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Loeffler DA. Antibody-Mediated Clearance of Brain Amyloid-β: Mechanisms of Action, Effects of Natural and Monoclonal Anti-Aβ Antibodies, and Downstream Effects. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:873-899. [PMID: 37662616 PMCID: PMC10473157 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic efforts to slow the clinical progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by lowering brain amyloid-β (Aβ) have included Aβ vaccination, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) products, and anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies. Neither Aβ vaccination nor IVIG slowed disease progression. Despite conflicting phase III results, the monoclonal antibody Aducanumab received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for treatment of AD in June 2021. The only treatments unequivocally demonstrated to slow AD progression to date are the monoclonal antibodies Lecanemab and Donanemab. Lecanemab received FDA approval in January 2023 based on phase II results showing lowering of PET-detectable Aβ; phase III results released at that time indicated slowing of disease progression. Topline results released in May 2023 for Donanemab's phase III trial revealed that primary and secondary end points had been met. Antibody binding to Aβ facilitates its clearance from the brain via multiple mechanisms including promoting its microglial phagocytosis, activating complement, dissolving fibrillar Aβ, and binding of antibody-Aβ complexes to blood-brain barrier receptors. Antibody binding to Aβ in peripheral blood may also promote cerebral efflux of Aβ by a peripheral sink mechanism. According to the amyloid hypothesis, for Aβ targeting to slow AD progression, it must decrease downstream neuropathological processes including tau aggregation and phosphorylation and (possibly) inflammation and oxidative stress. This review discusses antibody-mediated mechanisms of Aβ clearance, findings in AD trials involving Aβ vaccination, IVIG, and anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies, downstream effects reported in those trials, and approaches which might improve the Aβ-clearing ability of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Loeffler
- Beaumont Research Institute, Department of Neurology, Corewell Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
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2
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Gao Y, Liu K, Zhu J. Glymphatic system: an emerging therapeutic approach for neurological disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1138769. [PMID: 37485040 PMCID: PMC10359151 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1138769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The functions of the glymphatic system include clearance of the metabolic waste and modulation of the water transport in the brain, and it forms a brain-wide fluid network along with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF). The glymphatic pathway consists of periarterial influx of CSF, astrocyte-mediated interchange between ISF and CSF supported by aquaporin-4 (AQP4) on the endfeet of astrocyte around the periarterioles, and perivenous efflux of CSF. Finally, CSF is absorbed by the arachnoid granules or flows into the cervical lymphatic vessels. There is growing evidence from animal experiments that the glymphatic system dysfunction is involved in many neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury and meningitis. In this review, we summarize the latest progress on the glymphatic system and its driving factors, as well as changes in the glymphatic pathway in different neurological diseases. We significantly highlight the likely therapeutic approaches for glymphatic pathway in neurological diseases, and the importance of AQP4 and normal sleep architecture in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kangding Liu
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
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3
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Zhou X. Preventive and Therapeutic Autoantibodies Protect against Neuronal Excitotoxicity. JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BRAIN SCIENCE 2023; 8:e230006. [PMID: 37502631 PMCID: PMC10373126 DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20230006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
High titers of anti-NMDAR1 IgG autoantibodies were found in the brains of patients with anti-NMDAR1 encephalitis that exhibits psychosis, impaired memory, and many other psychiatric symptoms in addition to neurological symptoms. Low titers of blood circulating anti-NMDAR1 IgG autoantibodies are sufficient to robustly impair spatial working memory in mice with intact blood-brain barriers (BBB). On the other hand, anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies were reported to protect against neuronal excitotoxicity caused by excessive glutamate in neurological diseases. Activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs is responsible for neuronal excitotoxicity, whereas activation of synaptic NMDARs within the synaptic cleft is pro-survival and essential for NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission. Unlike small IgG, IgM antibodies are large and pentameric (diameter of ~30 nm). It is plausible that IgM anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies may be restricted to bind extrasynaptic NMDARs and thereby specifically inhibit neuronal excitotoxicity, but physically too large to enter the synaptic cleft (width: 20-30 nm) to suppress synaptic NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission in modulation of cognitive function and neuronal pro-survival signaling. Hence, blood circulating anti-NMDAR1 IgM autoantibodies are both neuroprotective and pro-cognitive, whereas blood circulating anti-NMDAR1 IgG and IgA autoantibodies are detrimental to cognitive function. Investigation of anti-NMDAR1 IgM autoantibodies may open up a new avenue for the development of long-lasting preventive and therapeutic IgM anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies that protect from neuronal excitotoxicity in many neurological diseases and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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4
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The Neuroprotective Activities of the Novel Multi-Target Iron-Chelators in Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Aging. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050763. [PMID: 36899898 PMCID: PMC10001413 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of chelation therapy as a valuable therapeutic approach in neurological disorders led us to develop multi-target, non-toxic, lipophilic, brain-permeable compounds with iron chelation and anti-apoptotic properties for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), age-related dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Herein, we reviewed our two most effective such compounds, M30 and HLA20, based on a multimodal drug design paradigm. The compounds have been tested for their mechanisms of action using animal and cellular models such as APP/PS1 AD transgenic (Tg) mice, G93A-SOD1 mutant ALS Tg mice, C57BL/6 mice, Neuroblastoma × Spinal Cord-34 (NSC-34) hybrid cells, a battery of behavior tests, and various immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques. These novel iron chelators exhibit neuroprotective activities by attenuating relevant neurodegenerative pathology, promoting positive behavior changes, and up-regulating neuroprotective signaling pathways. Taken together, these results suggest that our multifunctional iron-chelating compounds can upregulate several neuroprotective-adaptive mechanisms and pro-survival signaling pathways in the brain and might function as ideal drugs for neurodegenerative disorders, such as PD, AD, ALS, and aging-related cognitive decline, in which oxidative stress and iron-mediated toxicity and dysregulation of iron homeostasis have been implicated.
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5
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Alkahtani S, AL-Johani NS, Alarifi S. Mechanistic Insights, Treatment Paradigms, and Clinical Progress in Neurological Disorders: Current and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021340. [PMID: 36674852 PMCID: PMC9865061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a major cause of disability and are related to brain development. The neurological signs of brain lesions can vary from mild clinical shortfalls to more delicate and severe neurological/behavioral symptoms and learning disabilities, which are progressive. In this paper, we have tried to summarize a collective view of various NDs and their possible therapeutic outcomes. These diseases often occur as a consequence of the misfolding of proteins post-translation, as well as the dysfunctional trafficking of proteins. In the treatment of neurological disorders, a challenging hurdle to cross regarding drug delivery is the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB plays a unique role in maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) by exchanging components between the circulations and shielding the brain from neurotoxic pathogens and detrimental compounds. Here, we outline the current knowledge about BBB deterioration in the evolving brain, its origin, and therapeutic interventions. Additionally, we summarize the physiological scenarios of the BBB and its role in various cerebrovascular diseases. Overall, this information provides a detailed account of BBB functioning and the development of relevant treatments for neurological disorders. This paper will definitely help readers working in the field of neurological scientific communities.
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The glymphatic system: implications for drugs for central nervous system diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:763-779. [PMID: 35948785 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, evidence for a fluid clearance pathway in the central nervous system known as the glymphatic system has grown. According to the glymphatic system concept, cerebrospinal fluid flows directionally through the brain and non-selectively clears the interstitium of metabolic waste. Importantly, the glymphatic system may be modulated by particular drugs such as anaesthetics, as well as by non-pharmacological factors such as sleep, and its dysfunction has been implicated in central nervous system disorders such as Alzheimer disease. Although the glymphatic system is best described in rodents, reports using multiple neuroimaging modalities indicate that a similar transport system exists in the human brain. Here, we overview the evidence for the glymphatic system and its role in disease and discuss opportunities to harness the glymphatic system therapeutically; for example, by improving the effectiveness of intrathecally delivered drugs.
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Blood-brain barrier leakage in Alzheimer's disease: From discovery to clinical relevance. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 234:108119. [PMID: 35108575 PMCID: PMC9107516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. AD brain pathology starts decades before the onset of clinical symptoms. One early pathological hallmark is blood-brain barrier dysfunction characterized by barrier leakage and associated with cognitive decline. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on the extent and clinical relevance of barrier leakage in AD. First, we focus on AD animal models and their susceptibility to barrier leakage based on age and genetic background. Second, we re-examine barrier dysfunction in clinical and postmortem studies, summarize changes that lead to barrier leakage in patients and highlight the clinical relevance of barrier leakage in AD. Third, we summarize signaling mechanisms that link barrier leakage to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in AD. Finally, we discuss clinical relevance and potential therapeutic strategies and provide future perspectives on investigating barrier leakage in AD. Identifying mechanistic steps underlying barrier leakage has the potential to unravel new targets that can be used to develop novel therapeutic strategies to repair barrier leakage and slow cognitive decline in AD and AD-related dementias.
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8
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Bian Y, Chen Y, Wang X, Cui G, Ung COL, Lu JH, Cong W, Tang B, Lee SMY. Oxyphylla A ameliorates cognitive deficits and alleviates neuropathology via the Akt-GSK3β and Nrf2-Keap1-HO-1 pathways in vitro and in vivo murine models of Alzheimer's disease. J Adv Res 2022; 34:1-12. [PMID: 35024177 PMCID: PMC8655137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive brain disorder, and one of the most common causes of dementia and amnesia. Due to the complex pathogenesis of AD, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Although scientists have made increasing efforts to develop drugs for AD, no effective therapeutic agents have been found. Objectives Natural products and their constituents have shown promise for treating neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Thus, in-depth study of medical plants, and the main active ingredients thereof against AD, is necessary to devise therapeutic agents. Methods In this study, N2a/APP cells and SAMP8 mice were employed as in vitro and in vivo models of AD. Multiple molecular biological methods were used to investigate the potential therapeutic actions of oxyphylla A, and the underlying mechanisms. Results Results showed that oxyphylla A, a novel compound extracted from Alpinia oxyphylla, could reduce the expression levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid beta (Aβ) proteins, and attenuate cognitive decline in SAMP8 mice. Further investigation of the underlying mechanisms showed that oxyphylla A exerted an antioxidative effect through the Akt-GSK3β and Nrf2-Keap1-HO-1 pathways. Conclusions. Taken together, our results suggest a new horizon for the discovery of therapeutic agents for AD.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- AOE, ethanolic extract of Alpinia oxyphylla
- APP, amyloid precursor protein
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- ARE, antioxidant responsive element
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Amyloid beta proteins
- Aβ, amyloid beta
- GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3
- HO-1, heme oxygenase-1
- Keap1, Keleh-like ECH-associated protein
- MWM, Morris Water Maze
- NFTs, neurofibrillary tangles
- NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase1
- Nrf2, erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2
- Oxidative stress
- PD, Parkinson’s disease
- PHF, paired helical filaments
- RLU, relative luciferase units
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SAMP8
- SAMP8 mice, senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8
- oxyphylla A
- pRL-TK, Renilla luciferase reporter plasmid
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiufen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Guozhen Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Carolina Oi Lam Ung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Weihong Cong
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Benqin Tang
- Department of Medical Science, Shunde Polytechnic, Foshan, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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9
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Tissues: the unexplored frontier of antibody mediated immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 47:52-67. [PMID: 33581646 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen-specific immunity evolves in the context of the infected tissue. However, current immune correlates analyses and vaccine efficacy metrics are based on immune functions from peripheral cells. Less is known about tissue-resident mechanisms of immunity. While antibodies represent the primary correlate of immunity following most clinically approved vaccines, how antibodies interact with localized, compartment-specific immune functions to fight infections, remains unclear. Emerging data demonstrate a unique community of immune cells that reside within different tissues. These tissue-specific immunological communities enable antibodies to direct both expected and unexpected local attack strategies to control, disrupt, and eliminate infection in a tissue-specific manner. Defining the full breadth of antibody effector functions, how they selectively contribute to control at the site of infection may provide clues for the design of next-generation vaccines able to direct the control, elimination, and prevention of compartment specific diseases of both infectious and non-infectious etiologies.
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10
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Rabanel JM, Delbreil P, Banquy X, Brambilla D, Ramassamy C. Periphery-confined particulate systems for the management of neurodegenerative diseases and toxicity: Avoiding the blood-brain-barrier challenge. J Control Release 2020; 322:286-299. [PMID: 32243978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier prevents passage of large and hydrophilic molecules, undermining efforts to deliver most active molecules, proteins and other macromolecules. To date, nanoparticle-assisted delivery has been extensively studied to overcome this challenge but with limited success. On the other hand, for certain brain therapeutic applications, periphery-confined particles could be of immediate therapeutic usefulness. The modulation of CNS dysfunctions from the peripheral compartment is a promising approach, as it does not involve invasive interventions. From recent studies, three main roles could be identified for periphery-confined particles: brain tissue detoxification via the "sink-effect"; a "circulating drug-reservoir" effect to improve drug delivery to brain tissues, and finally, brain vascular endothelium targeting to diagnose or heal vascular-related dysfunctions. These applications are much easier to implement as they do not involve complex therapeutic and targeting strategies and do not require crossing biological barriers. Micro/nano-devices required for such applications will likely be simpler to synthesize and will involve fewer complex materials. Moreover, peripheral particles are expected to be less prone to neurotoxicity and issues related to their diffusion in confined space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Rabanel
- INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Philippe Delbreil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Davide Brambilla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP. 6128, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Charles Ramassamy
- INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
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11
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Kevadiya BD, Ottemann BM, Thomas MB, Mukadam I, Nigam S, McMillan J, Gorantla S, Bronich TK, Edagwa B, Gendelman HE. Neurotheranostics as personalized medicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:252-289. [PMID: 30421721 PMCID: PMC6486471 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The discipline of neurotheranostics was forged to improve diagnostic and therapeutic clinical outcomes for neurological disorders. Research was facilitated, in largest measure, by the creation of pharmacologically effective multimodal pharmaceutical formulations. Deployment of neurotheranostic agents could revolutionize staging and improve nervous system disease therapeutic outcomes. However, obstacles in formulation design, drug loading and payload delivery still remain. These will certainly be aided by multidisciplinary basic research and clinical teams with pharmacology, nanotechnology, neuroscience and pharmaceutic expertise. When successful the end results will provide "optimal" therapeutic delivery platforms. The current report reviews an extensive body of knowledge of the natural history, epidemiology, pathogenesis and therapeutics of neurologic disease with an eye on how, when and under what circumstances neurotheranostics will soon be used as personalized medicines for a broad range of neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory and neuroinfectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh D Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brendan M Ottemann
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Midhun Ben Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Insiya Mukadam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Saumya Nigam
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - JoEllyn McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tatiana K Bronich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Benson Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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12
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Fereidan-Esfahani M, Nayfeh T, Warrington A, Howe CL, Rodriguez M. IgM Natural Autoantibodies in Physiology and the Treatment of Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1904:53-81. [PMID: 30539466 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8958-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are vital components of the adaptive immune system for the recognition and response to foreign antigens. However, some antibodies recognize self-antigens in healthy individuals. These autoreactive antibodies may modulate innate immune functions. IgM natural autoantibodies (IgM-NAAs) are a class of primarily polyreactive immunoglobulins encoded by germline V-gene segments which exhibit low affinity but broad specificity to both foreign and self-antigens. Historically, these autoantibodies were closely associated with autoimmune disease. Nevertheless, not all human autoantibodies are pathogenic and compelling evidence indicates that IgM-NAAs may exert a spectrum of effects from injurious to protective depending upon cellular and molecular context. In this chapter, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the potential physiological and therapeutic roles of IgM-NAAs in different disease conditions such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and autoimmune disease. We also describe the discovery of two reparative IgM-NAAs by our laboratory and delineate their proposed mechanisms of action in central nervous system (CNS) disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarek Nayfeh
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Charles L Howe
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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13
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Plog BA, Mestre H, Olveda GE, Sweeney AM, Kenney HM, Cove A, Dholakia KY, Tithof J, Nevins TD, Lundgaard I, Du T, Kelley DH, Nedergaard M. Transcranial optical imaging reveals a pathway for optimizing the delivery of immunotherapeutics to the brain. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120922. [PMID: 30333324 PMCID: PMC6237481 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the initial promise of immunotherapy for CNS disease, multiple recent clinical trials have failed. This may be due in part to characteristically low penetration of antibodies to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain parenchyma, resulting in poor target engagement. We here utilized transcranial macroscopic imaging to noninvasively evaluate in vivo delivery pathways of CSF fluorescent tracers. Tracers in CSF proved to be distributed through a brain-wide network of periarterial spaces, previously denoted as the glymphatic system. CSF tracer entry was enhanced approximately 3-fold by increasing plasma osmolality without disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Further, plasma hyperosmolality overrode the inhibition of glymphatic transport that characterizes the awake state and reversed glymphatic suppression in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Plasma hyperosmolality enhanced the delivery of an amyloid-β (Aβ) antibody, obtaining a 5-fold increase in antibody binding to Aβ plaques. Thus, manipulation of glymphatic activity may represent a novel strategy for improving penetration of therapeutic antibodies to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Plog
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery
- Department of Pathology, and
| | - Humberto Mestre
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Genaro E. Olveda
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery
| | | | - H. Mark Kenney
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Alexander Cove
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery
| | | | | | - Thomas D. Nevins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Iben Lundgaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Ting Du
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Department of Neurosurgery
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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14
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Stamatovic SM, Martinez-Revollar G, Hu A, Choi J, Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV. Decline in Sirtuin-1 expression and activity plays a critical role in blood-brain barrier permeability in aging. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 126:105-116. [PMID: 30196051 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggest that cerebral microvascular disease increases with advancing age and is associated with lacunar stroke, leukoaraiosis, vascular dementia and Alzheimer disease. Increased blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability/leakage takes "center stage" in ongoing age-related vascular/brain parenchymal injury. Although significant effort has been made in defining the gene mutations and risk factors involved in microvascular alterations in vascular dementia and Alzheimer disease, the intra- and intercellular pathogenic mechanisms responsible for vascular hyperpermeability are still largely unknown. The present study aimed to reveal the ongoing senescence process in brain endothelial cells and its effect on BBB integrity in healthy/non-disease conditions. An analysis of BBB integrity during the life span of C56Bl6 mice (young, 2-6 months; middle-aged, 6-12, months; old, 16-22 months) showed increased BBB permeability for different molecular sized tracers (sodium fluorescein, inulin and 20 kDa dextran) in aged mice which was accompanied by modifications in tight junction (TJ) complex organization, manifested as altered TJ protein expression (particularly claudin-5). A gene screening analysis of aging associated markers in brain microvessels isolated from "aged" mice (C56Bl6, 18-20 months) and human brain samples showed a significant decline in sirtuin-1 expression (Sirt1; ~2.8-fold) confirmed at mRNA and protein levels and by activation assay. Experiments in Sirt1 transgenic mice and brain endothelial cell-specific Sirt1 knockout mice indicated that Sirt1 affects BBB integrity, with loss increasing permeability. Similarly, in vitro, overexpressing Sirt1 or increasing Sirt1 activity with an agonist (Sirt1720) protected against senescence-induced brain endothelial barrier hyperpermeability, stabilized claudin-5/ZO-1 interactions and rescued claudin-5 expression. These findings reveal a novel role of Sirt1 in modulating aging-associated BBB persistent leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana M Stamatovic
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Anna Hu
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer Choi
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anuska V Andjelkovic
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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15
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16
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Disdier C, Chen X, Kim JE, Threlkeld SW, Stonestreet BS. Anti-Cytokine Therapy to Attenuate Ischemic-Reperfusion Associated Brain Injury in the Perinatal Period. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E101. [PMID: 29875342 PMCID: PMC6025309 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8060101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal brain injury is a major cause of morbidity and long-standing disability in newborns. Hypothermia is the only therapy approved to attenuate brain injury in the newborn. However, this treatment is unfortunately only partially neuroprotective and can only be used to treat hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in full term infants. Therefore, there is an urgent need for adjunctive therapeutic strategies. Post-ischemic neuro-inflammation is a crucial contributor to the evolution of brain injury in neonates and constitutes a promising therapeutic target. Recently, we demonstrated encouraging neuroprotective capacities of anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in an ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) model of brain injury in the ovine fetus. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the inflammatory response in the perinatal sheep brain after I/R injury and to review our recent findings regarding the beneficial effects of treatment with anti-cytokine mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Disdier
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
| | - Jeong-Eun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
| | | | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
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17
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Okuda M, Fujita Y, Katsube T, Tabata H, Yoshino K, Hashimoto M, Sugimoto H. Highly water pressurized brown rice improves cognitive dysfunction in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 and reduces amyloid beta in the brain. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:110. [PMID: 29587731 PMCID: PMC5869774 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and the number of AD patients continues to increase worldwide. Components of the germ layer and bran of Brown rice (BR) help maintain good health and prevent AD. Because the germ layer and bran absorb little water and are very hard and difficult to cook, they are often removed during processing. To solve these problems, in this study, we tried to use a high-pressure (HP) technique. Methods We produced the highly water pressurized brown rice (HPBR) by pressurizing BR at 600 MPa, and then we fed it to an AD mouse model, senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8, to investigate the therapeutic effects of HPBR on cognitive dysfunction by Y-maze spatial memory test. Results HP treatment increased the water absorbency of BR without nutrient loss. HPBR ameliorated cognitive dysfunction and reduced the levels of amyloid-β, which is a major protein responsible for AD, in the brain. Conclusions These results suggest that HPBR is effective for preventing AD.
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18
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Finke JM, Banks WA. Modulators of IgG penetration through the blood-brain barrier: Implications for Alzheimer's disease immunotherapy. Hum Antibodies 2018; 25:131-146. [PMID: 28035915 DOI: 10.3233/hab-160306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review serves to highlight approaches that may improve the access of antibody drugs to regions of the brain affected by Alzheimer's Disease. While previous antibody drugs have been unsuccessful in treating Alzheimer's disease, recent work demonstrates that Alzheimer's pathology can be modified if these drugs can penetrate the brain parenchyma with greater efficacy. Research in antibody blood-brain barrier drug delivery predominantly follows one of three distinct directions: (1) enhancing influx with reduced antibody size, addition of Trojan horse modules, or blood-brain barrier disruption; (2) modulating trancytotic equilibrium and/or kinetics of the neonatal Fc Receptor; and (3) manipulation of antibody glycan carbohydrate composition. In addition to these topics, recent studies are discussed that reveal a role of glycan sialic acid in suppressing antibody efflux from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Finke
- Division of Sciences and Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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19
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Kunbaz A, Warrington AE, Perwein MK, Fereidan-Esfahani M, Rodriguez M. A natural human monoclonal antibody protects from axonal injury in different CNS degenerative disease models. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2017-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Axon regeneration after CNS injury is incomplete. This is partially due to the presence of multiple growth inhibitory molecules within myelin that prevent axonal extension. These inhibitors include myelin-associated glycoprotein, Nogo and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein. A natural human recombinant antibody, rHIgM12, was identified by its ability to promote neurite outgrowth in vitro. rHIgM12 overrides the neurite outgrowth inhibition of myelin by binding with high affinity to neuronal PSA-NCAM and gangliosides. This neurite outgrowth is accompanied by increased α-tubulin tyrosination and decreased acetylation which occurs after treatment with rHIgM12. rHIgM12 is efficacious in murine models of human multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, improving axon survival and neurologic function. rHIgM12 has great promise as a therapeutic molecule in a number of CNS disorders characterized by neuronal loss and axonal transection including multiple sclerosis. This review will focus on rHIgM12 discovery, effects in preclinical models and potential applications as a therapeutic reagent for CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kunbaz
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Maria K Perwein
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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20
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Goñi F, Martá-Ariza M, Herline K, Peyser D, Boutajangout A, Mehta P, Drummond E, Prelli F, Wisniewski T. Anti-β-sheet conformation monoclonal antibody reduces tau and Aβ oligomer pathology in an Alzheimer's disease model. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:10. [PMID: 29378642 PMCID: PMC5789573 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Oligomeric forms of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau are increasing being recognized as key toxins in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods We developed a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb), GW-23B7, that recognizes β-sheet secondary structure on pathological oligomers of neurodegenerative diseases. Results The pentameric immunoglobulin M kappa chain (IgMκp) we developed specifically distinguishes intra- and extracellular pathology in human AD brains. Purified GW-23B7 showed a dissociation constant in the nanomolar range for oligomeric Aβ and did not bind monomeric Aβ. In enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, it recognized oligomeric forms of both Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau. Aged triple-transgenic AD mice with both Aβ and tau pathology infused intraperitoneally for 2 months showed IgMκp in the soluble brain homogenate, peaking at 24 h postinoculation. Treated mice exhibited significant cognitive rescue on radial arm maze testing compared with vehicle control-infused mice. Immunohistochemically, treatment resulted in a significant decrease of extracellular pathology. Biochemically, treatment resulted in significant reductions of oligomeric forms of Aβ and tau. Conclusions These results suggest that GW-23B7, an anti-β-sheet conformational mAb humanized for clinical trials, may be an effective therapeutic agent for human AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13195-018-0337-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Goñi
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Mitchell Martá-Ariza
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krystal Herline
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Peyser
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allal Boutajangout
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pankaj Mehta
- Department of Immunology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Eleanor Drummond
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frances Prelli
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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21
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Yadav DB, Maloney JA, Wildsmith KR, Fuji RN, Meilandt WJ, Solanoy H, Lu Y, Peng K, Wilson B, Chan P, Gadkar K, Kosky A, Goo M, Daugherty A, Couch JA, Keene T, Hayes K, Nikolas LJ, Lane D, Switzer R, Adams E, Watts RJ, Scearce-Levie K, Prabhu S, Shafer L, Thakker DR, Hildebrand K, Atwal JK. Widespread brain distribution and activity following i.c.v. infusion of anti-β-secretase (BACE1) in nonhuman primates. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4173-4185. [PMID: 28859225 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The potential for therapeutic antibody treatment of neurological diseases is limited by poor penetration across the blood-brain barrier. I.c.v. delivery is a promising route to the brain; however, it is unclear how efficiently antibodies delivered i.c.v. penetrate the cerebrospinal spinal fluid (CSF)-brain barrier and distribute throughout the brain parenchyma. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We evaluated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an inhibitory monoclonal antibody against β-secretase 1 (anti-BACE1) following continuous infusion into the left lateral ventricle of healthy adult cynomolgus monkeys. KEY RESULTS Animals infused with anti-BACE1 i.c.v. showed a robust and sustained reduction (~70%) of CSF amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Antibody distribution was near uniform across the brain parenchyma, ranging from 20 to 40 nM, resulting in a ~50% reduction of Aβ in the cortical parenchyma. In contrast, animals administered anti-BACE1 i.v. showed no significant change in CSF or cortical Aβ levels and had a low (~0.6 nM) antibody concentration in the brain. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS I.c.v. administration of anti-BACE1 resulted in enhanced BACE1 target engagement and inhibition, with a corresponding dramatic reduction in CNS Aβ concentrations, due to enhanced brain exposure to antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janice A Maloney
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristin R Wildsmith
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Reina N Fuji
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William J Meilandt
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yanmei Lu
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kun Peng
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Blair Wilson
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Chan
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kapil Gadkar
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Kosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marisa Goo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ann Daugherty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica A Couch
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Adams
- Northern Biomedical Research, Norton Shores, MI, USA
| | - Ryan J Watts
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Saileta Prabhu
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jasvinder K Atwal
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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22
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Dhillon JKS, Riffe C, Moore BD, Ran Y, Chakrabarty P, Golde TE, Giasson BI. A novel panel of α-synuclein antibodies reveal distinctive staining profiles in synucleinopathies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184731. [PMID: 28910367 PMCID: PMC5599040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the intracellular deposition of the protein α-synuclein leading to multiple outcomes, including dementia and Parkinsonism. Recent findings support the notion that across the spectrum of synucleinopathies there exist diverse but specific biochemical modifications and/or structural conformations of α-synuclein, which would give rise to protein strain specific prion-like intercellular transmission, a proposed model that could explain synucleinopathies disease progression. Herein, we characterized a panel of antibodies with epitopes within both the C- and N- termini of α-synuclein. A comprehensive analysis of human pathological tissue and mouse models of synucleinopathy with these antibodies support the notion that α-synuclein exists in distinct modified forms and/or structural variants. Furthermore, these well-characterized and specific tools allow the investigation of biochemical changes associated with α-synuclein inclusion formation. We have identified several antibodies of interest with diverse staining and epitope properties that will prove useful in future investigations of strain specific disease progression and the development of targeted immunotherapeutic approaches to synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess-Karan S. Dhillon
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cara Riffe
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Brenda D. Moore
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yong Ran
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Benoit I. Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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McDonald CL, Hennessy E, Rubio-Araiz A, Keogh B, McCormack W, McGuirk P, Reilly M, Lynch MA. Inhibiting TLR2 activation attenuates amyloid accumulation and glial activation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 58:191-200. [PMID: 27422717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation in peripheral cells are well characterized but, although several TLRs are expressed on cells of the brain, the consequences of their activation on neuronal function remain to be fully investigated, particularly in the context of assessing their potential as therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative diseases. Several endogenous TLR ligands have been identified, many of which are soluble factors released from cells exposed to stressors. In addition, amyloid-β (Aβ) the main constituent of the amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), activates TLR2, although it has also been shown to bind to several other receptors. The objective of this study was to determine whether activation of TLR2 played a role in the developing inflammatory changes and Aβ accumulation in a mouse model of AD. Wild type and transgenic mice that overexpress amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 (APP/PS1 mice) were treated with anti-TLR2 antibody for 7months from the age of 7-14months. We demonstrate that microglial and astroglial activation, as assessed by MHCII, CD68 and GFAP immunoreactivity was decreased in anti-TLR2 antibody-treated compared with control (IgG)-treated mice. This was associated with reduced Aβ plaque burden and improved performance in spatial learning. The data suggest that continued TLR2 activation contributes to the developing neuroinflammation and pathology and may be provide a strategy for limiting the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L McDonald
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Edel Hennessy
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero av, Bld#1, Room#101, 94110 San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ana Rubio-Araiz
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Brian Keogh
- Opsona Therapeutics LTD, 2nd Floor Ashford House, Tara Street, Dublin 2 D02 VX67, Ireland
| | - William McCormack
- Immune Regulation Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Peter McGuirk
- Opsona Therapeutics LTD, 2nd Floor Ashford House, Tara Street, Dublin 2 D02 VX67, Ireland
| | - Mary Reilly
- Opsona Therapeutics LTD, 2nd Floor Ashford House, Tara Street, Dublin 2 D02 VX67, Ireland
| | - Marina A Lynch
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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24
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George S, Brundin P. Immunotherapy in Parkinson's Disease: Micromanaging Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 5:413-24. [PMID: 26406122 PMCID: PMC4923719 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-150630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Currently, several α-synuclein immunotherapies are being tested in experimental Parkinson’s disease models and in clinical trials. Recent research has revealed that α-synuclein is not just an intracellular synaptic protein but also exists extracellularly. Moreover, the transfer of misfolded α-synuclein between cells might be a crucial step in the process leading to a progressive increase in deposition of α-synuclein aggregates throughout the Parkinson’s disease brain. The revelation that α-synuclein is present outside cells has increased the interest in antibody-based therapies and opens up for the notion that microglia might play a key role in retarding Parkinson’s disease progression. The objectives of this review are to describe and contrast the use of active and passive immunotherapy in treating α-synucleinopathies and highlight the likely important role of microglia in clearing misfolded α-synuclein from the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Correspondence to: Patrik Brundin, Van Andel Research Insti-tute, Center for Neurodegenerative Science, 333 Bostwick AvenueNE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
Tel.: 616 234 5684; Fax: 616 234 5129.
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25
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Salameh TS, Bullock KM, Hujoel IA, Niehoff ML, Wolden-Hanson T, Kim J, Morley JE, Farr SA, Banks WA. Central Nervous System Delivery of Intranasal Insulin: Mechanisms of Uptake and Effects on Cognition. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:715-28. [PMID: 26401706 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Intranasal insulin has shown efficacy in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but there are no preclinical studies determining whether or how it reaches the brain. Here, we showed that insulin applied at the level of the cribriform plate via the nasal route quickly distributed throughout the brain and reversed learning and memory deficits in an AD mouse model. Intranasal insulin entered the blood stream poorly and had no peripheral metabolic effects. Uptake into the brain from the cribriform plate was saturable, stimulated by PKC inhibition, and responded differently to cellular pathway inhibitors than did insulin transport at the blood-brain barrier. In summary, these results show intranasal delivery to be an effective way to deliver insulin to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese S Salameh
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristin M Bullock
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Isabel A Hujoel
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tami Wolden-Hanson
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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26
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Characterization of a sensitive mouse Aβ40 PD biomarker assay for Alzheimer's disease drug development in wild-type mice. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1067-75. [PMID: 27094761 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Transgenic mice that overexpress human amyloid precursor protein with Swedish or London (APPswe or APPlon) mutations have been widely used for preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug development. AD patients, however, rarely possess these mutations or overexpress APP. RESULTS We developed a sensitive ELISA that specifically and accurately measures low levels of endogenous Aβ40 in mouse plasma, brain and CSF. In wild-type mice treated with a bispecific anti-TfR/BACE1 antibody, significant Aβ reductions were observed in the periphery and the brain. APPlon transgenic mice showed a slightly less reduction, whereas APPswe mice did not have any decrease. CONCLUSION This sensitive and well-characterized mouse Aβ40 assay enables the use of wild-type mice for preclinical PK/PD and efficacy studies of potential AD therapeutics.
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27
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Gadkar K, Yadav DB, Zuchero JY, Couch JA, Kanodia J, Kenrick MK, Atwal JK, Dennis MS, Prabhu S, Watts RJ, Joseph SB, Ramanujan S. Mathematical PKPD and safety model of bispecific TfR/BACE1 antibodies for the optimization of antibody uptake in brain. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 101:53-61. [PMID: 26820920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of diseases of the central nervous system by monoclonal antibodies may be limited by the restricted uptake of antibodies across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). An antibody targeting transferrin receptor (TfR) has been shown to take advantage of the receptor-mediated transcytosis properties of TfR in order to cross the BBB in mice, with the uptake in the brain being dependent on the affinity to TfR. In the bispecific format with arms targeting both TfR and β-secretase 1 (BACE1), altering the affinity to TfR has been shown to impact systemic exposure and safety profiles. In this work, a mathematical model incorporating pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) and safety profiles is developed for bispecific TfR/BACE1 antibodies with a range of affinities to TfR in order to guide candidate selection. The model captures the dependence of both systemic and brain exposure on TfR affinity and the subsequent impact on brain Aβ40 lowering and circulating reticulocyte levels. Model simulations identify the optimal affinity for the TfR arm of the bispecific to maximize Aβ reduction while maintaining reticulocyte levels. The model serves as a useful tool to prioritize and optimize preclinical studies and has been used to support the selection of additional candidates for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Gadkar
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Daniela Bumbaca Yadav
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joy Yu Zuchero
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jessica A Couch
- Safety Assessment Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jitendra Kanodia
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Margaret K Kenrick
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jasvinder K Atwal
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mark S Dennis
- Antibody Engineering Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Saileta Prabhu
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ryan J Watts
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sean B Joseph
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Saroja Ramanujan
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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28
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Banks WA. From blood-brain barrier to blood-brain interface: new opportunities for CNS drug delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:275-92. [PMID: 26794270 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 679] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in the development of therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) disorders is achieving sufficient blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Research in the past few decades has revealed that the BBB is not only a substantial barrier for drug delivery to the CNS but also a complex, dynamic interface that adapts to the needs of the CNS, responds to physiological changes, and is affected by and can even promote disease. This complexity confounds simple strategies for drug delivery to the CNS, but provides a wealth of opportunities and approaches for drug development. Here, I review some of the most important areas that have recently redefined the BBB and discuss how they can be applied to the development of CNS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA
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29
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Lasagna-Reeves CA, Rousseaux MW, Guerrero-Munoz MJ, Vilanova-Velez L, Park J, See L, Jafar-Nejad P, Richman R, Orr HT, Kayed R, Zoghbi HY. Ataxin-1 oligomers induce local spread of pathology and decreasing them by passive immunization slows Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 phenotypes. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26673892 PMCID: PMC4821792 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that ATXN1 oligomers are the primary drivers of toxicity in Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1; Lasagna-Reeves et al., 2015). Here we report that polyQ ATXN1 oligomers can propagate locally in vivo in mice predisposed to SCA1 following intracerebral oligomeric tissue inoculation. Our data also show that targeting these oligomers with passive immunotherapy leads to some improvement in motor coordination in SCA1 mice and to a modest increase in their life span. These findings provide evidence that oligomer propagation is regionally limited in SCA1 and that immunotherapy targeting extracellular oligomers can mildly modify disease phenotypes. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10891.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Lasagna-Reeves
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Maxime Wc Rousseaux
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | | | - Luis Vilanova-Velez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Jeehye Park
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Lauren See
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Paymaan Jafar-Nejad
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Ronald Richman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Harry T Orr
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, United States
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United states
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30
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Pleass RJ, Moore SC, Stevenson L, Hviid L. Immunoglobulin M: Restrainer of Inflammation and Mediator of Immune Evasion by Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. Trends Parasitol 2015; 32:108-119. [PMID: 26597020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is an ancient antibody class that is found in all vertebrates, with the exception of coelacanths, and is indispensable in both innate and adaptive immunity. The equally ancient human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, formed an intimate relationship with IgM with which it co-evolved. In this article, we discuss the association between IgM and human malaria parasites, building on several recent publications that implicate IgM as a crucial molecule that determines both host and parasite survival. Consequently, a better understanding of this association may lead to the development of improved intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Pleass
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Shona C Moore
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK; Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Liz Stevenson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark.
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31
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Morley JE. Peptides and aging: Their role in anorexia and memory. Peptides 2015; 72:112-8. [PMID: 25895851 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The rapid aging of the world's population has led to a need to increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of the factors leading to frailty and cognitive decline. Peptides have been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of frailty and cognitive decline. Weight loss is a major component of frailty. In this review, we demonstrate a central role for both peripheral peptides (e.g., cholecystokinin and ghrelin) and neuropeptides (e.g., dynorphin and alpha-MSH) in the pathophysiology of the anorexia of aging. Similarly, peripheral peptides (e.g., ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and cholecystokinin) are modulators of memory. A number of centrally acting neuropeptides have also been shown to modulate cognitive processes. Amyloid-beta peptide in physiological levels is a memory enhancer, while in high (pathological) levels, it plays a key role in the development of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Morley
- Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States.
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32
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Xu X, Denic A, Jordan LR, Wittenberg NJ, Warrington AE, Wootla B, Papke LM, Zoecklein LJ, Yoo D, Shaver J, Oh SH, Pease LR, Rodriguez M. A natural human IgM that binds to gangliosides is therapeutic in murine models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:831-42. [PMID: 26035393 PMCID: PMC4527295 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating, fatal neurological disease that primarily affects spinal cord anterior horn cells and their axons for which there is no treatment. Here we report the use of a recombinant natural human IgM that binds to the surface of neurons and supports neurite extension, rHIgM12, as a therapeutic strategy in murine models of human ALS. A single 200 µg intraperitoneal dose of rHIgM12 increases survival in two independent genetic-based mutant SOD1 mouse strains (SOD1G86R and SOD1G93A) by 8 and 10 days, delays the onset of neurological deficits by 16 days, delays the onset of weight loss by 5 days, and preserves spinal cord axons and anterior horn neurons. Immuno-overlay of thin layer chromatography and surface plasmon resonance show that rHIgM12 binds with high affinity to the complex gangliosides GD1a and GT1b. Addition of rHIgM12 to neurons in culture increases α-tubulin tyrosination levels, suggesting an alteration of microtubule dynamics. We previously reported that a single peripheral dose of rHIgM12 preserved neurological function in a murine model of demyelination with axon loss. Because rHIgM12 improves three different models of neurological disease, we propose that the IgM might act late in the cascade of neuronal stress and/or death by a broad mechanism. Summary: A single peripheral dose of a recombinant natural human IgM increases lifespan and delays neurological deficits in mouse models of human ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Luke R Jordan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Nathan J Wittenberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Bharath Wootla
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Louisa M Papke
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Daehan Yoo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jonah Shaver
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Larry R Pease
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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33
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Planque SA, Nishiyama Y, Sonoda S, Lin Y, Taguchi H, Hara M, Kolodziej S, Mitsuda Y, Gonzalez V, Sait HBR, Fukuchi KI, Massey RJ, Friedland RP, O'Nuallain B, Sigurdsson EM, Paul S. Specific amyloid β clearance by a catalytic antibody construct. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10229-41. [PMID: 25724648 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.641738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical immunization methods do not generate catalytic antibodies (catabodies), but recent findings suggest that the innate antibody repertoire is a rich catabody source. We describe the specificity and amyloid β (Aβ)-clearing effect of a catabody construct engineered from innate immunity principles. The catabody recognized the Aβ C terminus noncovalently and hydrolyzed Aβ rapidly, with no reactivity to the Aβ precursor protein, transthyretin amyloid aggregates, or irrelevant proteins containing the catabody-sensitive Aβ dipeptide unit. The catabody dissolved preformed Aβ aggregates and inhibited Aβ aggregation more potently than an Aβ-binding IgG. Intravenous catabody treatment reduced brain Aβ deposits in a mouse Alzheimer disease model without inducing microgliosis or microhemorrhages. Specific Aβ hydrolysis appears to be an innate immune function that could be applied for therapeutic Aβ removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Planque
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yasuhiro Nishiyama
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sari Sonoda
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yan Lin
- the Departments of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Hiroaki Taguchi
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Mariko Hara
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Steven Kolodziej
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yukie Mitsuda
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Veronica Gonzalez
- the Departments of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Hameetha B R Sait
- the Departments of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Ken-ichiro Fukuchi
- the Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois 61605
| | | | - Robert P Friedland
- the Department of Neurology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, and
| | - Brian O'Nuallain
- the Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Einar M Sigurdsson
- the Departments of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016,
| | - Sudhir Paul
- From the Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030,
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34
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Zhang J, Sadowska GB, Chen X, Park SY, Kim JE, Bodge CA, Cummings E, Lim YP, Makeyev O, Besio WG, Gaitanis J, Banks WA, Stonestreet BS. Anti-IL-6 neutralizing antibody modulates blood-brain barrier function in the ovine fetus. FASEB J 2015; 29:1739-53. [PMID: 25609424 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-258822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Impaired blood-brain barrier function represents an important component of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in the perinatal period. Proinflammatory cytokines could contribute to ischemia-related blood-brain barrier dysfunction. IL-6 increases vascular endothelial cell monolayer permeability in vitro. However, contributions of IL-6 to blood-brain barrier abnormalities have not been examined in the immature brain in vivo. We generated pharmacologic quantities of ovine-specific neutralizing anti-IL-6 mAbs and systemically infused mAbs into fetal sheep at 126 days of gestation after exposure to brain ischemia. Anti-IL-6 mAbs were measured by ELISA in fetal plasma, cerebral cortex, and cerebrospinal fluid, blood-brain barrier permeability was quantified using the blood-to-brain transfer constant in brain regions, and IL-6, tight junction proteins, and plasmalemma vesicle protein (PLVAP) were detected by Western immunoblot. Anti-IL-6 mAb infusions resulted in increases in mAb (P < 0.05) in plasma, brain parenchyma, and cerebrospinal fluid and decreases in brain IL-6 protein. Twenty-four hours after ischemia, anti-IL-6 mAb infusions attenuated ischemia-related increases in blood-brain barrier permeability and modulated tight junction and PLVAP protein expression in fetal brain. We conclude that inhibiting the effects of IL-6 protein with systemic infusions of neutralizing antibodies attenuates ischemia-related increases in blood-brain barrier permeability by inhibiting IL-6 and modulates tight junction proteins after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyong Zhang
- *Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; ProThera Biologics, Incorporated, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; and Geriatric Research Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Grazyna B Sadowska
- *Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; ProThera Biologics, Incorporated, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; and Geriatric Research Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- *Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; ProThera Biologics, Incorporated, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; and Geriatric Research Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Seon Yeong Park
- *Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; ProThera Biologics, Incorporated, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; and Geriatric Research Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeong-Eun Kim
- *Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; ProThera Biologics, Incorporated, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; and Geriatric Research Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Courtney A Bodge
- *Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; ProThera Biologics, Incorporated, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; and Geriatric Research Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erin Cummings
- *Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; ProThera Biologics, Incorporated, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; and Geriatric Research Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yow-Pin Lim
- *Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; ProThera Biologics, Incorporated, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; and Geriatric Research Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Oleksandr Makeyev
- *Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; ProThera Biologics, Incorporated, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; and Geriatric Research Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Walter G Besio
- *Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; ProThera Biologics, Incorporated, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; and Geriatric Research Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John Gaitanis
- *Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; ProThera Biologics, Incorporated, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; and Geriatric Research Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William A Banks
- *Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; ProThera Biologics, Incorporated, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; and Geriatric Research Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- *Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; ProThera Biologics, Incorporated, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; and Geriatric Research Educational, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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35
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Morley JE. New Horizons in the Management of Alzheimer Disease. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2015; 16:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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36
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Lambracht-Washington D, Rosenberg RN. A noninflammatory immune response in aged DNA Aβ42-immunized mice supports its safety for possible use as immunotherapy in AD patients. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1274-81. [PMID: 25725942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging in the immune system results in tendency to proinflammatory responses. Intradermal DNA immunization showed Th2 polarized noninflammatory immune responses. We tested here 18-month-old mice which were immunized with Aβ42 peptide, DNA Aβ42 trimer, or 2 different prime boost protocols identical to previous experiments. High Aβ42 antibody levels were found in aged mice which had received peptide immunizations (900 μg/mL plasma), and in mice which had received peptide prime and DNA boost immunizations (500 μg/mL), compared with antibodies in DNA Aβ42 immunized mice with 50 μg/mL. Although we found T-cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokines in mice which had received peptide or prime boost immunization, these were not found in DNA-immunized mice. The results are concordant with proinflammatory responses because of immunosenescence and contraindicate the use of Aβ42 peptide immunizations or prime boost immunization protocols for the use in elderly Alzheimer's disease patients. DNA Aβ42 immunization only on the other hand does lead to effective levels of antibodies without inflammatory cytokine or T-cell responses in the aged animal model tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Lambracht-Washington
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Roger N Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Cheng XR, Zhou WX, Zhang YX. The behavioral, pathological and therapeutic features of the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 strain as an Alzheimer's disease animal model. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 13:13-37. [PMID: 24269312 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a widespread and devastating progressive neurodegenerative disease. Disease-modifying treatments remain beyond reach, and the etiology of the disease is uncertain. Animal model are essential for identifying disease mechanisms and developing effective therapeutic strategies. Research on AD is currently being carried out in rodent models. The most common transgenic mouse model mimics familial AD, which accounts for a small percentage of cases. The senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) strain is a spontaneous animal model of accelerated aging. Many studies indicate that SAMP8 mice harbor the behavioral and histopathological signatures of AD, namely AD-like cognitive and behavioral alterations, neuropathological phenotypes (neuron and dendrite spine loss, spongiosis, gliosis and cholinergic deficits in the forebrain), β-amyloid deposits resembling senile plaques, and aberrant hyperphosphorylation of Tau-like neurofibrillary tangles. SAMP8 mice are useful in the development of novel therapies, and many pharmacological agents and approaches are effective in SAMP8 mice. SAMP8 mice are considered a robust model for exploring the etiopathogenesis of sporadic AD and a plausible experimental model for developing preventative and therapeutic treatments for late-onset/age-related AD, which accounts for the vast majority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-rui Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wen-xia Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Yong-xiang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
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Abstract
The central nervous system has been considered off-limits to antibody therapeutics. However, recent advances in preclinical and clinical drug development suggest that antibodies can cross the blood-brain barrier in limited quantities and act centrally to mediate their effects. In particular, immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease has shown that targeting beta amyloid with antibodies can reduce pathology in both mouse models and the human brain, with strong evidence supporting a central mechanism of action. These findings have fueled substantial efforts to raise antibodies against other central nervous system targets, particularly neurodegenerative targets, such as tau, beta-secretase, and alpha-synuclein. Nevertheless, it is also apparent that antibody penetration across the blood-brain barrier is limited, with an estimated 0.1-0.2 % of circulating antibodies found in brain at steady-state concentrations. Thus, technologies designed to improve antibody uptake in brain are receiving increased attention and are likely going to represent the future of antibody therapy for neurologic diseases, if proven safe and effective. Herein we review briefly the progress and limitations of traditional antibody drug development for neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on passive immunotherapy. We also take a more in-depth look at new technologies for improved delivery of antibodies to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Joy Yu
- Neurodegeneration Labs, Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Ryan J. Watts
- Neurodegeneration Labs, Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
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Peter JC, Rossez H, Weckering M, Zipfel G, Lecourt AC, Owen JB, Banks WA, Hofbauer KG. Protective effects of an anti-melanocortin-4 receptor scFv derivative in lipopolysaccharide-induced cachexia in rats. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2013; 4:79-88. [PMID: 22911214 PMCID: PMC3581610 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-012-0084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia is a complex syndrome defined by weight loss due to an ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass with or without loss of body fat. It is often associated with anorexia. Numerous results from experimental studies suggest that blockade of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) could be an effective treatment for anorexia and cachexia. In a previous study, we reported the basic pharmacological properties of a blocking anti-MC4R mAb 1E8a and its scFv derivative in vitro and in vivo. METHODS In the present study, we further characterized the mode of action of the 1E8a scFv, evaluated its pharmacokinetic properties in mice, and assessed its therapeutic potential in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cachexia model in rats. RESULTS In vitro, scFv enhanced the efficacy of the endogenous inverse agonist Agouti-related protein. After intravenous (i.v.) administration in mice, the scFv penetrated the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reached its central sites of action: the scFv brain-serum concentration ratios increased up to 15-fold which suggests an active uptake into brain tissue. In telemetry experiments, i.v. administration of the scFv in rats was well tolerated and only induced slight cardiovascular effects consistent with MC4R blockade, i.e., a small decrease in mean arterial pressure and heart rate. In the model of LPS-induced anorexia, i.v. administration of scFv 1E8a prevented anorexia and loss of body weight. Moreover, it stimulated a myogenic response which may contribute to the preservation of muscle mass in cachexia. CONCLUSION The pharmacological profile of scFv 1E8a suggests its potential value in the treatment of cachexia or anorexia.
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Pallàs M. Senescence-Accelerated Mice P8: A Tool to Study Brain Aging and Alzheimer's Disease in a Mouse Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/917167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The causes of aging remain unknown, but they are probably intimately linked to a multifactorial process that affects cell networks to varying degrees. Although a growing number of aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) animal models are available, a more comprehensive and physiological mouse model is required. In this context, the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) has a number of advantages, since its rapid physiological senescence means that it has about half the normal lifespan of a rodent. In addition, according to data gathered over the last five years, some of its behavioral traits and histopathology resemble AD human dementia. SAMP8 has remarkable pathological similarities to AD and may prove to be an excellent model for acquiring more in-depth knowledge of the age-related neurodegenerative processes behind brain senescence and AD in particular. We review these facts and particularly the data on parameters related to neurodegeneration. SAMP8 also shows signs of aging in the immune, vascular, and metabolic systems, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Pallàs
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòosia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona y Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Zealley B, de Grey ADNJ. Strategies for engineered negligible senescence. Gerontology 2012; 59:183-9. [PMID: 23037635 DOI: 10.1159/000342197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this viewpoint, we describe the strategies for engineered negligible senescence (SENS) concept--a simple and appealing model for the design of therapeutic interventions able to meaningfully and persistently reverse the deleterious effects of aging. We go on to outline how current or foreseeable biotechnologies could feasibly be employed to repair every currently identified category of pathogenic damage that accumulates over a human lifespan. Then, briefly, we explain why this goal is not only ethically sound, but can in fact be considered to verge on an ethical obligation. Finally, we review recent progress in some key areas of the SENS platform, including proof-of-concept research sponsored by the SENS Foundation, a charity based in California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Zealley
- SENS Foundation, Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
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42
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Warrington AE, Van Keulen V, Pease LR, Rodriguez M. Naturally occurring antibodies as therapeutics for neurologic disease: can human monoclonal IgMs replace the limited resource IVIG? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 750:44-55. [PMID: 22903665 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3461-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring autoantibodies (NAbs) are common in normal humans. The majority of NAbs are IgMs, but a small proportion are IgGs. Therefore a certain portion of pooled whole human IgG (IVIG) can be considered NAbs. While the applications of IVIG to modulate human disease have increased dramatically, the use of IgMs as drugs has lagged. In fact, much of the contaminating IgM component of IVIG is disposed of as waste. However, a number of model studies, including those targeting Alzheimer and multiple sclerosis (MS) suggest that IgMs may better modulate disease at much lower doses than IVIG. Our own studies in a model of MS show that polyclonal human IgM promotes better remyelination than IVIG and that monoclonal IgMs promote greater remyelination than monoclonal IgGs containing identical variable region sequences. We propose that this difference is due to the ability of IgM to cross link cell surface antigens better than IgGs and induce signals in nervous system cells. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that promote remyelination induce a transient Ca(2+) influx in myelin forming cells, whereas IgGs with identical variable sequences do not. MAbs that promote remyelination were identified in human serum and in EBV-immortalized human B-cell lines obtained from normal adults, fetal cord blood, and rheumatoid arthritis and MS patients. Therefore therapeutic mAbs are present and common in normal circulation. All therapeutic mAbs were IgMs and bound to nervous system cells, however, the tissue binding patterns suggest that binding any one of multiple antigens induces repair. An expression vector was constructed that can manufacture gram quantities of recombinant monoclonal human IgM. Therefore the technology exists to determine whether human monoclonal NAbs can modulate human disease. IVIG can modulate neurologic disease, but using IVIG to treat these chronic diseases is unsustainable. A long-term solution is to identify the functional component of IVIG and test whether a recombinant human monoclonal can replicate its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur E Warrington
- Department of Neurology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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Therapeutics to promote CNS repair: a natural human neuron-binding IgM regulates membrane-raft dynamics and improves motility in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Clin Immunol 2012; 33 Suppl 1:S50-6. [PMID: 22990667 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have discovered a role for natural autoantibodies in central nervous system repair, remyelination and axon protection. These natural human antibodies are of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) isotype, and they bind to the surface of neural cells. The epitope of the antibody includes sialic acid because treatment with sialidase disrupts the binding. A fully human recombinant form of one of these IgMs, rHIgM12, has the same properties as the serum-derived IgM. rHIgM12 enhanced polarized axonal outgrowth from primary neurons when presented as a substrate in vitro and improved motor functions in chronically Theiler's virus-infected SJL mice, a model of MS. rHIgM12 bound to neuronal surfaces and induced cholesterol and ganglioside (GM1) clustering, indicating that rHIgM12 functions through a mechanism of axonal membrane stabilization. Our work demonstrates that a natural human neuron-binding IgM can regulate membrane domain dynamics. This antibody has the potential to improve neurologic disease.
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Structural Basis of C-terminal β-Amyloid Peptide Binding by the Antibody Ponezumab for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Biol 2012; 421:525-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Nonaka N, Farr SA, Nakamachi T, Morley JE, Nakamura M, Shioda S, Banks WA. Intranasal administration of PACAP: uptake by brain and regional brain targeting with cyclodextrins. Peptides 2012; 36:168-75. [PMID: 22687366 PMCID: PMC3418062 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a potent neurotrophic and neuroprotectant that is transported across the blood-brain barrier in amounts sufficient to affect brain function. However, its short half-life in blood makes it difficult to administer peripherally. Here, we determined whether the radioactively labeled 38 amino acid form of PACAP can enter the brain after intranasal (i.n.) administration. Occipital cortex and striatum were the regions with the highest uptake, peaking at levels of about 2-4% of the injected dose per gram of brain region. Inclusion of unlabeled PACAP greatly increased retention of I-PACAP by brain probably because of inhibition of the brain-to-blood efflux transporter for PACAP located at the blood-brain barrier. Sufficient amounts of PACAP could be delivered to the brain to affect function as shown by improvement of memory in aged SAMP8 mice, a model of Alzheimer's disease. We found that each of three cyclodextrins when included in the i.n. injection produced a unique distribution pattern of I-PACAP among brain regions. As examples, β-cyclodextrin greatly increased uptake by the occipital cortex and hypothalamus, α-cyclodextrin increased uptake by the olfactory bulb and decreased uptake by the occipital cortex and striatum, and (2-hydropropyl)-β-cyclodextrin increased uptake by the thalamus and decreased uptake by the striatum. These results show that therapeutic amounts of PACAP can be delivered to the brain by intranasal administration and that cyclodextrins may be useful in the therapeutic targeting of peptides to specific brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Nonaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Patel A, Zhu Y, Kuzhikandathil EV, Banks WA, Siegel A, Zalcman SS. Soluble interleukin-6 receptor induces motor stereotypies and co-localizes with gp130 in regions linked to cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41623. [PMID: 22911828 PMCID: PMC3402449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble cytokine receptors are normal constituents of body fluids that regulate peripheral cytokine and lymphoid activity and whose levels are increased in states of immune activation. Soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R) levels positively correlate with disease progression in some autoimmune conditions and psychiatric disorders. Particularly strong links between levels of sIL-6R and the severity of psychotic symptoms occur in schizophrenia, raising the possibility that sIL-6R is involved in this disease. However, there is no evidence that peripheral sIL-6R induces relevant behavioral disturbances. We showed that single subcutaneous injections of sIL-6R (0-1 µg), stimulated novelty stress-induced exploratory motor behaviors in male Balb/c mice within 20-40-min of injection. A progressive increase in vertical stereotypies was observed 40-80 min post injection, persisting for the remainder of the test session. Paralleling these stimulant-like effects, sIL-6R pre-treatment significantly enhanced stereotypy scores following challenge with GBR 12909. We found that peripherally administered sIL-6R crossed the blood-brain barrier, localizing in brain regions associated with cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits, which are putative neuroanatomical substrates of disorders associated with repetitive stereotypies. Peripherally administered sIL-6R co-localized with gp130, a transmembrane protein involved in IL-6 trans-signaling, in the nucleus accumbens, caudate-putamen, motor and infralimbic cortices, and thalamic nuclei, but not with gp130 in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, or sensorimotor cortex,. The results suggest that peripheral sIL-6R can act as a neuroimmune messenger, crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB) to selectively target CSTC circuits rich in IL-6 trans-signaling protein, and inducing repetitive stereotypies. As such sIL-6R may represent a novel therapeutic agent for relevant psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Patel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is poised to become the most serious healthcare issue of our generation. The leading theory of AD pathophysiology is the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis, and clinical trials are now proceeding based on this hypothesis. Here, we review the original evidence for the Amyloid Hypothesis, which was originally focused on the extracellular deposition of beta amyloid peptides (Aβ) in large fibrillar aggregates, as well as how this theory has been extended in recent years to focus on highly toxic small soluble amyloid oligomers. We will also examine emerging evidence that Aβ may actually begin to accumulate intracellularly in lysosomes, and the role for intracellular Aβ and lysosomal dysfunction may play in AD pathophysiology. Finally, we will review the clinical implications of these findings.
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48
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Banks WA. Drug delivery to the brain in Alzheimer's disease: consideration of the blood-brain barrier. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:629-39. [PMID: 22202501 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The successful treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) will require drugs that can negotiate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the BBB is not simply a physical barrier, but a complex interface that is in intimate communication with the rest of the central nervous system (CNS) and influenced by peripheral tissues. This review examines three aspects of the BBB in AD. First, it considers how the BBB may be contributing to the onset and progression of AD. In this regard, the BBB itself is a therapeutic target in the treatment of AD. Second, it examines how the BBB restricts drugs that might otherwise be useful in the treatment of AD and examines strategies being developed to deliver drugs to the CNS for the treatment of AD. Third, it considers how drug penetration across the AD BBB may differ from the BBB of normal aging. In this case, those differences can complicate the treatment of CNS diseases such as depression, delirium, psychoses, and pain control in the AD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA , USA.
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49
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Morley JE, Armbrecht HJ, Farr SA, Kumar VB. The senescence accelerated mouse (SAMP8) as a model for oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:650-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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50
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Zhang D, Patel A, Zhu Y, Siegel A, Zalcman SS. Anti-streptococcus IgM antibodies induce repetitive stereotyped movements: cell activation and co-localization with Fcα/μ receptors in the striatum and motor cortex. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:521-33. [PMID: 22285613 PMCID: PMC3623751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) infections are implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders associated with an increased expression of repetitive stereotyped movements. Anti-streptococcus IgG presumably cross-reacts with elements on basal ganglia cells, modifies their function, and triggers symptoms. IgM may play a unique role in precipitating behavioral disturbances since variations in cortico-striatal activity occur in temporal congruity with peak IgM titers during an orchestrated immune response. We discovered in Balb/c mice that single subcutaneous injections of mouse monoclonal IgM antibodies to streptococcus group A bacteria induce marked dose-dependent increases in repetitive stereotyped movements, including head bobbing, sniffing, and intense grooming. Effects were antibody- and antigen-specific: anti-streptococcus IgG stimulated ambulatory activity and vertical activity but not these stereotypies, while anti-KLH IgM reduced activity. We suggest that anti-streptococcus IgM and IgG play unique roles in provoking GABHS-related behavioral disturbances. Paralleling its stereotypy-inducing effects, anti-streptococcus IgM stimulated Fos-like immunoreactivity in regions linked to cortico-striatal projections involved in motor control, including subregions of the caudate, nucleus accumbens, and motor cortex. This is the first evidence that anti-streptococcus IgM antibodies induce in vivo functional changes in these structures. Moreover, there was a striking similarity in the distributions of anti-streptococcus IgM deposits and Fos-like immunoreactivity in these regions. Of further importance, Fcα/μ receptors, which bind IgM, were present- and co-localized with anti-streptococcus IgM in these structures. We suggest that anti-streptococcus IgM-induced alterations of cell activity reflect local actions of IgM that involve Fcα/μ receptors. These findings support the use of anti-streptococcus monoclonal antibody administration in Balb/c mice to model GABHS-related behavioral disturbances and identify underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhui Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, UMDNJ–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Ankur Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, UMDNJ–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States,Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, UMDNJ–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States,Corresponding author. Address: Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, UMDNJ–New Jersey Medical School, BHSB F 1532, 183 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, United States. Tel.: + 973 972 8161; fax: + 973 972 8305
| | - Youhua Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, UMDNJ–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Allan Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry, UMDNJ–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States,Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, UMDNJ–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Steven S. Zalcman
- Department of Psychiatry, UMDNJ–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
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