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Cooper-Knock J, Robins H, Niedermoser I, Wyles M, Heath PR, Higginbottom A, Walsh T, Kazoka M, Ince PG, Hautbergue GM, McDermott CJ, Kirby J, Shaw PJ. Targeted Genetic Screen in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Reveals Novel Genetic Variants with Synergistic Effect on Clinical Phenotype. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:370. [PMID: 29170628 PMCID: PMC5684183 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is underpinned by an oligogenic rare variant architecture. Identified genetic variants of ALS include RNA-binding proteins containing prion-like domains (PrLDs). We hypothesized that screening genes encoding additional similar proteins will yield novel genetic causes of ALS. The most common genetic variant of ALS patients is a G4C2-repeat expansion within C9ORF72. We have shown that G4C2-repeat RNA sequesters RNA-binding proteins. A logical consequence of this is that loss-of-function mutations in G4C2-binding partners might contribute to ALS pathogenesis independently of and/or synergistically with C9ORF72 expansions. Targeted sequencing of genomic DNA encoding either RNA-binding proteins or known ALS genes (n = 274 genes) was performed in ALS patients to identify rare deleterious genetic variants and explore genotype-phenotype relationships. Genomic DNA was extracted from 103 ALS patients including 42 familial ALS patients and 61 young-onset (average age of onset 41 years) sporadic ALS patients; patients were chosen to maximize the probability of identifying genetic causes of ALS. Thirteen patients carried a G4C2-repeat expansion of C9ORF72. We identified 42 patients with rare deleterious variants; 6 patients carried more than one variant. Twelve mutations were discovered in known ALS genes which served as a validation of our strategy. Rare deleterious variants in RNA-binding proteins were significantly enriched in ALS patients compared to control frequencies (p = 5.31E-18). Nineteen patients featured at least one variant in a RNA-binding protein containing a PrLD. The number of variants per patient correlated with rate of disease progression (t-test, p = 0.033). We identified eighteen patients with a single variant in a G4C2-repeat binding protein. Patients with a G4C2-binding protein variant in combination with a C9ORF72 expansion had a significantly faster disease course (t-test, p = 0.025). Our data are consistent with an oligogenic model of ALS. We provide evidence for a number of entirely novel genetic variants of ALS caused by mutations in RNA-binding proteins. Moreover we show that these mutations act synergistically with each other and with C9ORF72 expansions to modify the clinical phenotype of ALS. A key finding is that this synergy is present only between functionally interacting variants. This work has significant implications for ALS therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Cooper-Knock
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Suna and Inan Kirac Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Population Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, St. Luke's Campus, Magdalen Street, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; SURFsara, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Emory University, Atlanta, United States; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Université de Limoges, France; Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Universita degli Studi dei Torino, Turin, Italy; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Kantonspittal St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Henry Robins
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Suna and Inan Kirac Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Population Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, St. Luke's Campus, Magdalen Street, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; SURFsara, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Emory University, Atlanta, United States; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Université de Limoges, France; Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Universita degli Studi dei Torino, Turin, Italy; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Kantonspittal St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabell Niedermoser
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Suna and Inan Kirac Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Population Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, St. Luke's Campus, Magdalen Street, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; SURFsara, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Emory University, Atlanta, United States; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Université de Limoges, France; Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Universita degli Studi dei Torino, Turin, Italy; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Kantonspittal St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matthew Wyles
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Suna and Inan Kirac Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Population Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, St. Luke's Campus, Magdalen Street, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; SURFsara, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Emory University, Atlanta, United States; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Université de Limoges, France; Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Universita degli Studi dei Torino, Turin, Italy; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Kantonspittal St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul R Heath
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Suna and Inan Kirac Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Population Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, St. Luke's Campus, Magdalen Street, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; SURFsara, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Emory University, Atlanta, United States; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Université de Limoges, France; Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Universita degli Studi dei Torino, Turin, Italy; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Kantonspittal St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Adrian Higginbottom
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Suna and Inan Kirac Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Population Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, St. Luke's Campus, Magdalen Street, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; SURFsara, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Emory University, Atlanta, United States; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Université de Limoges, France; Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Universita degli Studi dei Torino, Turin, Italy; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Kantonspittal St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Theresa Walsh
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Suna and Inan Kirac Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Population Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, St. Luke's Campus, Magdalen Street, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; SURFsara, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Emory University, Atlanta, United States; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Université de Limoges, France; Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Universita degli Studi dei Torino, Turin, Italy; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Kantonspittal St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mbombe Kazoka
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Suna and Inan Kirac Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Population Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, St. Luke's Campus, Magdalen Street, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; SURFsara, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Emory University, Atlanta, United States; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Université de Limoges, France; Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Universita degli Studi dei Torino, Turin, Italy; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Kantonspittal St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paul G Ince
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Suna and Inan Kirac Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Population Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, St. Luke's Campus, Magdalen Street, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; SURFsara, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Emory University, Atlanta, United States; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Université de Limoges, France; Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Universita degli Studi dei Torino, Turin, Italy; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Kantonspittal St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Guillaume M Hautbergue
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Suna and Inan Kirac Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Population Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, St. Luke's Campus, Magdalen Street, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; SURFsara, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Emory University, Atlanta, United States; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Université de Limoges, France; Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Universita degli Studi dei Torino, Turin, Italy; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Kantonspittal St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Christopher J McDermott
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Suna and Inan Kirac Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Population Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, St. Luke's Campus, Magdalen Street, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; SURFsara, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Emory University, Atlanta, United States; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Université de Limoges, France; Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Universita degli Studi dei Torino, Turin, Italy; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Kantonspittal St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Janine Kirby
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Suna and Inan Kirac Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Population Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, St. Luke's Campus, Magdalen Street, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; SURFsara, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Emory University, Atlanta, United States; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Université de Limoges, France; Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Universita degli Studi dei Torino, Turin, Italy; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Kantonspittal St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Suna and Inan Kirac Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Department, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; Population Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter University, St. Luke's Campus, Magdalen Street, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, IoPPN, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; SURFsara, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Emory University, Atlanta, United States; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium; Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Université de Limoges, France; Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Universita degli Studi dei Torino, Turin, Italy; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Kantonspittal St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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