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de Oliveira KB, Goes AC, Silva AD, Vieira PC, Rodrigues A. Fungal Cultivars of Higher Attine Ants Promote Escovopsis Chemotropism. Curr Microbiol 2023; 81:37. [PMID: 38063979 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
In varied environments, microorganisms search for partners or nutritional resources using chemical signals. Microbes are drawn (chemotaxis) or grow directionally (chemotropism) towards the chemical source, enabling them to establish and maintain symbiosis. The hypocrealean fungi Escovopsis enhance their growth towards the basidiomycete fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which is cultivated by leaf-cutting attine ants for food. Although directional growth is well documented in this symbiosis, it is unclear whether non-volatile or volatile organic compounds participate in the interaction between cultivar and Escovopsis, and which specific chemical compounds might attract and induce chemotropism. In this study, we examined the growth responses of Escovopsis isolates to non-volatile and volatile organic compounds produced by fungal cultivars of higher attine ants. We also isolated and identified molecules released by the ant-cultivar and assessed the chemotropism of Escovopsis towards them. Our results indicate that the growth of Escovopsis is stimulated in the presence of both non-volatile and volatile compounds from fungal cultivars. We also identified three isomeric diketopiperazines molecules from crude extracts of the ant cultivar, suggesting that these might play a role in Escovopsis chemotropism. Our findings provide insights into the complex chemical interactions that govern the association between Escovopsis and fungal cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina B de Oliveira
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Aryel C Goes
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Airton D Silva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Vieira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre Rodrigues
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Heffernan D, Pilz M, Klein M, Haack M, Race AM, Brück T, Qoura F, Strittmatter N. Screening of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from liquid fungal cultures using ambient mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04769-6. [PMID: 37389599 PMCID: PMC10329071 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The potential of fungi for use as biotechnological factories in the production of a range of valuable metabolites, such as enzymes, terpenes, and volatile aroma compounds, is high. Unlike other microorganisms, fungi mostly secrete secondary metabolites into the culture medium, allowing for easy extraction and analysis. To date, the most commonly used technique in the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is gas chromatography, which is time and labour consuming. We propose an alternative ambient screening method that provides rapid chemical information for characterising the VOCs of filamentous fungi in liquid culture using a commercially available ambient dielectric barrier discharge ionisation (DBDI) source connected to a quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The effects of method parameters on measured peak intensities of a series of 8 selected aroma standards were optimised with the best conditions being selected for sample analysis. The developed method was then deployed to the screening of VOCs from samples of 13 fungal strains in three different types of complex growth media showing clear differences in VOC profiles across the different media, enabling determination of best culturing conditions for each compound-strain combination. Our findings underline the applicability of ambient DBDI for the direct detection and comparison of aroma compounds produced by filamentous fungi in liquid culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Heffernan
- Department of Biosciences, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany
| | - Melania Pilz
- Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany
| | - Marco Klein
- Department of Biosciences, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany
| | - Martina Haack
- Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany
| | - Alan M Race
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brück
- Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany
| | - Farah Qoura
- Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany
| | - Nicole Strittmatter
- Department of Biosciences, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany.
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3
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Almeida OAC, de Araujo NO, Dias BHS, de Sant’Anna Freitas C, Coerini LF, Ryu CM, de Castro Oliveira JV. The power of the smallest: The inhibitory activity of microbial volatile organic compounds against phytopathogens. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:951130. [PMID: 36687575 PMCID: PMC9845590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.951130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by phytopathogens result in huge economic losses in agriculture. In addition, the use of chemical products to control such diseases causes many problems to the environment and to human health. However, some bacteria and fungi have a mutualistic relationship with plants in nature, mainly exchanging nutrients and protection. Thus, exploring those beneficial microorganisms has been an interesting and promising alternative for mitigating the use of agrochemicals and, consequently, achieving a more sustainable agriculture. Microorganisms are able to produce and excrete several metabolites, but volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have huge biotechnology potential. Microbial VOCs are small molecules from different chemical classes, such as alkenes, alcohols, ketones, organic acids, terpenes, benzenoids and pyrazines. Interestingly, volatilomes are species-specific and also change according to microbial growth conditions. The interaction of VOCs with other organisms, such as plants, insects, and other bacteria and fungi, can cause a wide range of effects. In this review, we show that a large variety of plant pathogens are inhibited by microbial VOCs with a focus on the in vitro and in vivo inhibition of phytopathogens of greater scientific and economic importance in agriculture, such as Ralstonia solanacearum, Botrytis cinerea, Xanthomonas and Fusarium species. In this scenario, some genera of VOC-producing microorganisms stand out as antagonists, including Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia and Streptomyces. We also highlight the known molecular and physiological mechanisms by which VOCs inhibit the growth of phytopathogens. Microbial VOCs can provoke many changes in these microorganisms, such as vacuolization, fungal hyphal rupture, loss of intracellular components, regulation of metabolism and pathogenicity genes, plus the expression of proteins important in the host response. Furthermore, we demonstrate that there are aspects to investigate by discussing questions that are still not very clear in this research area, especially those that are essential for the future use of such beneficial microorganisms as biocontrol products in field crops. Therefore, we bring to light the great biotechnological potential of VOCs to help make agriculture more sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octávio Augusto Costa Almeida
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Natália Oliveira de Araujo
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Bruno Henrique Silva Dias
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carla de Sant’Anna Freitas
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luciane Fender Coerini
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea,Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil,*Correspondence: Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira,
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Verma A, Shameem N, Jatav HS, Sathyanarayana E, Parray JA, Poczai P, Sayyed RZ. Fungal Endophytes to Combat Biotic and Abiotic Stresses for Climate-Smart and Sustainable Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:953836. [PMID: 35865289 PMCID: PMC9294639 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.953836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural sustainability concept considers higher food production combating biotic and abiotic stresses, socio-economic well-being, and environmental conservation. On the contrary, global warming-led climatic changes have appalling consequences on agriculture, generating shifting rainfall patterns, high temperature, CO2, drought, etc., prompting abiotic stress conditions for plants. Such stresses abandon the plants to thrive, demoting food productivity and ultimately hampering food security. Though environmental issues are natural and cannot be regulated, plants can still be enabled to endure these abnormal abiotic conditions, reinforcing the stress resilience in an eco-friendly fashion by incorporating fungal endophytes. Endophytic fungi are a group of subtle, non-pathogenic microorganisms establishing a mutualistic association with diverse plant species. Their varied association with the host plant under dynamic environments boosts the endogenic tolerance mechanism of the host plant against various stresses via overall modulations of local and systemic mechanisms accompanied by higher antioxidants secretion, ample enough to scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) hence, coping over-expression of defensive redox regulatory system of host plant as an aversion to stressed condition. They are also reported to ameliorate plants toward biotic stress mitigation and elevate phytohormone levels forging them worthy enough to be used as biocontrol agents and as biofertilizers against various pathogens, promoting crop improvement and soil improvement, respectively. This review summarizes the present-day conception of the endophytic fungi, their diversity in various crops, and the molecular mechanism behind abiotic and biotic resistance prompting climate-resilient aided sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Verma
- Amity Institute of Horticulture Studies and Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Nowsheen Shameem
- Department of Environmental Science, S.P. College, Srinagar, India
| | - Hanuman Singh Jatav
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Javid A. Parray
- Department of Environmental Science, Government Degree College Eidgah, Srinagar, India
| | - Peter Poczai
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R. Z. Sayyed
- Department of Microbiology, PSGVP Mandal’s SI Patil Arts, GB Patel Science and STKV Sangh Commerce College, Shahada, India
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Piesik D, Lemańczyk G, Bocianowski J, Buszewski B, Vidal S, Mayhew CA. Induction of volatile organic compounds in Triticum aestivum (wheat) plants following infection by different Rhizoctonia pathogens is species specific. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 198:113162. [PMID: 35278419 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The most popular means of plant protection is the chemical method, but this control is often connected with the need for repeating chemical treatments. Thus, eco-friendly strategies should be developed where, under the European Green Deal, aromatic plants and their repellent properties seem to constitute a good alternative. In earlier studies, we have shown that insect injury, bacteria infestation and pathogen infection induce plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission, which can provide defensive functions to plants. In this study, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae) cv. 'Jenga' wheat plants were intentionally infected with one of four Rhizoctonia species (R. cerealis, R. solani, R. zeae, and R. oryzae). The soil was inoculated by the pathogens during sowing, whereas shoots were inoculated at stage BBCH 33. In greenhouse experiments, we measured VOCs from wheat 3, 7 and 11 days following stem infestation, or 42 days following soil inoculation of Rhizoctonia spp. VOC emissions were found to be largest on days 7 or 11 post-stem inoculation (>3 days post-stem inoculation >42 days post-soil inoculation). T. aestivum infected by pathogens induced five common green leaf volatiles (GLVs), namely (Z)-3-hexenal = (Z)-3-HAL, (E)-2-hexenal = (E)-2-HAL, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol = (Z)-3- HOL, (E)-2-hexenol = (E)-2-HOL, (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate = (Z)-3-HAC], six common terpenes (β-pinene = β-PIN, β-myrcene = β-MYR, Z-ocimene = Z-OCI, linalool = LIN, benzyl acetate = BAC, β-caryophyllene = β-CAR), and indole = IND. We found that R. cerealis infested T. aestivum emitted the largest amounts of (Z)-3-HAL and (Z)-3-HAC, while T. aestivum infested by R. solani released the largest amount of LIN (7 or 11 days following stem infestation). VOCs released by the T. aestivum after R. cerealis (AGD I) and R. solani (AG 5) infestations were significantly larger in comparison to R. zeae (WAG-Z) and R. oryzae (WAG-O) for the volatiles (Z)-3-HAL, (E)-2-HAL, (Z)-3-HOL, (E)-2-HOL, (Z)-3-HAC, β-PIN, β-MYR, and LIN. With the exception of (E)-2-HOL, β-MYR, LIN, BAC, β-CAR, the other VOCs were emitted in similar amounts by infected T. aestivum 3 days following stem and soil inoculation. The quantities of induced VOCs were higher at days 7 and 11 than at 3 days post-infection, and greater when T. aestivum was infected with Rhizoctonia on the stem base than through the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Piesik
- Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology and Plant Protection, 7 Prof. Kaliskiego Ave., 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Lemańczyk
- Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology and Plant Protection, 7 Prof. Kaliskiego Ave., 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jan Bocianowski
- Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, 28 Wojska Polskiego, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Environmental Chemistry Bioanalytics, 7 Gagarina, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Stefan Vidal
- Georg-August-University Goettingen, Department of Crop Sciences, Agricultural, Entomology, 6 Grisebachstrasse, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- University of Innsbruck and Tiroler Krebsforschungsinstitut (TKFI), Innrain 66, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Rao Y, Zeng L, Jiang H, Mei L, Wang Y. Trichoderma atroviride LZ42 releases volatile organic compounds promoting plant growth and suppressing Fusarium wilt disease in tomato seedlings. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:88. [PMID: 35382732 PMCID: PMC8981656 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The promotion of plant growth and suppression of plant disease using beneficial microorganisms is considered an alternative to the application of chemical fertilizers or pesticides in the field. Results A coconut-scented antagonistic Trichoderma strain LZ42, previously isolated from Ganoderma lucidum-cultivated soil, was investigated for biostimulatory and biocontrol functions in tomato seedlings. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses suggested that strain LZ42 is closely related to T. atroviride. Tomato seedlings showed increased aerial and root dry weights in greenhouse trials after treatment with T. atroviride LZ42 formulated in talc, indicating the biostimulatory function of this fungus. T. atroviride LZ42 effectively suppressed Fusarium wilt disease in tomato seedlings, with an 82.69% control efficiency, which is similar to that of the carbendazim treatment. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by T. atroviride LZ42 were found to affect the primary root growth direction and promote the root growth of tomato seedlings in root Y-tube olfactometer assays. The fungal VOCs from T. atroviride LZ42 were observed to significantly inhibit F. oxysporum in a sandwiched Petri dish assay. SPME–GC–MS analysis revealed several VOCs emitted by T. atroviride LZ42; the dominant compound was tentatively identified as 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6-PP). The VOC 6-PP exhibited a stronger ability to influence the direction of the primary roots of tomato seedlings but not the length of the primary roots. The inhibitory effect of 6-PP on F. oxysporum was the highest among the tested pure VOCs, showing a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 5.76 μL mL−1 headspace. Conclusions Trichoderma atroviride LZ42, which emits VOCs with multiple functions, is a promising agent for the biostimulation of vegetable plants and integrated management of Fusarium wilt disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02511-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Rao
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Linzhou Zeng
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Li Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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Gardner CM, Gerhard WA, Redfern LK, Gunsch CK. Evaluation of developing maize microbiomes and associations among nitrogen cyclers and key fungal taxa. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35319433 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
More sustainable approaches to agriculture are urgently needed to protect existing resources and optimize crop yields and to provide food for a growing global human population. More sustainable agricultural practices that utilize plant-microbe relationships across cultivation are urgently needed. The main objectives of this study were to track the prokaryotic and fungal microbiomes associated with key growth stages of developing maize to evaluate the relationships among nitrogen cycling bacteria and major fungal genera including those known to contain arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and other important taxa. Prokaryotic and fungal microbiomes associated with bulk soils, rhizosphere soils and tissues of developing maize were characterized using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Similarities in microbiome diversity and abundance were compared to sample metadata to explore the influence of external factors on microbiome development. Correlations among target fungal taxa, bulk bacteria and nitrogen cycling bacteria were determined using non-parametric Spearman correlations. Important maize-associated fungal taxa were detected in all samples across growth stages, with Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus fungi comprising up to 4.21, 4.26 and 0.28% of all fungal genera, respectively. Thirteen statistically significant correlations between nitrogen cycling genera and targeted fungal genera were also identified (r S≥0.70 or r S≤-0.70; P<0.05). This study is the first to note a strong positive association among several nitrifying bacteria and Fusarium (R=0.71; P=0.0046), Aspergillus (R=0.71; P=0.0055) and Cladosporium spcies (R=0.74; P=0.0038), suggesting the levels of soil nitrate, nitrite or nitrification intermediates may have large roles in the proliferation of important maize-associated fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Gardner
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,Present address: Washington State University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 405 Spokane St., PO Box 642910, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - William A Gerhard
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lauren K Redfern
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,Present address: Florida Gulf Coast University, Environmental and Civil Engineering, 10501 FGCU Blvd. South, Ft. Myers, FL 33965, USA
| | - Claudia K Gunsch
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,Present address: Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Taylor L, Gutierrez S, McCormick SP, Bakker MG, Proctor RH, Teresi J, Kurtzman B, Hao G, Vaughan MM. Use of the volatile trichodiene to reduce Fusarium head blight and trichothecene contamination in wheat. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:513-527. [PMID: 33528888 PMCID: PMC8867995 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the primary cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB), one of the most economically important diseases of wheat worldwide. FHB reduces yield and contaminates grain with the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), which poses a risk to plant, human and animal health. The first committed step in trichothecene biosynthesis is formation of trichodiene (TD). The volatile nature of TD suggests that it could be a useful intra or interspecies signalling molecule, but little is known about the potential signalling role of TD during F. graminearum-wheat interactions. Previous work using a transgenic Trichoderma harzianum strain engineered to emit TD (Th + TRI5) indicated that TD can function as a signal that can modulate pathogen virulence and host plant resistance. Herein, we demonstrate that Th + TRI5 has enhanced biocontrol activity against F. graminearum and reduced DON contamination by 66% and 70% in a moderately resistant and a susceptible cultivar, respectively. While Th + TRI5 volatiles significantly influenced the expression of the pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) gene, the effect was dependent on cultivar. Th + TRI5 volatiles strongly reduced DON production in F. graminearum plate cultures and downregulated the expression of TRI genes. Finally, we confirm that TD fumigation reduced DON accumulation in a detached wheat head assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Taylor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research UnitNational Center for Agricultural Utilization ResearchUnited States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service1815 N University StPeoriaIL61604USA
| | - Santiago Gutierrez
- Molecular Biology DepartmentUniversity of LeonCampus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n 24400PonferradaSpain
| | - Susan P. McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research UnitNational Center for Agricultural Utilization ResearchUnited States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service1815 N University StPeoriaIL61604USA
| | - Matthew G. Bakker
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research UnitNational Center for Agricultural Utilization ResearchUnited States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service1815 N University StPeoriaIL61604USA
- Present address:
Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Manitoba45 Chancellor’s CircleWinnipegMBR3T 2N2Canada
| | - Robert H. Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research UnitNational Center for Agricultural Utilization ResearchUnited States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service1815 N University StPeoriaIL61604USA
| | - Jennifer Teresi
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research UnitNational Center for Agricultural Utilization ResearchUnited States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service1815 N University StPeoriaIL61604USA
| | - Ben Kurtzman
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research UnitNational Center for Agricultural Utilization ResearchUnited States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service1815 N University StPeoriaIL61604USA
| | - Guixia Hao
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research UnitNational Center for Agricultural Utilization ResearchUnited States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service1815 N University StPeoriaIL61604USA
| | - Martha M. Vaughan
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research UnitNational Center for Agricultural Utilization ResearchUnited States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service1815 N University StPeoriaIL61604USA
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9
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Biological Control and Plant Growth Promotion by Volatile Organic Compounds of Trichoderma koningiopsis T-51. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020131. [PMID: 35205885 PMCID: PMC8875031 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are widely used in plant disease control and growth promotion due to their high efficacy and multiple biocontrol mechanisms. Trichoderma koningiopsis T-51 is an effective biocontrol agent against gray mold disease by direct contact. However, the indirect physical contact biocontrol potential of Trichoderma spp. is not clear. In this study, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by T-51 showed high inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum. The percentage of B. cinerea and F. oxysporum mycelial growth inhibition by T-51 VOCs was 73.78% and 43.68%, respectively. In both B. cinerea and F. oxysporum, conidial germination was delayed, and germ tube elongation was suppressed when exposed to T-51 VOCs, and the final conidial germination rate of B. cinerea decreased significantly after T-51 treatment. The VOCs from T-51 reduced the Botrytis fruit rot of tomato compared with that noted when using the control. Moreover, the T-51 VOCs significantly increased the size and weight of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Twenty-four possible compounds, which were identified as alkenes, alkanes, and esters, were detected in VOCs of T-51. These results indicate that T. koningiopsis T-51 can exert biological control by integrating actions to suppress plant disease and promote plant growth.
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10
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Lazazzara V, Avesani S, Robatscher P, Oberhuber M, Pertot I, Schuhmacher R, Perazzolli M. Biogenic volatile organic compounds in the grapevine response to pathogens, beneficial microorganisms, resistance inducers, and abiotic factors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:529-554. [PMID: 34409450 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in plants is triggered in response to external stimuli, and these compounds can migrate to distal tissues and neighbouring receivers. Although grapevine VOCs responsible for wine aroma and plant-insect communications are well characterized, functional properties of VOCs produced in response to phytopathogens, beneficial microorganisms, resistance inducers, and abiotic factors have been less studied. In this review, we focused on the emission patterns and potential biological functions of VOCs produced by grapevines in response to stimuli. Specific grapevine VOCs are emitted in response to the exogenous stimulus, suggesting their precise involvement in plant defence response. VOCs with inhibitory activities against pathogens and responsible for plant resistance induction are reported, and some of them can also be used as biomarkers of grapevine resistance. Likewise, VOCs produced in response to beneficial microorganisms and environmental factors are possible mediators of grapevine-microbe communications and abiotic stress tolerance. Although further functional studies may improve our knowledge, the existing literature suggests that VOCs have an underestimated potential application as pathogen inhibitors, resistance inducers against biotic or abiotic stresses, signalling molecules, membrane stabilizers, and modulators of reactive oxygen species. VOC patterns could also be used to screen for resistant traits or to monitor the plant physiological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lazazzara
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Sara Avesani
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center for Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), Italy
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), Italy
| | - Michael Oberhuber
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), Italy
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center for Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Michele Perazzolli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center for Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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11
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Pennerman KK, Yin G, Bennett JW. Eight-carbon volatiles: prominent fungal and plant interaction compounds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:487-497. [PMID: 34727164 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Signaling via volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has historically been studied mostly by entomologists; however, botanists and mycologists are increasingly aware of the physiological potential of chemical communication in the gas phase. Most research to date focuses on the observed effects of VOCs on different organisms such as differential growth or metabolite production. However, with the increased interest in volatile signaling, more researchers are investigating the molecular mechanisms for these effects. Eight-carbon VOCs are among the most prevalent and best-studied fungal volatiles. Therefore, this review emphasizes examples of eight-carbon VOCs affecting plants and fungi. These compounds display different effects that include growth suppression in both plants and fungi, induction of defensive behaviors such as accumulation of mycotoxins, phytohormone signaling cascades, and the inhibition of spore and seed germination. Application of '-omics' and other next-generation sequencing techniques is poised to decipher the mechanistic basis of volatiles in plant-fungal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla K Pennerman
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Guohua Yin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Joan W Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Multi-Pronged Investigation of Volatile Compound-Mediated Interactions of Fusarium oxysporum with Plants, Fungi, and Bacteria. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34686981 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1795-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Proteins and many biogenic compounds require water as a medium for movement. However, because volatile compounds (VCs) can travel through the air and porous soils due to their ability to vaporize at ambient temperature, they can mediate diverse intra- and inter-kingdom interactions and perform ecologically functions even in the absence of water. Here, we describe several tools and approaches for investigating how Fusarium oxysporum interacts with plants and other microbes through VCs and how VC-mediated interactions affect its ecology and pathology. We also present a method for capturing F. oxysporum VCs for analysis via gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry.
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13
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Kang S, Lumactud R, Li N, Bell TH, Kim HS, Park SY, Lee YH. Harnessing Chemical Ecology for Environment-Friendly Crop Protection. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1697-1710. [PMID: 33908803 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-21-0035-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy reliance on synthetic pesticides for crop protection has become increasingly unsustainable, calling for robust alternative strategies that do not degrade the environment and vital ecosystem services. There are numerous reports of successful disease control by various microbes used in small-scale trials. However, inconsistent efficacy has hampered their large-scale application. A better understanding of how beneficial microbes interact with plants, other microbes, and the environment and which factors affect disease control efficacy is crucial to deploy microbial agents as effective and reliable pesticide alternatives. Diverse metabolites produced by plants and microbes participate in pathogenesis and defense, regulate the growth and development of themselves and neighboring organisms, help maintain cellular homeostasis under various environmental conditions, and affect the assembly and activity of plant and soil microbiomes. However, research on the metabolites associated with plant health-related processes, except antibiotics, has not received adequate attention. This review highlights several classes of metabolites known or suspected to affect plant health, focusing on those associated with biocontrol and belowground plant-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. The review also describes how new insights from systematic explorations of the diversity and mechanism of action of bioactive metabolites can be harnessed to develop novel crop protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seogchan Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Rhea Lumactud
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Ningxiao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Terrence H Bell
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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14
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Lazazzara V, Vicelli B, Bueschl C, Parich A, Pertot I, Schuhmacher R, Perazzolli M. Trichoderma spp. volatile organic compounds protect grapevine plants by activating defense-related processes against downy mildew. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1950-1965. [PMID: 33783004 PMCID: PMC8360165 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are produced by soil-borne microorganisms and play crucial roles in fungal interactions with plants and phytopathogens. Although VOCs have been characterized in Trichoderma spp., the mechanisms against phytopathogens strongly differ according to the strain and pathosystem. This study aimed at characterizing VOCs produced by three Trichoderma strains used as biofungicides and to investigate their effects against grapevine downy mildew (caused by Plasmopara viticola). A VOC-mediated reduction of downy mildew severity was found in leaf disks treated with Trichoderma asperellum T34 (T34), T. harzianum T39 (T39), and T. atroviride SC1 (SC1) and 31 compounds were detected by head space-solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among the Trichoderma VOCs annotated, α-farnesene, cadinene, 1,3-octadiene, 2-pentylfuran, and 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one reduced downy mildew severity on grapevine leaf disks. In particular, 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one and 2-pentylfuran increased the accumulation of callose and enhanced the modulation of defense-related genes after P. viticola inoculation, indicating an induction of grapevine defense mechanisms. Moreover, 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one activated the hypersensitive response after P. viticola inoculation, possibly to reinforce the grapevine defense reaction. These results indicate that Trichoderma VOCs can induce grapevine resistance, and these molecules could be further applied to control grapevine downy mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lazazzara
- Department of Sustainable Agro‐ecosystems and BioresourcesResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Bianca Vicelli
- Department of Sustainable Agro‐ecosystems and BioresourcesResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A)University of TrentoSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Christoph Bueschl
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln)University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)TullnAustria
| | - Alexandra Parich
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln)University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)TullnAustria
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Department of Sustainable Agro‐ecosystems and BioresourcesResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A)University of TrentoSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln)University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)TullnAustria
| | - Michele Perazzolli
- Department of Sustainable Agro‐ecosystems and BioresourcesResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A)University of TrentoSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
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15
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Volatile organic compound patterns predict fungal trophic mode and lifestyle. Commun Biol 2021; 4:673. [PMID: 34083721 PMCID: PMC8175423 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi produce a wide variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which play central roles in the initiation and regulation of fungal interactions. Here we introduce a global overview of fungal VOC patterns and chemical diversity across phylogenetic clades and trophic modes. The analysis is based on measurements of comprehensive VOC profiles of forty-three fungal species. Our data show that the VOC patterns can describe the phyla and the trophic mode of fungi. We show different levels of phenotypic integration (PI) for different chemical classes of VOCs within distinct functional guilds. Further computational analyses reveal that distinct VOC patterns can predict trophic modes, (non)symbiotic lifestyle, substrate-use and host-type of fungi. Thus, depending on trophic mode, either individual VOCs or more complex VOC patterns (i.e., chemical communication displays) may be ecologically important. Present results stress the ecological importance of VOCs and serve as prerequisite for more comprehensive VOCs-involving ecological studies.
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16
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Khalid S, Keller NP. Chemical signals driving bacterial-fungal interactions. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:1334-1347. [PMID: 33511714 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms reside in diverse environmental communities where interactions become indispensable due to close physical associations. These interactions are driven by chemical communication among different microbial kingdoms, particularly between fungi and bacteria. Knowledge about these communication signals provides useful information about the nature of microbial interactions and allows predictions of community development in diverse environments. Here, we provide an update on the role of small signalling molecules in fungal-bacterial interactions with focus on agricultural and medicinal environments. This review highlights the range of - and response to - diverse biochemicals produced by both kingdoms with view to harnessing their properties towards drug discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Khalid
- Department of Microbiology, Women University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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17
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Deciphering Trichoderma-Plant-Pathogen Interactions for Better Development of Biocontrol Applications. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010061. [PMID: 33477406 PMCID: PMC7830842 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the fungal genus Trichoderma (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) are ubiquitous and commonly encountered as soil inhabitants, plant symbionts, saprotrophs, and mycoparasites. Certain species have been used to control diverse plant diseases and mitigate negative growth conditions. The versatility of Trichoderma’s interactions mainly relies on their ability to engage in inter- and cross-kingdom interactions. Although Trichoderma is by far the most extensively studied fungal biocontrol agent (BCA), with a few species already having been commercialized as bio-pesticides or bio-fertilizers, their wide application has been hampered by an unpredictable efficacy under field conditions. Deciphering the dialogues within and across Trichoderma ecological interactions by identification of involved effectors and their underlying effect is of great value in order to be able to eventually harness Trichoderma’s full potential for plant growth promotion and protection. In this review, we focus on the nature of Trichoderma interactions with plants and pathogens. Better understanding how Trichoderma interacts with plants, other microorganisms, and the environment is essential for developing and deploying Trichoderma-based strategies that increase crop production and protection.
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18
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Masiulionis VE, Pagnocca FC. In vitro study of volatile organic compounds produced by the mutualistic fungus of leaf-cutter ants and the antagonist Escovopsis. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Guo Y, Jud W, Ghirardo A, Antritter F, Benz JP, Schnitzler JP, Rosenkranz M. Sniffing fungi - phenotyping of volatile chemical diversity in Trichoderma species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:244-259. [PMID: 32155672 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play vital roles in the interaction of fungi with plants and other organisms. A systematic study of the global fungal VOC profiles is still lacking, though it is a prerequisite for elucidating the mechanisms of VOC-mediated interactions. Here we present a versatile system enabling a high-throughput screening of fungal VOCs under controlled temperature. In a proof-of-principle experiment, we characterized the volatile metabolic fingerprints of four Trichoderma spp. over a 48 h growth period. The developed platform allows automated and fast detection of VOCs from up to 14 simultaneously growing fungal cultures in real time. The comprehensive analysis of fungal odors is achieved by employing proton transfer reaction-time of flight-MS and GC-MS. The data-mining strategy based on multivariate data analysis and machine learning allows the volatile metabolic fingerprints to be uncovered. Our data revealed dynamic, development-dependent and extremely species-specific VOC profiles from the biocontrol genus Trichoderma. The two mass spectrometric approaches were highly complementary to each other, together revealing a novel, dynamic view to the fungal VOC release. This analytical system could be used for VOC-based chemotyping of diverse small organisms, or more generally, for any in vivo and in vitro real-time headspace analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Werner Jud
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Felix Antritter
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Philipp Benz
- Holzforschung München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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20
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Garbeva P, Weisskopf L. Airborne medicine: bacterial volatiles and their influence on plant health. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:32-43. [PMID: 31651035 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Like most other eukaryotes, plants do not live alone but in close association with a diverse microflora. These plant-associated microbes contribute to plant health in many different ways, ranging from modulation of hormonal pathways to direct antibiosis of plant pathogens. Over the last 15 yr, the importance of volatile organic compounds as mediators of mutualistic interactions between plant-associated bacteria and their hosts has become evident. This review summarizes current knowledge concerning bacterial volatile-mediated plant protection against abiotic and biotic stresses. It then discusses the translational potential of such metabolites or of their emitters for sustainable crop protection, the possible ways to harness this potential, and the major challenges still preventing us from doing so. Finally, the review concludes with highlighting the most pressing scientific gaps that need to be filled in order to enable a better understanding of: the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of bacterial volatiles; the complex regulation of bacterial volatile emission in natural communities; the perception of bacterial volatiles by plants; and the modes of actions of bacterial volatiles on their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolina Garbeva
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Laure Weisskopf
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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21
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Secreted metabolite-mediated interactions between rhizosphere bacteria and Trichoderma biocontrol agents. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227228. [PMID: 31887213 PMCID: PMC6936802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma has been used as an alternative to synthetic pesticides to control a variety of phytopathogenic fungi, oomycetes, and nematodes. Although its mechanism of pathogen suppression has been extensively studied, how Trichoderma interacts with non-target microbes is not well understood. Here, we investigated how two Trichoderma biological control agents (BCAs) interact with rhizosphere bacteria isolated from a tomato plant via secreted proteins, metabolites, and volatile compounds (VCs). Culture filtrates (CFs) of T. virens and T. harzianum, containing secreted proteins and metabolites, strongly inhibited (>75% reduction in growth) 39 and 19, respectively, out of 47 bacterial strains tested. Their CFs inhibited the remaining strains at lower degrees. Both metabolites and proteins are involved in inhibiting bacteria, but they seem to antagonize each other in inhibiting some strains. Trichoderma and bacteria suppressed the growth of each other using VCs. The secretion of antibacterial and antifungal molecules by T. virens and T. harzianum was significantly affected by VCs from some bacteria, suggesting that both Trichoderma BCAs and rhizosphere bacteria use VCs to influence each other in multiple ways. In light of these results, we discuss how metabolite-mediated interactions can potentially affect the effectiveness of biocontrol.
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Yeast Volatomes Differentially Affect Larval Feeding in an Insect Herbivore. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01761-19. [PMID: 31444202 PMCID: PMC6803314 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01761-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeasts interface insect herbivores with their food plants. Communication depends on volatile metabolites, and decoding this chemical dialogue is key to understanding the ecology of insect-yeast interactions. This study explores the volatomes of eight yeast species which have been isolated from foliage, from flowers or fruit, and from plant-feeding insects. These yeasts each release a rich bouquet of volatile metabolites, including a suite of known insect attractants from plant and floral scent. This overlap underlines the phylogenetic dimension of insect-yeast associations, which according to the fossil record long predate the appearance of flowering plants. Volatome composition is characteristic for each species, aligns with yeast taxonomy, and is further reflected by a differential behavioral response of cotton leafworm larvae, which naturally feed on foliage of a wide spectrum of broad-leaved plants. Larval discrimination may establish and maintain associations with yeasts and is also a substrate for designing sustainable insect management techniques. Yeasts form mutualistic interactions with insects. Hallmarks of this interaction include provision of essential nutrients, while insects facilitate yeast dispersal and growth on plant substrates. A phylogenetically ancient chemical dialogue coordinates this interaction, where the vocabulary, the volatile chemicals that mediate the insect response, remains largely unknown. Here, we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, followed by hierarchical cluster and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analyses, to profile the volatomes of six Metschnikowia spp., Cryptococcus nemorosus, and brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The yeasts, which are all found in association with insects feeding on foliage or fruit, emit characteristic, species-specific volatile blends that reflect the phylogenetic context. Species specificity of these volatome profiles aligned with differential feeding of cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) larvae on these yeasts. Bioactivity correlates with yeast ecology; phylloplane species elicited a stronger response than fruit yeasts, and larval discrimination may provide a mechanism for establishment of insect-yeast associations. The yeast volatomes contained a suite of insect attractants known from plant and especially floral headspace, including (Z)-hexenyl acetate, ethyl (2E,4Z)-deca-2,4-dienoate (pear ester), (3E)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene (DMNT), linalool, α-terpineol, β-myrcene, or (E,E)-α-farnesene. A wide overlap of yeast and plant volatiles, notably floral scents, further emphasizes the prominent role of yeasts in plant-microbe-insect relationships, including pollination. The knowledge of insect-yeast interactions can be readily brought to practical application, as live yeasts or yeast metabolites mediating insect attraction provide an ample toolbox for the development of sustainable insect management. IMPORTANCE Yeasts interface insect herbivores with their food plants. Communication depends on volatile metabolites, and decoding this chemical dialogue is key to understanding the ecology of insect-yeast interactions. This study explores the volatomes of eight yeast species which have been isolated from foliage, from flowers or fruit, and from plant-feeding insects. These yeasts each release a rich bouquet of volatile metabolites, including a suite of known insect attractants from plant and floral scent. This overlap underlines the phylogenetic dimension of insect-yeast associations, which according to the fossil record long predate the appearance of flowering plants. Volatome composition is characteristic for each species, aligns with yeast taxonomy, and is further reflected by a differential behavioral response of cotton leafworm larvae, which naturally feed on foliage of a wide spectrum of broad-leaved plants. Larval discrimination may establish and maintain associations with yeasts and is also a substrate for designing sustainable insect management techniques.
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Alfiky A. Effects of ultraviolet irradiation on the in vitro antagonistic potential of Trichoderma spp. against soil-borne fungal pathogens. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02111. [PMID: 31372559 PMCID: PMC6656997 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of new effective biocontrol agents is largely based on the antagonistic capacity of candidate agents against targeted pathogens in vitro. Different mechanisms contribute to such capacity, including the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes, secretion of antimicrobial secondary metabolites, growth vigour and resistance to exogenous and endogenous toxins. In this study, a series of laboratory experiments were designed to improve the antagonistic activities of Trichoderma spp. against two plant fungal pathogens, Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani. A simple but efficient mutagenesis programme was carried out using ultraviolet light to induce modifications in the genetic structure of two Trichoderma biocontrol agents, T. virens and T. asperellum. The obtained mutants were subjected to a) initial screening for media-permeable antifungal metabolites using the cellophane membrane-based method, and b) selected mutants were subjected to a series of antagonistic tests. Results revealed that the antagonistic potential of selected mutants was significantly improved against the two plant pathogens. Genetic stability test results indicated that the UV-derived mutant Tv3, maintained its elevated performance after 12 rounds of sub-culture. Gene expression analysis for five antagonism-associated genes were examined using real-Time PCR. Results revealed that the gene expression of two genes, chitinase 33, a cell wall degrading enzyme and, polyketide synthase, which is responsible for polyketide biosynthesis, a class of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial roles, were significantly upregulated in one of the mutated T. virens strains. Results of our in vitro antagonistic studies along with our molecular analysis indicate that the UV mutagenesis could be an effective strategy to improve Trichoderma antagonistic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsayed Alfiky
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt
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Li ZT, Janisiewicz WJ, Liu Z, Callahan AM, Evans BE, Jurick WM, Dardick C. Exposure in vitro to an Environmentally Isolated Strain TC09 of Cladosporium sphaerospermum Triggers Plant Growth Promotion, Early Flowering, and Fruit Yield Increase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1959. [PMID: 30774644 PMCID: PMC6367233 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of bacteria and fungi have been found to promote plant growth through mutualistic interactions involving elements such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here, we report the identification of an environmentally isolated strain of Cladosporium sphaerospermum (herein named TC09), that substantially enhances plant growth after exposure in vitro beyond what has previously been reported. When cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium under in vitro conditions, tobacco seedlings (Nicotiana tabacum) exposed to TC09 cultures for 20 days increased stem height and whole plant biomass up to 25- and 15-fold, respectively, over controls without exposure. TC09-mediated growth promotion required >5 g/L sucrose in the plant culture medium and was influenced by the duration of exposure ranging from one to 10 days, beyond which no differences were detected. When transplanted to soil under greenhouse conditions, TC09-exposed tobacco plants retained higher rates of growth. Comparative transcriptome analyses using tobacco seedlings exposed to TC09 for 10 days uncovered differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with diverse biological processes including cell expansion and cell cycle, photosynthesis, phytohormone homeostasis and defense responses. To test the potential efficacy of TC09-mediated growth promotion on agricultural productivity, pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) of two different varieties, Cayenne and Minisweet, were pre-exposed to TC09 and planted in the greenhouse to monitor growth, flowering, and fruit production. Results showed that treated pepper plants flowered 20 days earlier and yielded up to 213% more fruit than untreated controls. Altogether the data suggest that exposure of young plants to C. sphaerospermum produced VOCs may provide a useful tool to improve crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian T. Li
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Wojciech J. Janisiewicz
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Zongrang Liu
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Ann M. Callahan
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Breyn E. Evans
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Wayne M. Jurick
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Chris Dardick
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
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Berlinck RGS, Monteiro AF, Bertonha AF, Bernardi DI, Gubiani JR, Slivinski J, Michaliski LF, Tonon LAC, Venancio VA, Freire VF. Approaches for the isolation and identification of hydrophilic, light-sensitive, volatile and minor natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:981-1004. [DOI: 10.1039/c9np00009g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble, volatile, minor and photosensitive natural products are yet poorly known, and this review discusses the literature reporting the isolation strategies for some of these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Afif F. Monteiro
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Ariane F. Bertonha
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Darlon I. Bernardi
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Juliana R. Gubiani
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Juliano Slivinski
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Victor A. Venancio
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Vitor F. Freire
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
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Chowdhury FT, Islam MR, Islam MR, Khan H. Diversity of Plant Endophytic Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) and Their Potential Applications. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90484-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Li N, Alfiky A, Wang W, Islam M, Nourollahi K, Liu X, Kang S. Volatile Compound-Mediated Recognition and Inhibition Between Trichoderma Biocontrol Agents and Fusarium oxysporum. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2614. [PMID: 30455673 PMCID: PMC6231246 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain Trichoderma strains protect plants from diverse pathogens using multiple mechanisms. We report a novel mechanism that may potentially play an important role in Trichoderma-based biocontrol. Trichoderma virens and T. viride significantly increased the amount/activity of secreted antifungal metabolites in response to volatile compounds (VCs) produced by 13 strains of Fusarium oxysporum, a soilborne fungus that infects diverse plants. This response suggests that both Trichoderma spp. recognize the presence of F. oxysporum by sensing pathogen VCs and prepare for attacking pathogens. However, T. asperellum did not respond to any, while T. harzianum responded to VCs from only a few strains. Gene expression analysis via qPCR showed up-regulation of several biocontrol-associated genes in T. virens in response to F. oxysporum VCs. Analysis of VCs from seven F. oxysporum strains tentatively identified a total of 28 compounds, including six that were produced by all of them. All four Trichoderma species produced VCs that inhibited F. oxysporum growth. Analysis of VCs produced by T. virens and T. harzianum revealed the production of compounds that had been reported to display antifungal activity. F. oxysporum also recognizes Trichoderma spp. by sensing their VCs and releases VCs that inhibit Trichoderma, suggesting that both types of VC-mediated interaction are common among fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxiao Li
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Alsayed Alfiky
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Md Islam
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | | | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Seogchan Kang
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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28
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Li N, Wang W, Bitas V, Subbarao K, Liu X, Kang S. Volatile Compounds Emitted by Diverse Verticillium Species Enhance Plant Growth by Manipulating Auxin Signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:1021-1031. [PMID: 29741467 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-17-0263-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Some volatile compounds (VC) play critical roles in intra- and interspecies interactions. To investigate roles of VC in fungal ecology, we characterized how VC produced by Verticillium spp., a group of broad-host-range soilborne fungal pathogens, affect plant growth and development. VC produced by 19 strains corresponding to 10 species significantly enhanced the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. Analysis of VC produced by four species revealed the presence of diverse compounds, including those previously shown to affect plant growth. Using A. thaliana, we investigated the mechanism underpinning plant growth enhancement by Verticillium dahliae VC. Allometric analysis indicated that VC caused preferential resource allocation for root growth over shoot growth. Growth responses of A. thaliana mutants defective in auxin or ethylene signaling suggested the involvement of several components of auxin signaling, with TIR3 playing a key role. AUX1, TIR1, and AXR1 were also implicated but appeared to play lesser roles. Inhibition of auxin efflux using 1-naphthylphthalamic acid blocked VC-mediated growth enhancement. Spatial and temporal expression patterns of the auxin-responsive reporter DR5::GUS indicated that the activation of auxin signaling occurred before enhanced plant growth became visible. Results from this study suggest critical yet overlooked roles of VC in Verticillium ecology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxiao Li
- 1 Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Vasileios Bitas
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University; and
| | - Krishna Subbarao
- 4 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Seogchan Kang
- 1 Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University; and
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Peixoto L, Salazar LTH, Laska M. Olfactory sensitivity for mold-associated odorants in CD-1 mice and spider monkeys. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2018; 204:821-833. [PMID: 30203157 PMCID: PMC6182676 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-018-1285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using operant conditioning procedures, we assessed the olfactory sensitivity of six CD-1 mice and three spider monkeys for mold-associated odorants. We found that with all eight stimuli, the mice detected concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm (parts per million), and with two of them individual animals even detected concentrations as low as 1 ppt (parts per trillion). The spider monkeys detected concentrations as low as 4 ppm with all eight stimuli, and with four of them individual animals even detected concentrations as low as 4 ppb (parts per billion). Between-species comparisons showed that with all eight odorants, the mice displayed significantly lower threshold values, that is, a higher sensitivity than the spider monkeys, but not than human subjects tested in previous studies. Analysis of odor structure–activity relationships showed that in both species, the type of oxygen-containing functional group and the presence versus absence of a double bond as well as the length of the carbon backbone of the odor stimuli had a systematic effect on detectability. We conclude that both mice and spider monkeys are clearly able to detect the presence of molds and thus to assess the palatability of potential food using the volatiles produced by molds during putrefaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Peixoto
- IFM Biology, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Matthias Laska
- IFM Biology, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
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30
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Shared weapons in fungus-fungus and fungus-plant interactions? Volatile organic compounds of plant or fungal origin exert direct antifungal activity in vitro. FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Li N, Kang S. Do volatile compounds produced by Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae affect stress tolerance in plants? Mycology 2018; 9:166-175. [PMID: 30181923 PMCID: PMC6115880 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1448009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile compounds (VCs) produced by diverse microbes seem to affect plant growth, development and/or stress tolerance. We investigated how VCs released by soilborne fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae affect Arabidopsis thaliana responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Under salt stress, VCs from both fungi helped its growth and increased chlorophyll content. However, in contrast to wild-type A. thaliana (Col-0), V. dahliae VCs failed to increase leaf surface area in auxin signalling mutants aux1-7, tir1-1 and axr1-3. Compared to wild-type Col-0, the degree of lateral root density enhanced by V. dahliae VCs in these mutants was also reduced. Consistent with the involvement of auxin signalling in fungal VC-mediated salt torelance, A. thaliana line carrying DR5::GUS displayed increased auxin accumulation in root apex upon exposure to V. dahliae VCs, and 1-naphthylphthalamic acid, an auxin transport inhibitor, adversely affected V. dahliae VC-mediated salt tolerance. F. oxysporum VCs induced the expression of PR1 but not PDF1.2 in A. thaliana lines containing PR1::GUS and PFD1.2::GUS. When challenged with Pseudomonas syringae after the exposure to F. oxysporum VCs, A. thaliana showed reduced disease symptoms. However, the number of bacterial cells in F. oxysporum VC-treated plants was not significantly different from that in control plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxiao Li
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, University Park, PA, The Pennsylvania State University, USA
| | - Seogchan Kang
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, University Park, PA, The Pennsylvania State University, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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32
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Kerry RG, Patra S, Gouda S, Patra JK, Das G. Microbes and Their Role in Drought Tolerance of Agricultural Food Crops. Microb Biotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7140-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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33
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Schulz-Bohm K, Martín-Sánchez L, Garbeva P. Microbial Volatiles: Small Molecules with an Important Role in Intra- and Inter-Kingdom Interactions. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2484. [PMID: 29312193 PMCID: PMC5733050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, research on the function of volatile organic compounds focused primarily on the interactions between plants and insects. However, microorganisms can also release a plethora of volatiles and it appears that microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) can play an important role in intra- and inter-kingdom interactions. So far, most studies are focused on aboveground volatile-mediated interactions and much less information is available about the function of volatiles belowground. This minireview summarizes the current knowledge on the biological functions of mVOCs with the focus on mVOCs-mediated interactions belowground. We pinpointed mVOCs involved in microbe-microbe and microbe–plant interactions, and highlighted the ecological importance of microbial terpenes as a largely underexplored group of mVOCs. We indicated challenges in studying belowground mVOCs-mediated interactions and opportunities for further studies and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schulz-Bohm
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Lara Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
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34
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Tietel Z, Masaphy S. True morels (Morchella)—nutritional and phytochemical composition, health benefits and flavor: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1888-1901. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1285269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zipora Tietel
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, M.P. Negev Israel
| | - Segula Masaphy
- Applied Microbiology and Mycology Department, MIGAL, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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35
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Leach JE, Triplett LR, Argueso CT, Trivedi P. Communication in the Phytobiome. Cell 2017; 169:587-596. [PMID: 28475891 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The phytobiome is composed of plants, their environment, and diverse interacting microscopic and macroscopic organisms, which together influence plant health and productivity. These organisms form complex networks that are established and regulated through nutrient cycling, competition, antagonism, and chemical communication mediated by a diverse array of signaling molecules. Integration of knowledge of signaling mechanisms with that of phytobiome members and their networks will lead to a new understanding of the fate and significance of these signals at the ecosystem level. Such an understanding could lead to new biological, chemical, and breeding strategies to improve crop health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan E Leach
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Lindsay R Triplett
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Cristiana T Argueso
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Pankaj Trivedi
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO 80523, USA
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36
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Patra JK, Vishnuprasad CN, Das G. Bioprospecting of Endophytes for Agricultural and Environmental Sustainability. Microb Biotechnol 2017. [PMCID: PMC7120099 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6847-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The term endophytes refers to a group of endosymbionts usually bacterium, fungus or interactive bacterium-fungal species residing asymptomatically and grows within plants for at least a part of their life cycle intra- and intercelullarly in the tissues of higher plants without causing any visible manifestation of disease. The endophytes represent a potential source of novel natural and ecofriendly products for medicinal, agricultural and industrial uses with least adverse effect on the environment. The enormous biological diversity coupled with their capability to biosynthesize bioactive secondary metabolites has provided the momentum for the researchers working on endophytes. The present review was undertaken to highlight the biotechnological processes and bioprospection of endophytes as potential antimicrobial agents, secondary metabolites, antibiotics, antagonists against disease causing phytopathogens, cytotoxic, anticancer, insecticidal, antioxidant antiviral compounds andisolation and production of bioactive compounds with potent enzymatic activities. Endophyte enhances biodegradation and hydrolysis processes significantly important against pathogenic infection, biotransformation studies and production of compounds with immense industrial applications. The interaction of the endophytic microbiota with the plants are more protected and can withstand the adverse environmental conditions and contribute to plant growth, productivity, carbon sequestration, enhanced phytoremediation efficiencies and amelioration of metal induced toxicity. The strategies governed by the endophytes for efficient production of novel bioactive phytocompounds was comprehensively discussed. The review envisaged the biodiversity, transmission of endophytes, plant endophyte interactions for the production of bioactive compounds for therapeutic, environmental and agricultural sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gitishree Das
- Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (Republic of)
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37
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Weisskopf L, Ryu CM, Raaijmakers JM, Garbeva P. Editorial: Smelly Fumes: Volatile-Mediated Communication between Bacteria and Other Organisms. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2031. [PMID: 28066357 PMCID: PMC5168464 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Weisskopf
- CHANGINS, Viticulture and Oenology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jos M Raaijmakers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)Wageningen, Netherlands; Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Wageningen, Netherlands
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