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Ricci A, Rubino E, Serra GP, Wallén-Mackenzie Å. Concerning neuromodulation as treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorder: Insights gained from selective targeting of the subthalamic nucleus, para-subthalamic nucleus and zona incerta in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2024; 256:110003. [PMID: 38789078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Neuromodulation such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) is advancing as a clinical intervention in several neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease, dystonia, tremor, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) for which DBS is already applied to alleviate severely afflicted individuals of symptoms. Tourette syndrome and drug addiction are two additional disorders for which DBS is in trial or proposed as treatment. However, some major remaining obstacles prevent this intervention from reaching its full therapeutic potential. Side-effects have been reported, and not all DBS-treated individuals are relieved of their symptoms. One major target area for DBS electrodes is the subthalamic nucleus (STN) which plays important roles in motor, affective and associative functions, with impact on for example movement, motivation, impulsivity, compulsivity, as well as both reward and aversion. The multifunctionality of the STN is complex. Decoding the anatomical-functional organization of the STN could enhance strategic targeting in human patients. The STN is located in close proximity to zona incerta (ZI) and the para-subthalamic nucleus (pSTN). Together, the STN, pSTN and ZI form a highly heterogeneous and clinically important brain area. Rodent-based experimental studies, including opto- and chemogenetics as well as viral-genetic tract tracings, provide unique insight into complex neuronal circuitries and their impact on behavior with high spatial and temporal precision. This research field has advanced tremendously over the past few years. Here, we provide an inclusive review of current literature in the pre-clinical research fields centered around STN, pSTN and ZI in laboratory mice and rats; the three highly heterogeneous and enigmatic structures brought together in the context of relevance for treatment strategies. Specific emphasis is placed on methods of manipulation and behavioral impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ricci
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Eleonora Rubino
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Gian Pietro Serra
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Åsa Wallén-Mackenzie
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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2
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Burton CL, Longaretti A, Zlatanovic A, Gomes GM, Tonini R. Striatal insights: a cellular and molecular perspective on repetitive behaviors in pathology. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1386715. [PMID: 38601025 PMCID: PMC11004256 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1386715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Animals often behave repetitively and predictably. These repetitive behaviors can have a component that is learned and ingrained as habits, which can be evolutionarily advantageous as they reduce cognitive load and the expenditure of attentional resources. Repetitive behaviors can also be conscious and deliberate, and may occur in the absence of habit formation, typically when they are a feature of normal development in children, or neuropsychiatric disorders. They can be considered pathological when they interfere with social relationships and daily activities. For instance, people affected by obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, Huntington's disease and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome can display a wide range of symptoms like compulsive, stereotyped and ritualistic behaviors. The striatum nucleus of the basal ganglia is proposed to act as a master regulator of these repetitive behaviors through its circuit connections with sensorimotor, associative, and limbic areas of the cortex. However, the precise mechanisms within the striatum, detailing its compartmental organization, cellular specificity, and the intricacies of its downstream connections, remain an area of active research. In this review, we summarize evidence across multiple scales, including circuit-level, cellular, and molecular dimensions, to elucidate the striatal mechanisms underpinning repetitive behaviors and offer perspectives on the implicated disorders. We consider the close relationship between behavioral output and transcriptional changes, and thereby structural and circuit alterations, including those occurring through epigenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raffaella Tonini
- Neuromodulation of Cortical and Subcortical Circuits Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
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3
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Grembecka B, Majkutewicz I, Harackiewicz O, Wrona D. Deep-Brain Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation Enhances Food-Related Motivation by Influencing Neuroinflammation and Anxiety Levels in a Rat Model of Early-Stage Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16916. [PMID: 38069238 PMCID: PMC10706602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep-brain subthalamic nucleus stimulation (DBS-STN) has become a well-established therapeutic option for advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). While the motor benefits of DBS-STN are widely acknowledged, the neuropsychiatric effects are still being investigated. Beyond its immediate effects on neuronal circuits, emerging research suggests that DBS-STN might also modulate the peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation. In this work, we assessed the effects of DBS-STN on food-related motivation, food intake pattern, and the level of anxiety and compared them with markers of cellular and immune activation in nigrostriatal and mesolimbic areas in rats with the 6-OHDA model of early PD. To evaluate the potential mechanism of observed effects, we also measured corticosterone concentration in plasma and leukocyte distribution in peripheral blood. We found that DBS-STN applied during neurodegeneration has beneficial effects on food intake pattern and motivation and reduces anxiety. These behavioral effects occur with reduced percentages of IL-6-labeled cells in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta in the stimulated brain hemisphere. At the same brain structures, the cFos cell activations were confirmed. Simultaneously, the corticosterone plasma concentration was elevated, and the peripheral blood lymphocytes were reduced after DBS-STN. We believe that comprehending the relationship between the effects of DBS-STN on inflammation and its therapeutic results is essential for optimizing DBS therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Grembecka
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (I.M.); (O.H.); (D.W.)
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4
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Martín-González E, Prados-Pardo Á, Sawiak SJ, Dalley JW, Padro D, Ramos-Cabrer P, Mora S, Moreno-Montoya M. Mapping the neuroanatomical abnormalities in a phenotype of male compulsive rats. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2023; 19:19. [PMID: 37932782 PMCID: PMC10626819 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-023-00221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Compulsivity is considered a transdiagnostic dimension in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, characterized by heterogeneous cognitive and behavioral phenotypes associated with abnormalities in cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuitry. The present study investigated the structural morphology of white and gray matter in rats selected for low- (LD) and high- (HD) compulsive drinking behavior on a schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) task. Regional brain morphology was assessed using ex-vivo high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Voxel-based morphometry of segmented MRI images revealed larger white matter volumes in anterior commissure and corpus callosum of HD rats compared with LD rats. HD rats also showed significantly larger regional volumes of dorsolateral orbitofrontal cortex, striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, midbrain, sub-thalamic nucleus, and cerebellum. By contrast, the medial prefrontal cortex was significantly smaller in HD rats compared with LD rats with no significant group differences in whole brain, ventricular, or cerebrospinal fluid volumes. These findings show that limbic cortico-basal ganglia structures implicated in impulse control disorders are distinct in rats that are vulnerable to develop compulsive behavior. Such abnormalities may be relevant to the etiology of compulsive disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Martín-González
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Centre (CEINSA), University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Ángeles Prados-Pardo
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Centre (CEINSA), University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Stephen J Sawiak
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Padro
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Pedro Ramos-Cabrer
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Santiago Mora
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margarita Moreno-Montoya
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Centre (CEINSA), University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain.
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Jia T, Chen J, Wang YD, Xiao C, Zhou CY. A subthalamo-parabrachial glutamatergic pathway is involved in stress-induced self-grooming in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:2169-2183. [PMID: 37322164 PMCID: PMC10618182 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive self-grooming is an important behavioral phenotype of the stress response in rodents. Elucidating the neural circuit that regulates stress-induced self-grooming may suggest potential treatment to prevent maladaptation to stress that is implicated in emotional disorders. Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been found to induce strong self-grooming. In this study we investigated the role of the STN and a related neural circuit in mouse stress-related self-grooming. Body-restraint and foot-shock stress-induced self-grooming models were established in mice. We showed that both body restraint and foot shock markedly increased the expression of c-Fos in neurons in the STN and lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB). Consistent with this, the activity of STN neurons and LPB glutamatergic (Glu) neurons, as assessed with fiber photometry recording, was dramatically elevated during self-grooming in the stressed mice. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in parasagittal brain slices, we identified a monosynaptic projection from STN neurons to LPB Glu neurons that regulates stress-induced self-grooming in mice. Enhanced self-grooming induced by optogenetic activation of the STN-LPB Glu pathway was attenuated by treatment with fluoxetine (18 mg·kg-1·d-1, p.o., for 2 weeks) or in the presence of a cage mate. Furthermore, optogenetic inhibition of the STN-LPB pathway attenuated stress-related but not natural self-grooming. Taken together, these results suggest that the STN-LPB pathway regulates the acute stress response and is a potential target for intervention in stress-related emotional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jia
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Anesthesiology, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Anesthesiology, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Ying-di Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Anesthesiology, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Anesthesiology, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Chun-Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Anesthesiology, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
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6
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Parolari L, Schneeberger M, Heintz N, Friedman JM. Functional analysis of distinct populations of subthalamic nucleus neurons on Parkinson's disease and OCD-like behaviors in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7029-7046. [PMID: 34099874 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a component of the basal ganglia and plays a key role to control movement and limbic-associative functions. STN modulation with deep brain stimulation (DBS) improves the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients. However, DBS does not allow for cell-type-specific modulation of the STN. While extensive work has focused on elucidating STN functionality, the understanding of the role of specific cell types is limited. Here, we first performed an anatomical characterization of molecular markers for specific STN neurons. These studies revealed that most STN neurons express Pitx2, and that different overlapping subsets express Gabrr3, Ndnf, or Nos1. Next, we used optogenetics to define their roles in regulating locomotor and limbic functions in mice. Specifically, we showed that optogenetic photoactivation of STN neurons in Pitx2-Cre mice or of the Gabrr3-expressing subpopulation induces locomotor changes, and improves locomotion in a PD mouse model. In addition, photoactivation of Pitx2 and Gabrr3 cells induced repetitive grooming, a phenotype associated with OCD. Repeated stimulation prompted a persistent increase in grooming that could be reversed by fluoxetine treatment, a first-line drug therapy for OCD. Conversely, repeated inhibition of STNGabrr3 neurons suppressed grooming in Sapap3 KO mice, a model for OCD. Finally, circuit and functional mapping of STNGabrr3 neurons showed that these effects are mediated via projections to the globus pallidus/entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra reticulata. Altogether, these data identify Gabrr3 neurons as a key population in mediating the beneficial effects of STN modulation thus providing potential cellular targets for PD and OCD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Parolari
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Marc Schneeberger
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathaniel Heintz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Bar Or M, Klavir O. The Differential Effects of the Amount of Training on Sensitivity of Distinct Actions to Reward Devaluation. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060732. [PMID: 34072904 PMCID: PMC8228187 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Shifting between goal-directed and habitual behaviors is essential for daily functioning. An inability to do so is associated with various clinical conditions, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Here we developed a new behavioral model in mice allowing us to produce and examine the development of different behaviors under goal-directed or habitual control. By using overtraining of instrumental associations between two levers and two rewards, and later devaluating one of the rewards, we differentiate and explore the motivational control of behaviors within the task which consequentially promotes what seems like excessive irrational behavior. Using our model, we found that the ability of instrumental behavior, to adapt to a change in the value of a known reward, is a function of practice. Once an instrumental action was practiced extensively it becomes habitual and, thus, under S-R control and could not be amended, not even when resulting in a noxious outcome. However, direct consummatory or Pavlovian actions, such as licking or checking, responds immediately to the change in value. This imbalance could render an instrumental behavior excessive and unresponsive to changes in outcome while the direct change in consumption implies that the change was in fact registered. This could suggest a system that, when out of balance, can create excessive behaviors, not adapting to an acknowledged change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bar Or
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), The University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Oded Klavir
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), The University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
- Correspondence:
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8
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Guillaumin A, Serra GP, Georges F, Wallén-Mackenzie Å. Experimental investigation into the role of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in motor control using optogenetics in mice. Brain Res 2021; 1755:147226. [PMID: 33358727 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is critical for the execution of intended movements. Loss of its normal function is strongly associated with several movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease for which the STN is an important target area in deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy. Classical basal ganglia models postulate that two parallel pathways, the direct and indirect pathways, exert opposing control over movement, with the STN acting within the indirect pathway. The STN is regulated by both inhibitory and excitatory input, and is itself excitatory. While most functional knowledge of this clinically relevant brain structure has been gained from pathological conditions and models, primarily parkinsonian, experimental evidence for its role in normal motor control has remained more sparse. The objective here was to tease out the selective impact of the STN on several motor parameters required to achieve intended movement, including locomotion, balance and motor coordination. Optogenetic excitation and inhibition using both bilateral and unilateral stimulations of the STN were implemented in freely-moving mice. The results demonstrate that selective optogenetic inhibition of the STN enhances locomotion while its excitation reduces locomotion. These findings lend experimental support to basal ganglia models of the STN in terms of locomotion. In addition, optogenetic excitation in freely-exploring mice induced self-grooming, disturbed gait and a jumping/escaping behavior, while causing reduced motor coordination in advanced motor tasks, independent of grooming and jumping. This study contributes experimentally validated evidence for a regulatory role of the STN in several aspects of motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Guillaumin
- Department of Organism Biology, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gian Pietro Serra
- Department of Organism Biology, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - François Georges
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Abstract
In this chapter, I address the concept of endophenotypes for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Endophenotypes are objective and heritable quantitative traits hypothesized to be more biologically tractable than distal clinical phenotypes. This approach has been adopted to gain a better understanding of psychiatric conditions in general. It is theorized that endophenotypes will particularly assist in clarifying both the diagnostic status and aetiological origins of complex neuropsychiatric conditions such as OCD. At the cognitive level, separable constructs of relevance for OCD have been identified. The prevailing model for OCD assumes the development of abnormalities within fronto-striatal neural circuits leading to impairment of executive functions and their neuropsychological subcomponents. Here, I address whether this model can guide towards the identification of endophenotypes for this condition and discuss possible implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde M Vaghi
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK.
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10
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Abstract
It becomes increasingly clear that (non-)invasive neurostimulation is an effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In this chapter we review the available evidence on techniques and targets, clinical results including a meta-analysis, mechanisms of action, and animal research. We focus on deep brain stimulation (DBS), but also cover non-invasive neurostimulation including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Data shows that most DBS studies target the ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VC/VS), with an overall 76% response rate in treatment-refractory OCD. Also TMS holds clinical promise. Increased insight in the normalizing effects of neurostimulation on cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical (CSTC) loops - through neuroimaging and animal research - provides novel opportunities to further optimize treatment strategies. Advancing clinical implementation of neurostimulation techniques is essential to ameliorate the lives of the many treatment-refractory OCD patients.
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Vachez YM, Creed MC. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus Modulates Reward-Related Behavior: A Systematic Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:578564. [PMID: 33328933 PMCID: PMC7714911 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.578564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is an effective treatment for the motor symptoms of movement disorders including Parkinson's Disease (PD). Despite its therapeutic benefits, STN-DBS has been associated with adverse effects on mood and cognition. Specifically, apathy, which is defined as a loss of motivation, has been reported to emerge or to worsen following STN-DBS. However, it is often challenging to disentangle the effects of STN-DBS per se from concurrent reduction of dopamine replacement therapy, from underlying PD pathology or from disease progression. To this end, pre-clinical models allow for the dissociation of each of these factors, and to establish neural substrates underlying the emergence of motivational symptoms following STN-DBS. Here, we performed a systematic analysis of rodent studies assessing the effects of STN-DBS on reward seeking, reward motivation and reward consumption across a variety of behavioral paradigms. We find that STN-DBS decreases reward seeking in the majority of experiments, and we outline how design of the behavioral task and DBS parameters can influence experimental outcomes. While an early hypothesis posited that DBS acts as a "functional lesion," an analysis of lesions and inhibition of the STN revealed no consistent pattern on reward-related behavior. Thus, we discuss alternative mechanisms that could contribute to the amotivational effects of STN-DBS. We also argue that optogenetic-assisted circuit dissection could yield important insight into the effects of the STN on motivated behavior in health and disease. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the effects of STN-DBS on motivated behavior-will be critical for optimizing the clinical application of STN-DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan M Vachez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Meaghan C Creed
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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12
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Szechtman H, Harvey BH, Woody EZ, Hoffman KL. The Psychopharmacology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Preclinical Roadmap. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:80-151. [PMID: 31826934 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review evaluates current knowledge about obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), with the goal of providing a roadmap for future directions in research on the psychopharmacology of the disorder. It first addresses issues in the description and diagnosis of OCD, including the structure, measurement, and appropriate description of the disorder and issues of differential diagnosis. Current pharmacotherapies for OCD are then reviewed, including monotherapy with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and augmentation with antipsychotic medication and with psychologic treatment. Neuromodulatory therapies for OCD are also described, including psychosurgery, deep brain stimulation, and noninvasive brain stimulation. Psychotherapies for OCD are then reviewed, focusing on behavior therapy, including exposure and response prevention and cognitive therapy, and the efficacy of these interventions is discussed, touching on issues such as the timing of sessions, the adjunctive role of pharmacotherapy, and the underlying mechanisms. Next, current research on the neurobiology of OCD is examined, including work probing the role of various neurotransmitters and other endogenous processes and etiology as clues to the neurobiological fault that may underlie OCD. A new perspective on preclinical research is advanced, using the Research Domain Criteria to propose an adaptationist viewpoint that regards OCD as the dysfunction of a normal motivational system. A systems-design approach introduces the security motivation system (SMS) theory of OCD as a framework for research. Finally, a new perspective on psychopharmacological research for OCD is advanced, exploring three approaches: boosting infrastructure facilities of the brain, facilitating psychotherapeutic relearning, and targeting specific pathways of the SMS network to fix deficient SMS shut-down processes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A significant proportion of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) do not achieve remission with current treatments, indicating the need for innovations in psychopharmacology for the disorder. OCD may be conceptualized as the dysfunction of a normal, special motivation system that evolved to manage the prospect of potential danger. This perspective, together with a wide-ranging review of the literature, suggests novel directions for psychopharmacological research, including boosting support systems of the brain, facilitating relearning that occurs in psychotherapy, and targeting specific pathways in the brain that provide deficient stopping processes in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Szechtman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
| | - Erik Z Woody
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
| | - Kurt Leroy Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
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13
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Neural circuits in goal-directed and habitual behavior: Implications for circuit dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Wolmarans DW, Stein DJ, Harvey BH. A Psycho-Behavioral Perspective on Modelling Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in Animals: The Role of Context. Curr Med Chem 2019; 25:5662-5689. [PMID: 28545371 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170523125256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a heterogeneous and debilitating condition, characterized by intrusive thoughts and compulsive repetition. Animal models of OCD are important tools that have the potential to contribute significantly to our understanding of the condition. Although there is consensus that pre-clinical models are valuable in elucidating the underlying neurobiology in psychiatric disorders, the current paper attempts to prompt ideas on how interpretation of animal behavior can be expanded upon to more effectively converge with the human disorder. Successful outcomes in psychopharmacology involve rational design and synthesis of novel compounds and their testing in well-designed animal models. As part of a special journal issue on OCD, this paper will 1) review the psychobehavioral aspects of OCD that are of importance on how the above ideas can be articulated, 2) briefly elaborate on general issues that are important for the development of animal models of OCD, with a particular focus on the role and importance of context, 3) propose why translational progress may often be less than ideal, 4) highlight some of the significant contributions afforded by animal models to advance understanding, and 5) conclude by identifying novel behavioral constructs for future investigations that may contribute to the face, predictive and construct validity of OCD animal models. We base these targets on an integrative approach to face and construct validity, and note that the issue of treatment-resistance in the clinical context should receive attention in current animal models of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Wet Wolmarans
- Division of Pharmacology, Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North West-University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Dan J Stein
- MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Division of Pharmacology, Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North West-University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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15
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Lewis MH, Rajpal H, Muehlmann AM. Reduction of repetitive behavior by co-administration of adenosine receptor agonists in C58 mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 181:110-116. [PMID: 31054946 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive behaviors are diagnostic for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and commonly observed in other neurodevelopmental disorders. Currently, there are no effective pharmacological treatments for repetitive behavior in these clinical conditions. This is due to the lack of information about the specific neural circuitry that mediates the development and expression of repetitive behavior. Our previous work in mouse models has linked repetitive behavior to decreased activation of the subthalamic nucleus, a brain region in the indirect and hyperdirect pathways in the basal ganglia circuitry. The present experiments were designed to further test our hypothesis that pharmacological activation of the indirect pathway would reduce repetitive behavior. We used a combination of adenosine A1 and A2A receptor agonists that have been shown to alter the firing frequency of dorsal striatal neurons within the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. This drug combination markedly and selectively reduced repetitive behavior in both male and female C58 mice over a six-hour period, an effect that required both A1 and A2A agonists as neither alone reduced repetitive behavior. The adenosine A1 and A2A receptor agonist combination also significantly increased the number of Fos transcripts and Fos positive cells in dorsal striatum. Fos induction was found in both direct and indirect pathway neurons suggesting that the drug combination restored the balance of activation across these complementary basal ganglia pathways. The adenosine A1 and A2A receptor agonist combination also maintained its effectiveness in reducing repetitive behavior over a 7-day period. These findings point to novel potential therapeutic targets for development of drug therapies for repetitive behavior in clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, United States of America
| | - Hemangi Rajpal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, United States of America
| | - Amber M Muehlmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, United States of America.
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16
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Pinhal CM, van den Boom BJG, Santana-Kragelund F, Fellinger L, Bech P, Hamelink R, Feng G, Willuhn I, Feenstra MGP, Denys D. Differential Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation of the Internal Capsule and the Striatum on Excessive Grooming in Sapap3 Mutant Mice. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:917-925. [PMID: 29954580 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) that do not respond to conventional therapies. Although the precise mechanism of action of DBS remains unknown, modulation of activity in corticofugal fibers originating in the prefrontal cortex is thought to underlie its beneficial effects in OCD. METHODS To gain more mechanistic insight into DBS in OCD, we used Sapap3 mutant mice. These mice display excessive self-grooming and increased anxiety, both of which are responsive to therapeutic drugs used in OCD patients. We selected two clinically relevant DBS targets through which activity in prefronto-corticofugal fibers may be modulated: the internal capsule (IC) and the dorsal part of the ventral striatum (dVS). RESULTS IC-DBS robustly decreased excessive grooming, whereas dVS-DBS was on average less effective. Grooming was reduced rapidly after IC-DBS onset and reinstated upon DBS offset. Only IC-DBS was associated with increased locomotion. DBS in both targets induced c-Fos expression around the electrode tip and in different regions of the prefrontal cortex. This prefronto-cortical activation was more extensive after IC-DBS, but not associated with behavioral effects. Furthermore, we found that the decline in grooming cannot be attributed to altered locomotor activity and that anxiety, measured on the elevated plus maze, was not affected by DBS. CONCLUSIONS DBS in both the IC and dVS reduces compulsive grooming in Sapap3 mutant mice. However, IC stimulation was more effective, but also produced motor activation, even though both DBS targets modulated activity in a similar set of prefrontal cortical fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Pinhal
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bastijn J G van den Boom
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fabiana Santana-Kragelund
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lizz Fellinger
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pol Bech
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ralph Hamelink
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guoping Feng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ingo Willuhn
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Matthijs G P Feenstra
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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17
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Lewis MH, Lindenmaier Z, Boswell K, Edington G, King MA, Muehlmann AM. Subthalamic nucleus pathology contributes to repetitive behavior expression and is reversed by environmental enrichment. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 17:e12468. [PMID: 29457676 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive motor behaviors are common in neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and neurological disorders. Despite their prevalence in certain clinical populations, our understanding of the neurobiological cause of repetitive behavior is lacking. Likewise, not knowing the pathophysiology has precluded efforts to find effective drug treatments. Our comparisons between mouse strains that differ in their expression of repetitive behavior showed an important role of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). In mice with high rates of repetitive behavior, we found significant differences in dendritic spine density, gene expression and neuronal activation in the STN. Taken together, these data show a hypoglutamatergic state. Furthermore, by using environmental enrichment to reduce repetitive behavior, we found evidence of increased glutamatergic tone in the STN with our measures of spine density and gene expression. These results suggest the STN is a major contributor to repetitive behavior expression and highlight the potential of drugs that increase STN function to reduce repetitive behavior in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Z Lindenmaier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - K Boswell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - G Edington
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - M A King
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - A M Muehlmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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18
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Chagraoui A, Boukhzar L, Thibaut F, Anouar Y, Maltête D. The pathophysiological mechanisms of motivational deficits in Parkinson's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 81:138-152. [PMID: 29097256 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive degenerative disorder that leads to disabling motor symptoms and a wide variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Apathy is the most common psychiatric disorder in the early stages of untreated PD and can be defined as a hypodopaminergic syndrome, which also includes anxiety and depression. Apathy is also considered the core feature of the parkinsonian triad (apathy, anxiety and depression) of behavioural non-motor signs, including a motivational deficit. Moreover, apathy is recognised as a distinct chronic neuropsychiatric behavioural disorder based on specific diagnostic criteria. Given the prevalence of apathy in approximately 40% of the general Parkinson's disease population, this appears to be a contributing factor to dementia in PD; also, apathy symptoms are factors that potentially contribute to morbidity, leading to a major impairment of health-related quality of life, thus stressing the importance of understanding the pathophysiology of this disease. Several studies have clearly established a prominent role for DA-mediated signals in PD apathy. However, synergistic interaction between dopaminergic impairment resulting from the neurodegenerative process and deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus may cause or exacerbate apathy. Furthermore, serotoninergic mechanism signalling is also likely to be of importance in this pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chagraoui
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, CHU Rouen, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), Rouen, France.; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
| | - L Boukhzar
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, CHU Rouen, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - F Thibaut
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Cochin (site Tarnier), University of Paris-Descartes and INSERM U 894 Laboratory of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Y Anouar
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, CHU Rouen, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - D Maltête
- Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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19
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Hamani C, Florence G, Heinsen H, Plantinga BR, Temel Y, Uludag K, Alho E, Teixeira MJ, Amaro E, Fonoff ET. Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation: Basic Concepts and Novel Perspectives. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO.0140-17.2017. [PMID: 28966978 PMCID: PMC5617209 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0140-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, extensive basic and clinical knowledge has been acquired on the use of subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease (PD). It is now clear that mechanisms involved in the effects of this therapy are far more complex than previously anticipated. At frequencies commonly used in clinical practice, neural elements may be excited or inhibited and novel dynamic states of equilibrium are reached. Electrode contacts used for chronic DBS in PD are placed near the dorsal border of the nucleus, a highly cellular region. DBS may thus exert its effects by modulating these cells, hyperdirect projections from motor cortical areas, afferent and efferent fibers to the motor STN. Advancements in neuroimaging techniques may allow us to identify these structures optimizing surgical targeting. In this review, we provide an update on mechanisms and the neural elements modulated by STN DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Hamani
- Division of Neurosurgery Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neuroimaging, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerson Florence
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helmut Heinsen
- Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Clinic of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Birgit R. Plantinga
- Department of Biomedical Image Analysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yasin Temel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kamil Uludag
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Alho
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel J. Teixeira
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Amaro
- Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erich T. Fonoff
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Szechtman H, Ahmari SE, Beninger RJ, Eilam D, Harvey BH, Edemann-Callesen H, Winter C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Insights from animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:254-279. [PMID: 27168347 PMCID: PMC5833926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Research with animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) shows the following: (1) Optogenetic studies in mice provide evidence for a plausible cause-effect relation between increased activity in cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (CBGTC) circuits and OCD by demonstrating the induction of compulsive behavior with the experimental manipulation of the CBGTC circuit. (2) Parallel use of several animal models is a fruitful paradigm to examine the mechanisms of treatment effects of deep brain stimulation in distinct OCD endophenotypes. (3) Features of spontaneous behavior in deer mice constitute a rich platform to investigate the neurobiology of OCD, social ramifications of a compulsive phenotype, and test novel drugs. (4) Studies in animal models for psychiatric disorders comorbid with OCD suggest comorbidity may involve shared neural circuits controlling expression of compulsive behavior. (5) Analysis of compulsive behavior into its constitutive components provides evidence from an animal model for a motivational perspective on OCD. (6) Methods of behavioral analysis in an animal model translate to dissection of compulsive rituals in OCD patients, leading to diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Szechtman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Susanne E Ahmari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Richard J Beninger
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - David Eilam
- Department of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Brian H Harvey
- MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Henriette Edemann-Callesen
- Bereich Experimentelle Psychiatrie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christine Winter
- Bereich Experimentelle Psychiatrie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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21
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Schizophrenia and neurosurgery: A dark past with hope of a brighter future. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 34:53-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Circuit dysfunction models of psychiatric disease posit that pathological behavior results from abnormal patterns of electrical activity in specific cells and circuits in the brain. Many psychiatric disorders are associated with abnormal activity in the prefrontal cortex and in the basal ganglia, a set of subcortical nuclei implicated in cognitive and motor control. Here we discuss the role of the basal ganglia and connected prefrontal regions in the etiology and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, and depression, emphasizing mechanistic work in rodent behavioral models to dissect causal cortico-basal ganglia circuits underlying discrete behavioral symptom domains relevant to these complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Gunaydin
- The Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158; , .,Affiliation as of March 1, 2016: Department of Psychiatry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- The Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158; , .,Departments of Physiology and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
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Barahona-Corrêa JB, Camacho M, Castro-Rodrigues P, Costa R, Oliveira-Maia AJ. From Thought to Action: How the Interplay Between Neuroscience and Phenomenology Changed Our Understanding of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1798. [PMID: 26635696 PMCID: PMC4655583 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has evolved with the knowledge of behavior, the brain, and their relationship. Modern views of OCD as a neuropsychiatric disorder originated from early lesion studies, with more recent models incorporating detailed neuropsychological findings, such as perseveration in set-shifting tasks, and findings of altered brain structure and function, namely of orbitofrontal corticostriatal circuits and their limbic connections. Interestingly, as neurobiological models of OCD evolved from cortical and cognitive to sub-cortical and behavioral, the focus of OCD phenomenology also moved from thought control and contents to new concepts rooted in animal models of action control. Most recently, the proposed analogy between habitual action control and compulsive behavior has led to the hypothesis that individuals suffering from OCD may be predisposed to rely excessively on habitual rather than on goal-directed behavioral strategies. Alternatively, compulsions have been proposed to result either from hyper-valuation of certain actions and/or their outcomes, or from excessive uncertainty in the monitoring of action performance, both leading to perseveration in prepotent actions such as washing or checking. In short, the last decades have witnessed a formidable renovation in the pathophysiology, phenomenology, and even semantics, of OCD. Nevertheless, such progress is challenged by several caveats, not least psychopathological oversimplification and overgeneralization of animal to human extrapolations. Here we present an historical overview of the understanding of OCD, highlighting converging studies and trends in neuroscience, psychiatry and neuropsychology, and how they influenced current perspectives on the nosology and phenomenology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bernardo Barahona-Corrêa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Nova Medical School , Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental , Lisbon, Portugal ; Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown , Lisbon, Portugal ; Centro de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Infantil , Cascais, Portugal
| | - Marta Camacho
- Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Castro-Rodrigues
- Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown , Lisbon, Portugal ; Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Costa
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Albino J Oliveira-Maia
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental , Lisbon, Portugal ; Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown , Lisbon, Portugal ; Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown , Lisbon, Portugal
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Medial Forebrain Bundle Deep Brain Stimulation has Symptom-specific Anti-depressant Effects in Rats and as Opposed to Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Stimulation Interacts With the Reward System. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:714-23. [PMID: 25819024 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a promising treatment option for patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Several stimulation targets have successfully been tested in clinical settings, including the subgenual cingulum (Cg25) and the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). MFB-DBS has led to remarkable results, surpassing the effect of previous targets in terms of response latency and number of responders. However, the question remains as to which mechanisms underlie this difference. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS The aim of the present study was to thoroughly study the anti-depressant effect of MFB-DBS in the Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rat model of depression as well as to investigate whether MFB-DBS and Cg25-DBS operate through the same neurobiological circuits. METHODS FSL and control rats received bilateral high-frequency stimulation to the MFB at the level of the lateral hypothalamus, while being subjected to a variety of depression- and anxiety-related behavioral paradigms. To further compare the effects of MFB-DBS and Cg25-DBS on reward-related behavior, animals were stimulated in either the MFB or ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC, rodent analog to Cg25), while being tested in the intra-cranial self-stimulation paradigm. RESULTS A marked symptom-specific anti-depressant effect of MFB-DBS was demonstrated. The ICSS-paradigm revealed that MFB-DBS, as opposed to vmPFC-DBS interacts with the reward system. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that MFB-DBS and Cg25-DBS do not operate via the same neurobiological circuits. This differentiation might be of interest when selecting patients for either Cg25- or MFB-DBS.
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Goltseker K, Yankelevitch-Yahav R, Albelda NS, Joel D. Signal attenuation as a rat model of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Vis Exp 2015:52287. [PMID: 25650700 PMCID: PMC4354519 DOI: 10.3791/52287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus which serves as a feedback cue. This feedback is later attenuated by repeated presentations of the stimulus without food (without the rat emitting the lever-press response). In the next stage, lever-pressing is assessed under extinction conditions (i.e., no food is delivered). At this stage rats display two types of lever-presses, those that are followed by an attempt to collect a reward, and those that are not. The latter are the measure of compulsive-like behavior in the model. A control procedure in which rats do not experience the attenuation of the feedback cue serves to distinguish between the effects of signal attenuation and of extinction. The signal attenuation model is a highly validated model of OCD and differentiates between compulsive-like behaviors and behaviors that are repetitive but not compulsive. In addition the measures collected during the procedure eliminate alternative explanations for differences between the groups being tested, and are quantitative, unbiased and unaffected by inter-experimenter variability. The major disadvantages of this model are the costly equipment, the fact that it requires some technical know-how and the fact that it is time-consuming compared to other models of OCD (11 days). The model may be used for detecting the anti- or pro-compulsive effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations and for studying the neural substrate of compulsive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noa S Albelda
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University
| | - Daphna Joel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University;
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Alonso P, López-Solà C, Real E, Segalàs C, Menchón JM. Animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder: utility and limitations. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:1939-55. [PMID: 26346234 PMCID: PMC4531004 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s62785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling and common neuropsychiatric condition of poorly known etiology. Many attempts have been made in the last few years to develop animal models of OCD with the aim of clarifying the genetic, neurochemical, and neuroanatomical basis of the disorder, as well as of developing novel pharmacological and neurosurgical treatments that may help to improve the prognosis of the illness. The latter goal is particularly important given that around 40% of patients with OCD do not respond to currently available therapies. This article summarizes strengths and limitations of the leading animal models of OCD including genetic, pharmacologically induced, behavioral manipulation-based, and neurodevelopmental models according to their face, construct, and predictive validity. On the basis of this evaluation, we discuss that currently labeled "animal models of OCD" should be regarded not as models of OCD but, rather, as animal models of different psychopathological processes, such as compulsivity, stereotypy, or perseverance, that are present not only in OCD but also in other psychiatric or neurological disorders. Animal models might constitute a challenging approach to study the neural and genetic mechanism of these phenomena from a trans-diagnostic perspective. Animal models are also of particular interest as tools for developing new therapeutic options for OCD, with the greatest convergence focusing on the glutamatergic system, the role of ovarian and related hormones, and the exploration of new potential targets for deep brain stimulation. Finally, future research on neurocognitive deficits associated with OCD through the use of analogous animal tasks could also provide a genuine opportunity to disentangle the complex etiology of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pino Alonso
- OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain ; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara López-Solà
- OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain ; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Real
- OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain ; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cinto Segalàs
- OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain ; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Menchón
- OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain ; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental, Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related conditions (trichotillomania, pathological skin-picking, pathological nail-biting) are common and disabling. Current treatment approaches fail to help a significant proportion of patients. Multiple tiers of evidence link these conditions with underlying dysregulation of particular cortico-subcortical circuitry and monoamine systems, which represent targets for treatment. Animal models designed to capture aspects of these conditions are critical for several reasons. First, they help in furthering our understanding of neuroanatomical and neurochemical underpinnings of the obsessive-compulsive (OC) spectrum. Second, they help to account for the brain mechanisms by which existing treatments (pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, deep brain stimulation) exert their beneficial effects on patients. Third, they inform the search for novel treatments. This article provides a critique of key animal models for selected OC spectrum disorders, beginning with initial work relating to anxiety, but moving on to recent developments in domains of genetic, pharmacological, cognitive, and ethological models. We find that there is a burgeoning literature in these areas with important ramifications, which are considered, along with salient future lines of research.
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Sesia T, Bizup B, Grace AA. Evaluation of animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder: correlation with phasic dopamine neuron activity. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:1295-307. [PMID: 23360787 PMCID: PMC3674214 DOI: 10.1017/s146114571200154x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric condition defined by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) associated with compensatory and repetitive behaviour (compulsions). However, advancement in our understanding of this disorder has been hampered by the absence of effective animal models and correspondingly analysis of the physiological changes that may be present in these models. To address this, we have evaluated two current rodent models of OCD; repeated injection of dopamine D2 agonist quinpirole and repeated adolescent injection of the tricyclic agent clomipramine in combination with a behavioural paradigm designed to produce compulsive lever pressing. These results were then compared with their relative impact on the state of activity of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system using extracellular recoding of spontaneously active dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The clomipramine model failed to exacerbate compulsive lever pressing and VTA dopamine neurons in clomipramine-treated rats had mildly diminished bursting activity. In contrast, quinpirole-treated animals showed significant increases in compulsive lever pressing, which was concurrent with a substantial diminution of bursting activity of VTA dopamine neurons. Therefore, VTA dopamine activity correlated with the behavioural response in these models. Taken together, these data support the view that compulsive behaviours likely reflect, at least in part, a disruption of the dopaminergic system, more specifically by a decrease in baseline phasic dopamine signalling mediated by burst firing of dopamine neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Sesia
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A
| | - Brandon Bizup
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Anthony A. Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
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Klanker M, Post G, Joosten R, Feenstra M, Denys D. Deep brain stimulation in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex impairs spatial reversal learning. Behav Brain Res 2013; 245:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Klein J, Hadar R, Götz T, Männer A, Eberhardt C, Baldassarri J, Schmidt TT, Kupsch A, Heinz A, Morgenstern R, Schneider M, Weiner I, Winter C. Mapping brain regions in which deep brain stimulation affects schizophrenia-like behavior in two rat models of schizophrenia. Brain Stimul 2012; 6:490-9. [PMID: 23085443 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The development of more efficient treatment remains a major unmet need in the realm of schizophrenia disease. Using the maternal immune stimulation and the pubertal cannabinoid administration rat model of schizophrenia, the present study aimed at testing the hypothesis that deep brain stimulation (DBS) serves as a novel therapeutic technique for this disorder. METHODS Adult offspring of dams, treated with the immune activating agent poly I:C (4 mg/kg, n = 50) or saline (n = 50), underwent bilateral stereotactic electrode implantation into one of the following brain regions: subthalamic nucleus (STN, n = 12/10), entopeduncularis nucleus (EP, n = 10/11), globus pallidus (GP, n = 10/10), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC, n = 8/8), or dorsomedial thalamus (DM, n = 10/11). Adult rats treated with the CB1 receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN, n = 16) or saline (n = 12) during puberty were bilaterally implanted with electrodes into either the mPFC (n = 8/6) or the DM (n = 8/6). After a post-operative recovery period of one week, all rats were tested on a well-established cross-species phenomenon that is disrupted in schizophrenia, the pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) under different DBS conditions. RESULTS Poly I:C induced deficits in PPI of the ASR were normalized upon DBS. DBS effects depended on both stimulation target and stimulation parameters. Most prominent effects were found under DBS at high frequencies in the mPFC and DM. These effects were replicated in the pubertal WIN administration rat model of schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Brain regions, in which DBS normalized PPI deficits, might be of therapeutic relevance to the treatment of schizophrenia. Results imply that DBS could be considered a plausible therapeutic technique in the realm of schizophrenia disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Germany
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Haynes WIA, Millet B, Mallet L. [Obsessive-compulsive disorder, a new model of basal ganglia dysfunction? Elements from deep brain stimulation studies]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2012; 168:649-54. [PMID: 22898561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation was first developed for movement disorders but is now being offered as a therapeutic alternative in severe psychiatric disorders after the failure of conventional therapies. One of such pathologies is obsessive-compulsive disorder. This disorder which associates intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive irrepressible rituals (compulsions) is characterized by a dysfunction of a cortico-subcortical loop. After having reviewed the pathophysiological evidence to show why deep brain stimulation was an interesting path to take for severe and resistant cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder, we will present the results of the different clinical trials. Finally, we will provide possible mechanisms for the effects of deep brain stimulation in this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W I A Haynes
- Team Behaviour Emotion and Basal Ganglia, centre de recherche de l'institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière (CRICM), Inserm US975, CNRS 7225, UPMC, bâtiment ICM, Paris cedex, France.
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Behavioral, pharmacological, and immunological abnormalities after streptococcal exposure: a novel rat model of Sydenham chorea and related neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:2076-87. [PMID: 22534626 PMCID: PMC3398718 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Group A streptococcal (GAS) infections and autoimmunity are associated with the onset of a spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders in children, with the prototypical disorder being Sydenham chorea (SC). Our aim was to develop an animal model that resembled the behavioral, pharmacological, and immunological abnormalities of SC and other streptococcal-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Male Lewis rats exposed to GAS antigen exhibited motor symptoms (impaired food manipulation and beam walking) and compulsive behavior (increased induced-grooming). These symptoms were alleviated by the D2 blocker haloperidol and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine, respectively, drugs that are used to treat motor symptoms and compulsions in streptococcal-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Streptococcal exposure resulted in antibody deposition in the striatum, thalamus, and frontal cortex, and concomitant alterations in dopamine and glutamate levels in cortex and basal ganglia, consistent with the known pathophysiology of SC and related neuropsychiatric disorders. Autoantibodies (IgG) of GAS rats reacted with tubulin and caused elevated calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II signaling in SK-N-SH neuronal cells, as previously found with sera from SC and related neuropsychiatric disorders. Our new animal model translates directly to human disease and led us to discover autoantibodies targeted against dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the rat model as well as in SC and other streptococcal-related neuropsychiatric disorders.
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35
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Aliane V, Pérez S, Deniau JM, Kemel ML. Raclopride or high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus stops cocaine-induced motor stereotypy and restores related alterations in prefrontal basal ganglia circuits. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:3235-45. [PMID: 22845853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Motor stereotypy is a key symptom of various neurological or neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuroleptics or the promising treatment using deep brain stimulation stops stereotypies but the mechanisms underlying their actions are unclear. In rat, motor stereotypies are linked to an imbalance between prefrontal and sensorimotor cortico-basal ganglia circuits. Indeed, cortico-nigral transmission was reduced in the prefrontal but not sensorimotor basal ganglia circuits and dopamine and acetylcholine release was altered in the prefrontal but not sensorimotor territory of the dorsal striatum. Furthermore, cholinergic transmission in the prefrontal territory of the dorsal striatum plays a crucial role in the arrest of motor stereotypy. Here we found that, as previously observed for raclopride, high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (HFS STN) rapidly stopped cocaine-induced motor stereotypies in rat. Importantly, raclopride and HFS STN exerted a strong effect on cocaine-induced alterations in prefrontal basal ganglia circuits. Raclopride restored the cholinergic transmission in the prefrontal territory of the dorsal striatum and the cortico-nigral information transmissions in the prefrontal basal ganglia circuits. HFS STN also restored the N-methyl-d-aspartic-acid-evoked release of acetylcholine and dopamine in the prefrontal territory of the dorsal striatum. However, in contrast to raclopride, HFS STN did not restore the cortico-substantia nigra pars reticulata transmissions but exerted strong inhibitory and excitatory effects on neuronal activity in the prefrontal subdivision of the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Thus, both raclopride and HFS STN stop cocaine-induced motor stereotypy, but exert different effects on the related alterations in the prefrontal basal ganglia circuits.
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36
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Hamani C, Temel Y. Deep Brain Stimulation for Psychiatric Disease: Contributions and Validity of Animal Models. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:142rv8. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bourne SK, Eckhardt CA, Sheth SA, Eskandar EN. Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation for obsessive compulsive disorder: effects upon cells and circuits. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 6:29. [PMID: 22712007 PMCID: PMC3375018 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a safe, effective, and reversible treatment for a number of movement disorders. This has prompted investigation of its use for other applications including psychiatric disorders. In recent years, DBS has been introduced for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), which is characterized by recurrent unwanted thoughts or ideas (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed in order to relieve these obsessions (compulsions). Abnormal activity in cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), ventral striatum, and mediodorsal (MD) thalamus has been implicated in OCD. To this end a number of DBS targets including the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC), ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VC/VS), ventral caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus (STN), and nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been investigated for the treatment of OCD. Despite its efficacy and widespread use in movement disorders, the mechanism of DBS is not fully understood, especially as it relates to psychiatric disorders. While initially thought to create a functional lesion akin to ablative procedures, it is increasingly clear that DBS may induce clinical benefit through activation of axonal fibers spanning the CSTC circuits, alteration of oscillatory activity within this network, and/or release of critical neurotransmitters. In this article we review how the use of DBS for OCD informs our understanding of both the mechanisms of DBS and the circuitry of OCD. We review the literature on DBS for OCD and discuss potential mechanisms of action at the neuronal level as well as the broader circuit level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Bourne
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA
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38
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Albelda N, Joel D. Current animal models of obsessive compulsive disorder: an update. Neuroscience 2012; 211:83-106. [PMID: 21925243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Albelda
- Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Chabardès S, Polosan M, Krack P, Bastin J, Krainik A, David O, Bougerol T, Benabid AL. Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: subthalamic nucleus target. World Neurosurg 2012; 80:S31.e1-8. [PMID: 22469523 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Because of its reversibility and adaptability, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has recently gained interest in psychiatric disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) and depression. In OCD, DBS is now an alternative procedure to lesions of fascicles such as the anterior capsule, which links the orbitofrontal cortex, the cingulum, and the thalamus, and has been applied to new target such as the nucleus accumbens, with promising results. However, a recent interest has been developed toward the subthalamic nucleus (STN), a key structure of the basal ganglia that connects the motor, limbic, and associative systems. It is known from patients with Parkinson disease that STN-DBS can have significant effects on mood and cognition. Those transient effects are usually seen as "side effects" in Parkinson disease, but are clues to the underappreciated role that STN plays in the limbic circuitry, a role whose precise details are as yet unknown and under active investigation. We present the rationale supporting the use of nonmotor STN as a therapeutic target to treat OCD. In particular, we discuss the recent experience and preliminary results of our group after 6 months of nonmotor STN-DBS in patients with severe OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphan Chabardès
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France; Clinique de Neurochirurgie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France; INSERM U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Grenoble, France.
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40
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Fineberg NA, Chamberlain SR, Hollander E, Boulougouris V, Robbins TW. Translational approaches to obsessive-compulsive disorder: from animal models to clinical treatment. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1044-61. [PMID: 21486280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive ritualistic behaviours) leading to functional impairment. Accumulating evidence links these conditions with underlying dysregulation of fronto-striatal circuitry and monoamine systems. These abnormalities represent key targets for existing and novel treatment interventions. However, the brain bases of these conditions and treatment mechanisms are still not fully elucidated. Animal models simulating the behavioural and clinical manifestations of the disorder show great potential for augmenting our understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of OCD. This paper provides an overview of what is known about OCD from several perspectives. We begin by describing the clinical features of OCD and the criteria used to assess the validity of animal models of symptomatology; namely, face validity (phenomenological similarity between inducing conditions and specific symptoms of the human phenomenon), predictive validity (similarity in response to treatment) and construct validity (similarity in underlying physiological or psychological mechanisms). We then survey animal models of OC spectrum conditions within this framework, focusing on (i) ethological models; (ii) genetic and pharmacological models; and (iii) neurobehavioural models. We also discuss their advantages and shortcomings in relation to their capacity to identify potentially efficacious new compounds. It is of interest that there has been rather little evidence of 'false alarms' for therapeutic drug effects in OCD models which actually fail in the clinic. While it is more difficult to model obsessive cognition than compulsive behaviour in experimental animals, it is feasible to infer cognitive inflexibility in certain animal paradigms. Finally, key future neurobiological and treatment research areas are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Fineberg
- National OCDs Treatment Service, Hertfordshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Welwyn Garden City, UK.
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McGregor IS, Bowen MT. Breaking the loop: oxytocin as a potential treatment for drug addiction. Horm Behav 2012; 61:331-9. [PMID: 22198308 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug use typically occurs within a social context, and social factors play an important role in the initiation, maintenance and recovery from addictions. There is now accumulating evidence of an interaction between the neural substrates of affiliative behavior and those of drug reward, with a role for brain oxytocin systems in modulating acute and long-term drug effects. Early research in this field indicated that exogenous oxytocin administration can prevent development of tolerance to ethanol and opiates, the induction of stereotyped, hyperactive behavior by stimulants, and the withdrawal symptoms associated with sudden abstinence from drugs and alcohol. Additionally, stimulation of endogenous oxytocin systems is a key neurochemical substrate underlying the prosocial and empathogenic effects of party drugs such as MDMA (Ecstasy) and GHB (Fantasy). Brain oxytocin systems exhibit profound neuroplasticity and undergo major neuroadaptations as a result of drug exposure. Many drugs, including cocaine, opiates, alcohol, cannabis, MDMA and GHB cause long-term changes in markers of oxytocin function and this may be linked to enduring deficits in social behavior that are commonly observed in laboratory animals repeatedly exposed to these drugs. Very recent preclinical studies have illustrated a remarkable ability of exogenously delivered oxytocin to inhibit stimulant and alcohol self-administration, to alter associated drug-induced changes in dopamine, glutamate and Fos expression in cortical and basal ganglia sites, and to prevent stress and priming-induced relapse to drug seeking. Oxytocin therefore has fascinating potential to reverse the corrosive effects of long-term drugs abuse on social behavior and to perhaps inoculate against future vulnerability to addictive disorders. The results of clinical studies examining intranasal oxytocin effects in humans with drug use disorders are eagerly awaited. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain S McGregor
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are worldwide a common cause of severe and long-term disability and socioeconomic burden. The management of patients with psychiatric disorders consists of drug therapy and/or psychotherapy. However, in some patients, these treatment modalities do not produce sufficient therapeutic effects or induce intolerable side effects. For these patients, neuromodulation has been suggested as a potential treatment modality. Neuromodulation includes deep brain stimulation, vagal nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation. The rationale for neuromodulation is derived from the research identifying neurobiologically localized substrates for refractory psychiatric symptoms. Here, we review the clinical data on neuromodulation in the major psychiatric disorders. Relevant data from animal models will also be discussed to explain the neurobiological basis of the therapy.
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Oxytocin directly administered into the nucleus accumbens core or subthalamic nucleus attenuates methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference. Behav Brain Res 2011; 228:185-93. [PMID: 22155611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXY) may modulate reward-related behavioural responses to methamphetamine (METH) administration. Limited research has examined the effect of OXY on METH-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and little is known about the neural mechanisms involved. A Fos immunohistochemistry study recently demonstrated that peripheral OXY administration reduced METH-induced Fos expression within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and subthalamic nucleus (STh) in rats. The current study aimed to (i) investigate the effect of systemically administered OXY on METH-induced CPP, (ii) determine the effectiveness of a single-trial CPP procedure with METH, in order to (iii) evaluate whether pretreatment with OXY injected directly into the NAc core or the STh attenuates METH-induced CPP. Results showed that male Sprague Dawley rats learned to associate unique compartmental cues with METH (1 mg/kg, i.p.) such that they spent more time in the METH-paired compartment and less time in the saline-paired compartment. Pretreatment with systemic OXY (0.6 mg, i.p.), or OXY (0.6 ng, i.c.) microinjected into the NAc core or the STh prior to METH administration attenuated the formation of a CPP to METH. This provides further evidence that OXY acts within either the NAc core or the STh to reduce the rewarding effects of METH administration.
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44
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Baunez C, Yelnik J, Mallet L. Six questions on the subthalamic nucleus: lessons from animal models and from stimulated patients. Neuroscience 2011; 198:193-204. [PMID: 22001680 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Baunez
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition-LNC, UMR6155 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-CNRS, 3 Place Victor Hugo, F-13000 Marseille, France.
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Hoffman KL. Animal models of obsessive compulsive disorder: recent findings and future directions. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:725-37. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.577772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Basal ganglia dysfunction in OCD: subthalamic neuronal activity correlates with symptoms severity and predicts high-frequency stimulation efficacy. Transl Psychiatry 2011; 1:e5. [PMID: 22832400 PMCID: PMC3309476 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional and connectivity changes in corticostriatal systems have been reported in the brains of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); however, the relationship between basal ganglia activity and OCD severity has never been adequately established. We recently showed that deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN), a central basal ganglia nucleus, improves OCD. Here, single-unit subthalamic neuronal activity was analysed in 12 OCD patients, in relation to the severity of obsessions and compulsions and response to STN stimulation, and compared with that obtained in 12 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). STN neurons in OCD patients had lower discharge frequency than those in PD patients, with a similar proportion of burst-type activity (69 vs 67%). Oscillatory activity was present in 46 and 68% of neurons in OCD and PD patients, respectively, predominantly in the low-frequency band (1-8 Hz). In OCD patients, the bursty and oscillatory subthalamic neuronal activity was mainly located in the associative-limbic part. Both OCD severity and clinical improvement following STN stimulation were related to the STN neuronal activity. In patients with the most severe OCD, STN neurons exhibited bursts with shorter duration and interburst interval, but higher intraburst frequency, and more oscillations in the low-frequency bands. In patients with best clinical outcome with STN stimulation, STN neurons displayed higher mean discharge, burst and intraburst frequencies, and lower interburst interval. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis of a dysfunction in the associative-limbic subdivision of the basal ganglia circuitry in OCD's pathophysiology.
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Activity modulation of the globus pallidus and the nucleus entopeduncularis affects compulsive checking in rats. Behav Brain Res 2011; 219:149-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Albelda N, Joel D. Animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder: exploring pharmacology and neural substrates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 36:47-63. [PMID: 21527287 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last 30 years there have been many attempts to develop animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Most models have not been studied further following the original publication, and in the past few years, most papers present studies employing a few established animal models, exploring the neural basis of compulsive behavior and developing new treatment strategies. Here we summarize findings from the five most studied animal models of OCD: 8-OHDPAT (8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin hydrobromide) induced decreased alternation, quinpirole-induced compulsive checking, marble burying, signal attenuation and spontaneous stereotypy in deer mice. We evaluate each model's face validity, derived from similarity between the behavior in the model and the specific symptoms of the human condition, predictive validity, derived from similarity in response to treatment (pharmacological or other), and construct validity, derived from similarity in the mechanism (physiological or psychological) that induces behavioral symptoms and in the neural systems involved. We present ideas regarding future clinical research based on each model's findings, and on this basis, also emphasize possible new approaches for the treatment of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Albelda
- Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Nowak K, Mix E, Gimsa J, Strauss U, Sriperumbudur KK, Benecke R, Gimsa U. Optimizing a rodent model of Parkinson's disease for exploring the effects and mechanisms of deep brain stimulation. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2011; 2011:414682. [PMID: 21603182 PMCID: PMC3096058 DOI: 10.4061/2011/414682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become a treatment for a growing number of neurological and psychiatric disorders, especially for therapy-refractory Parkinson's disease (PD). However, not all of the symptoms of PD are sufficiently improved in all patients, and side effects may occur. Further progress depends on a deeper insight into the mechanisms of action of DBS in the context of disturbed brain circuits. For this, optimized animal models have to be developed. We review not only charge transfer mechanisms at the electrode/tissue interface and strategies to increase the stimulation's energy-efficiency but also the electrochemical, electrophysiological, biochemical and functional effects of DBS. We introduce a hemi-Parkinsonian rat model for long-term experiments with chronically instrumented rats carrying a backpack stimulator and implanted platinum/iridium electrodes. This model is suitable for (1) elucidating the electrochemical processes at the electrode/tissue interface, (2) analyzing the molecular, cellular and behavioral stimulation effects, (3) testing new target regions for DBS, (4) screening for potential neuroprotective DBS effects, and (5) improving the efficacy and safety of the method. An outlook is given on further developments of experimental DBS, including the use of transgenic animals and the testing of closed-loop systems for the direct on-demand application of electric stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Nowak
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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Development of repetitive behavior in a mouse model: roles of indirect and striosomal basal ganglia pathways. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:461-7. [PMID: 21329752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Restricted repetitive behaviors (stereotypy, compulsions, rituals) are diagnostic for autism spectrum disorder and common in related neurodevelopmental disorders. Despite their prevalence in clinical populations, underlying mechanisms associated with the development of these behaviors remain poorly understood. We examined the role of the indirect basal ganglia pathway in the development of stereotypy using deer mice. We measured neuronal metabolic activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and other relevant brain regions using cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry at three developmental time-points. Although no differences were observed in STN across development, significant differences were found when mice were grouped by developmental trajectory. At 6 weeks post-weaning, significantly lower CO activity in STN was found in those trajectory groups that developed high levels of repetitive behavior versus the trajectory group that did not, suggesting the development of stereotypy is associated with decreased indirect basal ganglia pathway activity. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that preferential activation of striatal striosomes relative to surrounding matrix would be associated with the development of stereotypy. No differences in the relative activation of these striatal compartments were observed across development or among trajectory groups. Our results point to dynamic changes in the indirect pathway associated with the development of repetitive behavior and extends our prior work linking reduced indirect pathway activation to stereotypy in adult deer mice.
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