1
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Niu J, Iqbal K, Liu F, Hu W. Rats Display Sexual Dimorphism in Phosphorylation of Brain Tau with Age. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:855-869. [PMID: 34092647 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women have a two-fold higher risk than men to Alzheimer's disease (AD) at midlife. Larger brain tau burden was consistently shown in older women than age-matched men. The biological basis for this gender disparity remains elusive. OBJECTIVE We sought to know whether tau expression and phosphorylation physiologically differ between males and females. METHODS We used western blots and immunohistochemistry to compare the levels of total tau and phosphorylated tau in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (EC) between sexes in Wistar rats at 40 days, and 8 and 20 months of age. RESULTS We detected no statistically significant difference in total tau, 3R-tau, and 4R-tau between sexes. However, female rats exhibited lower levels of tau unphosphorylated at the Tau-1 site at 40 days of age. At 8 months of age, females showed higher levels of tau phosphorylated at Ser190, Ser387, and Ser395 (Ser199, Ser396, and Ser404 of human tau, respectively) than males in EC. At 20 months of age, both brain regions of female rats consistently showed higher levels than males of tau phosphorylated at Ser253, Ser387, PHF-1 (Ser387/395), and Ser413 sites, which correspond to Ser262, Ser396, Ser396/404, and Ser422 of human tau, respectively. CONCLUSION Rats of both sexes have comparable levels of total tau, 3R-tau, and 4R-tau, whereas females exhibit higher levels of tau phosphorylated at multiple sites that are implicated in AD tau pathology, indicating a sexual dimorphism of tau phosphorylation that may potentially underlie the disparity in brain tau burden and risk for AD between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Niu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Wen Hu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
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2
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Hasanzadeh E, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Mahmoodi N, Mellati A, Nekounam H, Basiri A, Asadpour S, Ghasemi D, Ai J. Defining the role of 17β-estradiol in human endometrial stem cells differentiation into neuron-like cells. Cell Biol Int 2020; 45:140-153. [PMID: 33049079 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Human endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) that can be differentiated into various neural cell types have been regarded as a suitable cell population for neural tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Considering different interactions between hormones, growth factors, and other factors in the neural system, several differentiation protocols have been proposed to direct hEnSCs towards specific neural cells. The 17β-estradiol plays important roles in the processes of development, maturation, and function of nervous system. In the present research, the impact of 17β-estradiol (estrogen, E2) on the neural differentiation of hEnSCs was examined for the first time, based on the expression levels of neural genes and proteins. In this regard, hEnSCs were differentiated into neuron-like cells after exposure to retinoic acid (RA), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and also fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) in the absence or presence of 17β-estradiol. The majority of cells showed a multipolar morphology. In all groups, the expression levels of nestin, Tuj-1 and NF-H (neurofilament heavy polypeptide) (as neural-specific markers) increased during 14 days. According to the outcomes of immunofluorescence (IF) and real-time PCR analyses, the neuron-specific markers were more expressed in the estrogen-treated groups, in comparison with the estrogen-free ones. These findings suggest that 17β-estradiol along with other growth factors can stimulate and upregulate the expression of neural markers during the neuronal differentiation of hEnSCs. Moreover, our findings confirm that hEnSCs can be an appropriate cell source for cell therapy of neurodegenerative diseases and neural tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hasanzadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Mahmoodi
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Mellati
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Houra Nekounam
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arefeh Basiri
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Asadpour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Diba Ghasemi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Vaillant C, Gueguen MM, Feat J, Charlier TD, Coumailleau P, Kah O, Brion F, Pellegrini E. Neurodevelopmental effects of natural and synthetic ligands of estrogen and progesterone receptors in zebrafish eleutheroembryos. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 288:113345. [PMID: 31812531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic estrogens and progestins are widely used in human and veterinary medicine and are detected in waste and surface waters. Our previous studies have clearly shown that a number of these substances targets the brain to induce the estrogen-regulated brain aromatase expression but the consequences on brain development remain virtually unexplored. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the effect of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and norethindrone (NOR), a 19-nortestosterone progestin, on zebrafish larval neurogenesis. We first demonstrated using real-time quantitative PCR that nuclear estrogen and progesterone receptor brain expression is impacted by E2, P4 and NOR. We brought evidence that brain proliferative and apoptotic activities were differentially affected depending on the steroidal hormone studied, the concentration of steroids and the region investigated. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that steroid compounds released in aquatic environment have the capacity to disrupt key cellular events involved in brain development in zebrafish embryos further questioning the short- and long-term consequences of this disruption on the physiology and behavior of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Vaillant
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Madeleine Gueguen
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Justyne Feat
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Thierry D Charlier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Pascal Coumailleau
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Kah
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - François Brion
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d'Ecotoxicologie, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Elisabeth Pellegrini
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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4
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Kelicen-Ugur P, Cincioğlu-Palabıyık M, Çelik H, Karahan H. Interactions of Aromatase and Seladin-1: A Neurosteroidogenic and Gender Perspective. Transl Neurosci 2019; 10:264-279. [PMID: 31737354 PMCID: PMC6843488 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2019-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatase and seladin-1 are enzymes that have major roles in estrogen synthesis and are important in both brain physiology and pathology. Aromatase is the key enzyme that catalyzes estrogen biosynthesis from androgen precursors and regulates the brain’s neurosteroidogenic activity. Seladin-1 is the enzyme that catalyzes the last step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, the precursor of all hormones, from desmosterol. Studies indicated that seladin-1 is a downstream mediator of the neuroprotective activity of estrogen. Recently, we also showed that there is an interaction between aromatase and seladin-1 in the brain. Therefore, the expression of local brain aromatase and seladin-1 is important, as they produce neuroactive steroids in the brain for the protection of neuronal damage. Increasing steroid biosynthesis specifically in the central nervous system (CNS) without affecting peripheral hormone levels may be possible by manipulating brain-specific promoters of steroidogenic enzymes. This review emphasizes that local estrogen, rather than plasma estrogen, may be responsible for estrogens’ protective effects in the brain. Therefore, the roles of aromatase and seladin-1 and their interactions in neurodegenerative events such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), ischemia/reperfusion injury (stroke), and epilepsy are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Kelicen-Ugur
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Sıhhiye Ankara Turkey
| | - Mehtap Cincioğlu-Palabıyık
- Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency (TITCK), Department of Regulatory Affairs, Division of Pharmacological Assessment, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hande Çelik
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Sıhhiye Ankara Turkey
| | - Hande Karahan
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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5
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Eskandari N, Hassani Moghaddam M, Atlasi MA, Amini Mahabadi J, Taherian A, Nikzad H. The combination of retinoic acid and estrogen can increase germ cells genes expression in mouse embryonic stem cells derived primordial germ cells. Biologicals 2018; 56:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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6
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Gong L, Cao L, Shen Z, Shao L, Gao S, Zhang C, Lu J, Li W. Materials for Neural Differentiation, Trans-Differentiation, and Modeling of Neurological Disease. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705684. [PMID: 29573284 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuron regeneration from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) differentiation or somatic cells trans-differentiation is a promising approach for cell replacement in neurodegenerative diseases and provides a powerful tool for investigating neural development, modeling neurological diseases, and uncovering the mechanisms that underlie diseases. Advancing the materials that are applied in neural differentiation and trans-differentiation promotes the safety, efficiency, and efficacy of neuron regeneration. In the neural differentiation process, matrix materials, either natural or synthetic, not only provide a structural and biochemical support for the monolayer or three-dimensional (3D) cultured cells but also assist in cell adhesion and cell-to-cell communication. They play important roles in directing the differentiation of PSCs into neural cells and modeling neurological diseases. For the trans-differentiation of neural cells, several materials have been used to make the conversion feasible for future therapy. Here, the most current applications of materials for neural differentiation for PSCs, neuronal trans-differentiation, and neurological disease modeling is summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Gong
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lining Cao
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhenmin Shen
- The VIP Department, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Li Shao
- The VIP Department, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jianfeng Lu
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Weida Li
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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7
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Diotel N, Charlier TD, Lefebvre d'Hellencourt C, Couret D, Trudeau VL, Nicolau JC, Meilhac O, Kah O, Pellegrini E. Steroid Transport, Local Synthesis, and Signaling within the Brain: Roles in Neurogenesis, Neuroprotection, and Sexual Behaviors. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:84. [PMID: 29515356 PMCID: PMC5826223 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and exert pleiotropic effects notably in the central nervous system. Pioneering studies from Baulieu and colleagues have suggested that steroids are also locally-synthesized in the brain. Such steroids, called neurosteroids, can rapidly modulate neuronal excitability and functions, brain plasticity, and behavior. Accumulating data obtained on a wide variety of species demonstrate that neurosteroidogenesis is an evolutionary conserved feature across fish, birds, and mammals. In this review, we will first document neurosteroidogenesis and steroid signaling for estrogens, progestagens, and androgens in the brain of teleost fish, birds, and mammals. We will next consider the effects of sex steroids in homeostatic and regenerative neurogenesis, in neuroprotection, and in sexual behaviors. In a last part, we will discuss the transport of steroids and lipoproteins from the periphery within the brain (and vice-versa) and document their effects on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and on neuroprotection. We will emphasize the potential interaction between lipoproteins and sex steroids, addressing the beneficial effects of steroids and lipoproteins, particularly HDL-cholesterol, against the breakdown of the BBB reported to occur during brain ischemic stroke. We will consequently highlight the potential anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective properties of sex steroid and lipoproteins, these latest improving cholesterol and steroid ester transport within the brain after insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Diotel
- Université de La Réunion, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Thierry D. Charlier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Christian Lefebvre d'Hellencourt
- Université de La Réunion, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - David Couret
- Université de La Réunion, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
- CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | | | - Joel C. Nicolau
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Université de La Réunion, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
- CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Olivier Kah
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Elisabeth Pellegrini
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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8
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Li H, Ding C, Ding ZL, Ling M, Wang T, Wang W, Huang B. 17β-Oestradiol promotes differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into dopamine neurons via cross-talk between insulin-like growth factors-1 and oestrogen receptor β. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1605-1618. [PMID: 28244646 PMCID: PMC5542902 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can self‐renew and differentiate into all cell lineages. E2 is known to exhibit positive effects on embryo development. Although the importance of E2 in many physiological processes has been reported, to date few researchers have investigated the effects of E2 on hESCs differentiation. We studied the effects of E2 on dopamine (DA) neuron induction of hESCs and its related signalling pathways using the three‐stage protocol. In our study, 0.1 μM E2 were applied to hESCs‐derived human embryoid bodies (hEBs) and effects of E2 on neural cells differentiation were investigated. Protein and mRNA level assay indicated that E2 up‐regulated the expression of insulin‐like growth factors (IGF)‐1, ectoderm, neural precursor cells (NPC) and DA neuron markers, respectively. The population of hESC‐derived NPCs and DA neurons was increased to 92% and 93% to that of DMSO group, respectively. Furthermore, yield of DA neuron‐secreted tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine was also increased. E2‐caused promotion was relieved in single inhibitor (ICI or JB1) group partly, and E2 effects were repressed more stronger in inhibitors combination (ICI plus JB1) group than in single inhibitor group at hEBs, hNPCs and hDA neurons stages. Owing to oestrogen receptors regulate multiple brain functions, when single or two inhibitors were used to treat neural differentiation stage, we found that oestrogen receptor (ER)β but not ERα is strongly repressed at the hNPCs and hDA neurons stage. These findings, for the first time, demonstrate the molecular cascade and related cell biology events involved in E2‐improved hNPC and hDA neuron differentiation through cross‐talk between IGF‐1 and ERβ in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chenyue Ding
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingfa Ling
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Boxian Huang
- Center of Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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9
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Nesan D, Kurrasch DM. Genetic programs of the developing tuberal hypothalamus and potential mechanisms of their disruption by environmental factors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 438:3-17. [PMID: 27720896 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a critical regulator of body homeostasis, influencing the autonomic nervous system and releasing trophic hormones to modulate the endocrine system. The developmental mechanisms that govern formation of the mature hypothalamus are becoming increasingly understood as research in this area grows, leading us to gain appreciation for how these developmental programs are susceptible to disruption by maternal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals or other environmental factors in utero. These vulnerabilities, combined with the prominent roles of the various hypothalamic nuclei in regulating appetite, reproductive behaviour, mood, and other physiologies, create a window whereby early developmental disruption can have potent long-term effects. Here we broadly outline our current understanding of hypothalamic development, with a particular focus on the tuberal hypothalamus, including what is know about nuclear coalescing and maturation. We finish by discussing how exposure to environmental or maternally-derived factors can perhaps disrupt these hypothalamic developmental programs, and potentially lead to neuroendocrine disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinushan Nesan
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Deborah M Kurrasch
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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10
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Ramírez-Barrantes R, Marchant I, Olivero P. TRPV1 may increase the effectiveness of estrogen therapy on neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1204-7. [PMID: 27651755 PMCID: PMC5020806 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.189162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging induces physical deterioration, loss of the blood brain barrier, neuronal loss-induced mental and neurodegenerative diseases. Hypotalamus-hypophysis-gonad axis aging precedes symptoms of menopause or andropause and is a major determinant of sensory and cognitive integrated function. Sexual steroids support important functions, exert pleiotropic effects in different sensory cells, promote regeneration, plasticity and health of the nervous system. Their diminution is associated with impaired cognitive and mental health and increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Then, restoring neuroendocrine axes during aging can be key to enhance brain health through neuroprotection and neuroregeneration, depending on the modulation of plasticity mechanisms. Estrogen-dependent transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1 (TRPV1) expression induces neuroprotection, neurogenesis and regeneration on damaged tissues. Agonists of TRPV1 can modulate neuroprotection and repair of sensitive neurons, while modulators as other cognitive enhancers may improve the survival rate, differentiation and integration of neural stem cell progenitors in functional neural network. Menopause constitutes a relevant clinical model of steroidal production decline associated with progressive cognitive and mental impairment, which allows exploring the effects of hormone therapy in health outcomes such as dysfunction of CNS. Simulating the administration of hormone therapy to virtual menopausal individuals allows assessing its hypothetical impact and sensitivity to conditions that modify the effectiveness and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivanny Marchant
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Pablo Olivero
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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11
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Mapping of brain lipid binding protein (Blbp) in the brain of adult zebrafish, co-expression with aromatase B and links with proliferation. Gene Expr Patterns 2016; 20:42-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Kinch CD, Ibhazehiebo K, Jeong JH, Habibi HR, Kurrasch DM. Low-dose exposure to bisphenol A and replacement bisphenol S induces precocious hypothalamic neurogenesis in embryonic zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:1475-80. [PMID: 25583509 PMCID: PMC4321238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417731112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a ubiquitous endocrine disruptor that is present in many household products, has been linked to obesity, cancer, and, most relevant here, childhood neurological disorders such as anxiety and hyperactivity. However, how BPA exposure translates into these neurodevelopmental disorders remains poorly understood. Here, we used zebrafish to link BPA mechanistically to disease etiology. Strikingly, treatment of embryonic zebrafish with very low-dose BPA (0.0068 μM, 1,000-fold lower than the accepted human daily exposure) and bisphenol S (BPS), a common analog used in BPA-free products, resulted in 180% and 240% increases, respectively, in neuronal birth (neurogenesis) within the hypothalamus, a highly conserved brain region involved in hyperactivity. Furthermore, restricted BPA/BPS exposure specifically during the neurogenic window caused later hyperactive behaviors in zebrafish larvae. Unexpectedly, we show that BPA-mediated precocious neurogenesis and the concomitant behavioral phenotype were not dependent on predicted estrogen receptors but relied on androgen receptor-mediated up-regulation of aromatase. Although human epidemiological results are still emerging, an association between high maternal urinary BPA during gestation and hyperactivity and other behavioral disturbances in the child has been suggested. Our studies here provide mechanistic support that the neurogenic period indeed may be a window of vulnerability and uncovers previously unexplored avenues of research into how endocrine disruptors might perturb early brain development. Furthermore, our results show that BPA-free products are not necessarily safer and support the removal of all bisphenols from consumer merchandise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Kinch
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Kingsley Ibhazehiebo
- Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Joo-Hyun Jeong
- Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | | | - Deborah M Kurrasch
- Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
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13
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Pabon M, Tamboli C, Tamboli S, Acosta S, De La Pena I, Sanberg PR, Tajiri N, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV. ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY FOR STROKE. CELL MEDICINE 2014; 6:111-122. [PMID: 24999442 DOI: 10.3727/215517913x672263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the third most common cause of death and severe disability among Western populations. Overall, the incidence of stroke is uniformly higher in men than in women. Stroke is rare in women during the reproductive years, and rapidly increases after menopause, strongly suggesting that estrogen (E2) plays an important role in the prevention of stroke. Ongoing studies are currently evaluating both the benefits and risks associated with E2 replacement therapy and hormone replacement therapy in stroke. Equally important is the role of E2 receptor (ER), as studies indicate that ER populations in several tissue sites may significantly change during stress and aging. Such changes may affect the patient's susceptibility to neurological disorders including stroke, and greatly affect the response to selective E2 receptor modulators (SERMs). Replacement therapies may be inefficient with low ER levels. The goal of this review paper is to discuss an animal model that will allow investigations of the potential therapeutic effects of E2 and its derivatives in stroke. We hypothesize that E2 neuroprotection is, in part, receptor mediated. This hypothesis is a proof of principle approach to demonstrate a role for specific ER subtypes in E2 neuroprotection. To accomplish this, we use a retroviral mediated gene transfer strategy that express subtypes of the ER gene in regions of the rat brain most susceptible to neuronal damage, namely the striatum and cortex. The animal model is exposed to experimental stroke conditions involving middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) method, and eventually the extent of neuronal damage will be evaluated. A reduction in neuronal damage is expected when E2 is administered with specific ER subtypes. From this animal model, an optimal E2 dose and treatment regimen can be determined. The animal model can help identify potential E2-like therapeutics in stroke, and screen for beneficial or toxic additives present in commercial E2 preparations that are currently available. Such studies will be informative in designing drug therapies for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mibel Pabon
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL USA
| | - Cyrus Tamboli
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL USA
| | - Sarosh Tamboli
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL USA
| | - Sandra Acosta
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL USA
| | - Ike De La Pena
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL USA
| | - Paul R Sanberg
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL USA
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL USA
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL USA
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14
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Hashimoto H, Yuasa S. Testosterone induces cardiomyocyte differentiation from embryonic stem cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 62:69-71. [PMID: 23711440 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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15
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Diotel N, Vaillant C, Gabbero C, Mironov S, Fostier A, Gueguen MM, Anglade I, Kah O, Pellegrini E. Effects of estradiol in adult neurogenesis and brain repair in zebrafish. Horm Behav 2013; 63:193-207. [PMID: 22521210 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain of the adult teleost fish exhibits intense neurogenic activity and an outstanding capability for brain repair. Remarkably, the brain estrogen-synthesizing enzyme, aromatase B, is strongly expressed, particularly in adult fishes, in radial glial cells, which act as progenitors. Using zebrafish, we tested the hypothesis that estrogens affect adult neurogenesis and brain regeneration by modulating the neurogenic activity of radial glial cells. To investigate this, the estrogenic environment was modified through inhibition of aromatase activity, blockade of nuclear estrogen receptors, or estrogenic treatments. Estrogens significantly decreased cell proliferation and migration at the olfactory bulbs/telencephalon junction and in the mediobasal hypothalamus. It also appears that cell survival is reduced at the olfactory bulbs/telencephalon junction. We also developed a model of telencephalic lesion to assess the role of aromatase and estrogens in brain repair. Proliferation increased rapidly immediately after the lesion in the parenchyma of the injured telencephalon, while proliferation at the ventricular surface appeared after 48 h and peaked at 7 days. At this time, most proliferative cells express Sox2, however, none of these Sox2 positive cells correspond to aromatase B-positive radial glial cells. Interestingly, aromatase B expression was significantly reduced 48 h and 7 days after the injury, but surprisingly, at 72 h after lesion, aromatase B expression appeared de novo expressed in parenchyma cells, suggesting a role for this ectopic expression of aromatase in brain repair mechanisms. Altogether these data suggest that estrogens modulate adult, but not reparative neurogenesis, in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Diotel
- Neuroendocrine Effects of Endocrine Disruptors, Inserm, IRSET, U1085, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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16
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Huang CK, Tsai MY, Luo J, Kang HY, Lee SO, Chang C. Suppression of androgen receptor enhances the self-renewal of mesenchymal stem cells through elevated expression of EGFR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1222-34. [PMID: 23333872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have been widely applied in several clinical trials of diseases, such as myocardial infarction, liver cirrhosis, neurodegenerative disease, and osteogenesis imperfecta. Although most studies demonstrated that transplantation of BM-MSCs did exert a temporary relief and short-term therapeutic effects, eventually all symptoms recur, therefore it is essential to improve the therapeutic efficacy of transplantation by either elevating the self-renewal of BM-MSCs or enhancing their survival rate. Herein we demonstrated that the BM-MSCs and adipocyte derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) isolated from the androgen receptor (AR) knockout mice have higher self-renewal ability than those obtained from the wild-type mice. Knockdown of AR in MSC cell lines exhibited similar results. Mechanistic dissection studies showed that the depletion of AR resulted in activation of Erk and Akt signaling pathways through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation or pathway to mediate higher self-renewal of BM-MSCs. Targeting AR signals using ASC-J9® (an AR degradation enhancer), hydroxyflutamide (antagonist of AR), and AR-siRNA all led to enhanced self-renewal of MSCs, suggesting the future possibility of using these anti-AR agents in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Kuei Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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17
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Kim H, Kim YY, Ku SY, Kim SH, Choi YM, Moon SY. The effect of estrogen compounds on human embryoid bodies. Reprod Sci 2012. [PMID: 23184660 DOI: 10.1177/1933719112462630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of preimplantation embryo at the blastocyst stage and their differentiation occurs through an intermediate step involving the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs), which are aggregates of embryonic stem cells. The EBs seem to be a powerful tool for investigating the development of embryos, as they can mimic the initial stages of embryonic development. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of estrogen compounds on the proliferation and differentiation of short-term and long-term cultured EBs in vitro. For this study, 10-day-old (short-term cultured) and 30-day-old (long-term cultured) EBs were subjected to estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), selective estrogen receptor modulator (raloxifene [RLX]), bisphenol A, and 1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1H-pyrazole for 7 days. To confirm the effects of estrogen treatment, ICI-182780 was added to the respective EBs for additional 7 days following estrogen treatment. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the relative expression of differentiation marker genes representing the 3 germ layers. The expression of 7 marker genes, which included α-fetoprotein, hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-3β, HNF-4α (endoderm), brachyury, cardiac actin ([cACT]; mesoderm), nestin (ectoderm), and Oct-4 (undifferentiated), was measured. Significantly, lower expression of HNF-4α in both short-term and long-term cultured EBs was observed after treatment of estrogen compounds compared to control. The expression of HNF-3β in short-term cultured EBs has been positively affected by E2, E3, and RLX. Regarding cACT, higher expression was observed after treatment of E2 (10(-7) mol/L) and E3 (10(-9) mol/L) in short-term cultured EBs, but opposite effects were demonstrated in long-term cultured EBs. The lower expressions of HNF-4α by E2 and RLX were negated by ICI-182780 treatment, although these findings were not statistically significant in E3-treated group. These findings suggest that estrogen compounds have effects on endodermal and mesodermal differentiation of human EBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Wu D, Pak ES, Wingard CJ, Murashov AK. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes inhibit regenerative axon growth of dorsal root ganglia neurons of mice. Neurosci Lett 2011; 507:72-7. [PMID: 22172934 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent observations have demonstrated that nanomaterials may be toxic to human tissue. While the ability of nano-scaled particulate matter is known to cause a range of problems in respiratory system, recent observations suggest that the nervous system may be vulnerable as well. In the current paper we asked whether exposure of primary neuronal cell cultures to nanoparticles might compromise regenerative axon growth. Regenerative response was triggered by performing a conditioning lesion of sciatic nerve five days prior to collection of dorsal root ganglia (DRG). DRG neurons were plated at a low density and incubated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (0.1-10 μg/ml in 10% of surfactant in saline) overnight. The experiments showed that exposure of DRG cultures to MWCNT significantly impaired regenerative axonogenesis without concomitant cell death. These results indicate that MWNCTs may have detrimental effect on nerve regeneration and may potentially trigger axonal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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19
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López-González R, Camacho-Arroyo I, Velasco I. Progesterone and 17β-estradiol increase differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells to motor neurons. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:930-9. [PMID: 21901819 DOI: 10.1002/iub.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells have the capacity to differentiate into endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal lineages. Motor neuron (MN) differentiation of mouse ES cells involves embryoid bodies formation with addition of Sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid. In this work, using immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and quantitative RT-PCR, we investigated whether progesterone or 17β-estradiol have inductive effects on ES cell-derived MN, as it has been demonstrated that these hormones modify proliferation and neural differentiation of pluripotent cells. When 100 nM progesterone was added during differentiation, we found higher proportions of MN, compared to the control condition; coincubation of progesterone with the progesterone receptor (PR) antagonist RU-486 caused a decrease in the number of MN to a percentage even lower than controls. The addition of nanomolar concentrations of 17β-estradiol also significantly induced MN differentiation. This effect of estradiol was completely antagonized by addition of the general estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182,780. To identify the ER subtype mediating the increase on MN differentiation, we incubated estradiol with the ER-α antagonist MPP or with the ER-β blocker PHTPP. When we coincubated 17β-estradiol with MPP, we found a significant decrease in the percentage of MN. In contrast, the coincubation of 17β-estradiol with PHTPP had no effect on the induction of MN differentiation. All these effects on cell number were confirmed by significant changes in the expression of the MN markers Islet-1 and Choline acetyl transferase, assessed by real-time RT-PCR. Cell proliferation in embryoid bodies was significantly enhanced by progesterone treatment. No changes in apoptotic cell death were found in differentiating cells after progesterone or 17β-estradiol addition. Our findings indicate that progesterone and 17β-estradiol induce a higher proportion of MN derived from mouse ES cells through intracellular PR and ER, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of estradiol was mediated by specific activation of ER-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo López-González
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
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20
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Promoting effects of isobavachin on neurogenesis of mouse embryonic stem cells were associated with protein prenylation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:425-32. [PMID: 21441946 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Some small molecules can induce mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to differentiate into neuronal cells. Here, we explored the effect of isobavachin (IBA), a compound with a prenyl group at position 8 of ring A, on promoting neuronal differentiation and the potential role of its protein prenylation. METHODS The hanging drop method was employed for embryonic body (EB) formation to mimic embryo development in vivo. The EBs were treated with IBA at a final concentration of 10(-7) mol/L from EB stage (d 4) to d 8+10. Geranylgeranyltransferase I inhibitor GGTI-298 was subsequently used to disrupt protein prenylation. Neuronal subtypes, including neurons and astrocytes, were observed by fluorescence microscopy. Gene and protein expression levels were detected using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS With IBA treatment, nestin was highly expressed in the neural progenitors generated from EBs (d 4, d 8+0). EBs then further differentiated into neurons (marked by β-tubulin III) and astrocytes (marked by GFAP), which were both up-regulated in a time-dependent manner on d 8+5 and d 8+10. Co-treatment with GGTI-298 selectively abolished the IBA-induced neuronal differentiation. Moreover, in the MAPK pathway, p38 and JNK phosphorylation were down-regulated, while ERK phosphorylation was up-regulated after IBA treatment at different neuronal differentiation passages. CONCLUSION IBA can facilitate mouse ES cells differentiating into neuronal cells. The mechanism involved protein prenylation and, subsequently, phos-ERK activation and the phos-p38 off pathway.
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21
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Glazova M, Hollis S, Pak ES, Murashov AK. Embryonic stem cells inhibit expression of erythropoietin in the injured spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 2010; 488:55-9. [PMID: 21056627 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent observations have demonstrated neuroprotective role of erythropoietin (Epo) and Epo receptor in the central nervous system. Here we examined Epo function in the murine spinal cord after transplantation of pluripotent mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells pre-differentiated towards neuronal type following spinal cord injury. Expression of Epo was measured at both mRNA and protein levels in the ES cells as well as in the spinal cords after 1 and 7 days. Our data demonstrated that expression of Epo mRNA, as well as its protein content, in ES cells was significantly decreased after differentiation procedure. In the spinal cords, analysis showed that Epo mRNA level was significantly decreased after 1 day of ES cell injections in comparison to media-injected control. Epo protein level detected by Western blot was diminished as well. Examination of Epo production in the injured spinal cords after media or ES cells injections by indirect immunofluorescence showed increased Epo-immunopositive staining after media injections 1 day after injection. In contrast, ES cell transplantation did not induce Epo expression. Seven days after ES cell injections, Epo-immunopositive cells' distribution in the ipsilateral side was not changed, while the intensity of immunostaining on the contralateral side was increased, approaching levels in control media-injected tissues. Our data let us to presume that previously described immediate positive effects of ES cells injected into the injured zone of spinal cord are not based on Epo, but on other factors or hormones, which should be elucidated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Glazova
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Brody Building, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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22
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Glazova M, Pak ES, Moretto J, Hollis S, Brewer KL, Murashov AK. Pre-differentiated embryonic stem cells promote neuronal regeneration by cross-coupling of BDNF and IL-6 signaling pathways in the host tissue. J Neurotrauma 2010; 26:1029-42. [PMID: 19138107 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of embryonic stem (ES) cell therapeutic action remains far from being elucidated. Our recent report has shown that transplantation of ES cells, predifferentiated into neuronal progenitors, prevented appearance of chronic pain behaviors in mice after experimentally induced spinal cord injury. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that this beneficial effect is mediated by antiapoptotic and regenerative signaling pathways activated in the host tissue by transplanted ES cells. Spinal cord injury was induced by unilateral microinjections of quisqualic acid at spinal levels T12-L2. At 1 week after injury, the pre-differentiated towards neuronal phenotype ES cells were transplanted into the site of injury. Here we show that transplantation of pre-differentiated ES cells activate both brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling pathways in the host tissue, leading to activation of cAMP/PKA, phosporylation of cofilin and synapsin I, and promoting regenerative growth and neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Glazova
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, USA
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23
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Promotion of rat brain-derived progenitor cell neurogenesis by liquiritigenin treatment: Underlying mechanisms. Neurosci Lett 2010; 481:139-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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24
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Azizi H, Mehrjardi NZ, Shahbazi E, Hemmesi K, Bahmani MK, Baharvand H. Dehydroepiandrosterone Stimulates Neurogenesis in Mouse Embryonal Carcinoma Cell- and Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Progenitors and Induces Dopaminergic Neurons. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:809-18. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Azizi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges-Zare Mehrjardi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Shahbazi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Katayoun Hemmesi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mirza Khalil Bahmani
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Diotel N, Le Page Y, Mouriec K, Tong SK, Pellegrini E, Vaillant C, Anglade I, Brion F, Pakdel F, Chung BC, Kah O. Aromatase in the brain of teleost fish: expression, regulation and putative functions. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31:172-92. [PMID: 20116395 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Unlike that of mammals, the brain of teleost fish exhibits an intense aromatase activity due to the strong expression of one of two aromatase genes (aromatase A or cyp19a1a and aromatase B or cyp19a1b) that arose from a gene duplication event. In situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and expression of GFP (green fluorescent protein) in transgenic tg(cyp19a1b-GFP) fish demonstrate that aromatase B is only expressed in radial glial cells (RGC) of adult fish. These cells persist throughout life and act as progenitors in the brain of both developing and adult fish. Although aromatase B-positive radial glial cells are most abundant in the preoptic area and the hypothalamus, they are observed throughout the entire central nervous system and spinal cord. In agreement with the fact that brain aromatase activity is correlated to sex steroid levels, the high expression of cyp19a1b is due to an auto-regulatory loop through which estrogens and aromatizable androgens up-regulate aromatase expression. This mechanism involves estrogen receptor binding on an estrogen response element located on the cyp19a1b promoter. Cell specificity is achieved by a mandatory cooperation between estrogen receptors and unidentified glial factors. Given the emerging roles of estrogens in neurogenesis, the unique feature of the adult fish brain suggests that, in addition to classical functions on brain sexual differentiation and sexual behaviour, aromatase expression in radial glial cells could be part of the mechanisms authorizing the maintenance of a high proliferative activity in the brain of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Diotel
- Neurogenesis And OEstrogens, UMR CNRS 6026, IFR 140, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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26
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Tsai HA, Wu RR, Lee IC, Chang HY, Shen CN, Chang YC. Selection, Enrichment, and Maintenance of Self-Renewal Liver Stem/Progenitor Cells Utilizing Polypeptide Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:994-1001. [DOI: 10.1021/bm901461e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Ang Tsai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ruei-Ren Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - I-Chi Lee
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiao-Yuan Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Ning Shen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ying-Chih Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
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27
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Estradiol promotes proliferation of dopaminergic precursors resulting in a higher proportion of dopamine neurons derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 27:493-500. [PMID: 19379802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Estradiol protects dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra from toxic insults. Such neurons succumb in Parkinson's disease; one strategy for restoring dopamine deficiency is cell therapy with neurons differentiated from embryonic stem cells. We investigated the effects of 17beta-estradiol on dopaminergic induction of embryonic stem cells using the 5-stage protocol. Cells were incubated with different steroid concentrations during the proliferation (stage 4) or differentiation (stage 5) phases. Estradiol added at nM concentrations only during stage 4 increases the proliferation of dopaminergic precursors expressing Lmx1a, inducing a higher proportion of dopamine neurons at stage 5. These actions were mediated by activation of estrogen receptors, because co-incubation of cells with estradiol and ICI 182,780 completely abolished the positive effect on both proliferation of committed precursors, and subsequent differentiation to dopaminergic neurons. Our results suggest that estradiol should be useful in producing higher proportions of dopamine neurons from embryonic stem cells aimed for treating Parkinson's disease.
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28
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Segner H. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism for investigating endocrine disruption. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 149:187-95. [PMID: 18955160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.10.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) are widespread in the aquatic environment and can cause alterations in development, physiological homeostasis and health of vertebrates. Zebrafish, Danio rerio, has been suggested as a model species to identify targets as well as modes of EDC action. In fact, zebrafish has been found useful in EDC screening, in EDC effects assessment and in studying targets and mechanisms of EDC action. Since many of the environmental EDCs interfere with the sex steroid system of vertebrates, most EDC studies with zebrafish addressed disruption of sexual differentiation and reproduction. However, other targets of EDCs action must not be overlooked. For using a species as a toxicological model, a good knowledge of the biological traits of this species is a pre-requisite for the rational design of test protocols and endpoints as well as for the interpretation and extrapolation of the toxicological findings. Due to the genomic resources available for zebrafish and the long experience with zebrafish in toxicity testing, it is easily possible to establish molecular endpoints for EDC effects assessment. Additionally, the zebrafish model offers a number of technical advantages including ease and cost of maintenance, rapid development, high fecundity, optical transparency of embryos supporting phenotypic screening, existence of many mutant strains, or amenability for both forward and reverse genetics. To date, the zebrafish has been mainly used to identify molecular targets of EDC action and to determine effect thresholds, while the potential of this model species to study immediate and delayed physiological consequences of molecular interactions has been instrumentalized only partly. One factor that may limit the exploitation of this potential is the still rather fragmentary knowledge of basic biological and endocrine traits of zebrafish. Information on species-specific features in endocrine processes and biological properties, however, need to be considered in establishing EDC test protocols using zebrafish, in extrapolating findings from zebrafish to other vertebrate species, and in understanding how EDC-induced gene expression changes translate into disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Berne, P.O. Box 8466, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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Enhanced co-expression of beta-tubulin III and choline acetyltransferase in neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells promoted by icaritin in an estrogen receptor-independent manner. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 179:375-85. [PMID: 19135036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A previous small molecule screen demonstrated that some prenylflavonoids can promote neuronal differentiation from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells based on morphologic criteria. Here we build on this observation and examine the neuronal subtypes induced by icaritin, a compound screened, and the molecular events underlying the differentiation. In the presence of icaritin, the number of neural rosettes in embryoid bodies (EBs) expressing nestin efficiently increased and the neuroectodermal gene Fgf5 expression upregulated during germ layer formation. The neural progenitors generated from icaritin-treated EBs were further differentiated into the neurons (marked by beta-tubulin III) and also enhanced the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression upon terminal differentiation. A suppression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) phosphorylation and sustained extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) phosphorylation existed simultaneously without estrogen-like activities involved. Taken together, enhanced co-expression of beta-tubulin III and choline acetyltransferase in neuronal differentiation from mouse ES cells is promoted by icaritin via estrogen receptor-independent action.
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Ray R, Novotny NM, Crisostomo PR, Lahm T, Abarbanell A, Meldrum DR. Sex steroids and stem cell function. Mol Med 2008; 14:493-501. [PMID: 18475312 DOI: 10.2119/2008-00004.ray] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender dimorphisms exist in the pathogenesis of a variety of cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary, neurodegenerative, and endocrine disorders. Estrogens exert immense influence on myocardial remodeling following ischemic insult, partially through paracrine growth hormone production by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells. Estrogens also facilitate the mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells to the ischemic myocardium and enhance neovascularization at the ischemic border zone. Moreover, estrogens limit pathological myocardial remodeling through the inhibitory effects on the proliferation of the cardiac fibroblasts. Androgens also may stimulate endothelial progenitor cell migration from the bone marrow, yet the larger role of androgens in disease pathogenesis is not well characterized. The beneficial effects of sex steroids include alteration of lipid metabolism in preadipocytes, modulation of bone metabolism and skeletal maturation, and prevention of osteoporosis through their effects on osteogenic precursors. In an example of sex steroid-specific effects, neural stem cells exhibit enhanced proliferation in response to estrogens, whereas androgens mediate inhibitory effects on their proliferation. Although stem cells can offer significant therapeutic benefits in various cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, endocrine disorders, and disorders of bone metabolism, a greater understanding of sex hormones on diverse stem cell populations is required to improve their ultimate clinical efficacy. In this review, we focus on the effects of estrogen and testosterone on various stem and progenitor cell types, and their relevant intracellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinki Ray
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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31
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Agça E, Batailler M, Tillet Y, Chemineau P, Duittoz AH. Modulation of estrogen receptors during development inhibits neurogenesis of precursors to GnRH-1 neurones: in vitro studies with explants of ovine olfactory placode. Brain Res 2008; 1223:34-41. [PMID: 18597744 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the putative effects of agonists and antagonists of the estradiol receptor on the early phase of GnRH-1 neuron development. To address this question we used an in vitro model of GnRH-1 neurons using cultured olfactory placode from sheep embryos on day 26 of gestation. Previous studies on this model have shown that in vitro the development of GnRH-1 neurons mimics in vivo development up to the start of pulsatile GnRH-1 secretion, To address the effects of modulating the estrogen receptor, cultures were treated with the endogenous and synthetic ligands of estradiol receptors: 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-estradiol and tamoxifen. Neurogenesis was measured by incorporation of [(3)H]-thymidine. Morphometric parameters were evaluated by image analysis. The main results are that antagonism of estradiol receptors induced an important decrease in neurogenesis but had little effect on morphometric parameters, suggesting that during this early phase of development, maternal estrogens are important to achieve correct development of the GnRH-1 neuronal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Agça
- Université de Tours, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, IFR135, UMR 6175 INRA, CNRS, Haras Nationaux, Nouzilly, France
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Goldman-Johnson DR, de Kretser DM, Morrison JR. Evidence that androgens regulate early developmental events, prior to sexual differentiation. Endocrinology 2008; 149:5-14. [PMID: 17916626 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Androgen signaling is critical for normal fetal development but is not thought to regulate events in early embryogenesis. Given the interest in factors controlling the differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells, we have explored the possibility that androgens may play a role. This study demonstrates expression of androgen receptor (AR) RNA and protein in four independent mouse ES (mES) cell lines, and shows that the AR is functional and can interact with transfected androgen response elements to promote green fluorescent protein expression. AR mRNA was detected throughout 10-d differentiation in embryoid bodies (EBs). Exposure of EBs to testosterone (T) or dihydrotestosterone, at doses of 1 and 0.1 mum, respectively, promoted formation of beating cardiomyocytes. Flow cytometric analyses demonstrated a significant increase in the number of alpha-actinin and tropomyosin (cardiac markers) positive cells after these treatments. Addition of flutamide (1 microM) to T-treated EBs inhibited the T-induced proliferation of cardiomyocytes, confirming that, in this instance, androgens act via the classical AR-mediated genomic pathway. We also report that mES cells express key steroidogenic enzymes, as detected by RT-PCR, and during 24-h incubations secrete T at concentrations of 1.38 +/- 0.22 nM, levels comparable to those secreted by cultured Leydig cells. These novel data demonstrate the capacity of androgens to stimulate increased differentiation of mouse ES cells to cardiomyocytes, and are in keeping with recent observations that AR-deficient mice exhibit cardiac impairment in adulthood.
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Hong L, Colpan A, Peptan IA, Daw J, George A, Evans CA. 17-Beta estradiol enhances osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stromal cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:1197-203. [PMID: 17518737 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) possess multiple differentiation potentials and may serve as a cell source, if effectively modulated, for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Due to estrogen's function in tissue and organ development through regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, we hypothesized that an estrogen supplement may effectively enhance the multiple differentiation potentials of human ASCs. 17-Beta estradiol (E2) was investigated for modulating in vitro osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation in human ASCs isolated from a healthy female donor. After ASCs' exposure to osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation medium supplemented with different concentrations of E2, osteogenic markers (alkaline phosphatase activity, extracellular matrix, calcium deposition, and osteocalcin expression) and adipogenic parameters (lipid accumulation and differentiated cell population) significantly improved. Estrogen's enhancement is dose dependent and linked to differing alpha and beta estrogen receptors. Our data preliminarily demonstrate that estrogen can modulate the differentiation, and potentially improve the efficiency of ASCs in stem cell-based tissue engineering and regeneration. However, further study is needed to verify the regulatory functions of estrogen on ASC differentiations of donors with different ages and genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Hong
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7211, USA.
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Kang JH, Lee CK, Kim JR, Yu SJ, Jo JH, Do BR, Kim HK, Kang SG. Estrogen stimulates the neuronal differentiation of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (CD34-). Neuroreport 2007; 18:35-8. [PMID: 17259857 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3280123192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of estrogen on the neuronal differentiation of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells. Human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells cultured in a neuronal differentiation medium containing dimethylsulfoxide and butylated hydroxyanisole showed the expression of the neuronal cell-specific protein marker, beta-tubulin III. The estrogen treatment increased the proportion of neurons and neurite branching but reduced the mean neurite length. The relative expression of neurotropic factors such as brain-derived neurotropic factor, glial cell derived neurotropic factor, nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3, and growth-associated protein 43 were higher in the estrogen-treated group than in the nontreated and estrogen receptor antagonist (ICI-182,780)-treated groups. These results suggest that estrogen stimulates the differentiation of neurons derived from human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells through the gene expression of neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Science, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
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35
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Díaz NF, Guerra-Arraiza C, Díaz-Martínez NE, Salazar P, Molina-Hernández A, Camacho-Arroyo I, Velasco I. Changes in the content of estrogen alpha and progesterone receptors during differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells to dopamine neurons. Brain Res Bull 2007; 73:75-80. [PMID: 17499639 PMCID: PMC2042946 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) can differentiate to derivatives of the three embryonic germ layers. Dopamine neurons have been produced from mouse and human ESC. This in vitro induction mimics the developmental program followed by dopaminergic cells in vivo. Production of dopamine neurons might have clinical applications for Parkinson's disease, which has a higher incidence in men than in women, suggesting a protective role for sex hormones, particularly progesterone and estradiol. These hormones exert many of their effects through the interaction with their nuclear receptors. In this study, we used a described 5-stage protocol for dopamine neuron differentiation of ESC, allowing neuronal commitment as evidenced by specific markers and by behavioural recovery of hemiparkinsonian rats after grafting. We studied the expression of steroid hormone receptors by immunoblot during this procedure and found an increase in the content of both A and B isoforms of progesterone receptor (PR) and a decrease in estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha) when cells were at the neural/neuronal stages, when compared with the amount found in initial pluripotent conditions. We also found the same pattern of PR and ER-alpha expression by immunocytochemistry. Ninety-two percent of dopamine neurons expressed progesterone receptors and only 19% of these neurons co-expressed tyrosine hydroxylase and ER-alpha. These results show a differential expression pattern of ER-alpha and PR isoforms during neuronal differentiation of ESC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor F. Díaz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Christian Guerra-Arraiza
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Néstor E. Díaz-Martínez
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Patricia Salazar
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Anayansi Molina-Hernández
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Ivan Velasco
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 04510, México
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36
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Merlo S, Calafiore M, Vancheri C, Luigi Canonico P, Copani A, Sortino MA. Astrocyte-like cells as a main target for estrogen action during neuronal differentiation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 34:562-70. [PMID: 17300952 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 09/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurospheres from the subventricular zone of adult mice were used as an experimental model to analyse the early differential effects of 17beta-estradiol (17beta-E2). Both floating and differentiating neurospheres expressed estrogen receptors (ERs) alpha and beta. The initial phases of differentiation coincided with a peak of ERalpha expression as by Western blot analysis. Treatment with 10 nM 17beta-E2 induced a significant increase in the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive population and a greater expression of GFAP, an effect sensitive to the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780. The GFAP-positive cell population induced by 17beta-E2 was characterized by a highly differentiated phenotype and intense immunostaining as by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. These cells co-expressed ERalpha and were positive to BrdU. 17beta-E2 also affected neuronal differentiation by rapidly and transiently increasing the percentage of polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM)-positive progenitors, and by accelerating the appearance of a mature neuronal phenotype, as evaluated by microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) staining. Our results point to a key role for ERalpha during initial phases of differentiation of brain cells and to an effect of 17beta-E2 that sequentially involves both glia and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Merlo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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37
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Hendricks WA, Pak ES, Owensby JP, Menta KJ, Glazova M, Moretto J, Hollis S, Brewer KL, Murashov AK. Predifferentiated embryonic stem cells prevent chronic pain behaviors and restore sensory function following spinal cord injury in mice. Mol Med 2006; 12:34-46. [PMID: 16838066 PMCID: PMC1514553 DOI: 10.2119/2006-00014.hendricks] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells have been investigated in repair of the CNS following neuronal injury and disease; however, the efficacy of these cells in treatment of postinjury pain is far from clear. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of predifferentiated mouse ES cells to restore sensory deficits following spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. The pain model used unilateral intraspinal injection of quisqualic acid (QUIS) into the dorsal horn between vertebral levels T13 and L1. Seven days later, 60,000 predifferentiated ES cells or media were transplanted into the site of the lesion. Histological analysis at 7, 14, and 60 days post-transplantation revealed that animals receiving ES cell transplants suffered significantly less tissue damage than animals receiving media alone. Transplanted cells provided immediate effects on both spontaneous and evoked pain behaviors. Treatment with ES cells resulted in 0% (n = 28) excessive grooming behavior versus 60% (18 of 30) in media-treated animals. In the acetone test (to assess thermal allodynia), mice recovered to preinjury levels by 12 days after ES cell transplant, whereas control animals injected with media after SCI did not show any improvement up to 60 days. Similarly, the von Frey test (to assess mechanical allodynia) and the formalin test (to assess nociceptive hyperalgesia) showed that transplantation of predifferentiated ES cells significantly reduced these pain behaviors following injury. Here we show that predifferentiated ES cells act in a neuroprotective manner and provide antinociceptive and therapeutic effects following excitotoxic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley A Hendricks
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Elena S Pak
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - J Paul Owensby
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Kristie J Menta
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Margarita Glazova
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Justin Moretto
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Sarah Hollis
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Kori L Brewer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Alexander K Murashov
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Alexander K. Murashov, East
Carolina University School of Medicine, Brody Bldg #6N-98, 600 Moye
Blvd, Greenville, NC 27834. Phone: 252-744-3111; fax: 252-744-3460; e-mail: ; web site: http://www.ecu.edu/physio/labakm
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Park MH, Lee SM, Lee JW, Son DJ, Moon DC, Yoon DY, Hong JT. ERK-mediated production of neurotrophic factors by astrocytes promotes neuronal stem cell differentiation by erythropoietin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 339:1021-8. [PMID: 16337149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic factor, is also required for normal brain development, and its receptor is localized in brain. Our previous study showed that EPO promotes differentiation of neuronal stem cells into astrocytes. Since astrocytes have influence on the neuronal function, we investigated whether EPO-activated astrocytes could stimulate differentiation of neuronal stem cells into neurons. EPO did not promote neuronal differentiation of neuronal stem cells isolated from 17 day embryos, however, neuronal differentiation was promoted when the neuronal stem cells were co-cultured with astrocyte isolated from post neonatal (Day 1) rat brain. Moreover, neuronal differentiation was further promoted when the neuronal stem cells were cultured with astrocyte culture medium treated by EPO (10U/ml) showing increase of morphological differentiation, and expression of neuronal differentiation marker proteins, neurofilament, and tyrosine hydroxylase. The promoting effect of EPO-treated astrocyte medium was also found in the differentiation of PC12 cells. EPO-promoted morphological differentiation of neuronal stem cells as well as astrocytes was dose dependently reduced by treatment with anti-EPO receptor antibodies in culture with astrocyte culture medium. To clarify whether EPO itself or via production of well-known neurotropic factor could promote neuronal cell differentiation, we determined the level of neurotropic factors in the EPO-treated astrocytes. Compared to untreated astrocytes, EPO-treated astrocytes increased about 2-fold in beta-NGF and 3-4-fold in BMP2, but did not increase BNDF and NT-3 levels. Since the previous study showed that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is involved in activation of astrocytes by EPO, we determined whether generation of neurotrophic factor may also be involved with the ERK pathway. In the presence of ERK inhibitor, PD98059, the generation of beta-NGF was diminished in a dose dependent manner consistent with the inhibiting effect on neuronal differentiation. These data demonstrate that EPO promotes neuronal cell differentiation through increased release of beta-NGF and BMP2 from astrocytes, and this effect may be associated with ERK pathway signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University 48, Gaesin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Isgor C, Watson SJ. Estrogen receptor alpha and beta mRNA expressions by proliferating and differentiating cells in the adult rat dentate gyrus and subventricular zone. Neuroscience 2005; 134:847-56. [PMID: 15994024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Numerous factors modulate neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus and subventricular zone, but it is often not clear if the modulation is mediated by direct effects on the proliferating and differentiating cells or secondary to effects on other cells. Also, while some factors selectively affect neurogenesis in one of the neurogenetic zones, it is not clear how selectivity is achieved. Estrogen is a hormonal modulator of neurogenesis. To address the issues of direct versus indirect control and regional specificity we investigated the colocalization of immunoreactivity for a proliferating cell marker, Ki-67, and a marker for migrating and differentiating cells with a neuronal phenotype, doublecortin, with the expressions of mRNA for estrogen receptors alpha and beta. We found an extensive colocalization of estrogen receptor alpha with both markers in the dentate gyrus and only with Ki-67 in the subventricular zone. An extensive colocalization of estrogen receptor beta with both markers was found in the dentate gyrus, but only a few Ki-67-immunoreactive and no doublecortin-immunoreactive cells of the subventricular zone expressed estrogen receptor beta mRNA. Estrogen receptor alpha and beta mRNAs were not expressed in other telencephalic Ki-67-immunoreactive cells or in constitutively doublecortin-immunoreactive cells of the piriform cortex. The extensive colocalization of immunoreactive markers for cell proliferation and differentiation with mRNAs for estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor beta points to the direct modulation of dentate cell proliferation, differentiation and survival by estrogen, while direct effects of estrogen in the subventricular zone appear restricted to estrogen receptor alpha-mediated effects operating at the time of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Isgor
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt Biomedical Center, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991, USA.
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40
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Murashov AK, Pak ES, Katwa LC. Parallel development of cardiomyocytes and neurons in embryonic stem cell culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 332:653-6. [PMID: 15894285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.04.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that there are strong parallels between development and patterning of the vertebrate vascular system and the nervous system. While previous observations reported generation of vascular and neuronal progenitors from embryonic stem (ES) cells, the question of parallel development of vascular and neuronal cells in the same culture has not yet been investigated. Mouse D3 ES cells were cultured for 4 days in differentiation medium IMDM with 15% FBS in 100 mm non-adhesive Petri dishes to allow cells to aggregate and form embryoid bodies. At day 5, fibronectin or all-trans retinoic acid with fibronectin was added to the culture. On day 9, the embryoid bodies were seeded on poly-L-ornithine/fibronectin-coated plates. After plating, half of the plates were treated with laminin for 3 days and maintained for 1 week in Neurobasal media with B27. Here we show that ES cells differentiate into interconnected rhythmically contracting aggregates of functional cardiomyocytes and neurons. Double immunofluorescence with anti-phospholamban, anti-SERCA2 antibodies to detect cardiomyocytes and with anti-MAP2 antibodies to detect neurons revealed the cell aggregates consisting entirely of cardiomyocytes with neuronal cells located on the periphery or covering the aggregate's surface. The observed concurrent development of cardiomyocytes and neurons suggests bidirectional communication between both cell types. We propose that crosstalk between cardiovascular and neuronal progenitors is an important mechanism for the development of both systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Murashov
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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41
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Xu H, Fan X, Tang J, Zhou G, Yang L, Wu X, Liu S, Qu J, Yang H. A modified method for generation of neural precursor cells from cultured mouse embryonic stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 15:52-8. [PMID: 15878151 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Revised: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The pluripotency and high proliferative capacity of embryonic stem (ES) cells make them an attractive source of different cell types for biomedical research and cell replacement therapies. It has been demonstrated that ES cells can be induced into neural precursor cells (NPCs) under conditions. NPCs can be expanded in large numbers for significant periods of time to provide a reliable source of cells for transplantation in neurodegenerative disorders and injury of the central nervous system. This study describes a modified method for generation of NPCs from cultured mouse ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Xu
- Department of Physiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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42
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Xu H, Fan X, Wu X, Tang J, Yang H. Neural precursor cells differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells relieve symptomatic motor behavior in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 326:115-22. [PMID: 15567160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells are the most versatile cells, with the potential to differentiate into all types of cell lineages including neural precursor cells (NPCs), which can be expanded in large numbers for significant periods of time to provide a reliable cell source for transplantation in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, we used the MESPU35 mouse ES cell line, which expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein that enables one to distinguish between transplanted cells and cells of host origin. Embryoid bodies (EBs) were formed and were induced to NPCs in N2 selection medium plus fibronectin. Praxiology and immunohistochemistry methods were used to observe the survival, differentiation, and therapeutic effect of NPCs after grafted into the striatum of PD rats. We found that mouse ESc were differentiated into nestin-positive NPCs 6 days after the EBs formed and cultured in the N2 selection medium. The number of survival NPCs was increased significantly by fibronectin. About 23.76+/-2.29% of remaining cells were tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive 12 days after NPCs were cultured in N2 selective medium. The survival rates of NPCs were 2.10+/-0.41% and about 90.90+/-3.00% of the engrafted NPCs were TH-positive 6 weeks after transplantation into the striatum of PD rats. The rotation of PD rats was relieved 3 weeks after the NPCs transplantation and this effect was kept for at least 6 weeks. It suggests that most of the survival NPCs derived from ES cells differentiated into TH-positive neurons after grafted into the striatum of PD rats, which produces therapeutic effect on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Xu
- Department of Physiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
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