remarkably different metabolites were identified. Meanwhile, 5 unique different metabolites were identified only between the 18-30 age group and the 31-40 age group. Six unique different metabolites were identified only between the 18-30 age group and the 41-50 age group. CONCLUSION Corneal nerve repair after SMILE was significantly affected by age. The identified age-associated differences in metabolites were mainly related to inflammation, oxidation, nerve protection and regeneration.
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Determination of copper by AAS in tear fluid of patients with keratoconus. Anal Biochem 2021; 623:114174. [PMID: 33766579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is the most common degenerative corneal disease and no single biomarker for KC has been discovered. Its causes have not yet been clarified and this work aims to be a contribution to the deepening of the knowledge of this disease and a preliminary data to the evaluation of the possibility of the use of copper (Cu) concentration in the tear fluid as a specific marker. A tear fluid sampling and Cu determination by spectrometric atomic absorption method was optimized to determine Cu levels in the tear fluid of patients with KC compared to that of healthy patients. Results demonstrate that in the KC subjects (n = 6) the concentration of Cu ions was 325.5 ± 110.7 ng/ml, while in the control group was 141.3 ± 71.1 ng/ml. A significant increase in Cu ion levels in the tear fluid was observed in the KC group compared to the control group (p value < 0.001).
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NF-κB, iNOS, IL-6, and collagen 1 and 5 expression in healthy and keratoconus corneal fibroblasts after 0.1% riboflavin UV-A illumination. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:1225-1234. [PMID: 33443628 PMCID: PMC8102285 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-05058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the effect of riboflavin UV-A illumination on mRNA and protein expression of healthy (HCFs) and keratoconus human corneal fibroblasts (KC-HCFs), concerning the inflammatory markers NF-κB, iNOS, IL-6, and collagen 1 and 5 (Col 1/Col 5). Methods Keratocytes were isolated from healthy (n = 3) and keratoconus (KC) corneas (n = 3) and were cultivated in basal medium with 5% fetal calf serum, which resulted in their transformation into human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs/KC-HCFs). Cells underwent 0.1% riboflavin UV-A illumination for 250 s (CXL). NF-κB, iNOS, IL-6, Col 1, and Col 5 expression was investigated by qPCR and Western blot analysis. IL-6 concentration of the cell culture supernatant and cell lysate was determined by ELISA. Results In untreated KC-HCFs, NF-κB (p = 0.0002), iNOS (p = 0.0019), Col 1 (p = 0.0286), and Col 5 (p = 0.0054) mRNA expression was higher and IL-6 expression was lower (p = 0.0057), than in healthy controls. In HCFs, CXL led to an increased NF-κB (p = 0.0286) and IL-6 (p = 0.0057) mRNA expression. The IL-6 concentration in the cell culture supernatant was increased in HCFs (p = 0.0485) and KC-HCFs (p = 0.0485) after CXL. CXL increased intracellular IL-6 concentration only in KC-HCFs (p = 0.0357). In the HCF group (p = 0.0286), an increased Col 1 mRNA expression after CXL could be observed. Conclusion Our study confirmed altered gene expression in untreated KC-HCFs compared to untreated HCFs. Riboflavin UV-A illumination affected gene expression only in HCFs. Increased IL-6 concentration in the cell culture supernatant and cell lysate indicate a secondary inflammatory response of HCFs and KC-HCFs to riboflavin UV-A illumination.
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Xu H, Huang L, Jin E, Liang Z, Zhao M. Plasma metabolomic profiling of central serous chorioretinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2020; 203:108401. [PMID: 33326810 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Our study aimed to investigate metabolites alterations in the blood plasma of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) patients and to identify the key biomarkers to increase the understanding of the mechanism of CSC at the molecular level. Quantitative and targeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LCMS, Biocrates P500) assays were performed on plasma samples from the 42 subjects(CSC patients = 30, control = 12) enrolled at the Department of Ophthalmology of People's Hospital Peking University. A total of 61 altered metabolites were distinguished between CSC patients and controls. Taurine was selected as a candidate biomarker for CSC among 6 potential metobolites: taurine, glutamic acid, sarcosine, lactic acid, glutamine and C18_1. The P values of these potential metabolites were 1.01E-06, 7.35E-08, 1.27E-24, and 1.85E-10, 1.02E-05 and 8.59E-08, and the areas under the curve for them were 0.926, 0.991, 1.000, 0.900, 0.897 and 0.841, respectively. This study is the first to identify that taurine may be a biologically relevant biomarker for CSC and to provide a novel understanding of CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retina and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Centre, China.
| | - Lvzhen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retina and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Centre, China.
| | - Enzhong Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retina and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Centre, China
| | - Zhiqiao Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retina and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Centre, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retina and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Centre, China.
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Stachon T, Latta L, Seitz B, Szentmáry N. Hypoxic stress increases NF-κB and iNOS mRNA expression in normal, but not in keratoconus corneal fibroblasts. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 259:449-458. [PMID: 32886165 PMCID: PMC7843574 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Keratoconus (KC) is associated with oxidative stress and hypoxia and as several times discussed, potentially with inflammatory components. Inflammation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress may result in metabolic dysfunction and are directly linked to each other. In the current study, we investigate the effect of hypoxia through NF-κB signaling pathways on iNOS, hypoxia-induced factors (HIF), ROS, and proliferation of normal and KC human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs), in vitro. Methods Primary human KC-HCFs and normal HCFs were isolated and cultured in DMEM/Ham’s F12 medium supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum. Hypoxic conditions were generated and quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to examine NF-κB, iNOS, HIF, and PHD2 expression in KC and normal HCFs. ROS level was analyzed using flow cytometry and proliferation by BrdU-ELISA. Results Hypoxia increased NF-κB mRNA and protein expression in normal HCFs, but in KC-HCFs NF-κB mRNA and protein expression remained unchanged. Hypoxic conditions upregulated iNOS mRNA expression of normal HCFs, but iNOS mRNA expression of KC-HCFs and iNOS protein expression of both HCF types remained unchanged. Hypoxia downregulated HIF-1α and HIF-2α mRNA expression in normal and KC-HCFs. PHD2 mRNA expression is upregulated under hypoxia in KC-HCFs, but not in normal HCFs. PHD2 protein expression was upregulated by hypoxia in both HCF types. Total ROS concentration is downregulated in normal and KC-HCFs under hypoxic conditions. Proliferation rate of KC-HCFs was upregulated through hypoxia, but did not change in normal HCFs. Conclusions Hypoxia increases NF-κB and iNOS mRNA expression in normal HCFs, but there does not seem to be enough capacity in KC-HCFs to increase NF-κB and iNOS mRNA expression under hypoxia, maybe due to the preexisting oxidative stress. HIF and PHD2 do not show altered iNOS regulation under hypoxic conditions in KC-HCFs, and therefore do not seem to play a role in keratoconus pathogenesis. An increased proliferation of cells may refer to compensatory mechanisms under hypoxia in KC. Understanding the mechanism of the altered regulation of NF-κB and iNOS in KC-HCFs will provide better insight into the potential inflammatory component of the KC pathogenesis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Stachon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany. .,Dr. Rolf. M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Lorenz Latta
- Dr. Rolf. M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Berthold Seitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Nóra Szentmáry
- Dr. Rolf. M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Aniridia Research, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Nazifova-Tasinova N, Radeva M, Galunska B, Grupcheva C. Metabolomic analysis in ophthalmology. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2020; 164:236-246. [PMID: 32690974 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2020.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern science takes into account phenotype complexity and establishes approaches to track changes on every possible level. Many "omics" studies have been developed over the last decade. Metabolomic analysis enables dynamic measurement of the metabolic response of a living system to a variety of stimuli or genetic modifications. Important targets of metabolomics is biomarker development and translation to the clinic for personalized diagnosis and a greater understanding of disease pathogenesis. The current review highlights the major aspects of metabolomic analysis and its applications for the identification of relevant predictive, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for some ocular diseases including dry eye, keratoconus, retinal diseases, macular degeneration, and glaucoma. To date, possible biomarker candidates for dry eye disease are lipid metabolites and androgens, for keratoconus cytokeratins, urea, citrate cycle, and oxidative stress metabolites. Palmitoylcarnitine, sphingolipids, vitamin D related metabolites, and steroid precursors may be used for distinguishing glaucoma patients from healthy controls. Dysregulation of amino acid and carnitine metabolism is critical in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Further work is needed to discover and validate metabolic biomarkers as a powerful tool for understanding the molecular mechanisms of ocular diseases, to provide knowledge on their etiology and pathophysiology and opportunities for personalized clinical intervention at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neshe Nazifova-Tasinova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 84 Tzar Osvoboditel street, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Mladena Radeva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Varna, 15 Doyran street, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Bistra Galunska
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 84 Tzar Osvoboditel street, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Christina Grupcheva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Varna, 15 Doyran street, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
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Wojakowska A, Pietrowska M, Widlak P, Dobrowolski D, Wylęgała E, Tarnawska D. Metabolomic Signature Discriminates Normal Human Cornea from Keratoconus-A Pilot GC/MS Study. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122933. [PMID: 32630577 PMCID: PMC7356237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular etiology of keratoconus (KC), a pathological condition of the human cornea, remains unclear. The aim of this work was to perform profiling of metabolites and identification of features discriminating this pathology from the normal cornea. The combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques has been applied for profiling and identification of metabolites in corneal buttons from 6 healthy controls and 7 KC patients. An untargeted GC/MS-based approach allowed the detection of 377 compounds, including 46 identified unique metabolites, whose levels enabled the separation of compared groups of samples in unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis. There were 13 identified metabolites whose levels differentiated between groups of samples. Downregulation of several carboxylic acids, fatty acids, and steroids was observed in KC when compared to the normal cornea. Metabolic pathways associated with compounds that discriminated both groups were involved in energy production, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. An observed signature may reflect cellular processes involved in the development of KC pathology, including oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wojakowska
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Monika Pietrowska
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland; (M.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Piotr Widlak
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland; (M.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Dariusz Dobrowolski
- Department of Ophthalmology & Tissue and Cells Bank, St. Barbara Hospital, Trauma Center, Plac Medyków 1, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
- Chair and Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Medical Science in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Panewnicka 65, 40-760 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Edward Wylęgała
- Chair and Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Medical Science in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Panewnicka 65, 40-760 Katowice, Poland;
- Department of Ophthalmology, District Railway Hospital, Panewnicka 65, 40-760 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dorota Tarnawska
- Department of Ophthalmology, District Railway Hospital, Panewnicka 65, 40-760 Katowice, Poland
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Luo Y, Cui HP, Liu Y, Chen L. Metabolomics and biomarkers in ocular matrix: beyond ocular diseases. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:991-1003. [PMID: 32566514 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.06.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the recent report, there are 870 million people suffer from ocular diseases worldwide. The present approaches for diagnosis are morphological examination, imaging examination and immunological examination, regrettably, they lack of sensitivity and difficult to make a definite diagnosis in the early stage. Systemic biology as an effective method has been used in clinical diagnosis and treatment for diseases, especially metabolomics which is more attractive with high sensitivity and accuracy. Although previous researches had been confirmed that endogenous metabolites in the ocular matrix play a crucial role in the progress of diseases related diseases, the standard protocols and systematic summary about the biomarker researches based on ocular matrix has not been established. This review article highlights the pretreatment for ocular matrix and the new biomarkers expressed by the eye diseases, expected to promote the application of biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong-Pei Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
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Jiang Y, Yang C, Zheng Y, Liu Y, Chen Y. A Set of Global Metabolomic Biomarker Candidates to Predict the Risk of Dry Eye Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:344. [PMID: 32582687 PMCID: PMC7295093 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We used ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS) to analyze the metabolic profile of reflex tears obtained from patients with dry eye disorders. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study involving 113 subjects: 85 patients diagnosed with dry eye syndrome (dry eye group) and 28 healthy volunteers (control group). Reflex tears (20–30 μl) were collected from the tear meniscus of both eyes of each subject using a Schirmer I test strip. MS data were acquired with a standard workflow by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS. Metabolites were quantitatively analyzed and matched with entries in the Metlin, Massbank, and HMDB databases. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was conducted to detect important metabolites. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify the significant metabolic biomarker candidates for dry eye syndrome. Open database sources, including the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and MetaboAnalyst, were used to identify metabolic pathways. Results After the LASSO regression and multiple logistic regression analysis, 4 of 20 metabolic biomarker candidates were significantly correlated with Ocular Surface Disease Index score, 42 of 57 with fluorescein breakup time, and 26 of 57 with fluorescein staining. By focusing on the overlap of these three sets, 48 of 51 metabolites contributed to the incidence of dry eye and there were obvious changes in different age groups. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that the main pathways were glucose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and glutathione metabolism. Conclusion Dry eye syndrome induces changes in the metabolic profile of tears, and the trend differs with age. This evidence reveals the relationship between changes in metabolites, symptoms of dry eye syndrome, and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanxi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxiang Zheng
- Yangpu Daqiao Community Health Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yining Liu
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Potential Protective and Therapeutic Roles of the Nrf2 Pathway in Ocular Diseases: An Update. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:9410952. [PMID: 32273949 PMCID: PMC7125500 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9410952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor- (erythroid-derived 2-) like 2 (Nrf2) is a regulator of many processes of life, and it plays an important role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic responses and in cancer. This review is focused on the potential mechanism of Nrf2 in the occurrence and development of ocular diseases. Also, several Nrf2 inducers, including noncoding RNAs and exogenous compounds, which control the expression of Nrf2 through different pathways, are discussed in ocular disease models and ocular cells, protecting them from dysfunctional changes. Therefore, Nrf2 might be a potential target of protecting ocular cells from various stresses and preventing ocular diseases.
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Tear Organic Acid Analysis After Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Keratoconus. Eye Contact Lens 2020; 46 Suppl 2:S122-S128. [DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zarei-Ghanavati S, Yahaghi B, Hassanzadeh S, Mobarhan MG, Hakimi HR, Eghbali P. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Selenium, Zinc and Copper in Patients with Keratoconus. J Curr Ophthalmol 2020; 32:26-31. [PMID: 32510010 PMCID: PMC7265275 DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the possible association between keratoconus (KC) and serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), Selenium (Se), Zinc (Zn), and Copper (Cu) and to compare it with age-matched healthy subjects. METHODS One hundred patients with KC and 100 normal subjects were included. The two groups were compared for serum 25OHD and serum levels of three trace elements: Se, Zn, and Cu. These factors were also compared between groups with different KC stages. RESULTS Serum levels of vitamin D, Zn, Cu, and Se were significantly different between the KC and normal groups (P = 0.006, P = 0.015, P = 0.004, and P = 0.038, respectively). Although a lower level of 25OHD was found in severe stages of KC, it was not significantly different among different KC groups (P = 0.441). KC stage groups were not significantly different for mean serum Zn, Cu, and Se (P = 0.130, P = 0.98, P = 0.113, respectively). Although the Cu/Zn ratio was higher in cases than in controls, there was no significant difference between the two groups and between KC stages (P = 0.168, P = 0.143, respectively). CONCLUSION Lower serum 25OHD, Cu, Zn, and Se were found in the KC group compared to the control group. The results of this study suggest that a lower antioxidative activity may be involved in the possible etiology of KC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Zarei-Ghanavati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahareh Yahaghi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samira Hassanzadeh
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Department of Nutrition, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Hakimi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pardis Eghbali
- Department of Nutrition, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Soiberman US, Shehata AEM, Lu MX, Young T, Daoud YJ, Chakravarti S, Jun AS, Foster JW. Small Molecule Modulation of the Integrated Stress Response Governs the Keratoconic Phenotype In Vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:3422-3431. [PMID: 31390655 PMCID: PMC6686743 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The degenerative corneal disease keratoconus is a leading indicator for corneal transplant with an unknown etiology. We recently identified the activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) in ex vivo human corneas and in vitro cell culture. Utilizing small molecules to modulate the ISR we sought to investigate the effects of stimulating the ISR in healthy cells to recapitulate aspects of the in vitro keratoconic phenotype and whether relieving the ISR signaling would recover the disease phenotype. Methods Corneal fibroblasts were extracted from patients undergoing corneal transplant or unaffected cadaverous donor limbal rings. Cells were exposed to the DNA damage-inducible protein (GADD34) inhibitor SAL003 to stimulate the ISR, or Trans-ISRIB to relieve ISR signaling pathway. Collagen production was assessed through hydroxyproline production, Sirius Red incorporation, or quantitative (q)PCR. Western blotting, hydroxyproline, and qPCR were used to assess components of the ISR pathway and collagen production. Results ISR stimulation through SAL003 resulted in significant decrease of hydroxyproline and COL1A1 transcription and eventual apoptosis in normal fibroblasts. Patient (KC) fibroblast production of hydroxyproline was increased in response to ISRIB, while matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 production was lowered. The prospective biomarker of keratoconus prolactin-inducible factor was also upregulated in KC fibroblast cultures in response to ISRIB. Inflammatory markers TNFα and IL-1β were unaffected. Conclusions Activation of the ISR is sufficient to recapitulate many key aspects of the KC phenotype in unaffected cells in vitro. Inhibition of the ISR also relieves many of the hallmarks of KC in affected cells. Therefore, targeting of the ISR through small molecules is a potential therapeutic path for small molecule treatment of keratoconus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Simcha Soiberman
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | | | | | - Tempest Young
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Yassine J Daoud
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, United States
| | - Albert S Jun
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - James William Foster
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Balmus IM, Alexa AI, Ciuntu RE, Danielescu C, Stoica B, Cojocaru SI, Ciobica A, Cantemir A. Oxidative stress markers dynamics in keratoconus patients' tears before and after corneal collagen crosslinking procedure. Exp Eye Res 2019; 190:107897. [PMID: 31836491 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is a controversial ophthalmological disease, often considered both multifactorial and multigenic with poor or not entirely understood etiopathogenesis. Corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) procedure is the most common surgical therapy for KC which both slows corneal thinning and halts disease progression. While extensive studies provide consistent evidence on systemic oxidative stress in KC patients and animal models, little is known on the tear fluid oxidative stress markers such as antioxidant enzymes activity or lipid peroxidation markers. Also, little is known considering the oxidative status dynamics following CXL. In this way, we aimed to evaluate three oxidative stress markers in the tears of KC patients before and after CXL procedure. Total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymatic activity and malondiladehyde (MDA) levels were assessed from the tears of 20 kC patients who received the recommendation for CXL procedure. Significantly decreased SOD activity (p = 0.0014) was observed in KC patients tears, as compared to age and sex-matched controls which could lead to significant lipid peroxidation boost (p < 0.001). Significantly higher GPx enzyme activity was observed in KC patients, as compared to control (p < 0.001), suggesting a compensatory response to intense lipid peroxidation. Following CXL, SOD activity significantly decreases and GPx activity extensively increases, as compared to baseline KC levels and controls (p < 0.001). This work provides additional evidence on oxidative stress status in the tears of KC considering general oxidative stress markers dynamics both before and after the CXL procedure. We also demonstrated that the CXL procedure could have further relevance in the management of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana-Miruna Balmus
- Department of Interdisciplinary Research in Science, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I Avenue, no. 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Anisia Iuliana Alexa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, "Gr. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Roxana-Elena Ciuntu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, "Gr. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Ciprian Danielescu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, "Gr. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Bogdan Stoica
- "Gr. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Sabina Ioana Cojocaru
- Department of Biochemistry, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Alin Ciobica
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Faculty of Biology, Department of Research, Iasi, Romania.
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McKay TB, Priyadarsini S, Karamichos D. Mechanisms of Collagen Crosslinking in Diabetes and Keratoconus. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101239. [PMID: 31614631 PMCID: PMC6830090 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen crosslinking provides the mechanical strength required for physiological maintenance of the extracellular matrix in most tissues in the human body, including the cornea. Aging and diabetes mellitus (DM) are processes that are both associated with increased collagen crosslinking that leads to increased corneal rigidity. By contrast, keratoconus (KC) is a corneal thinning disease associated with decreased mechanical stiffness leading to ectasia of the central cornea. Studies have suggested that crosslinking mediated by reactive advanced glycation end products during DM may protect the cornea from KC development. Parallel to this hypothesis, riboflavin-mediated photoreactive corneal crosslinking has been proposed as a therapeutic option to halt the progression of corneal thinning by inducing intra- and intermolecular crosslink formation within the collagen fibrils of the stroma, leading to stabilization of the disease. Here, we review the pathobiology of DM and KC in the context of corneal structure, the epidemiology behind the inverse correlation of DM and KC development, and the chemical mechanisms of lysyl oxidase-mediated crosslinking, advanced glycation end product-mediated crosslinking, and photoreactive riboflavin-mediated corneal crosslinking. The goal of this review is to define the biological and chemical pathways important in physiological and pathological processes related to collagen crosslinking in DM and KC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina B McKay
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Shrestha Priyadarsini
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Stachon T, Latta L, Kolev K, Seitz B, Langenbucher A, Szentmáry N. Erhöhte NF-κB- und iNOS-Expression in Keratozyten von Keratokonuspatienten – Hinweise auf eine entzündliche Komponente? Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2019; 238:1010-1017. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1002-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund In den letzten Jahren mehren sich Hinweise auf eine entzündliche Komponente beim Keratokonus (KC). Ein Schlüsselgen bei entzündlichen Prozessen ist der Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB). NF-κB ist ein Transkriptionsfaktor, der unter anderem das Enzym Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS), das mit dem konkurrierenden Enzym Arginase (Arg) bei entzündlichen Prozessen involviert ist, aktiviert. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Isotypen von NOS und Arginase zu analysieren, die Expression NF-κB, NOS und Arginase sowie den regulativen Mechanismus von NOS und Arginase in Keratozyten von Keratokonuspatienten mithilfe des Inhibitors 1400W in vitro zu untersuchen.
Methoden Primäre humane Keratozyten wurden durch enzymatische Behandlung mit Kollagenase A aus humanen Korneoskleralscheiben (n = 8) und von Explantaten von geplanten perforierenden Keratoplastiken (KC-Patienten) isoliert (n = 8) und in DMEM/F12-Kulturmedium, versetzt mit 5% fetalem Kälberserum, kultiviert. Die Expression von NF-κB, NOS und Arginase wurden mit quantitativer PCR (qPCR) und Westernblot-Analyse (WB) untersucht. Nitrit- und Ureakonzentrationen im Zellkulturüberstand wurden nach Zugabe des NOS-Inhibitors 1400W (0 – 40 µM) analysiert.
Ergebnisse In den Keratozyten wurden ausschließlich die Isotypen iNOS (induzierbare NO-Synthase) und Arg-II nachgewiesen. Die mRNA-Expression von NF-κB und iNOS waren in KC-Keratozyten höher als in normalen Zellen (p = 0,0135 und p = 0,0001), während in der Arg-II-Expression keine Unterschiede messbar waren. Im WB war bei NF-κB eine höhere Bandenintensität messbar (p = 0,0012), bei iNOS konnten keine Unterschiede in der Bandenintensität nachgewiesen werden. Im Überstand der KC-Keratozyten wurden geringere Konzentrationen von Nitrit und Urea nach Zugabe des Inhibitors 1400W gemessen (p = ≤ 0,014), nicht jedoch bei normalen Zellen (p ≥ 0,178).
Schlussfolgerung Aufgrund der erhöhten Expression von NF-κB und iNOS muss von einer inflammatorischen Komponente beim Keratokonus ausgegangen werden. Die unterschiedliche Regulation der KC-Keratozyten durch den iNOS-Inhibitor 1400W legt eine veränderte metabolische Aktivität nahe, die durch entzündliche Prozesse hervorgerufen werden kann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Stachon
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes UKS, Homburg/Saar
| | - Lorenz Latta
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes UKS, Homburg/Saar
| | - Krasimir Kolev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Berthold Seitz
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes UKS, Homburg/Saar
| | - Achim Langenbucher
- Institut für Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar
| | - Nóra Szentmáry
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes UKS, Homburg/Saar
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Association between Diabetes and Keratoconus: A Retrospective Analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13808. [PMID: 31551458 PMCID: PMC6760226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) and chronic diabetes mellitus (DM) are both associated with significant defects in the human corneal structure. Studies have long suggested that DM is linked to KC, mainly via the crosslinking mechanism, but scientific evidences are lacking. The role of altered systemic metabolism is well-established in both DM and KC with studies suggesting localized altered cellular metabolism leading to the development of corneal pathologies. We have previously characterized the metabolic defects associated with both conditions using targeted metabolomics. To compare metabolic differences between KC and DM-derived corneal fibroblasts, we performed a respective study of two cohorts of the KC and DM populations using a retrospective analysis of targeted metabolomics data. The goal of this study was to identify the group of differentially regulated metabolites, in KC versus DM, so that we may unravel the link between the two devastating corneal pathologies.
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Yu L, Yang Z, An M. Lab on the eye: A review of tear-based wearable devices for medical use and health management. Biosci Trends 2019; 13:308-313. [DOI: 10.5582/bst.2019.01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Jinan City
| | - Ming An
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital
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Sharif R, Khaled ML, McKay TB, Liu Y, Karamichos D. Transcriptional profiling of corneal stromal cells derived from patients with keratoconus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12567. [PMID: 31467338 PMCID: PMC6715750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48983-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is a multi-factorial corneal ectasia with unknown etiology affecting approximately 1:2000 people worldwide. Dysregulated gene expression, using RNA-Seq technology, have been reported in KC corneal tissue. However, the differential expression of genes, in KC corneal stromal cells have been widely ignored. We utilized mRNA-Seq to analyze gene expression in primary human corneal stromal cells derived from five non-Keratoconus healthy (HCF) and four Keratoconus (HKC) donors. Selected genes were further validated using real time PCR (RT-PCR). We have identified 423 differentially expressed genes with 187 down- and 236 up-regulated in KC-affected corneal stromal cells. Gene ontology analysis using WebGestalt indicates the enrichment of genes involved in cell migration, extracellular matrix, adherens junction, and MAPK signaling. Our protein-protein interaction network analysis identified several network seeds, such as EGFR, NEDD4, SNTA1, LGALS3BP, HSPB1, SDC2, MME, and HIF1A. Our work provides an otherwise unknown information on the transcriptional changes in HKCs, and reveals critical mechanisms of the cellular compartment. It also highlights the importance of human-based in vitro studies on a disease that currently lacks strong biomarkers and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Sharif
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
| | - Mariam L Khaled
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States
| | - Tina B McKay
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States.
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA.
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Pastori V, Tavazzi S, Lecchi M. Lactoferrin-loaded contact lenses counteract cytotoxicity caused in vitro by keratoconic tears. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2019; 42:253-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Snytnikova OA, Khlichkina AA, Sagdeev RZ, Tsentalovich YP. Evaluation of sample preparation protocols for quantitative NMR-based metabolomics. Metabolomics 2019; 15:84. [PMID: 31127446 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quantification of metabolites in biological fluids and tissues by NMR spectroscopy is challenged by the presence of abundant macromolecules and lipoproteins in samples, which give broad signals in the NMR spectra. To improve the quality of NMR spectra the different protocols for protein and lipid removal from the sample are used. OBJECTIVES This work is aimed at the evaluation of the effectiveness of various methods of purification of blood serum from proteins and lipids for 1H NMR metabolomic profiling. METHODS The advantages and limitations of different methods of the sample preparation for NMR-based quantitative metabolomics have been compared, including ultrafiltration, methanol and ethanol extractions with and without additional lipid removal, and methanol-chloroform extraction. RESULTS The concentrations of 30 abundant metabolites extracted from human blood serum have been measured. It is found that ultrafiltration provides the best lipid removal, but causes significant and inhomogeneous metabolite losses. Ethanol and methanol extractions demonstrate similar performance with the minimal metabolite losses, and are ideal for fluids and tissues with low lipid content. The additional purification of alcohol extracts from lipids allows for the significant improving of NMR spectra, but causes additional metabolite losses. CONCLUSIONS The methanol-chloroform extraction seems to be an optimal method for tissues with the high lipid content, providing a satisfactory lipid removal and low metabolite losses. The ultrafiltration leads to large losses of metabolites (up to 60%) and for this reason is not suitable for quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Snytnikova
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Anastasiya A Khlichkina
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Renad Z Sagdeev
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Yuri P Tsentalovich
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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Differential epithelial and stromal protein profiles in cone and non-cone regions of keratoconus corneas. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2965. [PMID: 30814630 PMCID: PMC6393548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is an ectatic corneal disease characterized by progressive thinning and irregular astigmatism, and a leading indication for corneal transplantation. KC-associated changes have been demonstrated for the entire cornea, but the pathological thinning and mechanical weakening is usually localized. We performed quantitative proteomics using Sequential Windowed Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment Ion Mass Spectrometry (SWATH-MS) to analyze epithelial and stromal changes between the topographically-abnormal cone and topographically-normal non-cone regions of advanced KC corneas, compared to age-matched normal corneas. Expression of 20 epithelial and 14 stromal proteins was significantly altered (≥2 or ≤0.5-fold) between cone and non-cone in all 4 KC samples. Ingenuity pathway analysis illustrated developmental and metabolic disorders for the altered epithelial proteome with mitochondrion as the significant gene ontology (GO) term. The differential stromal proteome was related to cellular assembly, tissue organization and connective tissue disorders with endoplasmic reticulum protein folding as the significant GO term. Validation of selected protein expression was performed on archived KC, non-KC and normal corneal specimens by immunohistochemistry. This is the first time to show that KC-associated proteome changes were not limited to the topographically-thinner and mechanically-weakened cone but also non-cone region with normal topography, indicating a peripheral involvement in KC development.
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Dor M, Eperon S, Lalive PH, Guex-Crosier Y, Hamedani M, Salvisberg C, Turck N. Investigation of the global protein content from healthy human tears. Exp Eye Res 2019; 179:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Sharif R, Bak-Nielsen S, Sejersen H, Ding K, Hjortdal J, Karamichos D. Prolactin-Induced Protein is a novel biomarker for Keratoconus. Exp Eye Res 2019; 179:55-63. [PMID: 30393162 PMCID: PMC6360109 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of Prolactin-Induced Protein (PIP) as a predictive biomarker for Keratoconus (KC). PARTICIPANTS This study included one hundred and forty-seven patients with KC (105 male, 42 female), and sixty healthy controls (27 male, 33 female). METHODS Tears, plasma and saliva samples were collected from all participants. In both KC and healthy groups all collected samples were divided into four age subgroups (15-24y), (25-34y), (35-44y) and (45y and up). Samples were analyzed using western blot (WB) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) were used to evaluate diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing between KC and healthy eyes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Difference in PIP protein levels between patients with KC and healthy controls. RESULTS Results showed significant downregulation of PIP expression in all three biological fluids on KC patients when compared to healthy controls, independent of age, sex and severity. Since PIP is a hormonal-regulated protein, we also investigated the expression of major sex hormones. We detected significant upregulation in salivary and plasma Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) levels and significant downregulation of estrone and estriol levels, in KC patients compared to healthy controls, independent of sex, age, and KC severity stage. ROC was used to determine the overall predictive accuracy of this protein in KC. Data showed an area under the curve (AUC) for PIP in tears of 0.937 (95%CI: 0.902-0.971), in plasma of 0.928 (95%CI: 0.890-0.968) and in saliva of 0.929 (95%CI: 0.890-0.968). CONCLUSIONS Conclusively, our results show that PIP levels are reduced in all three human biological fluids tested, and may independently or in combination with current imaging techniques aid in screening and diagnosis of KC. Our data revealed that PIP levels can potentially differentiate between disease and healthy cases, and PIP levels are stable in relation to KC severity, sex and age. Moreover, alterations in sex hormone levels in correlation with reduced PIP levels in KC provide an intriguing insight in the underlying KC pathophysiology and highlights the role of PIP as a KC biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Sharif
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Sashia Bak-Nielsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Sejersen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jesper Hjortdal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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Changes in tear biomarker levels in keratoconus after corneal collagen crosslinking. Mol Vis 2019; 25:12-21. [PMID: 30804658 PMCID: PMC6363636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this work was to analyze the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), calcyclin (S100A6), and cystatin S (CST4) in the tears of keratoconus (KC) patients. The correlations between the expressions of these proteins and the values of various ocular surface parameters were examined after accelerated corneal crosslinking (A-CXL) with pulsed ultraviolet light. Methods This prospective, observational study enrolled patients with different grades of KC, scheduled to undergo the A-CXL procedure, as well as healthy subjects. Tear samples were analyzed by employing customized antibody microarray assays for MMP-9, S100A6, and CST4 proteins. The keratometry readings at the maximum keratometry (Kmax) and the simulated keratometry (SimK) values were obtained for examining the postoperative evolution of corneal topography. The state of the ocular surface was evaluated using the results of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, tear osmolarity (OSM) test, Schirmer test (SCH), Tear Break Up Time (TBUT), tear clearance (CLR), and fluorescein (FLUO) and lissamine green (LG) corneal staining. Results A total of 18 patients (22 eyes) and 10 healthy subjects were studied. The concentrations of MMP-9 and S100A6 decreased in tears, from 104.5 ± 78.98 ng/ml and 350.20 ± 478.08 ng/ml before the surgery to 48.7 ± 24.20 ng/ml and 55.70 ± 103.62 ng/ml, respectively, after 12 months of follow up. There were no changes in the CST4 concentration after 12 months of follow up (2202.75 ± 2863.70 versus 2139.68 ±2719.89 ng/ml). When the patients were divided into three groups according to the evolutive stage of KC, the trends for the three biomarkers in each group were the same as in the general group. Basal concentrations of MMP-9 and S100A6 from healthy subjects and KC patients were compared. The levels of MMP-9 and S100A6 in tears were (9.8 ± 5.11 and 104.55 ± 78.98 ng/ml, p<0.01; and 11.35 ± 3.18 and 350.26 ± 478.06 ng/ml, respectively, p<0.01). This was not the case for CST4, which did not exhibit statistically significant differences between the two groups (2261.94 ± 510.65 and 2176.73 ± 2916.27 ng/ml respectively, p=0.07). Conclusions A-CXL promoted a decrease in the concentrations of MMP-9 and S100A6 in the tear film. This effect may be related to the restoration of corneal homeostasis and the consequent repair of the tissue damage caused by KC. Moreover, the A-CXL treatment did not produce lasting alterations in the ocular surface, and the values of the evaluated clinical parameters did not change significantly.
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Dammeier S, Martus P, Klose F, Seid M, Bosch D, D'Alvise J, Ziemssen F, Dimopoulos S, Ueffing M. Combined Targeted Analysis of Metabolites and Proteins in Tear Fluid With Regard to Clinical Applications. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:22. [PMID: 30564511 PMCID: PMC6284467 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.6.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To establish a robust workflow for combined mass spectrometry–based analysis of metabolites and proteins in tear fluid with regard to clinical applicability. Methods Tear fluid was taken from 12 healthy volunteers at different time points using specially designed Schirmer strips. Following the liquid extraction of metabolites from standardized punches, the remaining material was processed for bottom-up proteomics. Targeted metabolite profiling was performed adapting a metabolomics kit, which targets 188 metabolites from four different analyte classes. Proteomics was performed of the identical samples targeting 15 tear proteins relevant to ocular health. Results Sixty metabolites could be consistently determined in all tear samples (98 metabolites were detectable in average) covering acylcarnitines, amino acids, biogenic amines, and glycerophospholipids. Following normalization, the majority of metabolites exhibited intraindividual variances of less than 20%, both regarding different times of sampling, and the individual eye. The targeted analysis of tear proteins revealed a mean intraindividual variation of 23% for the three most abundant proteins. Even extreme differences in tear secretion rates resulted in interindividual variability below 30% for 65 metabolites and two proteins. Conclusions The newly established workflow can be used for combined targeted detection of metabolites and proteins in one punch of a Schirmer strip in a clinical setting. Translational Relevance Our data about intra- and interindividual as well as intereye variation provide a valuable basis for the design of clinical studies, and for the applicability of multiplexed “omics” to well accessible tear fluid with regard to future routine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Dammeier
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Klose
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Seid
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dario Bosch
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janina D'Alvise
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Focke Ziemssen
- Centre of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Spyridon Dimopoulos
- Centre of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Proteomics Unravels the Regulatory Mechanisms in Human Tears Following Acute Renouncement of Contact Lens Use: A Comparison between Hard and Soft Lenses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11526. [PMID: 30069058 PMCID: PMC6070515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact lenses (CLs) provide a superior alternative to spectacles. Although beneficial, the global burden of ocular dysfunctions attributed to regular use of CLs remains a topic of much challenge in ophthalmic research owing to debilitating clinical repercussions on the ocular surface, which are often manifested as breach in tear film integrity. This study elucidated the intricate tear proteome changes attributed to the use of different CLs (hard and soft) and unravelled, for the first time, the restorative mechanisms of several protein clusters following acute renouncement of CL use employing the label-free mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics approach. The expression patterns of certain proteins clusters were specific to the use of a particular lens type and a large majority of these actively regulates cell death and survival and, modulates cellular movement on the ocular surface. Noteworthy, CL use also evoked a significant upregulation of glycolytic enzymes associated with hypoxia and corresponding cognate metabolic pathways, particularly glucose metabolism and FXR/RXR pathways. Importantly, the assessment of CL renouncement unravelled the restorative properties of several clusters of proteins involved mainly in organismal injury and abnormalities and, cellular function and maintenance. These proteins play key roles in restoring tear homeostasis and wound-healing mechanisms post-CL use-elicited injury.
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Khaled ML, Bykhovskaya Y, Yablonski SER, Li H, Drewry MD, Aboobakar IF, Estes A, Gao XR, Stamer WD, Xu H, Allingham RR, Hauser MA, Rabinowitz YS, Liu Y. Differential Expression of Coding and Long Noncoding RNAs in Keratoconus-Affected Corneas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:2717-2728. [PMID: 29860458 PMCID: PMC5984031 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Keratoconus (KC) is the most common corneal ectasia. We aimed to determine the differential expression of coding and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in human corneas affected with KC. Methods From the corneas of 10 KC patients and 8 non-KC healthy controls, 200 ng total RNA was used to prepare sequencing libraries with the SMARTer Stranded RNA-Seq kit after ribosomal RNA depletion, followed by paired-end 50-bp sequencing with Illumina Sequencer. Differential analysis was done using TopHat/Cufflinks with a gene file from Ensembl and a lncRNA file from NONCODE. Pathway analysis was performed using WebGestalt. Using the expression level of differentially expressed coding and noncoding RNAs in each sample, we correlated their expression levels in KC and controls separately and identified significantly different correlations in KC against controls followed by visualization using Cytoscape. Results Using |fold change| ≥ 2 and a false discovery rate ≤ 0.05, we identified 436 coding RNAs and 584 lncRNAs with differential expression in the KC-affected corneas. Pathway analysis indicated the enrichment of genes involved in extracellular matrix, protein binding, glycosaminoglycan binding, and cell migration. Our correlation analysis identified 296 pairs of significant KC-specific correlations containing 117 coding genes enriched in functions related to cell migration/motility, extracellular space, cytokine response, and cell adhesion. Our study highlighted the potential roles of several genes (CTGF, SFRP1, AQP5, lnc-WNT4-2:1, and lnc-ALDH3A2-2:1) and pathways (TGF-β, WNT signaling, and PI3K/AKT pathways) in KC pathogenesis. Conclusions Our RNA-Seq-based differential expression and correlation analyses have identified many potential KC contributing coding and noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Lofty Khaled
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Yelena Bykhovskaya
- Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Sarah E. R. Yablonski
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- STAR Program, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Hanzhou Li
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Michelle D. Drewry
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Inas F. Aboobakar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Amy Estes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - X. Raymond Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - R. Rand Allingham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Michael A. Hauser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Yaron S. Rabinowitz
- Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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Effects of collagen cross-linking on the keratoconus metabolic network. Eye (Lond) 2018; 32:1271-1281. [PMID: 29576618 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Keratoconus (KC) is a multifactorial, ectatic corneal disease. Metabolic changes in the corneal stroma with alterations in collagen fibril stability, oxidative stress, and urea cycle, have previously been reported as key players in KC pathobiology. Recently, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) has been introduced as a treatment that can address the progressive nature of KC. While the treatment has been successful in the early days, it is not without clinical ramifications. In this study, we investigated the alterations in KC metabolic profiles due to CXL. METHODS Primary human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs) from healthy donors and human KC fibroblasts (HKCs) from KC donor patients were plated on transwell polycarbonate membranes and stimulated by a stable vitamin C. At 4 weeks, riboflavin was added to the cultures followed by UVA irradiation (365 nm). Using mass spectrometry, we measured the major differences in metabolites in HKCs compared to HCFs pre- and post CXL. RESULT The analysis of 276 metabolites in HCFs and HKCs revealed that the most affected metabolites due to CXL were glutathione disulfide, ascorbic acid, proline, and lysine. A significant decrease in the pro-inflammatory biomarkers (myo-inositol and histidine) was also observed. Furthermore, a significant downregulation of many amino acids, lactate levels, and other water-soluble metabolites was noted in HKCs following CXL. CONCLUSION CXL is a KC treatment available to patients within certain criteria. Surprisingly, the cellular and molecular mechanisms are considerably understudied limiting our ability for more precise and targeted CXL treatments. In this study, for the first time, we report the effects of CXL on KC metabolism.
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