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Attar ES, Chaudhari VH, Deokar CG, Dyawanapelly S, Devarajan PV. Nano Drug Delivery Strategies for an Oral Bioenhanced Quercetin Formulation. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 48:495-514. [PMID: 37523008 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-023-00843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, has been credited with a wide spectrum of therapeutic properties. However, the oral use of quercetin is limited due to its poor water solubility, low bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and rapid plasma clearance. Quercetin has been studied extensively when used with various nanodelivery systems for enhancing quercetin bioavailability. To enhance its oral bioavailability and efficacy, various quercetin-loaded nanosystems such as nanosuspensions, polymer nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, emulsions, liposomes or phytosomes, micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and other lipid-based nanoparticles have been investigated in in-vitro cells, in-vivo animal models, and humans. Among the aforementioned nanosystems, quercetin phytosomes are attracting more interest and are available on the market. The present review covers insights into the possibilities of harnessing quercetin for several therapeutic applications and a special focus on anticancer applications and the clinical benefits of nanoquercetin formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha S Attar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Vanashree H Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Chaitanya G Deokar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Sathish Dyawanapelly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Padma V Devarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India.
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Wang W, Yan T, Guo X, Cai H, Liang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Ma P, Qi S. KAP1 phosphorylation promotes the survival of neural stem cells after ischemia/reperfusion by maintaining the stability of PCNA. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:290. [PMID: 35799276 PMCID: PMC9264526 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To explore the function of phosphorylation of KAP1 (p-KAP1) at the serine-824 site (S824) in the proliferation and apoptosis of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) after cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R). Methods The apoptosis and proliferation of C17.2 cells transfected with the p-KAP1-expression plasmids and the expression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and p-KAP1 were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blotting after the Oxygen Glucose deprivation/reperfusion model (OGD/R). The interaction of p-KAP1 and CUL4A with PCNA was analyzed by immunoprecipitation. In the rats MCAO model, we performed the adeno-associated virus (AAV) 2/9 gene delivery of p-KAP1 mutants to verify the proliferation of endogenous NSCs and the colocalization of PCNA and CUL4A by immunofluorescence. Results The level of p-KAP1 was significantly down-regulated in the stroke model in vivo and in vitro. Simulated p-KAP1(S824) significantly increased the proliferation of C17.2 cells and the expression of PCNA after OGD/R. Simulated p-KAP1(S824) enhanced the binding of p-KAP1 and PCNA and decreased the interaction between PCNA and CUL4A in C17.2 cells subjected to OGD/R. The AAV2/9-mediated p-KAP1(S824) increased endogenous NSCs proliferation, PCNA expression, p-KAP1 binding to PCNA, and improved neurological function in the rat MCAO model. Conclusions Our findings confirmed that simulated p-KAP1(S824) improved the survival and proliferation of endogenous NSCs. The underlying mechanism is that highly expressed p-KAP1(S824) promotes binding to PCNA, and inhibits the binding of CUL4A to PCNA. This reduced CUL4A-mediated ubiquitination degradation to increase the stability of PCNA and promote the survival and proliferation of NSCs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02962-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Tianqing Yan
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Xinjian Guo
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Heng Cai
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Chang Liang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Linyan Huang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Ping Ma
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
| | - Suhua Qi
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China. .,Pharmacology College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
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3
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A review on anti-cancer properties of Quercetin in breast cancer. Life Sci 2020; 248:117463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhao D, Li YH, Yang ZY, Cai T, Wu XY, Xia Y, Zhou Z. [Effect of the local application of stem cells on repairing facial nerve defects: a systematic review]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2020; 38:59-68. [PMID: 32037768 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate the repairing effect of stem cells on facial nerve defects. METHODS Articles regarding the regenerating effect of stem cells on facial nerves in animals were collected from the databases of Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and CBM. Two professionals independently completed the article screening, data extraction, and bias risk assessment. RevMan 5.3 and random-effects models were used for the statistical analysis, and the results were presented in the form of mean differences (MD) with a 95%CI. The results of functional evaluation (vibrissae movement, facial paralysis) and histological evaluation (density of myelinated fibers, diameter of fibers, thickness of myelin sheath, G ratio) of facial nerve were Meta-analyzed. RESULTS A total of 4 614 articles were retrieved from the 6 databases, and 15 of these articles were included in the Meta-analysis. For vibrissae movement and facial paralysis, the stem cell group scored significantly higher than the non-stem cell group (P<0.05). The density of myelinated fibers and thickness of the myelin sheath in the stem cell group were higher than those in the non-stem cell group (P<0.05). The G ratio in the stem cell group was smaller than that in the non-stem cell group (P=0.001). There was no significant difference in fiber diameter (P=0.08). CONCLUSIONS Stem cells have potential in promoting facial nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Dept. of Preventive Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Muni-cipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Yue-Heng Li
- Dept. of Preventive Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Muni-cipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Zheng-Yan Yang
- Dept. of Preventive Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Muni-cipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Dept. of Preventive Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Muni-cipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wu
- Dept. of Preventive Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Muni-cipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Dept. of Preventive Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Muni-cipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Dept. of Preventive Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Muni-cipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401120, China
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Teng YD. Functional multipotency of stem cells: Biological traits gleaned from neural progeny studies. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 95:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Forsberg D, Thonabulsombat C, Jäderstad J, Jäderstad LM, Olivius P, Herlenius E. Functional Stem Cell Integration into Neural Networks Assessed by Organotypic Slice Cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 42:2D.13.1-2D.13.30. [PMID: 28806855 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Re-formation or preservation of functional, electrically active neural networks has been proffered as one of the goals of stem cell-mediated neural therapeutics. A primary issue for a cell therapy approach is the formation of functional contacts between the implanted cells and the host tissue. Therefore, it is of fundamental interest to establish protocols that allow us to delineate a detailed time course of grafted stem cell survival, migration, differentiation, integration, and functional interaction with the host. One option for in vitro studies is to examine the integration of exogenous stem cells into an existing active neural network in ex vivo organotypic cultures. Organotypic cultures leave the structural integrity essentially intact while still allowing the microenvironment to be carefully controlled. This allows detailed studies over time of cellular responses and cell-cell interactions, which are not readily performed in vivo. This unit describes procedures for using organotypic slice cultures as ex vivo model systems for studying neural stem cell and embryonic stem cell engraftment and communication with CNS host tissue. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Forsberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charoensri Thonabulsombat
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Section of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Hearing and Communication Research, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Johan Jäderstad
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Maria Jäderstad
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petri Olivius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Section of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Hearing and Communication Research, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Herlenius
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Nandoe Tewarie RDS, Nandoe RDS, Hurtado A, Levi ADO, Grotenhuis JA, Grotenhuis A, Oudega M. Bone Marrow Stromal Cells for Repair of the Spinal Cord: Towards Clinical Application. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:563-77. [PMID: 17176609 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have been recognized and intensively studied for their potential use in restorative approaches for degenerative diseases and traumatic injuries. In the central nervous system (CNS), stem cell-based strategies have been proposed to replace lost neurons in degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease), or to replace lost oligodendrocytes in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Stem cells have also been implicated in repair of the adult spinal cord. An impact to the spinal cord results in immediate damage to tissue including blood vessels, causing loss of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. In time, more tissue nearby or away from the injury site is lost due to secondary injury. In case of relatively minor damage to the cord some return of function can be observed, but in most cases the neurological loss is permanent. This review will focus on in vitro and in vivo studies on the use of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), a heterogeneous cell population that includes mesenchymal stem cells, for repair of the spinal cord in experimental injury models and their potential for human application. To optimally benefit from BMSCs for repair of the spinal cord it is imperative to develop in vitro techniques that will generate the desired cell type and/or a large enough number for in vivo transplantation approaches. We will also assess the potential and possible pitfalls for use of BMSCs in humans and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi D S Nandoe Tewarie
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Zhou J, Cui H, Lu H, Xu Z, Feng W, Chen L, Jin X, Yang X, Qi Z. Muscle-derived stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration: reality or illusion? Regen Med 2017. [PMID: 28621200 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the complicated and time-consuming regenerative process, the repair of injured peripheral nerves depends largely on ongoing stem-cell therapy. Decades ago, researchers successfully isolated and identified muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) and discovered their potential for multidifferentiation. MDSCs play an important role in trauma repair associated with neuromuscular and vascular injury by simultaneously promoting tissue regrowth via direct differentiation and systematic secretion under physiological conditions. However, the isolation, culture, induction and application of MDSCs require further methodological analysis before clinical application. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the challenges associated with neural regeneration and reviewed the progress of stem cell based regenerative medicine, in an effort to realize the potential of MDSCs in nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Haiyan Cui
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
| | - Haibin Lu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Zhuqiu Xu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Weifeng Feng
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Jin
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Zuoliang Qi
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
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Yu Z, Men Y, Dong P. Schwann cells promote the capability of neural stem cells to differentiate into neurons and secret neurotrophic factors. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2029-2035. [PMID: 28565804 PMCID: PMC5443174 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated whether co-culturing Schwann cells (SCs) with neural stem cells (NSCs) improves viability, direction of differentiation and secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in NSCs. The three groups assessed were as follows: SCs, NSCs, and a co-culture of SCs and NSCs. Cellular morphological changes were observed under an inverted phase contrast microscope and quantified. Cells were identified by immunofluorescence staining: S100 for SCs, Nestin for NSCs, microtubule associated protein (Map) 2 and NeuN for neurons and glial fibrillary acidic protein for astrocytes. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. Secretion of BDNF and GDNF was quantified; mRNA expression was quantified by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The majority of NSCs in the co-cultured group differentiated into neurons. The cell survival rate of the co-culture group was significantly higher than the other groups on days 3, 5 and 10 (P<0.01). The secretion of BDNF in the co-culture group was significantly higher than NSCs on days 3, 5 and 7 (P<0.05), while the amount of GDNF in co-culture was significantly higher than both NSCs and SCs on day 1 (P<0.05). BDNF and GDNF gene expression in the co-culture group was significantly higher than SCs (P<0.01). Gene expression of Map2 in co-culture group was also significantly higher than both NSC and SC groups (P<0.01). Therefore, co-cultured SCs and NSCs promote differentiation of NSCs into neurons and secrete higher levels of neurotropic factors including BDNF and GDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhi Men
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Pin Dong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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Dulken BW, Leeman DS, Boutet SC, Hebestreit K, Brunet A. Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis Defines Heterogeneity and Transcriptional Dynamics in the Adult Neural Stem Cell Lineage. Cell Rep 2017; 18:777-790. [PMID: 28099854 PMCID: PMC5269583 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian brain serve as a reservoir for the generation of new neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize adult NSC populations and examine the molecular identities and heterogeneity of in vivo NSC populations. We find that cells in the NSC lineage exist on a continuum through the processes of activation and differentiation. Interestingly, rare intermediate states with distinct molecular profiles can be identified and experimentally validated, and our analysis identifies putative surface markers and key intracellular regulators for these subpopulations of NSCs. Finally, using the power of single-cell profiling, we conduct a meta-analysis to compare in vivo NSCs and in vitro cultures, distinct fluorescence-activated cell sorting strategies, and different neurogenic niches. These data provide a resource for the field and contribute to an integrative understanding of the adult NSC lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben W Dulken
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dena S Leeman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Katja Hebestreit
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging at Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Wang C, Lu CF, Peng J, Hu CD, Wang Y. Roles of neural stem cells in the repair of peripheral nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:2106-2112. [PMID: 29323053 PMCID: PMC5784362 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.221171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, researchers are using neural stem cell transplantation to promote regeneration after peripheral nerve injury, as neural stem cells play an important role in peripheral nerve injury repair. This article reviews recent research progress of the role of neural stem cells in the repair of peripheral nerve injury. Neural stem cells can not only differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, but can also differentiate into Schwann-like cells, which promote neurite outgrowth around the injury. Transplanted neural stem cells can differentiate into motor neurons that innervate muscles and promote the recovery of neurological function. To promote the repair of peripheral nerve injury, neural stem cells secrete various neurotrophic factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factor, nerve growth factor, insulin-like growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor. In addition, neural stem cells also promote regeneration of the axonal myelin sheath, angiogenesis, and immune regulation. It can be concluded that neural stem cells promote the repair of peripheral nerve injury through a variety of ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- Central Hospital of Handan, Handan, Hebei Province; Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chang-Feng Lu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, ; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province; Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Dong Hu
- Central Hospital of Handan, Handan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province; Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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12
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Current state of stem cell-mediated therapies for facial nerve injury. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 24:285-93. [DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Burns AJ, Goldstein AM, Newgreen DF, Stamp L, Schäfer KH, Metzger M, Hotta R, Young HM, Andrews PW, Thapar N, Belkind-Gerson J, Bondurand N, Bornstein JC, Chan WY, Cheah K, Gershon MD, Heuckeroth RO, Hofstra RMW, Just L, Kapur RP, King SK, McCann CJ, Nagy N, Ngan E, Obermayr F, Pachnis V, Pasricha PJ, Sham MH, Tam P, Vanden Berghe P. White paper on guidelines concerning enteric nervous system stem cell therapy for enteric neuropathies. Dev Biol 2016; 417:229-51. [PMID: 27059883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, there has been increasing focus on the development of novel stem cell based therapies for the treatment of disorders and diseases affecting the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal tract (so-called enteric neuropathies). Here, the idea is that ENS progenitor/stem cells could be transplanted into the gut wall to replace the damaged or absent neurons and glia of the ENS. This White Paper sets out experts' views on the commonly used methods and approaches to identify, isolate, purify, expand and optimize ENS stem cells, transplant them into the bowel, and assess transplant success, including restoration of gut function. We also highlight obstacles that must be overcome in order to progress from successful preclinical studies in animal models to ENS stem cell therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Burns
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald F Newgreen
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lincon Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserlautern, Germany; Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Fraunhofer-Institute Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Translational Centre - Würzburg branch and University Hospital Würzburg - Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ryo Hotta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather M Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter W Andrews
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jaime Belkind-Gerson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Nadege Bondurand
- INSERM U955, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wood Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kathryn Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
| | - Robert O Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lothar Just
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Raj P Kapur
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sebastian K King
- Department of Paediatric and Neonatal Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Conor J McCann
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Nandor Nagy
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elly Ngan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Florian Obermayr
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Mai Har Sham
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Paul Tam
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), TARGID, University of Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Yu YH, Narayanan G, Sankaran S, Ramasamy S, Chan SY, Lin S, Chen J, Yang H, Srivats H, Ahmed S. Purification, Visualization, and Molecular Signature of Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 25:189-201. [PMID: 26464067 PMCID: PMC4770853 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are isolated from primary brain tissue and propagated as a heterogeneous mix of cells, including neural progenitors. To date, NSCs have not been purified in vitro to allow study of their biology and utility in regenerative medicine. In this study, we identify C1qR1 as a novel marker for NSCs and show that it can be used along with Lewis-X (LeX) to yield a highly purified population of NSCs. Using time-lapse microscopy, we are able to follow NSCs forming neurospheres, allowing their visualization. Finally, using single-cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we determine the molecular signature of NSCs. The single-cell PCR data suggest that along with the Notch and Shh pathways, the Hippo pathway plays an important role in NSC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hong Yu
- 1 Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gunaseelan Narayanan
- 1 Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shvetha Sankaran
- 1 Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Srinivas Ramasamy
- 1 Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi Yu Chan
- 1 Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuping Lin
- 1 Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- 2 Bioinformatics Laboratory , Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- 2 Bioinformatics Laboratory , Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hariharan Srivats
- 1 Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sohail Ahmed
- 1 Neural Stem Cell Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Patel B, Patel J, Cho JH, Manne S, Bonala S, Henske E, Roegiers F, Markiewski M, Karbowniczek M. Exosomes mediate the acquisition of the disease phenotypes by cells with normal genome in tuberous sclerosis complex. Oncogene 2015; 35:3027-36. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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16
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Khan IS, Ehtesham M. Laboratory models for central nervous system tumor stem cell research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 853:69-83. [PMID: 25895708 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16537-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are complex organ systems comprising of a neoplastic component with associated vasculature, inflammatory cells, and reactive cellular and extracellular components. Research has identified a subset of cells in CNS tumors that portray defining properties of neural stem cells, namely, that of self-renewal and multi-potency. Growing evidence suggests that these tumor stem cells (TSC) play an important role in the maintenance and growth of the tumor. Furthermore, these cells have also been shown to be refractory to conventional therapy and may be crucial for tumor recurrence and metastasis. Current investigations are focusing on isolating these TSC from CNS tumors to investigate their unique biological processes. This understanding will help identify and develop more effective and comprehensive treatment strategies. This chapter provides an overview of some of the most commonly used laboratory models for CNSTSC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Saeed Khan
- Section of Neurosurgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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17
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Bestman JE, Huang LC, Lee-Osbourne J, Cheung P, Cline HT. An in vivo screen to identify candidate neurogenic genes in the developing Xenopus visual system. Dev Biol 2015; 408:269-91. [PMID: 25818835 PMCID: PMC4584193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the brain of Xenopus laevis continues throughout larval stages of development. We developed a 2-tier screen to identify candidate genes controlling neurogenesis in Xenopus optic tectum in vivo. First, microarray and NanoString analyses were used to identify candidate genes that were differentially expressed in Sox2-expressing neural progenitor cells or their neuronal progeny. Then an in vivo, time-lapse imaging-based screen was used to test whether morpholinos against 34 candidate genes altered neural progenitor cell proliferation or neuronal differentiation over 3 days in the optic tectum of intact Xenopus tadpoles. We co-electroporated antisense morpholino oligonucleotides against each of the candidate genes with a plasmid that drives GFP expression in Sox2-expressing neural progenitor cells and quantified the effects of morpholinos on neurogenesis. Of the 34 morpholinos tested, 24 altered neural progenitor cell proliferation or neuronal differentiation. The candidates which were tagged as differentially expressed and validated by the in vivo imaging screen include: actn1, arl9, eif3a, elk4, ephb1, fmr1-a, fxr1-1, fbxw7, fgf2, gstp1, hat1, hspa5, lsm6, mecp2, mmp9, and prkaca. Several of these candidates, including fgf2 and elk4, have known or proposed neurogenic functions, thereby validating our strategy to identify candidates. Genes with no previously demonstrated neurogenic functions, gstp1, hspa5 and lsm6, were identified from the morpholino experiments, suggesting that our screen successfully revealed unknown candidates. Genes that are associated with human disease, such as such as mecp2 and fmr1-a, were identified by our screen, providing the groundwork for using Xenopus as an experimental system to probe conserved disease mechanisms. Together the data identify candidate neurogenic regulatory genes and demonstrate that Xenopus is an effective experimental animal to identify and characterize genes that regulate neural progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Bestman
- Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Lin-Chien Huang
- The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Jane Lee-Osbourne
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Phillip Cheung
- Dart Neuroscience, LLC, San Diego, CA 92064, United States
| | - Hollis T Cline
- The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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18
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Khan IS, Ehtesham M. Isolation and characterization of stem cells from human central nervous system malignancies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 853:33-47. [PMID: 25895706 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16537-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors include some of the most invasive and lethal tumors in humans. The poor prognosis in patients with CNS tumors is ascribed to their invasive nature. After the description of a stem cell-like cohort in hematopoietic cancers, tumor stem cells (TSCs) have been isolated from a variety of solid tumors, including brain tumors. Further research has uncovered the crucial role these cells play in the initiation and propagation of brain tumors. More importantly, TSCs have also been shown to be relatively resistant to conventional cytotoxic therapeutics, which may also account for the alarmingly high rate of CNS tumor recurrence. In order to elucidate prospective therapeutic targets it is imperative to study these cells in detail and to accomplish this, we need to be able to reliably isolate and characterize these cells. This chapter will therefore, provide an overview of the methods used to isolate and characterize stem cells from human CNS malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Saeed Khan
- Section of Neurosurgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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19
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Otsu M, Nakayama T, Inoue N. Pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells: From basic research to applications. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:651-657. [PMID: 25426263 PMCID: PMC4178266 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i5.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic research on pluripotent stem cells is designed to enhance understanding of embryogenesis, whereas applied research is designed to develop novel therapies and prevent diseases. Attainment of these goals has been enhanced by the establishment of embryonic stem cell lines, the technological development of genomic reprogramming to generate induced-pluripotent stem cells, and improvements in vitro techniques to manipulate stem cells. This review summarizes the techniques required to generate neural cells from pluripotent stem cells. In particular, this review describes current research applications of a simple neural differentiation method, the neural stem sphere method, which we developed.
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20
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Euler de Souza Lucena E, Guzen FP, Lopes de Paiva Cavalcanti JR, Galvão Barboza CA, Silva do Nascimento Júnior E, Cavalcante JDS. Experimental considerations concerning the use of stem cells and tissue engineering for facial nerve regeneration: a systematic review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 72:1001-12. [PMID: 24480768 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peripheral nerve trauma results in functional loss in the innervated organ, and recovery without surgical intervention is rare. Many surgical techniques can be used for repair in experimental models. The authors investigated the source and delivery method of stem cells in experimental outcomes, seeking to clarify whether stem cells must be differentiated in the injured facial nerve and improve the regenerative process. MATERIALS AND METHODS The following key terms were used: nervous regeneration, nerve regeneration, facial nerve regeneration, stem cells, embryonic stem cells, fetal stem cells, adult stem cells, facial nerve, facial nerve trauma, and facial nerve traumatism. The search was restricted to experimental studies that applied stem cell therapy and tissue engineering for nerve repair. RESULTS Eight studies meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed. Different sources of stem and precursor cells were explored (bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, adipose-derived stem cells, dental pulp cells, and neural stem cells) for their potential application in the scenario of facial nerve injuries. Different material conduits (vases, collagen, and polyglycolic acid) were used as bridges. Immunochemistry and electrophysiology are the principal methods for analyzing regenerative effects. Although recent studies have shown that stem cells can act as a promising bridge for nerve repair, considerable optimization of these therapies will be required for their potential to be realized in a clinical setting. CONCLUSION Based on these studies, the use of stem cells derived from different sources presents promising results related to facial nerve regeneration and produces effective functional results. The use of tubes also optimizes nerve repair, thus promoting greater myelination and axonal growth of peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eudes Euler de Souza Lucena
- Assistant Professor, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Health Science Center, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
| | - Fausto Pierdoná Guzen
- Adjunct Professor, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Health Science Center, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Augusto Galvão Barboza
- Associate Professor, Department of Morphology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Expedito Silva do Nascimento Júnior
- Adjunct Professor, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Jeferson de Sousa Cavalcante
- Associate Professor, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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21
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Kumar K, Singh R, Kumar M, Agarwal P, Mahapatra PS, Kumar A, Malakar D, Bag S. Isolation and characterization of neural stem cells from buffalo. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:450-6. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.852087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Gil-Perotín S, Duran-Moreno M, Cebrián-Silla A, Ramírez M, García-Belda P, García-Verdugo JM. Adult neural stem cells from the subventricular zone: a review of the neurosphere assay. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1435-52. [PMID: 23904071 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of obtaining large numbers of cells with potential to become functional neurons implies a great advance in regenerative medicine. A source of cells for therapy is the subventricular zone (SVZ) where adult neural stem cells (NSCs) retain the ability to proliferate, self-renew, and differentiate into several mature cell types. The neurosphere assay, a method to isolate, maintain, and expand these cells has been extensively utilized by research groups to analyze the biological properties of aNSCs and to graft into injured brains from animal models. In this review we briefly describe the neurosphere assay and its limitations, the methods to optimize culture conditions, the identity and the morphology of aNSC-derived neurospheres (including new ultrastructural data). The controversy regarding the identity and "stemness" of cells within the neurosphere is revised. The fine morphology of neurospheres, described thoroughly, allows for phenotypical characterization of cells in the neurospheres and may reveal slight changes that indirectly inform about cell integrity, cell damage, or oncogenic transformation. Along this review we largely highlight the critical points that researchers have to keep in mind before extrapolating results or translating experimental transplantation of neurosphere-derived cells to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gil-Perotín
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, University of Valencia, C/Catedratico Jose Beltran no 2, Paterna, Valencia, CIBERNED, Spain
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23
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Danussi C, Akavia UD, Niola F, Jovic A, Lasorella A, Pe'er D, Iavarone A. RHPN2 drives mesenchymal transformation in malignant glioma by triggering RhoA activation. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5140-50. [PMID: 23774217 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1168-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal transformation is a hallmark of aggressive glioblastoma (GBM). Here, we report the development of an unbiased method for computational integration of copy number variation, expression, and mutation data from large datasets. Using this method, we identified rhophilin 2 (RHPN2) as a central genetic determinant of the mesenchymal phenotype of human GBM. Notably, amplification of the human RHPN2 gene on chromosome 19 correlates with a dramatic decrease in the survival of patients with glioma. Ectopic expression of RHPN2 in neural stem cells and astrocytes triggered the expression of mesenchymal genes and promoted an invasive phenotype without impacting cell proliferation. Mechanistically, these effects were implemented through RHPN2-mediated activation of RhoA, a master regulator of cell migration and invasion. Our results define RHPN2 amplification as a central genetic determinant of a highly aggressive phenotype that directs the worst clinical outcomes in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Danussi
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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24
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Teng YD, Benn SC, Kalkanis SN, Shefner JM, Onario RC, Cheng B, Lachyankar MB, Marconi M, Li J, Yu D, Han I, Maragakis NJ, Lládo J, Erkmen K, Redmond DE, Sidman RL, Przedborski S, Rothstein JD, Brown RH, Snyder EY. Multimodal actions of neural stem cells in a mouse model of ALS: a meta-analysis. Sci Transl Med 2013; 4:165ra164. [PMID: 23253611 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal disease characterized by the unremitting degeneration of motor neurons. Multiple processes involving motor neurons and other cell types have been implicated in its pathogenesis. Neural stem cells (NSCs) perform multiple actions within the nervous system to fulfill their functions of organogenesis and homeostasis. We test the hypothesis that transplanted, undifferentiated multipotent migratory NSCs may help to ameliorate an array of pathological mechanisms in the SOD1(G93A) transgenic mouse model of ALS. On the basis of a meta-analysis of 11 independent studies performed by a consortium of ALS investigators, we propose that transplanted NSCs (both mouse and human) can slow both the onset and the progression of clinical signs and prolong survival in ALS mice, particularly if regions sustaining vital functions such as respiration are rendered chimeric. The beneficial effects of transplanted NSCs seem to be mediated by a number of actions including their ability to produce trophic factors, preserve neuromuscular function, and reduce astrogliosis and inflammation. We conclude that the widespread, pleiotropic, modulatory actions exerted by transplanted NSCs may represent an accessible therapeutic application of stem cells for treating ALS and other untreatable degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang D Teng
- Departments of Neurosurgery and PM&R, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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25
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Herlenius E, Thonabulsombat C, Forsberg D, Jäderstad J, Jäderstad LM, Björk L, Olivius P. Functional stem cell integration assessed by organotypic slice cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 2:Unit 2D.13. [PMID: 23154935 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc02d13s23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Re-formation or preservation of functional, electrically active neural networks has been proffered as one of the goals of stem cell-mediated neural therapeutics. A primary issue for a cell therapy approach is the formation of functional contacts between the implanted cells and the host tissue. Therefore, it is of fundamental interest to establish protocols that allow us to delineate a detailed time course of grafted stem cell survival, migration, differentiation, integration, and functional interaction with the host. One option for in vitro studies is to examine the integration of exogenous stem cells into an existing active neuronal network in ex vivo organotypic cultures. Organotypic cultures leave the structural integrity essentially intact while still allowing the microenvironment to be carefully controlled. This allows detailed studies over time of cellular responses and cell-cell interactions, which are not readily performed in vivo. This unit describes procedures for using organotypic slice cultures as ex vivo model systems for studying neural stem cell and embryonic stem cell engraftment and communication with CNS host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Herlenius
- Neonatal Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Venkataraman S, Birks DK, Balakrishnan I, Alimova I, Harris PS, Patel PR, Handler MH, Dubuc A, Taylor MD, Foreman NK, Vibhakar R. MicroRNA 218 acts as a tumor suppressor by targeting multiple cancer phenotype-associated genes in medulloblastoma. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:1918-28. [PMID: 23212916 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.396762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of microRNAs has been implicated in many cancers. We recently demonstrated differential expression of several microRNAs in medulloblastoma. In this study, the regulation and function of microRNA 218 (miR-218), which is significantly underexpressed in medulloblastoma, was evaluated. Re-expression of miR-218 resulted in a significant decrease in medulloblastoma cell growth, cell colony formation, cell migration, invasion, and tumor sphere size. We used C17.2 neural stem cells as a model to show that increased miR-218 expression results in increased cell differentiation and also decreased malignant transformation when transfected with the oncogene REST. These results suggest that miR-218 acts as a tumor suppressor in medulloblastoma. MicroRNAs function by down-regulating translation of target mRNAs. Targets are determined by imperfect base pairing of the microRNA to the 3'-UTR of the mRNA. To comprehensively identify actual miR-218 targets, medulloblastoma cells overexpressing miR-218 and control cells were subjected to high throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by cross-linking immunoprecipitation, a technique that identifies the mRNAs bound to the RNA-induced silencing complex component protein Argonaute 2. High throughput sequencing of mRNAs identified 618 genes as targets of miR-218 and included both previously validated targets and many targets not predicted computationally. Additional work further confirmed CDK6, RICTOR, and CTSB (cathepsin B) as targets of miR-218 and examined the functional role of one of these targets, CDK6, in medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Venkataraman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80045, USA
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27
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Behar RZ, Bahl V, Wang Y, Weng J, Lin SC, Talbot P. Adaptation of Stem Cells to 96‐Well Plate Assays: Use of Human Embryonic and Mouse Neural Stem Cells in the MTT Assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 1:Unit 1C.13. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01c13s23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Z. Behar
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California Riverside California
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside California
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside California
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Vasundhra Bahl
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California Riverside California
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside California
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside California
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California Riverside California
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside California
| | - Jo‐Hao Weng
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California Riverside California
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside California
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside California
| | - Sabrina C. Lin
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California Riverside California
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside California
| | - Prue Talbot
- UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California Riverside California
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside California
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28
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Alimova I, Venkataraman S, Harris P, Marquez VE, Northcott PA, Dubuc A, Taylor MD, Foreman NK, Vibhakar R. Targeting the enhancer of zeste homologue 2 in medulloblastoma. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1800-9. [PMID: 22287205 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) is the catalytic subunit of Polycomb repressive complex 2 that catalyzes the trimethylation of histone H3 on Lys 27, and represses gene transcription. EZH2 enhances cancer-cell proliferation and regulates stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that EZH2 is highly expressed in medulloblastoma, a highly malignant brain tumor of childhood, and this altered expression is correlated with genomic gain of chromosome 7 in a subset of medulloblastoma. Inhibition of EZH2 by RNAi suppresses medulloblastoma tumor cell growth. We show that 3-deazaneplanocin A, a chemical inhibitor of EZH2, can suppress medulloblastoma cell growth partially by inducing apoptosis. Suppression of EZH2 expression diminishes the ability of tumor cells to form spheres in culture and strongly represses the ability of known oncogenes to transform neural stem cells. These findings establish a role of EZH2 in medulloblastoma and identify EZH2 as a potential therapeutic target especially in high-risk tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Alimova
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital and University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, CO, USA
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29
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Abstract
The importance of adult neurogenesis has only recently been accepted, resulting in a completely new field of investigation within stem cell biology. The regulation and functional significance of adult neurogenesis is currently an area of highly active research. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as potential modulators of adult neurogenesis. GPCRs represent a class of proteins with significant clinical importance, because approximately 30% of all modern therapeutic treatments target these receptors. GPCRs bind to a large class of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators such as norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. Besides their typical role in cellular communication, GPCRs are expressed on adult neural stem cells and their progenitors that relay specific signals to regulate the neurogenic process. This review summarizes the field of adult neurogenesis and its methods and specifies the roles of various GPCRs and their signal transduction pathways that are involved in the regulation of adult neural stem cells and their progenitors. Current evidence supporting adult neurogenesis as a model for self-repair in neuropathologic conditions, adult neural stem cell therapeutic strategies, and potential avenues for GPCR-based therapeutics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van A Doze
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, NB50, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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30
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Cellular and molecular approaches to motor neuron therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy. Neurosci Lett 2012; 527:78-84. [PMID: 22579818 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) are progressive fatal neurodegenerative diseases. They differ in their disease development but have in common a loss of motor neuron as they progress. Research is ongoing to further understand the origin of these diseases but this common thread of motor neuron loss has provided a target for the development of therapies for both ALS and SMA. It is the linked fields of gene and cell therapy that are providing some of the most interesting therapeutic possibilities.
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Arthur JR, Lee JP, Snyder EY, Seyfried TN. Therapeutic effects of stem cells and substrate reduction in juvenile Sandhoff mice. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1335-43. [PMID: 22367451 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sandhoff Disease (SD) involves the CNS accumulation of ganglioside GM2 and asialo-GM2 (GA2) due to inherited defects in the β-subunit gene of β-hexosaminidase A and B (Hexb gene). Substrate reduction therapy, utilizing imino sugar N-butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin (NB-DGJ), reduces ganglioside biosynthesis and levels of stored GM2 in SD mice. Intracranial transplantation of Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) can provide enzymatic cross correction, to help reduce ganglioside storage and extend life. Here we tested the effect of NSCs and NB-DGJ, alone and together, on brain β-hexosaminidase activity, GM2, and GA2 content in juvenile SD mice. The SD mice received either cerebral NSC transplantation at post-natal day 0 (p-0), intraperitoneal injection of NB-DGJ (500 mg/kg/day) from p-9 to p-15, or received dual treatments. The brains were analyzed at p-15. β-galactosidase staining confirmed engraftment of lacZ-expressing NSCs in the cerebral cortex. Compared to untreated and sham-treated SD controls, NSC treatment alone provided a slight increase in Hex activity and significantly decreased GA2 content. However, NSCs had no effect on GM2 content when analyzed at p-15. NB-DGJ alone had no effect on Hex activity, but significantly reduced GM2 and GA2 content. Hex activity was slightly elevated in the NSC + drug-treated mice. GM2 and GA2 content in the dual treated mice were similar to that of the NB-DGJ treated mice. These data indicate that NB-DGJ alone was more effective in targeting storage in juvenile SD mice than were NSCs alone. No additive or synergistic effect between NSC and drug was found in these juvenile SD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Arthur
- Boston College Biology Department, Higgins Hall, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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Parsons XH. Human Stem Cell Derivatives Retain More Open Epigenomic Landscape When Derived from Pluripotent Cells than from Tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 1. [PMID: 23936871 DOI: 10.4172/2325-9620.1000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The growing number of identified stem cell derivatives and escalating concerns for safety and efficacy of these cells towards clinical applications have made it increasingly crucial to be able to assess the relative risk-benefit ratio of a given stem cell from a given source for a particular disease. Discerning the intrinsic plasticity and regenerative potential of human stem cell populations might reside in chromatin modifications that shape the respective epigenomes of their derivation routes. Previously, we have generated engraftable human neuronal progenitors direct from pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by small molecule induction (hESC-I hNuPs). Unlike the prototypical neuroepithelial-like nestin-positive human neural stem cells (hNSCs), these in vitro neuroectoderm-derived Nurr1-positive hESC-I hNuPs are a more neuronal lineage-specific and plastic hESC derivative. In this study, the global chromatin landscape changes in pluripotent hESCs and their neuronal lineage-specific derivative hESC-I hNuPs were profiled using genome-wide mapping and compared to CNS tissue-derived hNSCs. This study found that the broad potential of pluripotent hESCs is defined by an epigenome constituted of open conformation of chromatin mediated by a pattern of Oct-4 global distribution that corresponds closely with those of acetylated nucleosomes genome-wide. The epigenomic transition from pluripotency to restriction in lineage choices is characterized by genome-wide increases in histone H3K9 methylation that mediates global chromatin-silencing and somatic identity. Tissue-resident CNS-derived hNSCs have acquired a substantial number of additional histone H3K9 methylation, therefore, more silenced chromatin. These data suggest that the intrinsic plasticity and regenerative potential of human stem cell derivatives can be differentiated by their epigenomic landscape features, and that human stem cell derivatives retain more open epigenomic landscape, therefore, more developmental potential for scale-up regeneration, when derived from the hESCs in vitro than from the CNS tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun H Parsons
- San Diego Regenerative Medicine Institute, San Diego, USA ; Xcelthera, San Diego, USA
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Jäderstad LM, Jäderstad J, Herlenius E. Graft and host interactions following transplantation of neural stem cells to organotypic striatal cultures. Regen Med 2011; 5:901-17. [PMID: 21082890 DOI: 10.2217/rme.10.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate neural stem cell (NSC) interactions with striatal tissue following engraftment and the effects of growth factors. MATERIALS & METHODS Organotypic striatal slice cultures established from neonatal rats were used as an ex vivo model system. Survival, integration and differentiation of grafted NSCs from the previously generated C17.2 clone and host tissue response were investigated weekly for 28 days in vitro. To direct grafted cells towards a neuronal lineage, the role of growth factor supplementation and serum-free culturing conditions was studied using neural stem cells overexpressing neurotrophin-3 and Neurobasal/B27 culture medium. RESULTS Following engraftment, NSCs gradually integrated morphologically and formed a part of the host 3D cytoarchitecture. Compared with nongrafted cultures, NSC engraftment increased the overall survival of the organotypic cultures by 39%, and reduced the host cell necrosis by more than 80% (from 2.1 ± 0.5% to 0.3 ± 0.1%), the host cell apoptosis by more than 60% (from 1.4 ± 0.4% to 0.5 ± 0.1%) and the reactions to mechanical trauma by 30% (estimated by nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry) 7 days after engraftment. Elevated neurotrophin-3 production in NSCs and serum-free culturing conditions directed grafted NSCs towards a neuronal lineage as indicated by increased Tuj1 and Map2ab expression. However, this did not alter the survival of organotypic cultures. CONCLUSIONS NSC engraftment was associated with rescue of imperiled host cells and reduction of host cell gliosis. These NSC effects were not related to the addition of growth factors, suggesting that other factors are involved in the supportive effects of the host following NSC engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Maria Jäderstad
- Neonatal Research Unit, Department of Women's & Children's Health, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kim J, Hwangbo J, Wong PKY. p38 MAPK-Mediated Bmi-1 down-regulation and defective proliferation in ATM-deficient neural stem cells can be restored by Akt activation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16615. [PMID: 21305053 PMCID: PMC3030607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A-T (ataxia telangiectasia) is a genetic disease caused by a mutation in the Atm (A-T mutated) gene that leads to neurodegeneration. Despite an increase in the numbers of studies in this area in recent years, the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in human A-T are still poorly understood. Previous studies demonstrated that neural stem cells (NSCs) isolated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of Atm(-/-) mouse brains show defective self-renewal and proliferation, which is accompanied by activation of chronic p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and a lower level of the polycomb protein Bmi-1. However, the mechanism underlying Bmi-1 down-regulation and its relevance to defective proliferation in Atm(-/-) NSCs remained unclear. Here, we show that over-expression of Bmi-1 increases self-renewal and proliferation of Atm(-/-) NSCs to normal, indicating that defective proliferation in Atm(-/-) NSCs is a consequence of down-regulation of Bmi-1. We also demonstrate that epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced Akt phosphorylation renders Bmi-1 resistant to the proteasomal degradation, leading to its stabilization and accumulation in the nucleus. However, inhibition of the Akt-dependent Bmi-1 stabilizing process by p38 MAPK signaling reduces the levels of Bmi-1. Treatment of the Atm(-/-) NSCs with a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 extended Bmi-1 posttranscriptional turnover and H2A ubiquitination in Atm(-/-) NSCs. Our observations demonstrate the molecular basis underlying the impairment of self-renewal and proliferation in Atm(-/-) NSCs through the p38 MAPK-Akt-Bmi-1-p21 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeesun Kim
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Smithville, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeon Hwangbo
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Paul K. Y. Wong
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Smithville, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tofighi R, Moors M, Bose R, Ibrahim WNW, Ceccatelli S. Neural stem cells for developmental neurotoxicity studies. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 758:67-80. [PMID: 21815059 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-170-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The developing nervous system is particularly susceptible to toxicants, and exposure during development may result in long-lasting neurological impairments. The damage can range from subtle to severe, and it may impose substantial burdens on affected individuals, their families, and society. Given the little information available on developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) and the growing number of chemicals that need to be tested, new testing strategies and approaches are necessary to identify developmental neurotoxic agents with speed, reliability, and respect for animal welfare. So far, there are no validated alternative methods for DNT testing. Recently, neural stem/progenitor cells have been proposed as relevant models for alternative DNT testing. In this chapter, we provide detailed protocols for culturing neural stem cells (NSCs), in vitro experimental models, including primary cultures of rat and human embryonic NSCs, rat and mouse adult NSCs, as well as the mouse NSC line C17.2 that we have implemented and successfully used for neurotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Tofighi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Felfly H, Zambon AC, Xue J, Muotri A, Zhou D, Snyder EY, Haddad GG. Severe Hypoxia: Consequences to Neural Stem Cells and Neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 1. [PMID: 24348887 DOI: 10.4021/jnr70w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple neurological diseases result from a pathological hypoxia in the brain, resulting in various motor, sensory or cognitive sequelae. Understanding the response of neural stem cells (NSCs) and differentiated neurons to hypoxia will help better treat such diseases. METHODS We exposed mouse embryonic primary neurons (PN) and neural stem cells to 1% O2 in vitro. RESULTS Both cell types survived and retained their immunocyto-chemical markers, and neurons showed no obvious morphological changes. Microarray analysis showed that the number of genes with significantly altered expression levels was almost five-fold higher in NSCs compared to PN. NSCs displayed a clear block in G1/S phase of the cell cycle and a number of down-regulated cytokine genes. Various growth factors (e.g. neural growth factor, prolactin), involved in survival and proliferation, genes of the Notch pathway, and genes involved in glial differentiation, and cell-matrix adhesion were up-regulated. PN displayed a down-regulation of a number of genes involved in neuron-specific functions, in particular, transmitter-related (e.g. synaptic transmission, neurotransmitter transport and release, learning, adult behavior). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that hypoxia 1-down-regulates genes involved in multiple neuronal functions which can negatively impact learning and memory; 2-induces a cell cycle block in NSCs; 3-can precondition NSC towards a particular differentiation potential while maintaining them fully undifferentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hady Felfly
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Alexander C Zambon
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jin Xue
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Alysson Muotri
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, USA ; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Dan Zhou
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Evan Y Snyder
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, USA ; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
| | - Gabriel G Haddad
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, USA ; Departments of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, USA ; Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, USA
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Chen WY, Yang WB, Wong CH, Shih DTB. Effect of Reishi polysaccharides on human stem/progenitor cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:8583-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Obenaus A, Dilmac N, Tone B, Tian HR, Hartman R, Digicaylioglu M, Snyder EY, Ashwal S. Long-term magnetic resonance imaging of stem cells in neonatal ischemic injury. Ann Neurol 2010; 69:282-91. [PMID: 21387373 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can serially and noninvasively assess the degree of injury in rat pup models of hypoxic ischemic injury (HII). It can also noninvasively monitor stem cell migration following iron oxide prelabeling. Reports have shown that neural stem cells (NSCs) may help mediate neuroprotection or stimulate neuroreparative responses in adult and neonatal models of ischemic injury. We investigated the ability of high-field MRI to monitor and noninvasively quantify the migration, proliferation, and location of iron oxide-labeled NSCs over very long time periods (58 weeks) in real time while contemporaneously correlating this activity with the evolving severity and extent of neural damage. METHODS Labeled clonal murine NSCs (mNSCs) were implanted 3 days after unilateral HII in 10-day-old rat pups into the contralateral striatum or ventricle. We developed methods for objectively quantifying key aspects of dynamic NSC behavior (eg, viability; extent, and speed of migration; degree of proliferation; extent of integration into host parenchyma). MRI images were validated with histological and immunohistochemical assessments. RESULTS mNSCs rapidly migrated (100 μm/day) to the lesion site. Chains of migrating NSCs were observed in the corpus callosum. In pups subjected to HII, though not in intact control animals, we observed a 273% increase in the MR-derived volume of mNSCs 4 weeks after implantation (correlating with the known proliferative behavior of endogenous and exogenous NSCs) that slowly declined over the 58-week time course, with no adverse consequences. Large numbers of now quiescent mNSCs remained at the site of injury, many retaining their iron oxide label. INTERPRETATION Our studies demonstrate that MRI can simultaneously monitor evolving neonatal cerebral injury as well as NSC migration and location. Most importantly, it can noninvasively monitor proliferation dynamically for prolonged time periods. To be able to pursue clinical trials in newborns using stem cell therapies it is axiomatic that safety be insured through the long-term real time monitoring of cell fate and activity, particularly with regard to observing unanticipated risks to the developing brain. This study supports the feasibility of reliably using MRI for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Obenaus
- Department Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA, USA.
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Kern DS, Maclean KN, Jiang H, Synder EY, Sladek JR, Bjugstad KB. Neural stem cells reduce hippocampal tau and reelin accumulation in aged Ts65Dn Down syndrome mice. Cell Transplant 2010; 20:371-9. [PMID: 20875225 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x528085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau accumulation, in the form of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), is an early neuropathological characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and early onset AD frequently seen in Down syndrome (DS). We investigated the presence of tau accumulation in the brains of aging DS mice using the Ts65Dn mouse model. All aged mice appeared to have substantial clusters of extracellular granules that were positive for tau and reelin, but not for amyloid-β or APP. These clusters were found primarily in CA1 of the hippocampus. In addition, the aged trisomic DS mice had a significantly greater accumulation of extracellular tau/reelin granular deposits compared to disomic littermates. These granules were similar to those described by others who also found extracellular proteinous granules in the brains of non-DS mice engineered to model aging and/or AD. When neural stem cells (NSC) were implanted unilaterally into the hippocampus of the Ts65Dn mice, the tau/reelin-positive granules were significantly reduced in both trisomic and disomic mice. Our findings indicate that changes in tau/reelin-positive granules could be used as an index for neuropathological assessment in aging DS and AD. Furthermore, changes in granule density could be used to test the efficacy of novel treatments, such as NSC implantation. Lastly, it is speculated that the unique abilities of NSC to migrate and express growth factors might be a contributing factor to reducing tau/reelin accumulation in aging DS and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado-Denver,12800 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Wan F, Zhang S, Xie R, Gao B, Campos B, Herold-Mende C, Lei T. The utility and limitations of neurosphere assay, CD133 immunophenotyping and side population assay in glioma stem cell research. Brain Pathol 2010; 20:877-89. [PMID: 20331619 PMCID: PMC8094830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The newly proposed glioma stem cell (GSC) hypothesis may re-model the way we diagnose and treat the tumor, which highlights the need for a complete knowledge on the genetic and epigenetic "blueprints" of GSCs. To identify the true "stemness" signatures, pure GSC populations are primarily needed. Reliable in vitro methods enriching for GSCs and thereby identifying the key stem-like characteristics constitute the preliminary step forward. We discuss in this review the current widely used methods for enriching and isolating GSCs, namely neurosphere assay, CD133 Immunophenotyping and side population assay, and detail their limitations and potential pitfalls that could complicate interpretation of corresponding results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Communication via gap junctions underlies early functional and beneficial interactions between grafted neural stem cells and the host. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:5184-9. [PMID: 20147621 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0915134107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How grafted neural stem cells (NSCs) and their progeny integrate into recipient brain tissue and functionally interact with host cells is as yet unanswered. We report that, in organotypic slice cultures analyzed by ratiometric time-lapse calcium imaging, current-clamp recordings, and dye-coupling methods, an early and essential way in which grafted murine or human NSCs integrate functionally into host neural circuitry and affect host cells is via gap-junctional coupling, even before electrophysiologically mature neuronal differentiation. The gap junctions, which are established rapidly, permit exogenous NSCs to influence directly host network activity, including synchronized calcium transients with host cells in fluctuating networks. The exogenous NSCs also protect host neurons from death and reduce such signs of secondary injury as reactive astrogliosis. To determine whether gap junctions between NSCs and host cells may also mediate neuroprotection in vivo, we examined NSC transplantation in two murine models characterized by degeneration of the same cell type (Purkinje neurons) from different etiologies, namely, the nervous and SCA1 mutants. In both, gap junctions (containing connexin 43) formed between NSCs and host cells at risk, and were associated with rescue of neurons and behavior (when implantation was performed before overt neuron loss). Both in vitro and in vivo beneficial NSC effects were abrogated when gap junction formation or function was suppressed by pharmacologic and/or RNA-inhibition strategies, supporting the pivotal mediation by gap-junctional coupling of some modulatory, homeostatic, and protective actions on host systems as well as establishing a template for the subsequent development of electrochemical synaptic intercellular communication.
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Jandial R, Snyder EY. Reply to “On the origin of glioneural neoplasms after neural cell transplantation”. Nat Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1038/nm0210-157c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tran KD, Ho A, Jandial R. Stem Cell Transplantation Methods. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 671:41-57. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5819-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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The transcriptional network for mesenchymal transformation of brain tumours. Nature 2009; 463:318-25. [PMID: 20032975 PMCID: PMC4011561 DOI: 10.1038/nature08712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 933] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inference of transcriptional networks that regulate transitions into physiologic or pathologic cellular states remains a central challenge in systems biology. A mesenchymal phenotype is the hallmark of tumor aggressiveness in human malignant glioma but the regulatory programs responsible for implementing the associated molecular signature are largely unknown. Here, we show that reverse-engineering and unbiased interrogation of a glioma-specific regulatory network reveal the transcriptional module that activates expression of mesenchymal genes in malignant glioma. Two transcription factors (C/EBPβ and Stat3) emerge as synergistic initiators and master regulators of mesenchymal transformation. Ectopic co-expression of C/EBPβ and Stat3 reprograms neural stem cells along the aberrant mesenchymal lineage whereas elimination of the two factors in glioma cells leads to collapse of the mesenchymal signature and reduces tumor aggressiveness. In human glioma, expression of C/EBPβ and Stat3 correlates with mesenchymal differentiation and predicts poor clinical outcome. These results reveal that activation of a small regulatory module is necessary and sufficient to initiate and maintain an aberrant phenotypic state in cancer cells.
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Ourednik V, Ourednik J, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Lynch WP, Snyder EY, Schachner M. Cross-Talk Between Stem Cells and the Dysfunctional Brain is Facilitated by Manipulating the Niche: Evidence from an Adhesion Molecule. Stem Cells 2009; 27:2846-56. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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46
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Kosztowski T, Zaidi HA, Quiñones-Hinojosa A. Applications of neural and mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of gliomas. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2009; 9:597-612. [PMID: 19445577 DOI: 10.1586/era.09.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In addition to stem cells providing a better understanding about the biology and origins of gliomas, new therapeutic approaches have been developed based on the use of stem cells as delivery vehicles. The unique ability of stem cells to track down tumor cells makes them a very appealing therapeutic modality. This review introduces neural and mesenchymal stem cells, discusses the advances that have been made in the utilization of these stem cells as therapies and in diagnostic imaging (to track the advancement of the stem cells towards the tumor cells), and concludes by addressing various challenges and concerns regarding these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kosztowski
- The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, CRB II, 1550 Orleans Street, Room 247, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Lee JP, Tsai DJ, In Park K, Harvey AR, Snyder EY. The dynamics of long-term transgene expression in engrafted neural stem cells. J Comp Neurol 2009; 515:83-92. [PMID: 19399895 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To assess the dynamics and confounding variables that influence transgene expression in neural stem cells (NSCs), we generated distinct NSC clones from the same pool of cells, carrying the same reporter gene transcribed from the same promoter, transduced by the same retroviral vector, and transplanted similarly at the same differentiation state, at the same time and location, into the brains of newborn mouse littermates, and monitored in parallel for over a year in vivo (without immunosuppression). Therefore, the sole variables were transgene chromosomal insertion site and copy number. We then adapted and optimized a technique that tests, at the single cell level, persistence of stem cell-mediated transgene expression in vivo based on correlating the presence of the transgene in a given NSC's nucleus (by fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH]) with the frequency of that transgene's product within the same cell (by combined immunohistochemistry [IHC]). Under the above-stated conditions, insertion site is likely the most contributory variable dictating transgene downregulation in an NSC after 3 months in vivo. We also observed that this obstacle could be effectively and safely counteracted by simple serial infections (as few as three) inserting redundant copies of the transgene into the prospective donor NSC. (The preservation of normal growth control mechanisms and an absence of tumorigenic potential can be readily screened and ensured ex vivo prior to transplantation.) The combined FISH/IHC strategy employed here for monitoring the dynamics of transgene expression at the single cell level in vivo may be used for other types of therapeutic and housekeeping genes in endogenous and exogenous stem cells of many organs and lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pyo Lee
- The Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Wakeman DR, Hofmann MR, Redmond DE, Teng YD, Snyder EY. Long-term multilayer adherent network (MAN) expansion, maintenance, and characterization, chemical and genetic manipulation, and transplantation of human fetal forebrain neural stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; Chapter 2:Unit2D.3. [PMID: 19455542 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc02d03s9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human neural stem/precursor cells (hNSC/hNPC) have been targeted for application in a variety of research models and as prospective candidates for cell-based therapeutic modalities in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. To this end, the successful derivation, expansion, and sustained maintenance of undifferentiated hNSC/hNPC in vitro, as artificial expandable neurogenic micro-niches, promises a diversity of applications as well as future potential for a variety of experimental paradigms modeling early human neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and neurogenetic disorders, and could also serve as a platform for small-molecule drug screening in the CNS. Furthermore, hNPC transplants provide an alternative substrate for cellular regeneration and restoration of damaged tissue in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Human somatic neural stem/progenitor cells (NSC/NPC) have been derived from a variety of cadaveric sources and proven engraftable in a cytoarchitecturally appropriate manner into the developing and adult rodent and monkey brain while maintaining both functional and migratory capabilities in pathological models of disease. In the following unit, we describe a new procedure that we have successfully employed to maintain operationally defined human somatic NSC/NPC from developing fetal, pre-term post-natal, and adult cadaveric forebrain. Specifically, we outline the detailed methodology for in vitro expansion, long-term maintenance, manipulation, and transplantation of these multipotent precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Wakeman
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Lee DC, Hsu YC, Chung YF, Hsiao CY, Chen SL, Chen MS, Lin HK, Chiu IM. Isolation of neural stem/progenitor cells by using EGF/FGF1 and FGF1B promoter-driven green fluorescence from embryonic and adult mouse brains. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 41:348-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Application of neural stem cells in tissue-engineered artificial nerve. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 140:159-64. [PMID: 19201281 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the curative effect of neural stem cells (NSCs), which are used in tissue-engineered artificial nerve, on repairing rabbit 10-mm facial nerve defects. METHODS Thirty-six Oryctolagus cuniculi were randomly divided into three groups (each group with 12 Oryctolagus cuniculi). In group A, chitosan conduit, collagen protein sponge, nerve growth factor (NGF), and NSCs were used. In group B, chitosan conduit, collagen sponge, and NGF were used. In group C, nerve autograft was performed. Electrophysiologic detection, histologic observation, and BrdU and S100 immunohistochemical examination were performed 12 weeks after operation. RESULTS All observation items in group A were better than those in group B (P < 0.01), and there were no significant differences between group A and group C (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION NSCs may be served as seed cells of peripheral nerve tissue engineering and be used in artificial nerve to repair facial nerve defects.
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