1
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Saraswathy VM, Zhou L, Mokalled MH. Single-cell analysis of innate spinal cord regeneration identifies intersecting modes of neuronal repair. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6808. [PMID: 39147780 PMCID: PMC11327264 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult zebrafish have an innate ability to recover from severe spinal cord injury. Here, we report a comprehensive single nuclear RNA sequencing atlas that spans 6 weeks of regeneration. We identify cooperative roles for adult neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity during spinal cord repair. Neurogenesis of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons restores the excitatory/inhibitory balance after injury. In addition, a transient population of injury-responsive neurons (iNeurons) show elevated plasticity 1 week post-injury. We found iNeurons are injury-surviving neurons that acquire a neuroblast-like gene expression signature after injury. CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis showed iNeurons are required for functional recovery and employ vesicular trafficking as an essential mechanism that underlies neuronal plasticity. This study provides a comprehensive resource of the cells and mechanisms that direct spinal cord regeneration and establishes zebrafish as a model of plasticity-driven neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Muraleedharan Saraswathy
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lili Zhou
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mayssa H Mokalled
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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2
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Zhang Y, Xu T, Xie J, Wu H, Hu W, Yuan X. MSC-derived mitochondria promote axonal regeneration via Atf3 gene up-regulation by ROS induced DNA double strand breaks at transcription initiation region. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:240. [PMID: 38664711 PMCID: PMC11046838 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The repair of peripheral nerve injury poses a clinical challenge, necessitating further investigation into novel therapeutic approaches. In recent years, bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived mitochondrial transfer has emerged as a promising therapy for cellular injury, with reported applications in central nerve injury. However, its potential therapeutic effect on peripheral nerve injury remains unclear. METHODS We established a mouse sciatic nerve crush injury model. Mitochondria extracted from MSCs were intraneurally injected into the injured sciatic nerves. Axonal regeneration was observed through whole-mount nerve imaging. The dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) corresponding to the injured nerve were harvested to test the gene expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, as well as the degree and location of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). RESULTS The in vivo experiments showed that the mitochondrial injection therapy effectively promoted axon regeneration in injured sciatic nerves. Four days after injection of fluorescently labeled mitochondria into the injured nerves, fluorescently labeled mitochondria were detected in the corresponding DRGs. RNA-seq and qPCR results showed that the mitochondrial injection therapy enhanced the expression of Atf3 and other regeneration-associated genes in DRG neurons. Knocking down of Atf3 in DRGs by siRNA could diminish the therapeutic effect of mitochondrial injection. Subsequent experiments showed that mitochondrial injection therapy could increase the levels of ROS and DSBs in injury-associated DRG neurons, with this increase being correlated with Atf3 expression. ChIP and Co-IP experiments revealed an elevation of DSB levels within the transcription initiation region of the Atf3 gene following mitochondrial injection therapy, while also demonstrating a spatial proximity between mitochondria-induced DSBs and CTCF binding sites. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that MSC-derived mitochondria injected into the injured nerves can be retrogradely transferred to DRG neuron somas via axoplasmic transport, and increase the DSBs at the transcription initiation regions of the Atf3 gene through ROS accumulation, which rapidly release the CTCF-mediated topological constraints on chromatin interactions. This process may enhance spatial interactions between the Atf3 promoter and enhancer, ultimately promoting Atf3 expression. The up-regulation of Atf3 induced by mitochondria further promotes the expression of downstream regeneration-associated genes and facilitates axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchi Zhang
- Department of Traumatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xie
- Department of Traumatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuefeng Yuan
- Department of Traumatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Zhang J, Yang SG, Zhou FQ. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 signaling in neural regeneration in vivo. J Mol Cell Biol 2024; 15:mjad075. [PMID: 38059848 PMCID: PMC11063957 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) signaling plays important and broad roles in regulating neural development in vitro and in vivo. Here, we reviewed recent findings of GSK3-regulated axon regeneration in vivo in both the peripheral and central nervous systems and discussed a few controversial findings in the field. Overall, current evidence indicates that GSK3β signaling serves as an important downstream mediator of the PI3K-AKT pathway to regulate axon regeneration in parallel with the mTORC1 pathway. Specifically, the mTORC1 pathway supports axon regeneration mainly through its role in regulating cap-dependent protein translation, whereas GSK3β signaling might be involved in regulating N6-methyladenosine mRNA methylation-mediated, cap-independent protein translation. In addition, GSK3 signaling also plays a key role in reshaping the neuronal transcriptomic landscape during neural regeneration. Finally, we proposed some research directions to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory function of GSK3 signaling and discover novel GSK3 signaling-related therapeutic targets. Together, we hope to provide an updated and insightful overview of how GSK3 signaling regulates neural regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Shu-Guang Yang
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Feng-Quan Zhou
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
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4
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Le D, Zhang C, Liu L, Zhao M, Liang Y, Liao P, Yang F. Neuropathic pain development following nerve injury is mediated by SOX11-ARID1A-SOCS3 transcriptional regulation in the spinal cord. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:281. [PMID: 38324208 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain, a complex condition originating from nervous system damage, remains a significant clinical challenge due to limited understanding of its underlying mechanisms. Recent research highlights the SOX11 transcription factor, known for its role in nervous system development, as a crucial player in neuropathic pain development and maintenance. This study investigates the role of the SOX11-ARID1A-SOCS3 pathway in neuropathic pain modulation within the spinal cord. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model in mice, we observed a significant upregulation of Sox11 in the spinal cord dorsal horn post-injury. Intrathecal administration of Sox11 shRNA mitigated SNL-induced neuropathic pain behaviors, including mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia. Further, we demonstrated that Sox11 regulates neuropathic pain via transcriptional control of ARID1A, with subsequent modulation of SOCS3 expression. Knockdown of ARID1A and SOCS3 via shRNA resulted in alleviation of Sox11-induced pain sensitization. Additionally, Sox11 overexpression led to an increase in ARID1A binding to the SOCS3 promoter, enhancing chromatin accessibility and indicating a direct regulatory relationship. These findings were further supported by in vitro luciferase reporter assays and chromatin accessibility analysis. CONCLUSIONS The SOX11-ARID1A-SOCS3 pathway plays a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Sox11 acts as a master regulator, modulating ARID1A, which in turn influences SOCS3 expression, thereby contributing to the modulation of neuropathic pain. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain and highlight potential therapeutic targets for its treatment. The differential regulation of this pathway in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) underscores its complexity and the need for targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Le
- Department of Pain Management, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Pain Management, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pain Management, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mailin Zhao
- Department of Pain Management, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingping Liang
- Department of Pain Management, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingsheng Liao
- Department of Pain Management, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pain Management, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Janeckova L, Knotek T, Kriska J, Hermanova Z, Kirdajova D, Kubovciak J, Berkova L, Tureckova J, Camacho Garcia S, Galuskova K, Kolar M, Anderova M, Korinek V. Astrocyte-like subpopulation of NG2 glia in the adult mouse cortex exhibits characteristics of neural progenitor cells. Glia 2024; 72:245-273. [PMID: 37772368 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells expressing neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), also known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), play a critical role in maintaining brain health. However, their ability to differentiate after ischemic injury is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the properties and functions of NG2 glia in the ischemic brain. Using transgenic mice, we selectively labeled NG2-expressing cells and their progeny in both healthy brain and after focal cerebral ischemia (FCI). Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we classified the labeled glial cells into five distinct subpopulations based on their gene expression patterns. Additionally, we examined the membrane properties of these cells using the patch-clamp technique. Of the identified subpopulations, three were identified as OPCs, whereas the fourth subpopulation had characteristics indicative of cells likely to develop into oligodendrocytes. The fifth subpopulation of NG2 glia showed astrocytic markers and had similarities to neural progenitor cells. Interestingly, this subpopulation was present in both healthy and post-ischemic tissue; however, its gene expression profile changed after ischemia, with increased numbers of genes related to neurogenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the temporal expression of neurogenic genes and showed an increased presence of NG2 cells positive for Purkinje cell protein-4 at the periphery of the ischemic lesion 12 days after FCI, as well as NeuN-positive NG2 cells 28 and 60 days after injury. These results suggest the potential development of neuron-like cells arising from NG2 glia in the ischemic tissue. Our study provides insights into the plasticity of NG2 glia and their capacity for neurogenesis after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Janeckova
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Knotek
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hermanova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kubovciak
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Berkova
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Tureckova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Camacho Garcia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Galuskova
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolar
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Korinek
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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6
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Gordon T. Brief Electrical Stimulation Promotes Recovery after Surgical Repair of Injured Peripheral Nerves. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:665. [PMID: 38203836 PMCID: PMC10779324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Injured peripheral nerves regenerate their axons in contrast to those in the central nervous system. Yet, functional recovery after surgical repair is often disappointing. The basis for poor recovery is progressive deterioration with time and distance of the growth capacity of the neurons that lose their contact with targets (chronic axotomy) and the growth support of the chronically denervated Schwann cells (SC) in the distal nerve stumps. Nonetheless, chronically denervated atrophic muscle retains the capacity for reinnervation. Declining electrical activity of motoneurons accompanies the progressive fall in axotomized neuronal and denervated SC expression of regeneration-associated-genes and declining regenerative success. Reduced motoneuronal activity is due to the withdrawal of synaptic contacts from the soma. Exogenous neurotrophic factors that promote nerve regeneration can replace the endogenous factors whose expression declines with time. But the profuse axonal outgrowth they provoke and the difficulties in their delivery hinder their efficacy. Brief (1 h) low-frequency (20 Hz) electrical stimulation (ES) proximal to the injury site promotes the expression of endogenous growth factors and, in turn, dramatically accelerates axon outgrowth and target reinnervation. The latter ES effect has been demonstrated in both rats and humans. A conditioning ES of intact nerve days prior to nerve injury increases axonal outgrowth and regeneration rate. Thereby, this form of ES is amenable for nerve transfer surgeries and end-to-side neurorrhaphies. However, additional surgery for applying the required electrodes may be a hurdle. ES is applicable in all surgeries with excellent outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gordon
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4G 1X8, Canada
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7
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Tang J, Wu M, Shen J, Jiang L, Chen L, Dang B. Possible role of Sox11 in a rat model of surgical brain injury. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:888-894. [PMID: 38800035 PMCID: PMC11127080 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2024.71455.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Sox11, one of the SoxC family members, is an important transcription factor during neural development and neurogenesis. However, there is no report about its function in neural apoptosis. This research aims to examine the function of Sox11 in surgical brain injury (SBI). Materials and Methods We used 90 Sprague-Dawley rats to develop the SBI models and the siRNA of Sox11 to study the roles of Sox11. Western blot, real-time PCR, immunofluorescence, neuron apoptosis and necrosis, brain edema, and neurological score were determined. Results The gene and protein amount of Sox11, compared with the Sham group, were increased after SBI, which reached a peak at 12 hr. In addition, following the application of siRNAs, the amount of Sox11 protein was significantly less than that in the SBI group. On the other hand, neuronal apoptosis, necrosis, and brain edema were significantly increased, while neurological scores were decreased. Conclusion These findings demonstrate the role of Sox11 following nerve injury induced by SBI. Inhibition of Sox11 with siRNA may lead to neuronal injury and cell death, aggravating secondary brain injury after SBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Muyao Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jinchao Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Lifen Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Baoqi Dang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, China
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8
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Muraleedharan Saraswathy V, Zhou L, Mokalled MH. Single-cell analysis of innate spinal cord regeneration identifies intersecting modes of neuronal repair. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.19.541505. [PMID: 37292638 PMCID: PMC10245778 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.19.541505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adult zebrafish have an innate ability to recover from severe spinal cord injury. Here, we report a comprehensive single nuclear RNA sequencing atlas that spans 6 weeks of regeneration. We identify cooperative roles for adult neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity during spinal cord repair. Neurogenesis of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons restores the excitatory/inhibitory balance after injury. In addition, transient populations of injury-responsive neurons (iNeurons) show elevated plasticity between 1 and 3 weeks post-injury. Using cross-species transcriptomics and CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, we found iNeurons are injury-surviving neurons that share transcriptional similarities with a rare population of spontaneously plastic mouse neurons. iNeurons are required for functional recovery and employ vesicular trafficking as an essential mechanism that underlies neuronal plasticity. This study provides a comprehensive resource of the cells and mechanisms that direct spinal cord regeneration and establishes zebrafish as a model of plasticity-driven neural repair.
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9
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Smith WR, Valrie CR, Jaja C, Kenney MO. Precision, integrative medicine for pain management in sickle cell disease. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1279361. [PMID: 38028431 PMCID: PMC10666191 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1279361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a prevalent and complex inherited pain disorder that can manifest as acute vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) and/or chronic pain. Despite their known risks, opioids are often prescribed routinely and indiscriminately in managing SCD pain, because it is so often severe and debilitating. Integrative medicine strategies, particularly non-opioid therapies, hold promise in safe and effective management of SCD pain. However, the lack of evidence-based methods for managing SCD pain hinders the widespread implementation of non-opioid therapies. In this review, we acknowledge that implementing personalized pain treatment strategies in SCD, which is a guideline-recommended strategy, is currently fraught with limitations. The full implementation of pharmacological and biobehavioral pain approaches targeting mechanistic pain pathways faces challenges due to limited knowledge and limited financial and personnel support. We recommend personalized medicine, pharmacogenomics, and integrative medicine as aspirational strategies for improving pain care in SCD. As an organizing model that is a comprehensive framework for classifying pain subphenotypes and mechanisms in SCD, and for guiding selection of specific strategies, we present evidence updating pain research pioneer Richard Melzack's neuromatrix theory of pain. We advocate for using the updated neuromatrix model to subphenotype individuals with SCD, to better select personalized multimodal treatment strategies, and to identify research gaps fruitful for exploration. We present a fairly complete list of currently used pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic SCD pain therapies, classified by their mechanism of action and by their hypothesized targets in the updated neuromatrix model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wally R. Smith
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Cecelia R. Valrie
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Cheedy Jaja
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida School of Nursing, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Martha O. Kenney
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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10
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Fazilaty H, Basler K. Reactivation of embryonic genetic programs in tissue regeneration and disease. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1792-1806. [PMID: 37904052 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic genetic programs are reactivated in response to various types of tissue damage, providing cell plasticity for tissue regeneration or disease progression. In acute conditions, these programs remedy the damage and then halt to allow a return to homeostasis. In chronic situations, including inflammatory diseases, fibrosis and cancer, prolonged activation of embryonic programs leads to disease progression and tissue deterioration. Induction of progenitor identity and cell plasticity, for example, epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, are critical outcomes of reactivated embryonic programs. In this Review, we describe molecular players governing reactivated embryonic genetic programs, their role during disease progression, their similarities and differences and lineage reversion in pathology and discuss associated therapeutics and drug-resistance mechanisms across many organs. We also discuss the diversity of reactivated programs in different disease contexts. A comprehensive overview of commonalities between development and disease will provide better understanding of the biology and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Fazilaty
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Konrad Basler
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Oprescu SN, Baumann N, Chen X, Sun Q, Zhao Y, Yue F, Wang H, Kuang S. Sox11 is enriched in myogenic progenitors but dispensable for development and regeneration of the skeletal muscle. Skelet Muscle 2023; 13:15. [PMID: 37705115 PMCID: PMC10498607 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-023-00324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) play key roles in regulating differentiation and function of stem cells, including muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), a resident stem cell population responsible for postnatal regeneration of the skeletal muscle. Sox11 belongs to the Sry-related HMG-box (SOX) family of TFs that play diverse roles in stem cell behavior and tissue specification. Analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets identify a specific enrichment of Sox11 mRNA in differentiating but not quiescent MuSCs. Consistent with the scRNA-seq data, Sox11 levels increase during differentiation of murine primary myoblasts in vitro. scRNA-seq data comparing muscle regeneration in young and old mice further demonstrate that Sox11 expression is reduced in aged MuSCs. Age-related decline of Sox11 expression is associated with reduced chromatin contacts within the topologically associating domains. Unexpectedly, Myod1Cre-driven deletion of Sox11 in embryonic myoblasts has no effects on muscle development and growth, resulting in apparently healthy muscles that regenerate normally. Pax7CreER- or Rosa26CreER- driven (MuSC-specific or global) deletion of Sox11 in adult mice similarly has no effects on MuSC differentiation or muscle regeneration. These results identify Sox11 as a novel myogenic differentiation marker with reduced expression in quiescent and aged MuSCs, but the specific function of Sox11 in myogenesis remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Oprescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Nick Baumann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xiyue Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Huating Wang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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12
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Sun K, Xue Y, Zhang X, Li X, Zhao J, Xu X, Zhang X, Yang F. Tanshinone I alleviates steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral heads and promotes angiogenesis: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:474. [PMID: 37391758 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-03934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impaired blood supply to the bones is an important pathological feature of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SIONFH). Danshen is a Chinese herb that shows therapeutic effects on SIONFH, but the effects of one of its major bioactive constituents, Tanshinone I (TsI), on SIONFH remain unknown. Here, we evaluated the effects of TsI on SIONFH, particularly focusing on its effects on angiogenesis, in in vivo and in vitro research. METHODS SIONFH was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by an intramuscular injection of methylprednisolone (40 mg/kg) in combination with an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (20 μg/kg). Morphological alterations of the femoral head were observed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and HE staining. Western blot, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemical/immunofluorescence staining were used to determine gene expression. RESULTS TsI (10 mg/kg) alleviated bone loss and rescued the expression of angiogenesis-related molecules (CD31, VWF, VEGF, and VEGFR2) in the femoral heads of SIONFH rats. Notably, TsI rescued the down-regulated expression of SRY-box transcription factor 11 (SOX11) in CD31+ endothelial cells in the femoral heads of SIONFH rats. In vitro studies showed that TsI preserved the dexamethasone-harmed angiogenic property (migration and tube formation) of human umbilical vein cells (EA.hy926), suppressed dexamethasone-induced cell apoptosis, reduced pro-apoptotic proteins (cytosolic cytochrome C, Bax, and caspase 3/9) and increased anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, whereas silencing of SOX11 reversed these beneficial effects. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that TsI alleviates SIONFH and promotes angiogenesis by regulating SOX11 expression. Our work would provide new evidence for the application of TsI to treat SIONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- The First Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuman Xue
- The Second Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- The Third Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xilin Xu
- The Third Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Teaching and Research Section of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No. 24, Heping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fubiao Yang
- President's Office, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No. 2, Xiangjiang Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
- Teaching and Research Section of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No. 24, Heping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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13
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Oprescu SN, Baumann N, Chen X, Sun Q, Zhao Y, Yue F, Wang H, Kuang S. Sox11 is enriched in myogenic progenitors but dispensable for development and regeneration of skeletal muscle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.30.534956. [PMID: 37034612 PMCID: PMC10081271 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.30.534956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) play key roles in regulating the differentiation and function of stem cells, including muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), a resident stem cell population responsible for postnatal regeneration of the skeletal muscle. Sox11 belongs to the Sry-related HMG-box (SOX) family of TFs that play diverse roles in stem cell behavior and tissue specification. Analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets identify a specific enrichment of Sox11 mRNA in differentiating but not quiescent MuSCs. Consistent with the scRNA-seq data, Sox11 levels increase during differentiation of murine primary myoblasts in vitro. scRNA-seq data comparing muscle regeneration in young and old mice further demonstrate that Sox11 expression is reduced in aged MuSCs. Age-related decline of Sox11 expression is associated with reduced chromatin contacts within the topologically associated domains. Unexpectedly, Myod1 Cre -driven deletion of Sox11 in embryonic myoblasts has no effects on muscle development and growth, resulting in apparently healthy muscles that regenerate normally. Pax7 CreER or Rosa26 CreER driven (MuSC-specific or global) deletion of Sox11 in adult mice similarly has no effects on MuSC differentiation or muscle regeneration. These results identify Sox11 as a novel myogenic differentiation marker with reduced expression in quiescent and aged MuSCs, but the specific function of Sox11 in myogenesis remain to be elucidated.
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14
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Lu J, Xu H, Song K, Lin Z, Cao L, Lu B, Chen Y, Zhang S. Sox11b regulates the migration and fate determination of Müller glia-derived progenitors during retina regeneration in zebrafish. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:445-450. [PMID: 35900444 PMCID: PMC9396499 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.346550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Sox11 plays important roles in retinal neurogenesis during vertebrate eye development. However, its function in retina regeneration remains elusive. Here we report that Sox11b, a zebrafish Sox11 homolog, regulates the migration and fate determination of Müller glia-derived progenitors (MGPCs) in an adult zebrafish model of mechanical retinal injury. Following a stab injury, the expression of Sox11b was induced in proliferating MGPCs in the retina. Sox11b knockdown did not affect MGPC formation at 4 days post-injury, although the nuclear morphology and subsequent radial migration of MGPCs were altered. At 7 days post-injury, Sox11b knockdown resulted in an increased proportion of MGPCs in the inner retina and a decreased proportion of MGPCs in the outer nuclear layer, compared with controls. Furthermore, Sox11b knockdown led to reduced photoreceptor regeneration, while it increased the numbers of newborn amacrines and retinal ganglion cells. Finally, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that Sox11b regulated the expression of Notch signaling components in the retina, and Notch inhibition partially recapitulated the Sox11b knockdown phenotype, indicating that Notch signaling functions downstream of Sox11b. Our findings imply that Sox11b plays key roles in MGPC migration and fate determination during retina regeneration in zebrafish, which may have critical implications for future explorations of retinal repair in mammals.
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15
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Transcriptional Control of Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 60:329-341. [PMID: 36261692 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are master regulators of various cellular processes under diverse physiological and pathological conditions. Many transcription factors that are differentially expressed after injury to peripheral nerves play important roles in nerve regeneration. Considering that rapid and timely regrowth of injured axons is a prerequisite for successful target reinnervation, here, we compile transcription factors that mediates axon elongation, including axon growth suppressor Klf4 and axon growth promoters c-Myc, Sox11, STAT3, Atf3, c-Jun, Smad1, C/EBPδ, and p53. Besides neuronal changes, Schwann cell phenotype modulation is also critical for nerve regeneration. The activation of Schwann cells at early time points post injury provides a permissive microenvironment whereas the re-differentiation of Schwann cells at later time points supports myelin sheath formation. Hence, c-Jun and Sox2, two critical drivers for Schwann cell reprogramming, as well as Krox-20 and Sox10, two essential regulators of Schwann cell myelination, are reviewed. These transcription factors may serve as promising targets for promoting the functional recovery of injured peripheral nerves.
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16
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Matson KJE, Russ DE, Kathe C, Hua I, Maric D, Ding Y, Krynitsky J, Pursley R, Sathyamurthy A, Squair JW, Levi BP, Courtine G, Levine AJ. Single cell atlas of spinal cord injury in mice reveals a pro-regenerative signature in spinocerebellar neurons. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5628. [PMID: 36163250 PMCID: PMC9513082 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury, tissue distal to the lesion contains undamaged cells that could support or augment recovery. Targeting these cells requires a clearer understanding of their injury responses and capacity for repair. Here, we use single nucleus RNA sequencing to profile how each cell type in the lumbar spinal cord changes after a thoracic injury in mice. We present an atlas of these dynamic responses across dozens of cell types in the acute, subacute, and chronically injured spinal cord. Using this resource, we find rare spinal neurons that express a signature of regeneration in response to injury, including a major population that represent spinocerebellar projection neurons. We characterize these cells anatomically and observed axonal sparing, outgrowth, and remodeling in the spinal cord and cerebellum. Together, this work provides a key resource for studying cellular responses to injury and uncovers the spontaneous plasticity of spinocerebellar neurons, uncovering a potential candidate for targeted therapy. Matson et al. performed single nucleus sequencing of the “spared” spinal cord tissue distal to an injury in mice. They found that spinocerebellar neurons expressed a pro-regenerative gene signature and showed axon outgrowth after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaya J E Matson
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Johns Hopkins University Department of Biology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel E Russ
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Data Science Research Group, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Claudia Kathe
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Hua
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan Krynitsky
- Signal Processing and Instrumentation Section, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Randall Pursley
- Signal Processing and Instrumentation Section, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anupama Sathyamurthy
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Jordan W Squair
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Boaz P Levi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gregoire Courtine
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,NeuroRestore, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ariel J Levine
- Spinal Circuits and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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17
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Cheng Y, Yin Y, Zhang A, Bernstein AM, Kawaguchi R, Gao K, Potter K, Gilbert HY, Ao Y, Ou J, Fricano-Kugler CJ, Goldberg JL, He Z, Woolf CJ, Sofroniew MV, Benowitz LI, Geschwind DH. Transcription factor network analysis identifies REST/NRSF as an intrinsic regulator of CNS regeneration in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4418. [PMID: 35906210 PMCID: PMC9338053 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The inability of neurons to regenerate long axons within the CNS is a major impediment to improving outcome after spinal cord injury, stroke, and other CNS insults. Recent advances have uncovered an intrinsic program that involves coordinate regulation by multiple transcription factors that can be manipulated to enhance growth in the peripheral nervous system. Here, we use a systems genomics approach to characterize regulatory relationships of regeneration-associated transcription factors, identifying RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor (REST; Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor, NRSF) as a predicted upstream suppressor of a pro-regenerative gene program associated with axon regeneration in the CNS. We validate our predictions using multiple paradigms, showing that mature mice bearing cell type-specific deletions of REST or expressing dominant-negative mutant REST show improved regeneration of the corticospinal tract and optic nerve after spinal cord injury and optic nerve crush, which is accompanied by upregulation of regeneration-associated genes in cortical motor neurons and retinal ganglion cells, respectively. These analyses identify a role for REST as an upstream suppressor of the intrinsic regenerative program in the CNS and demonstrate the utility of a systems biology approach involving integrative genomics and bio-informatics to prioritize hypotheses relevant to CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Cheng
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yuqin Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alice Zhang
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alexander M Bernstein
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kun Gao
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kyra Potter
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hui-Ya Gilbert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yan Ao
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jing Ou
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Catherine J Fricano-Kugler
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Byers Eye Institute and Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Larry I Benowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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18
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Reprogramming neurons for regeneration: The fountain of youth. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 214:102284. [PMID: 35533809 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) are terminally differentiated cells that gradually lose their ability to support regeneration during maturation due to changes in transcriptomic and chromatin landscape. Similar transcriptomic changes also occur during development when stem cells differentiate into different types of somatic cells. Importantly, differentiated cells can be reprogrammed back to induced pluripotent stems cells (iPSCs) via global epigenetic remodeling by combined overexpression of pluripotent reprogramming factors, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, Nanog, and/or Lin28. Moreover, recent findings showed that many proneural transcription factors were able to convert non-neural somatic cells into neurons bypassing the pluripotent stage via direct reprogramming. Interestingly, many of these factors have recently been identified as key regulators of CNS neural regeneration. Recent studies indicated that these factors could rejuvenate mature CNS neurons back to a younger state through cellular state reprogramming, thus favoring regeneration. Here we will review some recent findings regarding the roles of genetic cellular state reprogramming in regulation of neural regeneration and explore the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, by using newly emerging techniques, such as multiomics sequencing with big data analysis and Crispr-based gene editing, we will discuss future research directions focusing on better revealing cellular state reprogramming-induced remodeling of chromatin landscape and potential translational application.
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19
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Xu FF, Kong LC, Cao DL, Ding BX, Wu Q, Ding YC, Wu H, Jiang BC. Decoding gene expression signatures in mice trigeminal ganglion across trigeminal neuropathic pain stages via high-throughput sequencing. Brain Res Bull 2022; 187:122-137. [PMID: 35781031 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trigeminal neuropathic pain (TNP) arises due to peripheral nerve injury, the mechanisms underlying which are little known. The altered gene expression profile in sensory ganglia is critical for neuropathic pain generation and maintenance. We, therefore, assessed the transcriptome of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) from mice at different periods of pain progression. Trigeminal neuropathic pain was established by partial infraorbital nerve transection (pIONT). High-throughput RNA sequencing was applied to detect the mRNA profiles of TG collected at 3 and 10 days after modeling. Injured TG displayed dramatically altered mRNA expression profiles compared to Sham. Different gene expression profiles were obtained at 3 and 10 days after pIONT. Moreover, 314 genes were significantly upregulated, and 81 were significantly downregulated at both 3 and 10 days post-pIONT. Meanwhile, enrichment analysis of these persistent differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that the MAPK pathway was the most significantly enriched pathway for upregulated DEGs, validated by immunostaining. In addition, TG cell populations defined by single-nuclei RNA sequencing displayed cellular localization of DEGs at a single-cell resolution. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) and sub-PPI network analyses constructed networks and identified the top 10 hub genes for DEGs at different time points. The present data provide novel information on the gene expression signatures of TG during the development and maintenance phases of TNP, and the identified hub genes and pathways may serve as potential targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Ling-Chi Kong
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - De-Li Cao
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Bi-Xiao Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yuan-Cheng Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
| | - Bao-Chun Jiang
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226019, China.
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20
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Kulkarni R, Thakur A, Kumar H. Microtubule Dynamics Following Central and Peripheral Nervous System Axotomy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1358-1369. [PMID: 35451811 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbance in the neuronal network leads to instability in the microtubule (MT) railroad of axons, causing hindrance in the intra-axonal transport and making it difficult to re-establish the broken network. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons can stabilize their MTs, leading to the formation of regeneration-promoting structures called "growth cones". However, central nervous system (CNS) neurons lack this intrinsic reparative capability and, instead, form growth-incompetent structures called "retraction bulbs", which have a disarrayed MT network. It is evident from various studies that although axonal regeneration depends on both cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic factors, any therapy that aims at axonal regeneration ultimately converges onto MTs. Understanding the neuronal MT dynamics will help develop effective therapeutic strategies in diseases where the MT network gets disrupted, such as spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It is also essential to know the factors that aid or inhibit MT stabilization. In this review, we have discussed the MT dynamics postaxotomy in the CNS and PNS, and factors that can directly influence MT stability in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Kulkarni
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Akshata Thakur
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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21
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Suzuki L, Miyatsuka T, Himuro M, Wakabayashi Y, Osonoi S, Miura M, Katahira T, Fujitani Y, Iida H, Mizukami H, Nishida Y, Watada H. Cumulative autophagy insufficiency in mice leads to progression of β-cell failure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 611:38-45. [PMID: 35477091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is known to play a pivotal role in β-cell function. While the lifelong inhibition of autophagy through Atg7 deletion in β cells has been demonstrated to lead to impaired glucose tolerance together with β-cell dysfunction, the temporal association between autophagy inhibition and β-cell dysfunction remains unclear. To address such questions, inducible β-cell-specific Atg7-knockout (iβAtg7KO) mice were generated, and autophagy inhibition was induced for two different time durations. Whereas 2 weeks of Atg7 ablation was sufficient to induce autophagy deficiency, confirmed by the accumulation of p62, iβAtg7KO mice exhibited normal glucose tolerance. In contrast, prolonged autophagy deficiency for 6 weeks resulted in glucose intolerance together with impaired insulin secretion. Direct mRNA sequencing and pathway analysis revealed that the gene set associated with insulin secretion was downregulated only after the 6-week prolonged autophagy inhibition. Furthermore, we identified a novel gene, Sprr1a, which was expressed at more than 50-fold higher levels during both the 2-week and 6-week autophagy inhibition. These findings suggest that autophagy insufficiency cumulatively leads to β-cell failure after a certain interval, accompanied by stepwise alterations of gene expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Suzuki
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyatsuka
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan.
| | - Miwa Himuro
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Wakabayashi
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Osonoi
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Masaki Miura
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiro Katahira
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Fujitani
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Metabolism, Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iida
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mizukami
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yuya Nishida
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Chernov AV, Shubayev VI. Sexual Dimorphism of Early Transcriptional Reprogramming in Dorsal Root Ganglia After Peripheral Nerve Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:779024. [PMID: 34966260 PMCID: PMC8710713 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.779024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury induces genome-wide transcriptional reprogramming of first-order neurons and auxiliary cells of dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Accumulating experimental evidence suggests that onset and mechanistic principles of post-nerve injury processes are sexually dimorphic. We examined largely understudied aspects of early transcriptional events in DRG within 24 h after sciatic nerve axotomy in mice of both sexes. Using high-depth RNA sequencing (>50 million reads/sample) to pinpoint sexually dimorphic changes related to regeneration, immune response, bioenergy, and sensory functions, we identified a higher number of transcriptional changes in male relative to female DRG. In males, the decline in ion channel transcripts was accompanied by the induction of innate immune cascades via TLR, chemokine, and Csf1-receptor axis and robust regenerative programs driven by Sox, Twist1/2, and Pax5/9 transcription factors. Females demonstrated nerve injury-specific transcriptional co-activation of the actinin 2 network. The predicted upstream regulators and interactive networks highlighted the role of novel epigenetic factors and genetic linkage to sex chromosomes as hallmarks of gene regulation post-axotomy. We implicated epigenetic X chromosome inactivation in the regulation of immune response activity uniquely in females. Sexually dimorphic regulation of MMP/ADAMTS metalloproteinases and their intrinsic X-linked regulator Timp1 contributes to extracellular matrix remodeling integrated with pro-regenerative and immune functions. Lexis1 non-coding RNA involved in LXR-mediated lipid metabolism was identified as a novel nerve injury marker. Together, our data identified unique early response triggers of sex-specific peripheral nerve injury regulation to gain mechanistic insights into the origin of female- and male-prevalent sensory neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Chernov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Veronica I Shubayev
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
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23
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Cheng YC, Snavely A, Barrett LB, Zhang X, Herman C, Frost DJ, Riva P, Tochitsky I, Kawaguchi R, Singh B, Ivanis J, Huebner EA, Arvanites A, Oza V, Davidow L, Maeda R, Sakuma M, Grantham A, Wang Q, Chang AN, Pfaff K, Costigan M, Coppola G, Rubin LL, Schwer B, Alt FW, Woolf CJ. Topoisomerase I inhibition and peripheral nerve injury induce DNA breaks and ATF3-associated axon regeneration in sensory neurons. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109666. [PMID: 34496254 PMCID: PMC8462619 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although axonal damage induces rapid changes in gene expression in primary sensory neurons, it remains unclear how this process is initiated. The transcription factor ATF3, one of the earliest genes responding to nerve injury, regulates expression of downstream genes that enable axon regeneration. By exploiting ATF3 reporter systems, we identify topoisomerase inhibitors as ATF3 inducers, including camptothecin. Camptothecin increases ATF3 expression and promotes neurite outgrowth in sensory neurons in vitro and enhances axonal regeneration after sciatic nerve crush in vivo. Given the action of topoisomerases in producing DNA breaks, we determine that they do occur immediately after nerve damage at the ATF3 gene locus in injured sensory neurons and are further increased after camptothecin exposure. Formation of DNA breaks in injured sensory neurons and enhancement of it pharmacologically may contribute to the initiation of those transcriptional changes required for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Cheng
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew Snavely
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lee B Barrett
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xuefei Zhang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Crystal Herman
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Devlin J Frost
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Priscilla Riva
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ivan Tochitsky
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bhagat Singh
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jelena Ivanis
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric A Huebner
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anthony Arvanites
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Vatsal Oza
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Lance Davidow
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Rie Maeda
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Miyuki Sakuma
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alyssa Grantham
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amelia N Chang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathleen Pfaff
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michael Costigan
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Anaesthesia Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lee L Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Bjoern Schwer
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Program in Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Cohen E, Peterson NG, Sawyer JK, Fox DT. Accelerated cell cycles enable organ regeneration under developmental time constraints in the Drosophila hindgut. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2059-2072.e3. [PMID: 34019841 PMCID: PMC8319103 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Individual organ development must be temporally coordinated with development of the rest of the organism. As a result, cell division cycles in a developing organ occur on a relatively fixed timescale. Despite this, many developing organs can regenerate cells lost to injury. How organs regenerate within the time constraints of organism development remains unclear. Here, we show that the developing Drosophila hindgut regenerates by accelerating the mitotic cell cycle. This process is achieved by decreasing G1 length and requires the JAK/STAT ligand unpaired-3. Mitotic capacity is then terminated by the steroid hormone ecdysone receptor and the Sox transcription factor Dichaete. These two factors converge on regulation of a hindgut-specific enhancer of fizzy-related, a negative regulator of mitotic cyclins. Our findings reveal how the cell-cycle machinery and cytokine signaling can be adapted to accomplish developmental organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Cohen
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA
| | - Nora G Peterson
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA
| | - Jessica K Sawyer
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA
| | - Donald T Fox
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA; Regeneration Next Initiative, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA.
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Wang J, Struebing FL, Geisert EE. Commonalities of optic nerve injury and glaucoma-induced neurodegeneration: Insights from transcriptome-wide studies. Exp Eye Res 2021; 207:108571. [PMID: 33844961 PMCID: PMC9890784 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a collection of diseases that lead to an irreversible vision loss due to damage of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Although the underlying events leading to RGC death are not fully understood, recent research efforts are beginning to define the genetic changes that play a critical role in the initiation and progression of glaucomatous injury and RGC death. Several genetic and experimental animal models have been developed to mimic glaucomatous neurodegeneration. These models differ in many respects but all result in the loss of RGCs. Assessing transcriptional changes across different models could provide a more complete perspective on the molecular drivers of RGC degeneration. For the past several decades, changes in the retinal transcriptome during neurodegeneration process were defined using microarray methods, RNA sequencing and now single cell RNA sequencing. It is understood that these methods have strengths and weaknesses due to technical differences and variations in the analytical tools used. In this review, we focus on the use of transcriptome-wide expression profiling of the changes occurring as RGCs are lost across different glaucoma models. Commonalities of optic nerve crush and glaucoma-induced neurodegeneration are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Wang
- Emory Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Felix L. Struebing
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany,Department for Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Eldon E. Geisert
- Emory Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,Corresponding author: (E.E. Geisert)
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26
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Renthal W, Tochitsky I, Yang L, Cheng YC, Li E, Kawaguchi R, Geschwind DH, Woolf CJ. Transcriptional Reprogramming of Distinct Peripheral Sensory Neuron Subtypes after Axonal Injury. Neuron 2020; 108:128-144.e9. [PMID: 32810432 PMCID: PMC7590250 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary somatosensory neurons are specialized to transmit specific types of sensory information through differences in cell size, myelination, and the expression of distinct receptors and ion channels, which together define their transcriptional and functional identity. By profiling sensory ganglia at single-cell resolution, we find that all somatosensory neuronal subtypes undergo a similar transcriptional response to peripheral nerve injury that both promotes axonal regeneration and suppresses cell identity. This transcriptional reprogramming, which is not observed in non-neuronal cells, resolves over a similar time course as target reinnervation and is associated with the restoration of original cell identity. Injury-induced transcriptional reprogramming requires ATF3, a transcription factor that is induced rapidly after injury and necessary for axonal regeneration and functional recovery. Our findings suggest that transcription factors induced early after peripheral nerve injury confer the cellular plasticity required for sensory neurons to transform into a regenerative state.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Renthal
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ivan Tochitsky
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Cir., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lite Yang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Cir., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yung-Chih Cheng
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Cir., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emmy Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Cir., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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27
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Zhao J, Wu C. MiR-463-3p inhibits tibial nerve regeneration via post-transcriptional suppression of SPRR1A. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 47:3631-3637. [PMID: 31468997 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1657874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: miRNAs have been involved in neural development, degeneration, and regeneration. MiR-463-3p is expressed in reproductive and nervous systems. In this study, the role of miR-463-3p in tibial nerve injury and regeneration was explored. Materials and methods: A model of tibial nerve injury was established with the crush method, and the levels of miR-463-3p were detected at days 0, 3, 7, 12, 18 and 24 post-injury. Then, primary tibial nerve cells were isolated from newborn mice, and miR-463-3p was respectively overexpressed and knocked down in cultured cells. Behaviors of tibial nerve cells were detected. Furthermore, bioinformatics technology was used to investigate the underlying mechanism. Results: The expression miR-463-3p was robustly increased in the injured tibial nerve in vivo and in tibial nerve cells treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation. The data on gain- and loss-of-function demonstrated that miR-463-3p negatively regulated including neurite length, percentage of cells with neurites, and cell branching in tibial nerve cells. Small proline-rich repeat protein 1 A (SPRR1A), an identified nerve regeneration associated genes, was identified as a target gene of miR-463-3p. Conclusion: Inhibition of miR-463-3p could increase SPRR1A expression in the tibial nerve tissue and improve regeneration of the tibial nerve post-injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University , Kaifeng , China
| | - Chunfang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University , Kaifeng , China
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28
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Lin28 Signaling Supports Mammalian PNS and CNS Axon Regeneration. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2540-2552.e6. [PMID: 30184489 PMCID: PMC6173831 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins Lin28a/b regulate cellular growth and tissue regeneration. Here, we investigated the role of Lin28 in the control of axon regeneration in postmitotic neurons. We find that Lin28a/b are both necessary and sufficient for supporting axon regeneration in mature sensory neurons through their regulatory partners, let-7 microRNAs (miRNAs). More importantly, overexpression of Lin28a in mature retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) produces robust and sustained optic nerve regeneration. Additionally, combined overexpression of Lin28a and downregulation of Pten in RGCs act additively to promote optic nerve regeneration, potentially by reducing the backward turning of regenerating RGC axons. Our findings not only reveal a vital role of Lin28 signaling in regulating mammalian axon regeneration but also identify a signaling pathway that can promote axon regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Axon regeneration in the mammalian CNS is a challenge. Wang et al. show that the Lin28/let-7 axis plays an important role in governing mammalian axon regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. More importantly, overexpression of Lin28a induces robust and sustained axon regeneration in the CNS.
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Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase and p53 Regulate Mammalian Peripheral Nervous System and CNS Axon Regeneration Downstream of c-Myc. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9107-9118. [PMID: 31597725 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0419-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several genes have been identified to promote axon regeneration in the CNS, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which mammalian axon regeneration is regulated is still limited and fragmented. Here by using female mouse sensory axon and optic nerve regeneration as model systems, we reveal an unexpected role of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in regulation of axon regeneration. We also provide evidence that TERT and p53 act downstream of c-Myc to control sensory axon regeneration. More importantly, overexpression of p53 in sensory neurons and retinal ganglion cells is sufficient to promote sensory axon and optic never regeneration, respectively. The study reveals a novel c-Myc-TERT-p53 signaling pathway, expanding horizons for novel approaches promoting CNS axon regeneration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despite significant progress during the past decade, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which mammalian CNS axon regeneration is regulated is still fragmented. By using sensory axon and optic nerve regeneration as model systems, the study revealed an unexpected role of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in regulation of axon regeneration. The results also delineated a c-Myc-TERT-p53 pathway in controlling axon growth. Last, our results demonstrated that p53 alone was sufficient to promote sensory axon and optic nerve regeneration in vivo Collectively, the study not only revealed a new mechanisms underlying mammalian axon regeneration, but also expanded the pool of potential targets that can be manipulated to enhance CNS axon regeneration.
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30
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Miao Q, Hill MC, Chen F, Mo Q, Ku AT, Ramos C, Sock E, Lefebvre V, Nguyen H. SOX11 and SOX4 drive the reactivation of an embryonic gene program during murine wound repair. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4042. [PMID: 31492871 PMCID: PMC6731344 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury induces changes in cellular identity, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we show that upon damage in a mouse model, epidermal cells at the wound edge convert to an embryonic-like state, altering particularly the cytoskeletal/extracellular matrix (ECM) components and differentiation program. We show that SOX11 and its closest relative SOX4 dictate embryonic epidermal state, regulating genes involved in epidermal development as well as cytoskeletal/ECM organization. Correspondingly, postnatal induction of SOX11 represses epidermal terminal differentiation while deficiency of Sox11 and Sox4 accelerates differentiation and dramatically impairs cell motility and re-epithelialization. Amongst the embryonic genes reactivated at the wound edge, we identify fascin actin-bundling protein 1 (FSCN1) as a critical direct target of SOX11 and SOX4 regulating cell migration. Our study identifies the reactivated embryonic gene program during wound repair and demonstrates that SOX11 and SOX4 play a central role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Miao
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Matthew C Hill
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fengju Chen
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Amy T Ku
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Carlos Ramos
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Elisabeth Sock
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Surgery/Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hoang Nguyen
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, BCM 505, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Permanent disabilities following CNS injuries result from the failure of injured axons to regenerate and rebuild functional connections with their original targets. By contrast, injury to peripheral nerves is followed by robust regeneration, which can lead to recovery of sensory and motor functions. This regenerative response requires the induction of widespread transcriptional and epigenetic changes in injured neurons. Considerable progress has been made in recent years in understanding how peripheral axon injury elicits these widespread changes through the coordinated actions of transcription factors, epigenetic modifiers and, to a lesser extent, microRNAs. Although many questions remain about the interplay between these mechanisms, these new findings provide important insights into the pivotal role of coordinated gene expression and chromatin remodelling in the neuronal response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Mahar
- Department of Neuroscience, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders and Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders and Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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32
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Starobova H, Mueller A, Deuis JR, Carter DA, Vetter I. Inflammatory and Neuropathic Gene Expression Signatures of Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathy Induced by Vincristine, Cisplatin, and Oxaliplatin in C57BL/6J Mice. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 21:182-194. [PMID: 31260808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vincristine, oxaliplatin, and cisplatin are commonly prescribed chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of many tumors. However, a main side effect is chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), which may lead to changes in chemotherapeutic treatment. Although symptoms associated with CIPN are recapitulated by mouse models, there is limited knowledge of how these drugs affect the expression of genes in sensory neurons. The present study carried out a transcriptomic analysis of dorsal root ganglia following vincristine, oxaliplatin, and cisplatin treatment with a view to gain insight into the comparative pathophysiological mechanisms of CIPN. RNA-Seq revealed 368, 295, and 256 differential expressed genes induced by treatment with vincristine, oxaliplatin, and cisplatin, respectively, and only 5 shared genes were dysregulated in all 3 groups. Cell type enrichment analysis and gene set enrichment analysis showed predominant effects on genes associated with the immune system after treatment with vincristine, while oxaliplatin treatment affected mainly neuronal genes. Treatment with cisplatin resulted in a mixed gene expression signature. PERSPECTIVE: These results provide insight into the recruitment of immune responses to dorsal root ganglia and indicate enhanced neuroinflammatory processes following administration of vincristine, oxaliplatin, and cisplatin. These gene expression signatures may provide insight into novel drug targets for treatment of CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Starobova
- Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander Mueller
- Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Deuis
- Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - David A Carter
- Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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34
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Huang J, Ji EH, Zhao X, Cui L, Misuno K, Guo M, Huang Z, Chen X, Hu S. Sox11 promotes head and neck cancer progression via the regulation of SDCCAG8. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:138. [PMID: 30922366 PMCID: PMC6440126 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background SOX11 is a transcription factor that plays an important role in mantle cell lymphoma development. However, its functional role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains unknown. Methods Protein expression was measured with Western blotting, immunohistochemistry or quantitative proteomics, and gene expression was measured with quantitative RT-PCR. Functional role of SOX11 in HNSCC was evaluated with MTS/apoptosis, migration, invasion assays and a xenograft model. A SOX11-targeting gene, SDCCAG8, was confirmed with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), luciferase reporter and rescue assays. Results SOX11 was up-regulated in recurrent versus primary HNSCC and in highly invasive versus low invasive HNSCC cell lines. Silencing SOX11 in HNSCC cell lines significantly inhibited the cell proliferation, migration, invasion and resistance to Cisplatin, and vice versa. Quantitative proteomic analysis of SOX11-silencing HNSCC cells revealed a number of differentially expressed proteins, including a down-regulated tumor antigen SDCCAG8. Silencing of SDCCAG8 in HNSCC cells also significantly inhibited the cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and vice versa. ChIP assays demonstrated that endogenous SOX11 strongly bound to Sdccag8 gene promoter in highly invasive HNSCC cells. When over-expressed in low invasive HNSCC cells, wild type SOX11 but not mutant SOX11 induced the promoter activity of Sdccag8 and significantly induced the expression of SDCCAG8. However, exogenous mutant SOX11 abolished the expression of SDCCAG8 in highly invasive HNSCC cells. In addition, the inhibitory effects of SOX11 knockdown were partially rescued by over-expression of SDCCAG8 in HNSCC cells. Conclusion Collectively, our findings indicate SOX11 promotes HNSCC progression via the regulation of SDCCAG8. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1146-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Huang
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Eoon Hye Ji
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Li Cui
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kaori Misuno
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mian Guo
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Zhigang Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shen Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Danaher RJ, Zhang L, Donley CJ, Laungani NA, Hui SE, Miller CS, Westlund KN. Histone deacetylase inhibitors prevent persistent hypersensitivity in an orofacial neuropathic pain model. Mol Pain 2019; 14:1744806918796763. [PMID: 30178698 PMCID: PMC6124181 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918796763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic orofacial pain is a significant health problem requiring identification
of regulating processes. Involvement of epigenetic modifications that is
reported for hindlimb neuropathic pain experimental models, however, is less
well studied in cranial nerve pain models. Three independent observations
reported here are the (1) epigenetic profile in mouse trigeminal ganglia (TG)
after trigeminal inflammatory compression (TIC) nerve injury mouse model
determined by gene expression microarray, (2) H3K9 acetylation pattern in TG by
immunohistochemistry, and (3) efficacy of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors
to attenuate development of hypersensitivity. After TIC injury, ipsilateral
whisker pad mechanical sensitization develops by day 3 and persists well beyond
day 21 in contrast to sham surgery. Global acetylation of H3K9 decreases at day
21 in ipsilateral TG . Thirty-four genes are significantly
(p < 0.05) overexpressed in the ipsilateral TG by at least
two-fold at either 3 or 21 days post-trigeminal inflammatory compression injury.
The three genes most overexpressed three days post-trigeminal inflammatory
compression nerve injury are nerve regeneration-associated gene ATF3, up
6.8-fold, and two of its regeneration-associated gene effector genes, Sprr1a and
Gal, up 174- and 25-fold, respectively. Although transcription levels of 25 of
32 genes significantly overexpressed three days post-trigeminal inflammatory
compression return to constitutive levels by day 21, these three
regeneration-associated genes remain significantly overexpressed at the later
time point. On day 21, when tissues are healed, other differentially expressed
genes include 39 of the top 50 upregulated and downregulated genes. Remarkably,
preemptive manipulation of gene expression with two HDAC inhibitors (HDACi's),
suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA) and MS-275, reduces the magnitude and duration
of whisker pad mechanical hypersensitivity and prevents the development of a
persistent pain state. These findings suggest that trigeminal nerve injury leads
to epigenetic modifications favoring overexpression of genes involved in nerve
regeneration and that maintaining transcriptional homeostasis with epigenetic
modifying drugs could help prevent the development of persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Danaher
- 1 Department of Oral Health Practice, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Liping Zhang
- 1 Department of Oral Health Practice, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,2 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Connor J Donley
- 2 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Nashwin A Laungani
- 1 Department of Oral Health Practice, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - S Elise Hui
- 3 Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Craig S Miller
- 1 Department of Oral Health Practice, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Karin N Westlund
- 2 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,3 Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Li Y, Struebing FL, Wang J, King R, Geisert EE. Different Effect of Sox11 in Retinal Ganglion Cells Survival and Axon Regeneration. Front Genet 2018; 9:633. [PMID: 30619460 PMCID: PMC6305287 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The present study examines the role of Sox11 in the initial response of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to axon damage and in optic nerve regeneration in mouse. Methods: Markers of retinal injury were identified using the normal retina database and optic nerve crush (ONC) database on GeneNetwork2 (www.genenetwork.org). One gene, Sox11, was highly upregulated following ONC. We examined the role of this transcription factor, Sox11, following ONC and optic nerve regeneration in mice. In situ hybridization was performed using the Affymetrix 2-plex Quantigene View RNA In Situ Hybridization Tissue Assay System. Sox11 was partially knocked out by intravitreal injection of AAV2-CMV-Cre-GFP in Sox11 f/f mice. Optic nerve regeneration model used Pten knockdown. Mice were perfused and the retinas and optic nerves were dissected and examined for RGC survival and axon growth. Results: Sox11 was dramatically upregulated in the retina following ONC injury. The level of Sox11 message increased by approximately eightfold 2 days after ONC. In situ hybridization demonstrated low-level Sox11 message in RGCs and cells in the inner nuclear layer in the normal retina as well as a profound increase in Sox11 message within the ganglion cells following ONC. In Sox11 f/f retinas, partially knocking out Sox11 significantly increased RGC survival after ONC as compared to the AAV2-CMV-GFP control group; however, it had little effect on the ability of axon regeneration. Combinatorial downregulation of both Sox11 and Pten resulted in a significant increase in RGC survival as compared to Pten knockdown only. When Pten was knocked down there was a remarkable increase in the number and the length of regenerating axons. Partially knocking out Sox11 in combination with Pten deletion resulted in a fewer regenerating axons. Conclusion: Taken together, these data demonstrate that Sox11 is involved in the initial response of the retina to injury, playing a role in the early attempts of axon regeneration and neuronal survival. Downregulation of Sox11 aids in RGC survival following injury of optic nerve axons, while a partial knockout of Sox11 negates the axon regeneration stimulated by Pten knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Felix L Struebing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department for Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rebecca King
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eldon E Geisert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Liu Z, Zhong Y, Chen YJ, Chen H. SOX11 regulates apoptosis and cell cycle in hepatocellular carcinoma via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2018; 66:240-246. [PMID: 30517979 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer with high mortality. Identifying key molecules involved in the regulation of HCC development is of great clinical significance. SOX11 is a transcription factor belonging to group C of Sry-related high mobility group box family whose abnormal expression is frequently seen in many kinds of human cancers. Here, we noted that the expression of SOX11 was decreased in human HCC tumors compared with that in matched normal tissues. Overexpression of SOX11 promoted growth inhibition and apoptosis in HCC cell line HuH-7. Mechanistically, SOX11 enhanced the expression of nemo-like kinase and the phosphorylation of TCF4, thereby blunting the activation of oncogenic Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in HuH-7 cells. Finally, SOX11 was also found to sensitize HuH-7 cells to chemotherapy drugs cisplatin and 5-fluorouraci. Therefore, our study identifies SOX11 as a potential tumor suppressor in HCC and may hopefully be beneficial for the clinical diagnosis or treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Intestinal Disease, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Intestinal Disease, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Jian Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Intestinal Disease, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Intestinal Disease, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
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38
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Regulation of Neuroregeneration by Long Noncoding RNAs. Mol Cell 2018; 72:553-567.e5. [PMID: 30401432 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) have regenerative capacity following injury, but it is generally absent in the CNS. This difference is attributed, at least in part, to the intrinsic ability of PNS neurons to activate a unique regenerative transcriptional program following injury. Here, we profiled gene expression following sciatic nerve crush in mice and identified long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that act in the regenerating neurons and which are typically not expressed in other contexts. We show that two of these lncRNAs regulate the extent of neuronal outgrowth. We then focus on one of these, Silc1, and show that it regulates neuroregeneration in cultured cells and in vivo, through cis-acting activation of the transcription factor Sox11.
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39
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Increased Expression of Transcription Factor SRY-box-Containing Gene 11 (Sox11) Enhances Neurite Growth by Regulating Neurotrophic Factor Responsiveness. Neuroscience 2018; 382:93-104. [PMID: 29746989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The peripherally projecting axons of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons readily regenerate after damage while their centrally projecting branches do not regenerate to the same degree after injury. One important reason for this inconsistency is the lack of pro-regeneration gene expression that occurs in DRG neurons after central injury relative to peripheral damage. The transcription factor SRY-box-containing gene 11 (Sox11) may be a crucial player in the regenerative capacity of axons as previous evidence has shown that it is highly upregulated after peripheral axon damage but not after central injury. Studies have also shown that overexpression or inhibition of Sox11 after peripheral nerve damage can promote or block axon regeneration, respectively. To further understand the mechanisms of how Sox11 regulates axon growth, we artificially overexpressed Sox11 in DRG neurons in vitro to determine if increased levels of this transcription factor could enhance neurite growth. We found that Sox11 overexpression significantly enhanced neurite branching in vitro, and specifically induced the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptors, GFRα1 and GFRα3. The upregulation of these receptors by Sox11 overproduction altered the neurite growth patterns of DRG neurons alone and in response to growth factors GDNF and artemin; ligands for GFRα1 and GFRα3, respectively. These data support the role of Sox11 to promote neurite growth by altering responsiveness of neurotrophic factors and may provide mechanistic insight as to why peripheral axons of sensory neurons readily regenerate after injury, but the central projections do not have an extensive regenerative capacity.
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40
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Uttam S, Wong C, Amorim IS, Jafarnejad SM, Tansley SN, Yang J, Prager-Khoutorsky M, Mogil JS, Gkogkas CG, Khoutorsky A. Translational profiling of dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN 2018; 4:35-44. [PMID: 30906902 PMCID: PMC6428075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Translational landscape in DRG and spinal cord in SNI assay of neuropathic pain was established. ERK is a central hub of both transcriptionally and translationally controlled genes. Changes in translation efficiency and mRNA levels occur in the opposite direction for multiple mRNAs.
Acute pain serves as a protective mechanism, guiding the organism away from actual or potential tissue injury. In contrast, chronic pain is a debilitating condition without any obvious physiological function. The transition to, and the maintenance of chronic pain require new gene expression to support biochemical and structural changes within the pain pathway. The regulation of gene expression at the level of mRNA translation has emerged as an important step in the control of protein expression in the cell. Recent studies show that signaling pathways upstream of mRNA translation, such as mTORC1 and ERK, are upregulated in chronic pain conditions, and their inhibition effectively alleviates pain in several animal models. Despite this progress, mRNAs whose translation is altered in chronic pain conditions remain largely unknown. Here, we performed genome-wide translational profiling of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord dorsal horn tissues in a mouse model of neuropathic pain, spared nerve injury (SNI), using the ribosome profiling technique. We identified distinct subsets of mRNAs that are differentially translated in response to nerve injury in both tissues. We discovered key converging upstream regulators and pathways linked to mRNA translational control and neuropathic pain. Our data are crucial for the understanding of mechanisms by which mRNA translation promotes persistent hypersensitivity after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Uttam
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Calvin Wong
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Inês S Amorim
- Patrick Wild Centre and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Seyed Mehdi Jafarnejad
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Shannon N Tansley
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Jieyi Yang
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | | | - Jeffrey S Mogil
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 1B1, Canada.,Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Christos G Gkogkas
- Patrick Wild Centre and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Arkady Khoutorsky
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada.,Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0G1, Canada
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41
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Polycomb protein family member CBX7 regulates intrinsic axon growth and regeneration. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1598-1611. [PMID: 29459770 PMCID: PMC6143612 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) lose their intrinsic ability and fail to regenerate, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, which include PRC1 and PRC2 complexes function as gene repressors and are involved in many biological processes. Here we report that PRC1 components (polycomb chromobox (CBX) 2, 7, and 8) are novel regulators of axon growth and regeneration. Especially, knockdown of CBX7 in either embryonic cortical neurons or adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons enhances their axon growth ability. Two important transcription factors GATA4 and SOX11 are functional downstream targets of CBX7 in controlling axon regeneration. Moreover, knockdown of GATA4 or SOX11 in cultured DRG neurons inhibits axon regeneration response from CBX7 downregulation in DRG neurons. These findings suggest that targeting CBX signaling pathway may be a novel approach for promoting the intrinsic regenerative capacity of damaged CNS neurons.
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42
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Gey M, Wanner R, Schilling C, Pedro MT, Sinske D, Knöll B. Atf3 mutant mice show reduced axon regeneration and impaired regeneration-associated gene induction after peripheral nerve injury. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160091. [PMID: 27581653 PMCID: PMC5008009 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon injury in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) induces a regeneration-associated gene (RAG) response. Atf3 (activating transcription factor 3) is such a RAG and ATF3's transcriptional activity might induce ‘effector’ RAGs (e.g. small proline rich protein 1a (Sprr1a), Galanin (Gal), growth-associated protein 43 (Gap43)) facilitating peripheral axon regeneration. We provide a first analysis of Atf3 mouse mutants in peripheral nerve regeneration. In Atf3 mutant mice, facial nerve regeneration and neurite outgrowth of adult ATF3-deficient primary dorsal root ganglia neurons was decreased. Using genome-wide transcriptomics, we identified a neuropeptide-encoding RAG cluster (vasoactive intestinal peptide (Vip), Ngf, Grp, Gal, Pacap) regulated by ATF3. Exogenous administration of neuropeptides enhanced neurite growth of Atf3 mutant mice suggesting that these molecules might be effector RAGs of ATF3's pro-regenerative function. In addition to the induction of growth-promoting molecules, we present data that ATF3 suppresses growth-inhibiting molecules such as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2. In summary, we show a pro-regenerative ATF3 function during PNS nerve regeneration involving transcriptional activation of a neuropeptide-encoding RAG cluster. ATF3 is a general injury-inducible factor, therefore ATF3-mediated mechanisms identified herein might apply to other cell and injury types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gey
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Renate Wanner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Corinna Schilling
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria T Pedro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniela Sinske
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Knöll
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Struebing FL, Wang J, Li Y, King R, Mistretta OC, English AW, Geisert EE. Differential Expression of Sox11 and Bdnf mRNA Isoforms in the Injured and Regenerating Nervous Systems. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:354. [PMID: 29209164 PMCID: PMC5701613 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), axonal injury induces changes in neuronal gene expression. In the PNS, a relatively well-characterized alteration in transcriptional activation is known to promote axonal regeneration. This transcriptional cascade includes the neurotrophin Bdnf and the transcription factor Sox11. Although both molecules act to facilitate successful axon regeneration in the PNS, this process does not occur in the CNS. The present study examines the differential expression of Sox11 and Bdnf mRNA isoforms in the PNS and CNS using three experimental paradigms at different time points: (i) the acutely injured CNS (retina after optic nerve crush) and PNS (dorsal root ganglion after sciatic nerve crush), (ii) a CNS regeneration model (retina after optic nerve crush and induced regeneration); and (iii) the retina during a chronic form of central neurodegeneration (the DBA/2J glaucoma model). We find an initial increase of Sox11 in both PNS and CNS after injury; however, the expression of Bdnf isoforms is higher in the PNS relative to the CNS. Sustained upregulation of Sox11 is seen in the injured retina following regeneration treatment, while the expression of two Bdnf mRNA isoforms is suppressed. Furthermore, two isoforms of Sox11 with different 3′UTR lengths are present in the retina, and the long isoform is specifically upregulated in later stages of glaucoma. These results provide insight into the molecular cascades active during axonal injury and regeneration in mammalian neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix L Struebing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rebecca King
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Olivia C Mistretta
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Arthur W English
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eldon E Geisert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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44
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SoxC transcription factors: multifunctional regulators of neurodevelopment. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:91-103. [PMID: 29079881 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During development, generation of neurons is coordinated by the sequential activation of gene expression programs by stage- and subtype-specific transcription factor networks. The SoxC group transcription factors, Sox4 and Sox11, have recently emerged as critical components of this network. Initially identified as survival and differentiation factors for neural precursors, SoxC factors have now been linked to a broader array of developmental processes including neuronal subtype specification, migration, dendritogenesis and establishment of neuronal projections, and are now being employed in experimental strategies for neuronal replacement and axonal regeneration in the diseased central nervous system. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding SoxC factor function in CNS development and disease and their promise for regeneration.
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45
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Sayad Fathi S, Zaminy A. Stem cell therapy for nerve injury. World J Stem Cells 2017; 9:144-151. [PMID: 29026460 PMCID: PMC5620423 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v9.i9.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury has remained a substantial clinical complication with no satisfactory treatment options. Despite the great development in the field of microsurgery, some severe types of neural injuries cannot be treated without causing tension to the injured nerve. Thus, current studies have focused on the new approaches for the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. Stem cells with the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types have brought a new perspective to this matter. In this review, we will discuss the use of three main sources of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sayad Fathi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht 41996-13769, Iran
| | - Arash Zaminy
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht 41996-13769, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht 41996-13769, Iran.
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46
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Norsworthy MW, Bei F, Kawaguchi R, Wang Q, Tran NM, Li Y, Brommer B, Zhang Y, Wang C, Sanes JR, Coppola G, He Z. Sox11 Expression Promotes Regeneration of Some Retinal Ganglion Cell Types but Kills Others. Neuron 2017. [PMID: 28641110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
At least 30 types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) send distinct messages through the optic nerve to the brain. Available strategies of promoting axon regeneration act on only some of these types. Here we tested the hypothesis that overexpressing developmentally important transcription factors in adult RGCs could reprogram them to a "youthful" growth-competent state and promote regeneration of other types. From a screen of transcription factors, we identified Sox11 as one that could induce substantial axon regeneration. Transcriptome profiling indicated that Sox11 activates genes involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and axon growth. Remarkably, α-RGCs, which preferentially regenerate following treatments such as Pten deletion, were killed by Sox11 overexpression. Thus, Sox11 promotes regeneration of non-α-RGCs, which are refractory to Pten deletion-induced regeneration. We conclude that Sox11 can reprogram adult RGCs to a growth-competent state, suggesting that different growth-promoting interventions promote regeneration in distinct neuronal types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Norsworthy
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; PhD Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fengfeng Bei
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA
| | - Nicholas M Tran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yi Li
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benedikt Brommer
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yiming Zhang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA; Department of Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA.
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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47
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Mu Z, Zhang S, He C, Hou H, Liu D, Hu N, Xu H. Expression of SoxC Transcription Factors during Zebrafish Retinal and Optic Nerve Regeneration. Neurosci Bull 2016; 33:53-61. [PMID: 27743342 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The SoxC transcription factors (Sox4, Sox11, and Sox12) play important roles in the development of the vertebrate eye and retina. However, their expression and function during retinal and optic nerve regeneration remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the expression and possible functions of the SoxC genes after retinal and optic nerve injury in adult zebrafish. We found that among the five SoxC members, Sox11b was strongly induced in BrdU-positive cells in the inner nuclear layer (INL) after retinal injury, and morpholino-mediated Sox11b-knockdown significantly reduced the number of proliferating cells in the INL at 4 days post-injury. After optic nerve lesion, both Sox11a and Sox11b were strongly expressed in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and knockdown of both Sox11a and Sox11b inhibited RGC axon regrowth in retinal explants. Our study thus uncovered a novel expression pattern of SoxC family genes after retinal and optic nerve injury, and suggests that they have important functions during retinal and optic nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Mu
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Shuqiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chunjiao He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Haitao Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Hui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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48
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Advances and Future Applications of Augmented Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091494. [PMID: 27618010 PMCID: PMC5037771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries remain a significant source of long lasting morbidity, disability, and economic costs. Much research continues to be performed in areas related to improving the surgical outcomes of peripheral nerve repair. In this review, the physiology of peripheral nerve regeneration and the multitude of efforts to improve surgical outcomes are discussed. Improvements in tissue engineering that have allowed for the use of synthetic conduits seeded with neurotrophic factors are highlighted. Selected pre-clinical and available clinical data using cell based methods such as Schwann cell, undifferentiated, and differentiated stem cell transplantation to guide and enhance peripheral nerve regeneration are presented. The limitations that still exist in the utility of neurotrophic factors and cell-based therapies are outlined. Strategies that are most promising for translation into the clinical arena are suggested.
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Waldron-Roby E, Hoerauf J, Arbez N, Zhu S, Kulcsar K, Ross CA. Sox11 Reduces Caspase-6 Cleavage and Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141439. [PMID: 26505998 PMCID: PMC4624725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptotic cascade is an orchestrated event, whose final stages are mediated by effector caspases. Regulatory binding proteins have been identified for caspases such as caspase-3, -7, -8, and -9. Many of these proteins belong to the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family. By contrast, caspase-6 is not believed to be influenced by IAPs, and little is known about its regulation. We therefore performed a yeast-two-hybrid screen using a constitutively inactive form of caspase-6 for bait in order to identify novel regulators of caspase-6 activity. Sox11 was identified as a potential caspase-6 interacting protein. Sox11 was capable of dramatically reducing caspase-6 activity, as well as preventing caspase-6 self- cleavage. Several regions, including amino acids 117-214 and 362-395 within sox11 as well as a nuclear localization signal (NLS) all contributed to the reduction in caspase-6 activity. Furthermore, sox11 was also capable of decreasing other effector caspase activity but not initiator caspases -8 and -9. The ability of sox11 to reduce effector caspase activity was also reflected in its capacity to reduce cell death following toxic insult. Interestingly, other sox proteins also had the ability to reduce caspase-6 activity but to a lesser extent than sox11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Waldron-Roby
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CMSC 8-121, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States of America
| | - Janine Hoerauf
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CMSC 8-121, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Arbez
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CMSC 8-121, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States of America
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CMSC 8-121, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States of America
| | - Kirsten Kulcsar
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CMSC 8-121, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CMSC 8-121, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CMSC 8-121, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CMSC 8-121, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CMSC 8-121, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States of America
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CMSC 8-121, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Fagoe ND, Attwell CL, Kouwenhoven D, Verhaagen J, Mason MRJ. Overexpression of ATF3 or the combination of ATF3, c-Jun, STAT3 and Smad1 promotes regeneration of the central axon branch of sensory neurons but without synergistic effects. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6788-800. [PMID: 26385639 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury results in the activation of a number of transcription factors (TFs) in injured neurons, some of which may be key regulators of the regeneration-associated gene (RAG) programme. Among known RAG TFs, ATF3, Smad1, STAT3 and c-Jun have all been linked to successful axonal regeneration and have known functional and physical interactions. We hypothesised that TF expression would promote regeneration of the central axon branch of DRG neurons in the absence of a peripheral nerve lesion and that simultaneous overexpression of multiple RAG TFs would lead to greater effects than delivery of a single TF. Using adeno-associated viral vectors, we overexpressed either the combination of ATF3, Smad1, STAT3 and c-Jun with farnesylated GFP (fGFP), ATF3 only with fGFP, or fGFP only, in DRG neurons and assessed axonal regeneration after dorsal root transection or dorsal column injury and functional improvement after dorsal root injury. ATF3 alone and the combination of TFs promoted faster regeneration in the injured dorsal root. Surprisingly, however, the combination did not perform better than ATF3 alone. Neither treatment was able to induce functional improvement on sensory tests after dorsal root injury or promote regeneration in a dorsal column injury model. The lack of synergistic effects among these factors indicates that while they do increase the speed of axon growth, there may be functional redundancy between these TFs. Because axon growth is considerably less than that seen after a conditioning lesion, it appears these TFs do not induce the full regeneration programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish D Fagoe
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam 1105BA, The Netherlands and
| | - Callan L Attwell
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam 1105BA, The Netherlands and
| | - Dorette Kouwenhoven
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam 1105BA, The Netherlands and
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam 1105BA, The Netherlands and Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew R J Mason
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam 1105BA, The Netherlands and
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