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Piskorz WM, Cechowska-Pasko M. Senescence of Tumor Cells in Anticancer Therapy—Beneficial and Detrimental Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911082. [PMID: 36232388 PMCID: PMC9570404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence process results in stable cell cycle arrest, which prevents cell proliferation. It can be induced by a variety of stimuli including metabolic stress, DNA damage, telomeres shortening, and oncogenes activation. Senescence is generally considered as a process of tumor suppression, both by preventing cancer cells proliferation and inhibiting cancer progression. It can also be a key effector mechanism for many types of anticancer therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, both directly and through bioactive molecules released by senescent cells that can stimulate an immune response. Senescence is characterized by a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that can have both beneficial and detrimental impact on cancer progression. Despite the negatives, attempts are still being made to use senescence to fight cancer, especially when it comes to senolytics. There is a possibility that a combination of prosenescence therapy—which targets tumor cells and causes their senescence—with senotherapy—which targets senescent cells, can be promising in cancer treatment. This review provides information on cellular senescence, its connection with carcinogenesis and therapeutic possibilities linked to this process.
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Diener C, Hart M, Kehl T, Rheinheimer S, Ludwig N, Krammes L, Pawusch S, Lenhof K, Tänzer T, Schub D, Sester M, Walch-Rückheim B, Keller A, Lenhof HP, Meese E. Quantitative and time-resolved miRNA pattern of early human T cell activation. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:10164-10183. [PMID: 32990751 PMCID: PMC7544210 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are central to the immune response against various pathogens and cancer cells. Complex networks of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators, including microRNAs (miRNAs), coordinate the T cell activation process. Available miRNA datasets, however, do not sufficiently dissolve the dynamic changes of miRNA controlled networks upon T cell activation. Here, we established a quantitative and time-resolved expression pattern for the entire miRNome over a period of 24 h upon human T-cell activation. Based on our time-resolved datasets, we identified central miRNAs and specified common miRNA expression profiles. We found the most prominent quantitative expression changes for miR-155-5p with a range from initially 40 molecules/cell to 1600 molecules/cell upon T-cell activation. We established a comprehensive dynamic regulatory network of both the up- and downstream regulation of miR-155. Upstream, we highlight IRF4 and its complexes with SPI1 and BATF as central for the transcriptional regulation of miR-155. Downstream of miR-155-5p, we verified 17 of its target genes by the time-resolved data recorded after T cell activation. Our data provide comprehensive insights into the range of stimulus induced miRNA abundance changes and lay the ground to identify efficient points of intervention for modifying the T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Diener
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Martin Hart
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Tim Kehl
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Lena Krammes
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Pawusch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Lenhof
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tanja Tänzer
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - David Schub
- Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Martina Sester
- Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Walch-Rückheim
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Keller
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Lenhof
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Eckart Meese
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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Targeting normal and cancer senescent cells as a strategy of senotherapy. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 55:100941. [PMID: 31408714 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Senotherapy is an antiageing strategy. It refers to selective killing of senescent cells by senolytic agents, strengthening the activity of immune cells that eliminate senescent cells or alleviating the secretory phenotype (SASP) of senescent cells. As senescent cells accumulate with age and are considered to be at the root of age-related disorders, senotherapy seems to be very promising in improving healthspan. Genetic approaches, which allowed to selectively induce death of senescent cells in transgenic mice, provided proof-of-concept evidence that elimination of senescent cells can be a therapeutic approach for treating many age-related diseases. Translating these results into humans is based on searching for synthetic and natural compounds, which are able to exert such beneficial effects. The major challenge in the field is to show efficacy, safety and tolerability of senotherapy in humans. The question is how these therapeutics can influence senescence of non-dividing post-mitotic cells. Another issue concerns senescence of cancer cells induced during therapy as there is a risk of resumption of senescent cell division that could terminate in cancer renewal. Thus, development of an effective senotherapeutic strategy is also an urgent issue in cancer treatment. Different aspects, both beneficial and potentially detrimental, will be discussed in this review.
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Monserrat J, Bohórquez C, Gómez Lahoz AM, Movasat A, Pérez A, Ruíz L, Díaz D, Chara L, Sánchez AI, Albarrán F, Sanz I, Álvarez-Mon M. The Abnormal CD4+T Lymphocyte Subset Distribution and Vbeta Repertoire in New-onset Rheumatoid Arthritis Can Be Modulated by Methotrexate Treament. Cells 2019; 8:E871. [PMID: 31405169 PMCID: PMC6721760 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with long-term, treated, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) show abnormalities in their circulating CD4+ T-lymphocytes, but whether this occurs in recently diagnosed naïve patients to disease-modifying drugs (DMARDs) is under discussion. These patients show heterogeneous clinical response to methotrexate (MTX) treatment. We have examined the count of circulating CD4+ T-lymphocytes, and their naïve (TN), central memory (TCM), effector memory (TEM) and effector (TE) subsets, CD28 expression and Vβ TCR repertoire distribution by polychromatic flow cytometry in a population of 68 DMARD-naïve recently diagnosed RA patients, before and after 3 and 6 months of MTX treatment. At pre-treatment baseline, patients showed an expansion of the counts of CD4+ TN, TEM, TE and TCM lymphocyte subsets, and of total CD4+CD28- cells and of the TE subset with a different pattern of numbers in MTX responder and non-responders. The expansion of CD4+TEM lymphocytes showed a predictive value of MTX non-response. MTX treatment was associated to different modifications in the counts of the CD4+ subsets and of the Vβ TCR repertoire family distribution and in the level of CD28 expression in responders and non-responders. In conclusion, the disturbance of CD4+ lymphocytes is already found in DMARD-naïve RA patients with different patterns of alterations in MTX responders and non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Monserrat
- Laboratory of Immune System Diseases, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", University of Alcalá and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Bohórquez
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", University of Alcalá and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Gómez Lahoz
- Laboratory of Immune System Diseases, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atusa Movasat
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", University of Alcalá and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", University of Alcalá and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Ruíz
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", University of Alcalá and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Díaz
- Laboratory of Immune System Diseases, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Chara
- Laboratory of Immune System Diseases, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", University of Alcalá and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Albarrán
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", University of Alcalá and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Laboratory of Immune System Diseases, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", University of Alcalá and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Telomeres are specialised structures at the end of linear chromosomes. They consist of tandem repeats of the hexanucleotide sequence TTAGGG, as well as a protein complex called shelterin. Together, they form a protective loop structure against chromosome fusion and degradation. Shortening or damage to telomeres and opening of the loop induce an uncapped state that triggers a DNA damage response resulting in senescence or apoptosis.Average telomere length, usually measured in human blood lymphocytes, was thought to be a biomarker for ageing, survival and mortality. However, it becomes obvious that regulation of telomere length is very complex and involves multiple processes. For example, the "end replication problem" during DNA replication as well as oxidative stress are responsible for the shortening of telomeres. In contrast, telomerase activity can potentially counteract telomere shortening when it is able to access and interact with telomeres. However, while highly active during development and in cancer cells, the enzyme is down-regulated in most human somatic cells with a few exceptions such as human lymphocytes. In addition, telomeres can be transcribed, and the transcription products called TERRA are involved in telomere length regulation.Thus, telomere length and their integrity are regulated at many different levels, and we only start to understand this process under conditions of increased oxidative stress, inflammation and during diseases as well as the ageing process.This chapter aims to describe our current state of knowledge on telomeres and telomerase and their regulation in order to better understand their role for the ageing process.
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Fulop T, Franceschi C, Hirokawa K, Pawelec G. Immunosenescence Modulation by Vaccination. HANDBOOK OF IMMUNOSENESCENCE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121048 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99375-1_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A decline in immune function is a hallmark of aging that leads to complicated illness from a variety of infectious diseases, cancer and other immune-mediated disorders, and may limit the ability to appropriately respond to vaccination. How vaccines might alter the senescent immune response and what are the immune correlates of protection will be addressed from the perspective of (1) stimulating a previously primed response as in the case of vaccines for seasonal influenza and herpes zoster, (2) priming the response to novel antigens such as pandemic influenza or West Nile virus, (3) vaccination against bacterial pathogens such as pneumococcus and pertussis, (4) vaccines against bacterial toxins such as tetanus and Clostridium difficile, and (5) vaccine approaches to mitigate effects of cytomegalovirus on immune senescence. New or improved vaccines developed over recent years demonstrate the considerable opportunity to improve current vaccines and develop new vaccines as a preventive approach to a variety of diseases in older adults. Strategies for selecting appropriate immunologic targets for new vaccine development and evaluating how vaccines may alter the senescent immune response in terms of potential benefits and risks in the preclinical and clinical trial phases of vaccine development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Division of Geriatrics Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke Department of Medicine, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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7
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Contact-independent suppressive activity of regulatory T cells is associated with telomerase inhibition, telomere shortening and target lymphocyte apoptosis. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:229-244. [PMID: 30025223 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a fundamental role in the maintenance of immunological tolerance by suppressing effector target T, B and NK lymphocytes. Contact-dependent suppression mechanisms have been well-studied, though contact-independent Treg activity is not fully understood. In the present study, we showed that human native Tregs, as well as induced ex vivo Tregs, can cause in vitro telomere-dependent senescence in target T, B and NK cells in a contact-independent manner. The co-cultivation of target cells with Tregs separated through porous membranes induced alternative splicing of the telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT (human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase), which suppressed telomerase activity. Induction of the hTERT splicing variant was associated with increased expression of the apoptotic endonuclease EndoG, a splicing regulator. Inhibited telomerase in target cells co-cultivated with Tregs for a long period of time led to a decrease in their telomere lengths, cell cycle arrest, conversion of the target cells to replicative senescence and apoptotic death. Induced Tregs showed the ability to up-regulate EndoG expression, TERT alternative splicing and telomerase inhibition in mouse T, B and NK cells after in vivo administration. The results of the present study describe a novel mechanism of contact-independent Treg cell suppression that induces telomerase inhibition through the EndoG-provoked alternative splicing of hTERT and converts cells to senescence and apoptosis phenotypes.
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8
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Zhdanov DD, Gladilina YA, Pokrovsky VS, Grishin DV, Grachev VA, Orlova VS, Pokrovskaya MV, Alexandrova SS, Sokolov NN. Murine regulatory T cells induce death of effector T, B, and NK lymphocytes through a contact-independent mechanism involving telomerase suppression and telomere-associated senescence. Cell Immunol 2018; 331:146-160. [PMID: 29935763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress the activity of effector T, B and NK lymphocytes and sustain immunological tolerance, but the proliferative activity of suppressed cells remains unexplored. In the present study, we report that mouse Tregs can induce replicative senescence and the death of responder mouse CD4+CD25- T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells and NK cells in vitro and in vivo. Contact-independent in vitro co-cultivation with Tregs up-regulated endonuclease G (EndoG) expression and its translocation to the nucleus in responder cells. EndoG localization in the nucleus induced alternative mRNA splicing of the telomerase catalytic subunit Tert and telomerase inhibition. The lack of telomerase activity in proliferating cells led to telomere loss followed by the development of senescence and cell death. Injection of Tregs into mice resulted in EndoG-associated alternative splicing of Tert, telomerase inhibition, telomere loss, senescence development and increased cell death in vivo. The present study describes a novel contact-independent mechanism by which Tregs specify effector cell fate and provides new insights into cellular crosstalk related to immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry D Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yulia A Gladilina
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim S Pokrovsky
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Kashirskoe Shosse 24, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Grishin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Grachev
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina S Orlova
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Nikolay N Sokolov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia
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Two-Step Senescence-Focused Cancer Therapies. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:723-737. [PMID: 29776716 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Damaged cells at risk of neoplastic transformation can be neutralized by apoptosis or engagement of the senescence program, which induces permanent cell-cycle arrest and a bioactive secretome that is implicated in tumor immunosurveillance. While from an evolutionary perspective senescence is beneficial in that it protects against malignancies, the accumulation of senescent cells in tissues and organs with aging and at sites of various pathologies is largely detrimental. Because induction of senescence in cancer cells is emerging as a therapeutic concept, it will be important to consider these detrimental effects, including tumor-promoting properties that may drive the formation of secondary tumors or cancer relapse. In this review we discuss the complex relationship between senescence and cancer, and highlight important considerations for therapeutics.
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Kelesidis T, Schmid I. Assessment of Telomere Length, Phenotype, and DNA Content. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CYTOMETRY 2017; 79:7.26.1-7.26.23. [PMID: 28055113 PMCID: PMC5511344 DOI: 10.1002/cpcy.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Telomere sequences at the end of chromosomes control somatic cell division; therefore, telomere length in a given cell population provides information about its replication potential. This unit describes a method for flow cytometric measurement of telomere length in subpopulations using fluorescence in situ hybridization of fluorescently-labeled probes (Flow-FISH) without prior cell separation. After cells are stained for surface immunofluorescence, antigen-antibody complexes are covalently cross-linked onto cell membranes before FISH with a telomere-specific probe. Cells with long telomeres are included as internal standards. Addition of a DNA dye permits exclusion of proliferating cells during data analysis. DNA ploidy measurements of cells of interest and internal standard are performed on separate aliquots in parallel to Flow-FISH. Telomere fluorescence of G0/1 cells of subpopulations and internal standards obtained from Flow-FISH are normalized for DNA ploidy, and telomere length in subsets of interest is expressed as a fraction of the internal standard telomere length. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ingrid Schmid
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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11
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Effros RB. The silent war of CMV in aging and HIV infection. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 158:46-52. [PMID: 26404009 PMCID: PMC4808485 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV), the prototypical β-herpervirus, is a widespread pathogen that establishes a lifelong latent infection in myeloid progenitor, and possibly other cells as well. Although immunocompetent individuals show mild or no symptoms despite periodic reactivation during myeloid cell differentiation, CMV is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in older adults and in persons chronically infected with HIV. Indeed, in these individuals, reactivation of CMV can cause serious complications. This review will focus of the effects of CMV during aging and HIV/AIDS, with particular attention to the cellular immunity and age-related pathology outcomes from this persistent infection. The impact of the long-term chronic exposure to CMV antigens on the expansion of CD8 T cells with features of replicative senescence will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita B Effros
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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12
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Vicente R, Mausset‐Bonnefont A, Jorgensen C, Louis‐Plence P, Brondello J. Cellular senescence impact on immune cell fate and function. Aging Cell 2016; 15:400-6. [PMID: 26910559 PMCID: PMC4854915 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence occurs not only in cultured fibroblasts, but also in undifferentiated and specialized cells from various tissues of all ages, in vitro and in vivo. Here, we review recent findings on the role of cellular senescence in immune cell fate decisions in macrophage polarization, natural killer cell phenotype, and following T-lymphocyte activation. We also introduce the involvement of the onset of cellular senescence in some immune responses including T-helper lymphocyte-dependent tissue homeostatic functions and T-regulatory cell-dependent suppressive mechanisms. Altogether, these data propose that cellular senescence plays a wide-reaching role as a homeostatic orchestrator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Vicente
- INSERM, U1183, IRMBMontpellier CedexFrance
- University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- CHRU de Montpellier, IRMBMontpellier CedexFrance
| | - Anne‐Laure Mausset‐Bonnefont
- INSERM, U1183, IRMBMontpellier CedexFrance
- University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- CHRU de Montpellier, IRMBMontpellier CedexFrance
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- INSERM, U1183, IRMBMontpellier CedexFrance
- University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- CHRU de Montpellier, IRMBMontpellier CedexFrance
| | - Pascale Louis‐Plence
- INSERM, U1183, IRMBMontpellier CedexFrance
- University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- CHRU de Montpellier, IRMBMontpellier CedexFrance
| | - Jean‐Marc Brondello
- INSERM, U1183, IRMBMontpellier CedexFrance
- University of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- CHRU de Montpellier, IRMBMontpellier CedexFrance
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13
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Suppressor Properties of Human CD8+CD28− T Cells in Mixed Leukocyte Reaction are not Affected by CsA and RAPA. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:409-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Chou JP, Ramirez CM, Ryba DM, Koduri MP, Effros RB. Prostaglandin E2 promotes features of replicative senescence in chronically activated human CD8+ T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99432. [PMID: 24918932 PMCID: PMC4053423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a pleiotropic immunomodulatory molecule, and its free radical catalyzed isoform, iso-PGE2, are frequently elevated in the context of cancer and chronic infection. Previous studies have documented the effects of PGE2 on the various CD4+ T cell functions, but little is known about its impact on cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes, the immune cells responsible for eliminating virally infected and tumor cells. Here we provide the first demonstration of the dramatic effects of PGE2 on the progression of human CD8+ T cells toward replicative senescence, a terminal dysfunctional state associated multiple pathologies during aging and chronic HIV-1 infection. Our data show that exposure of chronically activated CD8+ T cells to physiological levels of PGE2 and iso-PGE2 promotes accelerated acquisition of markers of senescence, including loss of CD28 expression, increased expression of p16 cell cycle inhibitor, reduced telomerase activity, telomere shortening and diminished production of key cytotoxic and survival cytokines. Moreover, the CD8+ T cells also produced higher levels of reactive oxygen species, suggesting that the resultant oxidative stress may have further enhanced telomere loss. Interestingly, we observed that even chronic activation per se resulted in increased CD8+ T cell production of PGE2, mediated by higher COX-2 activity, thus inducing a negative feedback loop that further inhibits effector function. Collectively, our data suggest that the elevated levels of PGE2 and iso-PGE2, seen in various cancers and HIV-1 infection, may accelerate progression of CD8+ T cells towards replicative senescence in vivo. Inhibition of COX-2 activity may, therefore, provide a strategy to counteract this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P. Chou
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Ramirez
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Danielle M. Ryba
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Megha P. Koduri
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rita B. Effros
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Immunosenescence, aging, and systemic lupus erythematous. Autoimmune Dis 2013; 2013:267078. [PMID: 24260712 PMCID: PMC3821895 DOI: 10.1155/2013/267078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a normal biological process that occurs in all organisms and involves a decline in cell functions. This process is caused by molecular regulatory machinery alterations, and it is closely related to telomere erosion in chromosomes. In the context of the immune system, this phenomenon is known as immunosenescence and refers to the immune function deregulation. Therefore, functions of several cells involved in the innate and adaptive immune responses are severely compromised with age progression (e.g., changes in lymphocyte subsets, decreased proliferative responses, chronic inflammatory states, etc.). These alterations make elderly individuals prone to not only infectious diseases but also to malignancy and autoimmunity.
This review will explore the molecular aspects of processes related to cell aging, their importance in the context of the immune system, and their participation in elderly SLE patients.
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Lanna A, Coutavas E, Levati L, Seidel J, Rustin MHA, Henson SM, Akbar AN, Franzese O. IFN-α inhibits telomerase in human CD8⁺ T cells by both hTERT downregulation and induction of p38 MAPK signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3744-52. [PMID: 23997212 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine IFN-α is secreted during viral infections and has been shown to inhibit telomerase activity and accelerate T cell differentiation in vivo. However, the mechanism for this inhibition is not clear. In this study, we show that IFN-α inhibits both the transcription and translation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic component of telomerase, in activated CD8(+) T cells. This was associated with increased activity of the repressor of hTERT transcription E2 transcription factor and decreased activation of NF-κB that promotes hTERT transcription. However IFN-α did not affect the translocation of hTERT from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. IFN-α also inhibits AKT kinase activation but increases p38 MAPK activity, and both of these events have been shown previously to inhibit telomerase activity. Addition of BIRB796, an inhibitor of p38 activity, to IFN-α-treated cells reversed, in part, the inhibition of telomerase by this cytokine. Therefore, IFN-α can inhibit the enzyme telomerase in CD8(+) T cells by transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms. Furthermore, the addition of IFN-α to CD8(+)CD27(+)CD28(+) T cells accelerates the loss of both these costimulatory molecules. This suggests that persistent viral infections may contribute to the accumulation of highly differentiated/senescent CD8(+)CD27(-)CD28(-) T cells during aging by promoting IFN-α secretion during repeated episodes of viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Lanna
- Pharmacology Section, Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
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17
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Comandini A, Naro C, Adamo R, Akbar AN, Lanna A, Bonmassar E, Franzese O. Molecular mechanisms involved in HIV-1-Tat mediated inhibition of telomerase activity in human CD4+ T lymphocytes. Mol Immunol 2013; 54:181-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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1 0 7. Cancer Biomark 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b14318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Sikora E. Rejuvenation of senescent cells-the road to postponing human aging and age-related disease? Exp Gerontol 2012; 48:661-6. [PMID: 23064316 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is the state of permanent inhibition of cell proliferation. Replicative senescence occurs due to the end replication problem and shortening telomeres with each cell division leading to DNA damage response (DDR). The number of short telomeres increases with age and age-related pathologies. Stress induced senescence, although not accompanied by attrition of telomeres, is also attributed to the DDR induced by irreparable DNA lesions in telomeric DNA. Senescent cells characterized by the presence of γH2AX, the common marker of double DNA strand breaks, and other senescence markers including activity of SA-β-gal, accumulate in tissues of aged animals and humans as well as at sites of pathology. It is believed that cellular senescence evolved as a cancer barrier since non-proliferating senescent cells cannot be transformed to neoplastic cells. On the other hand senescent cells favor cancer development, just like other age-related pathologies, by creating a low grade inflammatory state due to senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Reversal/inhibition of cellular senescence could prolong healthy life span, thus many attempts have been undertaken to influence cellular senescence. The two main approaches are genetic and pharmacological/nutritional modifications of cell fate. The first one concerns cell reprogramming by induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which in vitro is effective even in cells undergoing senescence, or derived from very old or progeroid patients. The second approach concerns modification of senescence signaling pathways just like TOR-induced by pharmacological or with natural agents. However, knowing that aging is unavoidable we cannot expect its elimination, but prolonging healthy life span is a goal worth serious consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sikora
- Laboratory of the Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, Warsaw, Poland.
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20
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Spielmann G, McFarlin BK, O'Connor DP, Smith PJW, Pircher H, Simpson RJ. Aerobic fitness is associated with lower proportions of senescent blood T-cells in man. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:1521-9. [PMID: 21784146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescent T-cells accumulate with age, lowering the naïve T-cell repertoire and increasing host infection risk. As this response is likely to be influenced by certain lifestyle factors, we examined the association between aerobic fitness (VO(2max)) and the age-related accumulation of senescent T-cells. Blood lymphocytes from 102 healthy males (18-61 yr) were analyzed for KLRG1, CD57, CD28, CD45RA, CD45RO surface expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells by 4-color flow cytometry. Advancing age (yr) was positively associated with the proportion (%) of senescent (KLRG1+/CD57+; KLRG1+/CD28-) CD4+ (B=1.00; 1.02) and CD8+ (B=0.429; 1.02) T-cells and inversely associated with naïve (KLRG1-/CD28+) CD4+ (B=-1.000) and CD8+ (B=-0.993) T-cells. VO(2max) was inversely associated with senescent CD4+ (B=-0.97) and CD8+ (B=-0.240). Strikingly, age was no longer associated with the proportions of senescent or naïve T-cells after adjusting for VO(2max), while the association between VO(2max) and these T-cell subsets withstood adjustment for age, BMI and percentage body fat. Ranking participants by age-adjusted VO(2max) revealed that the highest tertile had 17% more naïve CD8+ T-cells and 57% and 37% less senescent CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, respectively, compared to the lowest tertile. VO(2max) was not associated with latent cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection, indicating that the moderating associations of VO(2max) were not confounded by persistent viral infections. This is the first study to show that aerobic fitness is associated with a lower age-related accumulation of senescent T-cells, highlighting the beneficial effects of maintaining a physically active lifestyle on the aging immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Spielmann
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3855 Holman Street, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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21
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Larbi A, Pawelec G, Wong SC, Goldeck D, Tai JJY, Fulop T. Impact of age on T cell signaling: a general defect or specific alterations? Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:370-8. [PMID: 20933612 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Decreased immune responsiveness associated with aging is generally termed "immunosenescence". Several theories have been proposed to explain age-related declines in immune responses. Here, we will focus on and describe potential defects in T cell signal transduction from the membrane to the nucleus, leading to changes in the type, intensity and duration of the response as a major factor contributing to immunosenescence. We will first detail T cell signaling through the T cell receptor (TCR), CD28 and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and then discuss the observed age-related alterations to these signaling pathways. The role of membrane rafts in T cell signaling and T cell aging will be described. These factors will be considered in the context of the notion that age-related changes to T cell signaling may be attributed to changes in the functionality of the T cells due to shifts in T cell subpopulations with age. For this reason, we conclude by highlighting the application of multiparametric signaling analysis in leukocyte subsets using flow cytometry as a means to obtain a clearer picture with respect to age-related changes to immune signaling.
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22
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Laschober GT, Brunauer R, Jamnig A, Singh S, Hafen U, Fehrer C, Kloss F, Gassner R, Lepperdinger G. Age-Specific Changes of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are Paralleled by Upregulation of CD106 Expression As a Response to an Inflammatory Environment. Rejuvenation Res 2011; 14:119-31. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2010.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard T. Laschober
- Extracellular Matrix Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Regina Brunauer
- Extracellular Matrix Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Angelika Jamnig
- Extracellular Matrix Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sarvpreet Singh
- Extracellular Matrix Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrich Hafen
- Extracellular Matrix Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christine Fehrer
- Extracellular Matrix Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Frank Kloss
- Department for Cranio-, Maxillofacial & Oral Surgery, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Gassner
- Department for Cranio-, Maxillofacial & Oral Surgery, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Lepperdinger
- Extracellular Matrix Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
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23
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Impact of cellular senescence signature on ageing research. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:146-52. [PMID: 20946972 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence as the state of permanent inhibition of cell proliferation is a tumour-suppressive mechanism. However, due to the associated secretory phenotype senescence can also contribute to cancer and possibly other age-related diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. There are two major mechanisms of cellular senescence; replicative senescence depends on telomere erosion or dysfunction whilst stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) is telomere-independent and also includes oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). The senescence phenotype is characterised by altered cellular morphology, increased activity for senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-GAL), increased formation of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF) and promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies (PML NBs), permanent DNA damage, chromosomal instability and an inflammatory secretome. Some of these markers have been identified in cells from age-related pathologies. However, to improve our understanding of the contribution of cellular senescence to organismal ageing and age-related disease, it is imperative to define an unequivocal signature of cellular senescence that is functionally connected with normal and pathological ageing. Herein, we describe the processes leading to senescence, and the current biomarkers of cellular senescence, with particular emphasis on the causal role of DNA damage responses involved in the process. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge both of the processes leading to senescence, and the signature of cellular senescence both in vitro and in vivo. A well-defined set of senescence biomarkers for ageing and age-related disease would have a strong impact on the diagnosis, staging and predicted outcomes of age-related disease, providing the basis for a pharmacological intervention to postpone ageing and age-related disease.
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Grillari J, Grillari-Voglauer R. Novel modulators of senescence, aging, and longevity: Small non-coding RNAs enter the stage. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:302-11. [PMID: 20080172 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade evidence has accumulated that the aging process is driven by limited allocation of energy to somatic maintenance resulting in accumulation of stochastic damage. This damage, affecting molecules, cells, and tissues, is counteracted by genetically programmed repair, the efficiency of which thus importantly determines the life and 'health span' of organisms. Therefore, understanding the regulation of gene expression during cellular and organismal aging as well as upon exposure to various damaging events is important to understand the biology of aging and to positively influence the health span. The recent identification of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), has added an additional layer of complexity to the regulation of gene expression with the classes of endogenous small inhibitory RNAs (siRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), QDE1-interacting RNAs (qiRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). Some of these ncRNAs have not yet been identified in mammalian cells and are dependent on RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. The first mammalian enzyme with such activity has only now emerged and surprisingly consists of the catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT) together with RMPR, an alternative RNA component. The so far most studied small non-coding RNAs, miRNAs, however, are now increasingly found to operate in the complex network of cellular aging. Recent findings show that (i) miRNAs are regulated during cellular senescence in vitro, (ii) they contribute to tissue regeneration by regulation of stem cell function, and (iii) at least one miRNA modulates the life span of the model organism C. elegans. Additionally, (iv) they act as inhibitors of proteins mediating the insulin/IGF1 and target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling, both of which are conserved modulators of organism life span. Here we will give an overview on the current status of these topics. Since little is so far known on the functions of small ncRNAs in the context of aging and longevity, the entry of the RNA world into the field of biogerontology certainly holds additional surprises and promises. Even more so, as miRNAs are implicated in many age-associated pathologies, and as RNAi and miRNA based therapeutics are on their way to clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Grillari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Fulop T, Franceschi C, Hirokawa K, Pawelec G. Immunosenescence Modulation by Vaccination. HANDBOOK ON IMMUNOSENESCENCE 2009. [PMCID: PMC7120001 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9063-9_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A decline in immune function is a hallmark of aging that leads to complicated illness from a variety of infectious diseases, cancer and other immune-mediated disorders, and may limit the ability to appropriately respond to vaccination. How vaccines might alter the senescent immune response and what are the immune correlates of protection will be addressed from the perspective of 1) stimulating a previously primed response as in the case of vaccines for seasonal influenza and herpes zoster, 2) priming the response to novel antigens such as pandemic influenza or other viruses, 3) vaccination against bacterial pathogens such as pneumococcus, and 4) altering the immune response to an endogenous protein as in the case of a vaccine against Alzheimer’s disease. In spite of the often limited efficacy of vaccines for older adults, influenza vaccination remains the only cost-saving medical intervention in this population. Thus, considerable opportunity exists to improve current vaccines and develop new vaccines as a preventive approach to a variety of diseases in older adults. Strategies for selecting appropriate immunologic targets for new vaccine development and evaluating how vaccines may alter the senescent immune response in terms of potential benefits and risks in the preclinical and clinical trial phases of vaccine development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Medicine, Immunology Graduate Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, 1036 Rue Belvedere, J1H 4C4 Sherbrooke, Quebec Canada
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental Pathalogy, CIG Interdepartmental Center “L. Galvani” University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Katsuiku Hirokawa
- Institute for Health and Life Sciences, 4-6-22 Kohinato, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-0006 Japan
| | - Graham Pawelec
- ZMF - Zentrum Med. Forschung Abt. Transplant./ Immunologie, University of Tübingen, Waldhörnlestr. 22, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
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26
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Schmid I, Jamieson BD. Assessment of telomere length, phenotype, and DNA content. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 7:Unit 7.26. [PMID: 18770803 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0726s29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Telomere sequences at the end of chromosomes control somatic cell division; therefore, telomere length in a given cell population provides information about its replication potential. This unit describes a method for flow cytometric measurement of telomere length in subpopulations using fluorescence in situ hybridization of fluorescently-labeled probes (Flow-FISH) without prior cell separation. After cells are stained for surface immunofluorescence, antigen-antibody complexes are covalently cross-linked onto cell membranes before FISH with a telomere-specific probe. Cells with long telomeres are included as internal standards. Addition of a DNA dye permits exclusion of proliferating cells during data analysis. DNA ploidy measurements of cells of interest and internal standard are performed on separate aliquots in parallel to Flow-FISH. Telomere fluorescence of G(0/1) cells of subpopulations and internal standards obtained from Flow-FISH are normalized for DNA ploidy and telomere length in subsets of interest is expressed as a fraction of the internal standard telomere length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Schmid
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Kumar R, Burns EA. Age-related decline in immunity: implications for vaccine responsiveness. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:467-79. [PMID: 18444893 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.4.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with declines in immune system function, or 'immunosenescence', leading to progressive deterioration in both innate and adaptive immunity. These changes contribute to the decreased response to vaccines seen in many older adults, and morbidity and mortality from infection. Infections (e.g., influenza, pneumonia and septicemia) appear among the top ten most-common causes of death in adults in the USA aged 55 years and older. As immunosenescence has gathered more attention in the scientific and healthcare communities, investigators have demonstrated more links between immunosenescent changes and morbidity and mortality related to infections and declining vaccine responses. This review summarizes the recent literature on age-dependent defects in adaptive and innate immunity, data linking these defects to poor vaccine response and morbidity and mortality, current recommendations for vaccinations and potential strategies to improve vaccine efficacy in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 5000 W National Avenue, CC-G, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA.
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Lemster BH, Michel JJ, Montag DT, Paat JJ, Studenski SA, Newman AB, Vallejo AN. Induction of CD56 and TCR-independent activation of T cells with aging. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1979-90. [PMID: 18209097 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of the thymus and severe contraction of the T cell repertoire with aging suggest that immune homeostasis in old age could be mediated by distinct effectors. Therefore, receptors expressed on T cells as they undergo senescence in vitro, as well as those displayed by circulating T cells during normal chronologic aging, were examined. Monitoring of T cells driven to senescence showed de novo induction of CD56, the prototypic receptor of NK cells. Analysis of fresh T cells in peripheral blood showed an age-dependent induction of CD56. These unusual T cells expressed high levels of Bcl2, p16, and p53, and had limited, or completely lost, ability to undergo cell division, properties consistent with senescence. CD56 cross-linking without TCR ligation on CD56(+) T cells resulted in extensive protein phosphorylation, NF-kappaB activation, and Bax down-regulation. CD56 cross-linking was also sufficient to drive production of various humoral factors. These data suggest that the immunologic environment in old age is functionally distinct, rather than being a dysfunctional version of that seen at a young age. CD56(+) T cells are unique effectors capable of mediating TCR-independent immune cascades that could be harnessed to enhance protective immunity in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie H Lemster
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Campisi J, d'Adda di Fagagna F. Cellular senescence: when bad things happen to good cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8:729-40. [PMID: 17667954 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2997] [Impact Index Per Article: 176.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cells continually experience stress and damage from exogenous and endogenous sources, and their responses range from complete recovery to cell death. Proliferating cells can initiate an additional response by adopting a state of permanent cell-cycle arrest that is termed cellular senescence. Understanding the causes and consequences of cellular senescence has provided novel insights into how cells react to stress, especially genotoxic stress, and how this cellular response can affect complex organismal processes such as the development of cancer and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Campisi
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Abstract
The improvements of socio-environmental conditions, medical care and quality of life have caused a general improvement in the health status of the population and a consequent reduction of morbidity and mortality, resulting in an overall increased life-expectancy. The role of immunosenescence was negligible in the past, when the human lifespan was 40–50 years, and its impact on morbidity and mortality has emerged in combination with the extension of lifespan. Immunosenescence results from multifactorial processes that act on all components of the immune system. The changes associated with immunosenescence are playing an increasingly important role in the emergence of a series of age-related pathologies, conditioning the present epidemiology of old people.
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Picerno I, Chirico C, Condello S, Visalli G, Ferlazzo N, Gorgone G, Caccamo D, Ientile R. Homocysteine induces DNA damage and alterations in proliferative capacity of T-lymphocytes: a model for immunosenescence? Biogerontology 2006; 8:111-9. [PMID: 16967206 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-006-9040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) appears to exert different effects on immune functions possibly contributing to age-related pathological states, including vascular diseases, immune dysfunction, and Alzheimer's disease. However, molecular mechanisms underlying Hcy toxicity need to be better characterized. Since T cells are a suitable model to address the possible role of replicative senescence during the in vivo aging, we investigated the effects of high Hcy concentrations on mitogen-activated lymphocytes, with regard to evaluation of DNA damage and cell cycle alterations. Cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated with mitogenic concanavalin A (5 microg/ml) for 48 h in the presence or absence of Hcy (1 mM). Both flow cytometric analysis and caspase-3 activity assay showed an increased rate of apoptosis in Hcy-treated lymphocyte cultures compared to controls. Further, Hcy exposure caused DNA fragmentation as evaluated by single cell gel electrophoresis showing the occurrence of comets. Cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay, performed after addition of cytochalasin B (5 microg/ml) and incubation up to 72 h, revealed a significantly higher frequency of micronucleated/binucleated cells in Hcy-treated cultures compared to controls (P < 0.001). Hcy also reduced cyclin B expression in comparison to control cultures, while cyclin D levels were not significantly affected. Cell cycle alterations, such as the inability of cells to enter into mitosis, could be related with DNA damage. These findings provided a link between perturbation of lymphocyte proliferation homeostasis and commitment towards apoptosis. Our results suggest the involvement of Hcy in the altered immune function associated with age and disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Picerno
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Fehrer C, Voglauer R, Wieser M, Pfister G, Brunauer R, Cioca D, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Lepperdinger G. Techniques in gerontology: Cell lines as standards for telomere length and telomerase activity assessment. Exp Gerontol 2006; 41:648-51. [PMID: 16677791 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The length of telomeres is believed to critically influence cellular aging processes and disease development. In order to reliably monitor telomere length and the corresponding cellular telomerase activity by optimized procedures, either based on flow cytometry or quantitative PCR technique, we here propose three commonly used cell lines, HEK293, K562 and TCL1301 as standards. In this contribution, efficient methods to determine mean telomere length of eukaryotic chromosomal DNA and determination of the corresponding telomeras activity are outlined. In particular, wide-range standard curves for a precise assessment of telomere length of genomic DNA by quantitative PCR technique are presented, measures, which greatly simplify the evaluation of respective functional roles of telomeres when studying biological processes such as disease progression and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fehrer
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rennweg 10, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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33
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Rethi B, Fluur C, Atlas A, Krzyzowska M, Mowafi F, Grützmeier S, De Milito A, Bellocco R, Falk KI, Rajnavölgyi E, Chiodi F. Loss of IL-7Ralpha is associated with CD4 T-cell depletion, high interleukin-7 levels and CD28 down-regulation in HIV infected patients. AIDS 2005; 19:2077-86. [PMID: 16284456 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000189848.75699.0f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated levels of interleukin (IL)-7 are present in the blood of HIV-positive patients and it is known that IL-7 receptor (IL-7R)alpha expression decreases on T cells during HIV infection. The subset(s) of T cells with low IL-7Ralpha and the consequence of low IL-7Ralpha expression for T-cell survival are poorly characterized. DESIGN The frequency of IL-7Ralpha-negative T cells in HIV-positive patients was studied in relation to CD4 T-cell counts, IL-7 concentration and survival in culture. We analysed IL-7Ralpha expression in different T-cell populations and in relation to Bcl-2 expression. METHODS Specimens from 38 HIV-1 patients and 17 controls were examined. IL-7Ralpha and Bcl-2 expression in different T-cell populations was studied by flow cytometry. The influence of IL-7Ralpha expression on T-cell survival was studied by culturing T cells in the presence of IL-7. RESULTS Down-regulation of IL-7Ralpha on T cells correlated with depletion of CD4 T cells (P < 0.001) and also with increased concentration of serum IL-7 (P < 0.05). The decreased IL-7Ralpha expression was associated with low Bcl-2 expression and with the reduced survival capacity of T cells in the presence of IL-7 in vitro. Particularly, T cells with memory phenotype showed a decreased IL-7Ralpha expression in association with CD28 down-regulation. CONCLUSIONS The positive effects of IL-7 on survival and homeostatic proliferation of T cells might be severely impaired in HIV-infected individuals due to IL-7Ralpha down-regulation. Differentiation towards a CD28-negative memory phenotype in response to chronic activation may lead to an overall decrease of IL-7 mediated survival within the peripheral T-cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Rethi
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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34
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Huang J, Khong HT, Dudley ME, El-Gamil M, Li YF, Rosenberg SA, Robbins PF. Survival, persistence, and progressive differentiation of adoptively transferred tumor-reactive T cells associated with tumor regression. J Immunother 2005; 28:258-67. [PMID: 15838383 PMCID: PMC2174599 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000158855.92792.7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective clinical responses have been observed in approximately 50% of patients who received non-myeloablative chemotherapy prior to the adoptive transfer of autologous melanoma-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Recent studies carried out through the use of antibodies directed against T-cell-receptor beta chain variable region (TRBV) products, as well as by direct sequencing of the expressed TRBV gene products, indicated that clinical responses in this trial were associated with the level of persistence of adoptively transferred T cells. In an attempt to further characterize T cells that persist in vivo following adoptive transfer, five dominant T-cell clonotypes were identified in TIL 2035, an adoptively transferred TIL that was associated with the complete regression of multiple metastases. The most highly persistent clonotype, which expressed the BV1 TR gene product, recognized the MAGE-6 cancer/testis antigen in the context of HLA-A23. This clonotype was detected in peripheral blood for over 16 months following adoptive transfer, expressed relatively higher levels of the co-stimulatory markers CD28 and CD27, and possessed telomeres that were long relative to other clonotypes present in TIL 2035 that showed only short-term persistence. The long-term persistent BV1 clonotype appeared to differentiate more slowly toward an end-stage effector in vivo than short-term persistent clonotypes, as manifested by the downregulation of CD28, CD27, and CD45RO and upregulation of CD57 and CD45RA expression on these T cells. These results indicated that the differentiation stage and replicative history of individual TIL clonotypes might be associated with their ability to survive and to persist in vivo, and progressive differentiation of the persistent clonotypes occurred following adoptive transfer.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Cell Differentiation
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/transplantation
- Male
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/therapy
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Huang
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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35
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Stress-induced premature senescence in mononuclear cells from patients on long-term hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 45:353-9. [PMID: 15685514 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeatedly stimulated mononuclear cells may become senescent prematurely as a result of frequent activation-induced replication. In hemodialysis patients, mononuclear cells are activated repeatedly with each hemodialysis procedure. Characteristics of senescent mononuclear cells include telomere length shortening, increased p53 expression, CD14dim/CD16bright expression, and interleukin overproduction. METHODS Peripheral mononuclear cells from 15 hemodialysis patients and 15 age-matched controls were evaluated. Telomere length was assessed by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization in flow cytometry. Expression of p53, CD14/CD16, and intracellular cytokine production (interleukin-1beta [IL-1beta], IL-6, and IL-4) was evaluated by means of flow cytometry using specific antibodies. RESULTS Features of senescence were found in a subpopulation of mononuclear cells: (1) accelerated telomere shortening, (2) increased p53 expression, (3) CD14dim/CD16bright expression, and (4) cytokine overproduction (IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-4). Telomere length shortening was present in 40% +/- 6% of cells from hemodialysis patients compared with less than 5% from age-matched controls. Percentage of cells with short telomeres correlated positively with serum C-reactive protein level, which reflects inflammation. p53 expression was increased in mononuclear cells from hemodialysis patients. Mononuclear cells from hemodialysis patients with decreased telomere length mainly showed the CD14dim/CD16bright phenotype; conversely, cells with normal telomeres presented the CD14bright/CD16dim phenotype. Finally, mononuclear cells from hemodialysis patients, but not controls, spontaneously produced the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IL-6. CONCLUSION This study shows the presence of a prematurely senescent subpopulation of peripheral mononuclear cells in hemodialysis patients. These senescent cells probably result from repeated activation and may have a pathophysiological role in the chronic inflammation described in hemodialysis patients.
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36
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McElhaney JE, Nichol KL. Influenza vaccines: crossing the translational gap to improve outcomes in the elderly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.2217/1745509x.1.1.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A decline in immune function is a hallmark of aging and influenza is foremost amongst all infectious diseases in the age-related increase in risk for serious complications and death. While epidemiologic studies have demonstrated the benefit of influenza vaccination in older adults, substantial numbers of hospitalizations and deaths attributable to influenza continue to occur, suggesting the need for even more effective vaccines. Clinical trials of new vaccines in older adults that rely on antibody responses as a sole measure of vaccine efficacy cannot evaluate components of the cellular immune response that are critical for protection against influenza in this population. This article will review recent publications that have helped us to understand the spectrum of illnesses caused by influenza and the potential benefits of vaccination, identify key components of the immune response that decline with aging, and describe how new vaccine technologies may reverse these changes to prevent complicated influenza illness in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E McElhaney
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, USA
| | - Kristin L Nichol
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, USA
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37
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Abstract
Influenza is a serious illness and probably the single most important cause of excess disability and mortality during the winter months. In spite of limited efficacy in older adults, influenza vaccination is nevertheless a cost-saving medical intervention since it does reduce hospitalisation and death rates due to pneumonia, exacerbations of heart failure and, surprisingly, heart attacks and strokes. Yet hospitalisation and death rates for acute respiratory illnesses continue to rise in spite of widespread vaccination programs. As a person ages, the immune response to antigenic stimulation with the influenza virus shifts toward T helper type 2 cytokine production. This is associated with a relative reduction in cytotoxic T-cell activity and a reduced capacity to destroy infected host cells and clear the virus from infected lung tissue. Breakthrough strategies to improve the current influenza vaccines are required to avoid a crisis in health care. A targeted approach will develop vaccines that can reverse these age-related changes in T-cell responses, particularly the functions of cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E McElhaney
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases and UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1601, USA.
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38
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van Baarle D, Tsegaye A, Miedema F, Akbar A. Significance of senescence for virus-specific memory T cell responses: rapid ageing during chronic stimulation of the immune system. Immunol Lett 2005; 97:19-29. [PMID: 15626472 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is a generalized age-related decline in immune responses which leads to increased susceptibility of elderly to infection and, possibly, to autoimmune disease and cancer. This is associated with phenotypic changes of CD8+ T lymphocytes that include the loss of costimulatory molecules CD28 and CD27, which are important for proliferation and cell survival of CD8+ T cells. Loss of these molecules is associated with less ability to respond to recurrent infection. Functional changes within T cells during ageing include a reduction in the number of naive T cells and a progressively limited T cell repertoire. Furthermore, persistent life-long antigenic stress upon the memory pool leads to telomere erosion and concomittant loss of proliferative capacity, a phenomenon known as replicative senesence. In this review, we discuss that replicative senescence, or clonal exhaustion, may also occur in relatively young individuals, as evidenced from HIV-infected individuals and healthy Ethiopians. We discuss data suggesting that T cell defects may arise in individuals because of chronic antigen activation leading to rapid ageing of the memory CD8+ T cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie van Baarle
- Department of Clinical Viro-Immunology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Aged animals and humans exhibit a decreased T-cell activation response although they also exhibit increased susceptibility to responses to self-antigens and a loss of self-tolerance. The age-related alteration in T-cell reactivity, polyclonal expansion of T cells, and enhanced production of autoantibodies may reflect the numerous age-associated alterations in the T-cell arm of the immune system that have been revealed in numerous studies. These studies suggest that subpopulations of T cells are not deleted appropriately in older animals. They further suggest that an age-related impairment of Fas/Fas ligand (FasL)-mediated apoptosis - which plays a major role in activation-induced cell death (AICD) of T cells - may contribute to compromised regulation of the immune system. The likely mechanisms that may lead to impaired induction of FasL in AICD senescent T cells include an age-related shift from the apoptosis-sensitive T-helper 1 cell (Th1) response to the AICD-resistant Th2 response, aberrant T-cell receptor/CD3 downstream-signaling pathways, and altered CD28/B7-mediated T-cell costimulatory signals. Pathologically, accumulation of AICD-senescent T cells is associated with a defective cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and generation of autoreactive T cells. Based on the accumulating evidence, we propose that the emergence of the FasL(lo) AICD-senescent T cells is not only an effect of immune aging but also an important cause of T-cell proliferative senescence in both humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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40
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Gardner JP, Li S, Srinivasan SR, Chen W, Kimura M, Lu X, Berenson GS, Aviv A. Rise in Insulin Resistance Is Associated With Escalated Telomere Attrition. Circulation 2005; 111:2171-7. [PMID: 15851602 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000163550.70487.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Insulin resistance predisposes to cardiovascular disease and shortens human lifespan. We therefore tested the hypothesis that a rise in insulin resistance in concert with gain in body mass is associated with accelerated white blood cell telomere attrition.
Methods and Results—
We measured white blood cell telomere dynamics and age-related changes in insulin resistance and body mass index in young adults of the Bogalusa Heart Study. Over 10.1 to 12.8 years, the relative changes in telomere length were correlated with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (
r
=−0.531,
P
<0.001) and changes in the body mass index (
r
=−0.423,
P
<0.001).
Conclusions—
These findings provide the first tangible nexus of telomere biology with insulin resistance and adiposity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Gardner
- Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Effros RB. Roy Walford and the immunologic theory of aging. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2005; 2:7. [PMID: 15850487 PMCID: PMC1131916 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Roy Walford died on April 27, 2004, at the age of 79. His contributions to gerontological research in such diverse areas as caloric restriction, genetics of lifespan, immunosenescence, DNA repair and replicative senescence were truly remarkable in their depth and innovation. Significantly, most of the areas that he pioneered during his illustrious research career remain the "hot" areas of current gerontological research. In this sense, he has achieved the most important type of immortality. His death was a major personal and professional loss to numerous scientists within the gerontological community. In launching this new journal on Immunity and Ageing, it is highly fitting, therefore, to remember him on the anniversary of his death by briefly reviewing the contributions of Roy Walford to this important facet of gerontology. Indeed, it was Roy who actually first coined the commonly used term "immunosenescence".
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita B Effros
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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Leslie M. All pain, no gain. SCIENCE OF AGING KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT : SAGE KE 2004; 2004:ns4. [PMID: 15243153 DOI: 10.1126/sageke.2004.27.ns4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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