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El-Darzi N, Mast N, Li Y, Pikuleva IA. APOB100 transgenic mice exemplify how the systemic circulation content may affect the retina without altering retinal cholesterol input. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:52. [PMID: 38253888 PMCID: PMC10803575 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B (APOB) is a constituent of unique lipoprotein particles (LPPs) produced in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which separates the neural retina from Bruch's membrane (BrM) and choroidal circulation. These LPPs accumulate with age in BrM and contribute to the development of age-related macular degeneration, a major blinding disease. The APOB100 transgenic expression in mice, which unlike humans lack the full-length APOB100, leads to lipid deposits in BrM. Herein, we further characterized APOB100 transgenic mice. We imaged mouse retina in vivo and assessed chorioretinal lipid distribution, retinal sterol levels, retinal cholesterol input, and serum content as well as tracked indocyanine green-bound LPPs in mouse plasma and retina after an intraperitoneal injection. Retinal function and differentially expressed proteins were also investigated. APOB100 transgenic mice had increased serum LDL content and an additional higher density HDL subpopulation; their retinal cholesterol levels (initially decreased) became normal with age. The LPP cycling between the RPE and choroidal circulation was increased. Yet, LPP trafficking from the RPE to the neural retina was limited, and total retinal cholesterol input did not change. There were lipid deposits in the RPE and BrM, and retinal function was impaired. Retinal proteomics provided mechanistic insights. Collectively, our data suggested that the serum LDL/HDL ratio may not affect retinal pathways of cholesterol input as serum LPP load is mainly handled by the RPE, which offloads LPP excess to the choroidal circulation rather than neural retina. Different HDL subpopulations should be considered in studies linking serum LPPs and age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole El-Darzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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2
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Santalla Méndez R, Rodgers Furones A, Classens R, Fedorova K, Haverdil M, Canela Capdevila M, van Duffelen A, Spruijt CG, Vermeulen M, Ter Beest M, van Spriel AB, Querol Cano L. Galectin-9 interacts with Vamp-3 to regulate cytokine secretion in dendritic cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:306. [PMID: 37755527 PMCID: PMC10533640 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04954-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular vesicle transport is essential for cellular homeostasis and is partially mediated by SNARE proteins. Endosomal trafficking to the plasma membrane ensures cytokine secretion in dendritic cells (DCs) and the initiation of immune responses. Despite its critical importance, the specific molecular components that regulate DC cytokine secretion are poorly characterised. Galectin-9, a ß-galactoside-binding protein, has emerged as a novel cellular modulator although its exact intracellular roles in regulating (immune) cell homeostasis and vesicle transport are virtually unknown. We investigated galectin-9 function in primary human DCs and report that galectin-9 is essential for intracellular cytokine trafficking to the cell surface. Galectin-9-depleted DCs accumulate cytokine-containing vesicles in the Golgi complex that eventually undergo lysosomal degradation. We observed galectin-9 to molecularly interact with Vamp-3 using immunoprecipitation-mass-spectrometry and identified galectin-9 was required for rerouting Vamp-3-containing endosomes upon DC activation as the underlying mechanism. Overall, this study identifies galectin-9 as a necessary mechanistic component for intracellular trafficking. This may impact our general understanding of vesicle transport and sheds new light into the multiple roles galectins play in governing cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Santalla Méndez
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Rodgers Furones
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René Classens
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Fedorova
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Haverdil
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Canela Capdevila
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne van Duffelen
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia G Spruijt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ter Beest
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek B van Spriel
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laia Querol Cano
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Cortisol Rapidly Facilitates Glucocorticoid Receptor Translocation to the Plasma Membrane in Primary Trout Hepatocytes. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020311. [PMID: 36829586 PMCID: PMC9953755 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) stimulate rapid cell signalling by activating the membrane-anchored intracellular glucocorticoid receptor (GR). However, the recruitment of the GR to the plasma membrane to facilitate nongenomic signalling is far from clear. As cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) is involved in intracellular protein dynamics, we tested the hypothesis that acute elevation in cortisol levels rapidly stimulates GR translocation to the plasma membrane via a calcium-dependent process in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. To test this, we monitored temporal changes in intracellular GR distribution in response to cortisol exposure. Immunofluorescence labelling showed that the GR was present in cytosolic and nuclear compartments in trout hepatocytes. However, upon cortisol exposure, the GR rapidly (within 5 min) formed punctate and colocalized with caveolin-1, suggesting plasma membrane localization of the receptor. This redistribution of the GR to the plasma membrane was transient and lasted for 30 min and was evident even upon exposure to cortisol-BSA, a membrane-impermeable analogue of the steroid. The rapid cortisol-mediated GR translocation to the plasma membrane involved F-actin polymerization and was completely abolished in the presence of either EGTA or Cpd5J-4, a calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channel blocker. Additionally, the modulation of the biophysical properties of the plasma membrane by cholesterol or methyl β-cyclodextrin, which led to changes in ([Ca2+]i) levels, modified GR translocation to the plasma membrane. Altogether, acute cortisol-mediated rise in ([Ca2+]i) levels rapidly stimulated the translocation of intracellular GR to the plasma membrane, and we propose this as a mechanism promoting the nongenomic action of the GR for hepatocyte stress resistance.
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Identification of Transferrin Receptor 1 (TfR1) Overexpressed in Lung Cancer Cells, and Internalization of Magnetic Au-CoFe2O4 Core-Shell Nanoparticles Functionalized with Its Ligand in a Cellular Model of Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081715. [PMID: 36015341 PMCID: PMC9413248 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is, currently, one of the main malignancies causing deaths worldwide. To date, early prognostic and diagnostic markers for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) have not been systematically and clearly identified, so most patients receive standard treatment. In the present study, we combine quantitative proteomics studies and the use of magnetic core-shell nanoparticles (mCSNP’s), first to identify a marker for lung cancer, and second to functionalize the nanoparticles and their possible application for early and timely diagnosis of this and other types of cancer. In the present study, we used label-free mass spectrometry in combination with an ion-mobility approach to identify 220 proteins with increased abundance in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines. Our attention was focused on cell receptors for their potential application as mCSNP’s targets; in this work, we report the overexpression of Transferrin Receptor (TfR1) protein, also known as Cluster of Differentiation 71 (CD71) up to a 30-fold increase with respect to the control cell. The kinetics of endocytosis, evaluated by a flow cytometry methodology based on fluorescence quantification, demonstrated that receptors were properly activated with the transferrin supported on the magnetic core-shell nanoparticles. Our results are important in obtaining essential information for monitoring the disease and/or choosing better treatments, and this finding will pave the way for future synthesis of nanoparticles including chemotherapeutic drugs for lung cancer treatments.
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5
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Torres M, Hussain H, Dickson AJ. The secretory pathway - the key for unlocking the potential of Chinese hamster ovary cell factories for manufacturing therapeutic proteins. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:628-645. [PMID: 35465810 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2047004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell factories (in particular the CHO cell system) have been crucial in the rise of biopharmaceuticals. Mammalian cells have compartmentalized organelles where intricate networks of proteins manufacture highly sophisticated biopharmaceuticals in a specialized production pipeline - the secretory pathway. In the bioproduction context, the secretory pathway functioning is key for the effectiveness of cell factories to manufacture these life-changing medicines. This review describes the molecular components and events involved in the secretory pathway, and provides a comprehensive summary of the intracellular steps limiting the production of therapeutic proteins as well as the achievements in engineering CHO cell secretory machinery. We also consider antibody-producing plasma cells (so called "professional" secretory cells) to explore the mechanisms underpinning their unique secretory function/features. Such understandings offer the potential to further enhancement of the current CHO cell production platforms for manufacturing next generation of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Torres
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hirra Hussain
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alan J Dickson
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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6
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Wang Y, Xiang YY, Sugihara J, Lu WY, Liao XH, Arvan P, Refetoff S, Liu M. XB130 Plays an Essential Role in Folliculogenesis Through Mediating Interactions Between Microfilament and Microtubule Systems in Thyrocytes. Thyroid 2022; 32:128-137. [PMID: 34652970 PMCID: PMC8861928 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: XB130 (actin filament-associated protein 1-like 2, AFAP1L2) is a thyroid-abundant adaptor/scaffold protein. Xb130-/- mice exhibit transient growth retardation postnatally due to congenital hypothyroidism with diminished thyroglobulin iodination and release at both embryonic and early postnatal stages due to disorganized thyroid apical membrane structure and function. We hypothesized that XB130 is crucial for polarity and folliculogenesis by mediating proper cytoskeletal structure and function in thyrocytes. Methods: Primary thyrocytes isolated from thyroid glands of Xb130-/- mice and their wild-type littermates at postnatal week 2 were cultured in 10% Matrigel for different time periods. Folliculogenesis was studied with immunofluorescence staining, followed by confocal microscopy. Cells were also transfected to express human XB130 fused Green Fluorescent Protein (XB130-GFP) or Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) only before morphological analysis. Cytoskeletal structures from embryo and postnatal thyroid glands were also studied. Results: In three-dimensional cultures of thyrocytes, XB130, aligned with actin filaments, participated in defining the site of apical membrane formation and coalescence to form a thyroid follicle lumen. Xb130-/- thyrocytes displayed delayed folliculogenesis, reduced recruitment of a microtubule (MT)-associated proteins, and disorganized acetylated tubulin under the apical membrane, resulting in delayed folliculogenesis with reduced efficiency in formation of the thyroid follicle lumen. Conclusions: XB130 critically regulates thyrocyte polarization by functioning as a link between the actin filament cortex and MT network at the apical membrane of thyrocytes. Defects of adaptor scaffold proteins may affect cellular polarity and cytoskeletal structure and function and result in disorders of epithelial function, such as congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Wang
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yun-Yan Xiang
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Junichi Sugihara
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei-Yang Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Medicine and Physiology, and Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Address correspondence to: Mingyao Liu, MD, Department of Surgery Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Room: PMCRT2-814, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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7
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Cocola C, Magnaghi V, Abeni E, Pelucchi P, Martino V, Vilardo L, Piscitelli E, Consiglio A, Grillo G, Mosca E, Gualtierotti R, Mazzaccaro D, La Sala G, Di Pietro C, Palizban M, Liuni S, DePedro G, Morara S, Nano G, Kehler J, Greve B, Noghero A, Marazziti D, Bussolino F, Bellipanni G, D'Agnano I, Götte M, Zucchi I, Reinbold R. Transmembrane Protein TMEM230, a Target of Glioblastoma Therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:703431. [PMID: 34867197 PMCID: PMC8636015 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.703431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most aggressive tumors originating in the brain. Histopathologic features include circuitous, disorganized, and highly permeable blood vessels with intermittent blood flow. These features contribute to the inability to direct therapeutic agents to tumor cells. Known targets for anti-angiogenic therapies provide minimal or no effect in overall survival of 12–15 months following diagnosis. Identification of novel targets therefore remains an important goal for effective treatment of highly vascularized tumors such as GBM. We previously demonstrated in zebrafish that a balanced level of expression of the transmembrane protein TMEM230/C20ORF30 was required to maintain normal blood vessel structural integrity and promote proper vessel network formation. To investigate whether TMEM230 has a role in the pathogenesis of GBM, we analyzed its prognostic value in patient tumor gene expression datasets and performed cell functional analysis. TMEM230 was found necessary for growth of U87-MG cells, a model of human GBM. Downregulation of TMEM230 resulted in loss of U87 migration, substratum adhesion, and re-passaging capacity. Conditioned media from U87 expressing endogenous TMEM230 induced sprouting and tubule-like structure formation of HUVECs. Moreover, TMEM230 promoted vascular mimicry-like behavior of U87 cells. Gene expression analysis of 702 patients identified that TMEM230 expression levels distinguished high from low grade gliomas. Transcriptomic analysis of patients with gliomas revealed molecular pathways consistent with properties observed in U87 cell assays. Within low grade gliomas, elevated TMEM230 expression levels correlated with reduced overall survival independent from tumor subtype. Highest level of TMEM230 correlated with glioblastoma and ATP-dependent microtubule kinesin motor activity, providing a direction for future therapeutic intervention. Our studies support that TMEM230 has both glial tumor and endothelial cell intracellular and extracellular functions. Elevated levels of TMEM230 promote glial tumor cell migration, extracellular scaffold remodeling, and hypervascularization and abnormal formation of blood vessels. Downregulation of TMEM230 expression may inhibit both low grade glioma and glioblastoma tumor progression and promote normalization of abnormally formed blood vessels. TMEM230 therefore is both a promising anticancer and antiangiogenic therapeutic target for inhibiting GBM tumor cells and tumor-driven angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cocola
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy.,Consorzio Italbiotec, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Magnaghi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Abeni
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Paride Pelucchi
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Martino
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Vilardo
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Piscitelli
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Consiglio
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Grillo
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Mosca
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Gualtierotti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Mazzaccaro
- Operative Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Gina La Sala
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Pietro
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Mira Palizban
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sabino Liuni
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina DePedro
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Nano
- Operative Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - James Kehler
- National Institutes of Health, NIDDK, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alessio Noghero
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Daniela Marazziti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Bussolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy.,Laboratory of Vascular Oncology Candiolo Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Bellipanni
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Igea D'Agnano
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ileana Zucchi
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Rolland Reinbold
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
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8
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Happle A, Jeske H, Kleinow T. Dynamic subcellular distribution of begomoviral nuclear shuttle and movement proteins. Virology 2021; 562:158-175. [PMID: 34339930 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) encodes a nuclear shuttle protein (NSP), and a movement protein (MP) which cooperatively accomplish viral DNA transport through the plant. Subcellular distribution patterns of fluorescent protein-tagged NSP and MP were tracked in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves in presence or absence of an AbMV infection using light microscopy. NSP was located within the nucleus and associated with early endosomes in the presence of MP. MP appeared at the plasma membrane, plasmodesmata and in motile vesicles, trafficking along the endoplasmic reticulum in an actin-dependent manner. MP and NSP did not co-localize and employed separate cellular pathways. Correspondingly, Förster resonance energy transfer analysis did not support physical interaction between NSP and MP. Time lapse movies illustrate the cellular dynamics of both proteins on their way around the nucleus and to the cell periphery and provide a first hint for the nuclear egress of NSP complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Happle
- Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Holger Jeske
- Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleinow
- Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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9
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Intracellular and Extracellular Markers of Lethality in Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A Quantitative Proteomic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010429. [PMID: 33406681 PMCID: PMC7795927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable disorder that mainly affects the skeleton. The inheritance is mostly autosomal dominant and associated to mutations in one of the two genes, COL1A1 and COL1A2, encoding for the type I collagen α chains. According to more than 1500 described mutation sites and to outcome spanning from very mild cases to perinatal-lethality, OI is characterized by a wide genotype/phenotype heterogeneity. In order to identify common affected molecular-pathways and disease biomarkers in OI probands with different mutations and lethal or surviving phenotypes, primary fibroblasts from dominant OI patients, carrying COL1A1 or COL1A2 defects, were investigated by applying a Tandem Mass Tag labeling-Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (TMT LC-MS/MS) proteomics approach and bioinformatic tools for comparative protein-abundance profiling. While no difference in α1 or α2 abundance was detected among lethal (type II) and not-lethal (type III) OI patients, 17 proteins, with key effects on matrix structure and organization, cell signaling, and cell and tissue development and differentiation, were significantly different between type II and type III OI patients. Among them, some non-collagenous extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (e.g., decorin and fibrillin-1) and proteins modulating cytoskeleton (e.g., nestin and palladin) directly correlate to the severity of the disease. Their defective presence may define proband-failure in balancing aberrances related to mutant collagen.
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10
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Wang Y, Burghardt TP, Worrell GA, Wang HL. The frequency-dependent effect of electrical fields on the mobility of intracellular vesicles in astrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 534:429-435. [PMID: 33280815 PMCID: PMC8215681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Slow-wave sleep, defined by low frequency (<4 Hz) electrical brain activity, is a basic brain function affecting metabolite clearance and memory consolidation. The origin of low-frequency activity is related to cortical up and down states, but the underlying cellular mechanism of how low-frequency activities affect metabolite clearance and memory consolidation has remained elusive. We applied electrical stimulation with voltages comparable to in vivo sleep recordings over a range of frequencies to cultured glial astrocytes while monitored the trafficking of GFP-tagged intracellular vesicles using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). We found that during low frequency (2 Hz) electrical stimulation the mobility of intracellular vesicle increased more than 20%, but remained unchanged under intermediate (20 Hz) or higher (200 Hz) frequency stimulation. We demonstrated a frequency-dependent effect of electrical stimulation on the mobility of astrocytic intracellular vesicles. We suggest a novel mechanism of brain modulation that electrical signals in the lower range frequencies embedded in brainwaves modulate the functionality of astrocytes for brain homeostasis and memory consolidation. The finding suggests a physiological mechanism whereby endogenous low-frequency brain oscillations enhance astrocytic function that may underlie some of the benefits of slow-wave sleep and highlights possible medical device approach for treating neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Wang
- Neurology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Thomas P Burghardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gregory A Worrell
- Neurology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Hai-Long Wang
- Neurology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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11
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Wu X, Chen S, Lu Q. High throughput profiling drug response and apoptosis of single polar cells. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:8614-8622. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01684e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The drug response of single polar cells was evaluated via single cell trapping on anisotropic microwells for tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Wu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Shuangshuang Chen
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Qinghua Lu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
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12
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Martínez J, Marmisolle I, Tarallo D, Quijano C. Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Dynamics in Secretion Processes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:319. [PMID: 32528413 PMCID: PMC7256191 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion is an energy consuming process that plays a relevant role in cell communication and adaptation to the environment. Among others, endocrine cells producing hormones, immune cells producing cytokines or antibodies, neurons releasing neurotransmitters at synapsis, and more recently acknowledged, senescent cells synthesizing and secreting multiple cytokines, growth factors and proteases, require energy to successfully accomplish the different stages of the secretion process. Calcium ions (Ca2+) act as second messengers regulating secretion in many of these cases. In this setting, mitochondria appear as key players providing ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, buffering Ca2+ concentrations and acting as structural platforms. These tasks also require the concerted actions of the mitochondrial dynamics machinery. These proteins mediate mitochondrial fusion and fission, and are also required for transport and tethering of mitochondria to cellular organelles where the different steps of the secretion process take place. Herein we present a brief overview of mitochondrial energy metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and the different steps of the secretion processes, along with evidence of the interaction between these pathways. We also analyze the role of mitochondria in secretion by different cell types in physiological and pathological settings.
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13
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Wu H, Iwai N, Suzuki Y, Nakano T. Molecular association of FtsZ with the intrabacterial nanotransportation system for urease in Helicobacter pylori. Med Mol Morphol 2019; 52:226-234. [PMID: 31134430 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-019-00225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori possesses intrabacterial nanotransportation system (ibNoTS) for transporting CagA, VacA, and urease within the bacterial cytoplasm, which is controlled by the extrabacterial environment. The route of ibNoTS for CagA is reported to be associated with the MreB filament, whereas the route of ibNoTS for urease is not yet known. In this study, we demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy that urease along the route of ibNoTS localizes closely with the FtsZ filament in the bacterium. Supporting this, we found by enzyme immunoassay and co-immunoprecipitation analysis that urease interacted with FtsZ. These findings indicate that urease along the route of ibNoTS is closely associated with the FtsZ filament. Since these phenomena were not observed in ibNoTS for CagA, the route of ibNoTS for CagA is different from that of ibNoTS for urease. We propose that the route of ibNoTS for urease is associated with the FtsZ filament in H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- Project Team for Study of Nanotransportation System, Research & development Center, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Noritaka Iwai
- Project Team for Study of Nanotransportation System, Research & development Center, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Project Team for Study of Nanotransportation System, Research & development Center, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
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14
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Hillert EK, Brnjic S, Zhang X, Mazurkiewicz M, Saei AA, Mofers A, Selvaraju K, Zubarev R, Linder S, D'Arcy P. Proteasome inhibitor b-AP15 induces enhanced proteotoxicity by inhibiting cytoprotective aggresome formation. Cancer Lett 2019; 448:70-83. [PMID: 30768956 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors have been shown to induce cell death in cancer cells by triggering an acute proteotoxic stress response characterized by accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins, ER stress and the production of reactive oxygen species. The aggresome pathway has been described as an escape mechanism from proteotoxicity by sequestering toxic cellular aggregates. Here we show that b-AP15, a small-molecule inhibitor of proteasomal deubiquitinase activity, induces poly-ubiquitin accumulation in absence of aggresome formation. b-AP15 was found to affect organelle transport in treated cells, raising the possibility that microtubule-transport of toxic protein aggregates is inhibited, leading to enhanced cytotoxicity. In contrast to the antiproliferative effects of the clinically used proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, the effects of b-AP15 are not further enhanced by the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Our results suggest an inhibitory effect of b-AP15 on the transport of misfolded proteins, resulting in a lack of aggresome formation, and a strong proteotoxic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Slavica Brnjic
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Amir Ata Saei
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arjan Mofers
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karthik Selvaraju
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Roman Zubarev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stig Linder
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Padraig D'Arcy
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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15
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Kaewarpai T, Thongboonkerd V. High-glucose-induced changes in macrophage secretome: regulation of immune response. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 452:51-62. [PMID: 30022449 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Secretory products from infiltrating macrophages have been thought to play crucial roles in development and progression of diabetic complications in various tissues/organs. Nevertheless, diabetes-induced changes in macrophage secretory products remained largely unknown. We thus analyzed high-glucose (HG)-induced changes in secretome of human macrophages derived from U937 human monocytic cell line after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) activation. Serum-free culture supernatants were collected from macrophages exposed to 5.5 mM glucose (NG-M-sup) (normal control), 25 mM glucose (HG-M-sup), or 5.5 mM glucose + 19.5 mM mannitol (MN-M-sup) (osmotic control) for 16 h. After dialysis and lyophilization, secreted proteins were subjected to 2-DE analysis (n = 5 gels derived from 5 independent cultures per group). Quantitative analysis and statistics revealed 23 protein spots whose secretory levels significantly differed among the three conditions. These proteins were successfully identified by nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS analyses and changes in levels of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), HSP70, HSP60, and β-actin were confirmed by Western blotting. Global protein network and functional enrichment analyses revealed that the altered proteins in HG-M-sup were involved mainly in regulation of immune response that might communicate with other bystander cells through the release of extracellular vesicles. These data may lead to a wider view of pathogenic mechanisms of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taniya Kaewarpai
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 6th Floor - SiMR Building, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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16
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Actin cytoskeleton regulator Arp2/3 complex is required for DLL1 activating Notch1 signaling to maintain the stem cell phenotype of glioma initiating cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:33353-33364. [PMID: 28380416 PMCID: PMC5464873 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary intracranial tumor. Actin cytoskeleton regulator Arp2/3 complex stimulates glioma cell motility and migration, and thus triggers tumor invasion. However, little is known regarding the role of actin cytoskeleton in maintaining the stem cell phenotype. Here, we showed that Arp2/3 complex improved stem cell phenotype maintenance through sustaining the activated Notch signaling. ShRNA targeting Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (DLL1) decreased CD133 and Nestin expression, and impaired the self-renewal ability of CD133+ U87-MG and U251-MG glioma cells, indicating DLL1/Notch1 signaling promoted stem cell phenotype maintenance. Interestingly, inhibiting Arp2/3 complex also induced the similar effect of shDLL1. Silencing DLL1 in the Arp2/3 inhibited CD133+ cells did not further abrogate the stem cell phenotype, suggesting DLL1 function requires Arp2/3 complex in glioma initiating cells (GICs). However, exogenous soluble DLL1 (sDLL1) instead of endogenous DLL1 rescued the Arp2/3 inhibition-induced stem cell phenotype suppression. The underlying mechanism was that Arp2/3 inhibition impeded DLL1 vesicular transport from cytoplasm to cell membrane, which resulted in DLL1 unable to activate Notch pathway. Furthermore, we illustrated that Arp2/3 inhibition abolished the tumorigenicity of CD133+ U87-MG neurosphere cells in the intracranial model. These findings suggested that cytoskeleton maintained the stem cell phenotype in GBM, which provide novel therapeutic strategy that anti-invasive targeted therapies may help eliminate GICs.
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17
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Real-Hohn A, Provance DW, Gonçalves RB, Denani CB, de Oliveira AC, Salerno VP, Oliveira Gomes AM. Impairing the function of MLCK, myosin Va or myosin Vb disrupts Rhinovirus B14 replication. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17153. [PMID: 29215055 PMCID: PMC5719429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17501-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Together, the three human rhinovirus (RV) species are the most frequent cause of the common cold. Because of their high similarity with other viral species of the genus Enterovirus, within the large family Picornaviridae, studies on RV infectious activities often offer a less pathogenic model for more aggressive enteroviruses, e.g. poliovirus or EV71. Picornaviruses enter via receptor mediated endocytosis and replicate in the cytosol. Most of them depend on functional F-actin, Rab proteins, and probably motor proteins. To assess the latter, we evaluated the role of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and two myosin V isoforms (Va and Vb) in RV-B14 infection. We report that ML-9, a very specific MLCK inhibitor, dramatically reduced RV-B14 entry. We also demonstrate that RV-B14 infection in cells expressing dominant-negative forms of myosin Va and Vb was impaired after virus entry. Using immunofluorescent localization and immunoprecipitation, we show that myosin Va co-localized with RV-B14 exclusively after viral entry (15 min post infection) and that myosin Vb was present in the clusters of newly synthesized RNA in infected cells. These clusters, observed at 180 min post infection, are reminiscent of replication sites. Taken together, these results identify myosin light chain kinase, myosin Va and myosin Vb as new players in RV-B14 infection that participate directly or indirectly in different stages of the viral cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Real-Hohn
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Biociências da Atividade Física, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal Rio do Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - D William Provance
- Center for Technological Development in Health, National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Braga Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caio Bidueira Denani
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andréa Cheble de Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Verônica P Salerno
- Departamento de Biociências da Atividade Física, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal Rio do Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andre Marco Oliveira Gomes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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18
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Raft-dependent endocytic movement and intracellular cluster formation during T cell activation triggered by concanavalin A. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:685-693. [PMID: 28711300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Certain food ingredients can stimulate the human immune system. A lectin, concanavalin A (ConA), from Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean) is one of the most well-known food-derived immunostimulants and mediates activation of cell-mediated immunity through T cell proliferation. Generally, T cell activation is known to be triggered by the interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) via a juxtacrine (contact-dependent) signaling pathway. The mechanism has been well characterized and is referred to as formation of the immunological synapse (IS). We were interested in the mechanism behind the T cell activation by food-derived ConA which might be different from that of T cell activation by APCs. The purpose of this study was to characterize T cell activation by ConA with regard to (i) movement of raft domain, (ii) endocytic vesicular transport, (iii) the cytoskeleton (actin and microtubules), and (iv) cholesterol composition. We found that raft-dependent endocytic movement was important for T cell activation by ConA and this movement was dependent on actin, microtubules, and cholesterol. The T cell signaling mechanism triggered by ConA can be defined as endocrine signaling which is distinct from the activation process triggered by interaction between T cells and APCs by juxtacrine signaling. Therefore, we hypothesized that T cell activation by ConA includes both two-dimensional superficial raft movement on the membrane surface along actin filaments and three-dimensional endocytic movement toward the inside of the cell along microtubules. These findings are important for developing new methods for immune stimulation and cancer therapy based on the function of ConA.
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19
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Biswas A, Bhattacharya A, Vij A, Das PK. Role of leishmanial acidocalcisomal pyrophosphatase in the cAMP homeostasis in phagolysosome conditions required for intra-macrophage survival. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 86:1-13. [PMID: 28268199 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of Leishmania donovani to macrophage phagolysosome conditions (PC) (37°C and pH 5.5) led to increased intracellular cAMP and cAMP-mediated responses, which help in intra-macrophage survival pre-requisite for infectivity. In the absence of typical orthologs for G-proteins and G-protein coupled receptors, we sought to study the precise mechanisms for positive modulation of cAMP production during exposure to PC. Amongst two promastigote-stage specific membrane bound receptor adenylate cyclases (LdRAC-A and LdRAC-B), LdRAC-A appeared to function as a major cAMP generator following PC exposure. Pyrophosphate (PPi), an energy storage compound as well as a by-product of cAMP biosynthesis by adenylate cyclise, was found to be decreased following PC exposure. This may be due to microtubule and microfilament-driven translocation of acidocalcisomes near plasma membrane vicinity with concomitant increase of acidocalcisome membrane pyrophosphatase (LdV-H+PPase) and acidocalcisomal soluble pyrophosphatase (LdVSP1). Episomal over-expression and conditional silencing demonstrated regulatory role of V-H+PPase on cAMP trigger and consequent induction of resistance to macrophage-derived pro-oxidants and parasite killing. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis revealed possible co-localization of LdV-H+PPase and LdRAC-A during PC exposure. Collectively, these results suggest that translocation of acidocalcisome in membrane vicinity functions as a trigger for LdRAC-A-driven cAMP generation through depletion of PPi pool by LdV-H+PPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Biswas
- Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia 741325, India
| | - Arijit Bhattacharya
- Centre de Rechercheen Infectiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, University of Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amit Vij
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Pijush K Das
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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20
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Rac Regulates Giardia lamblia Encystation by Coordinating Cyst Wall Protein Trafficking and Secretion. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01003-16. [PMID: 27555307 PMCID: PMC4999545 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01003-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Encystation of the common intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia involves the production, trafficking, and secretion of cyst wall material (CWM). However, the molecular mechanism responsible for the regulation of these sequential processes remains elusive. Here, we examined the role of GlRac, Giardia’s sole Rho family GTPase, in the regulation of endomembrane organization and cyst wall protein (CWP) trafficking. Localization studies indicated that GlRac is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus-like encystation-specific vesicles (ESVs). Constitutive GlRac signaling increased levels of the ER marker PDI2, induced ER swelling, reduced overall CWP1 production, and promoted the early maturation of ESVs. Quantitative analysis of cells expressing constitutively active hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged GlRac (HA-RacCA) revealed fewer but larger ESVs than control cells. Consistent with the phenotype of premature maturation of ESVs in HA-RacCA-expressing cells, constitutive GlRac signaling resulted in increased CWP1 secretion and, conversely, morpholino depletion of GlRac blocked CWP1 secretion. Wild-type cells unexpectedly secreted large quantities of CWP1 into the medium, and free CWP1 was used cooperatively during cyst formation. These results, in part, could account for the previously reported observation that G. lamblia encysts more efficiently at high cell densities. These studies of GlRac show that it regulates encystation at several levels, and our findings support its coordinating role as a regulator of CWP trafficking and secretion. The central role of GlRac in regulating membrane trafficking and the cytoskeleton, both of which are essential to Giardia parasitism, further suggests its potential as a novel target for drug development to treat giardiasis. The encystation process is crucial for the transmission of giardiasis and the life cycle of many protists. Encystation for Giardia lamblia involves the assembly of a protective cyst wall via sequential production, trafficking, and secretion of cyst wall material. However, the regulatory pathways that coordinate cargo maturation and secretion remain unknown. Here, we asked whether the signaling activities of G. lamblia’s single Rho family GTPase, GlRac, might have a regulatory role in the encystation process. We show that GlRac localizes to endomembranes and its signaling activities regulate the production of cyst wall protein 1 (CWP1), the maturation of encystation-specific vesicles (ESVs), and secretion of CWP1. We also show that secreted CWP1 is available for the development of cysts at the population level, a finding that in part could explain why Giardia encystation proceeds more efficiently at high cell densities.
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Wang P, Liu H, Wang Y, Liu O, Zhang J, Gleason A, Yang Z, Wang H, Shi A, Grant BD. RAB-10 Promotes EHBP-1 Bridging of Filamentous Actin and Tubular Recycling Endosomes. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006093. [PMID: 27272733 PMCID: PMC4894640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
EHBP-1 (Ehbp1) is a conserved regulator of endocytic recycling, acting as an effector of small GTPases including RAB-10 (Rab10). Here we present evidence that EHBP-1 associates with tubular endosomal phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] enriched membranes through an N-terminal C2-like (NT-C2) domain, and define residues within the NT-C2 domain that mediate membrane interaction. Furthermore, our results indicate that the EHBP-1 central calponin homology (CH) domain binds to actin microfilaments in a reaction that is stimulated by RAB-10(GTP). Loss of any aspect of this RAB-10/EHBP-1 system in the C. elegans intestinal epithelium leads to retention of basolateral recycling cargo in endosomes that have lost their normal tubular endosomal network (TEN) organization. We propose a mechanism whereby RAB-10 promotes the ability of endosome-bound EHBP-1 to also bind to the actin cytoskeleton, thereby promoting endosomal tubulation. Endosomes are intracellular organelles that sort protein and lipid components integral to the membrane, as well as more loosely associated lumenal content, for delivery to distinct intracellular destinations. Endosomes associated with recycling cargo back to the plasma membrane are often tubular in morphology, and this morphology is thought to be essential for recycling function. Our previous work identified a particularly dramatic network of endosomal tubules involved in membrane protein recycling in the basolateral intestinal epithelial cells of C. elegans. Our subsequent genetic analysis of basolateral recycling in this system identified a number of key regulators of these endosomes, including the small GTPase RAB-10 and its effector EHBP-1. Our new work presented here shows that EHBP-1 promotes endosomal tubulation by linking the membrane lipid PI(4,5)P2 to the actin cytoskeleton, and that the linkage of EHBP-1 to actin is enhanced by the interaction of EHBP-1 with RAB-10. This work has broad implications for how endosomal tubulation occurs in all cells, and has specific implications for the role of EHBP-1 in related processes such as insulin-stimulated recycling of glucose transporters in human adipocytes, a process intimately linked to type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ou Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Adenrele Gleason
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Zhenrong Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anbing Shi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (AS); (BDG)
| | - Barth D. Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AS); (BDG)
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22
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Siton-Mendelson O, Bernheim-Groswasser A. Toward the reconstitution of synthetic cell motility. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:461-474. [PMID: 27019160 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1170260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular motility is a fundamental process essential for embryonic development, wound healing, immune responses, and tissues development. Cells are mostly moving by crawling on external, or inside, substrates which can differ in their surface composition, geometry, and dimensionality. Cells can adopt different migration phenotypes, e.g., bleb-based and protrusion-based, depending on myosin contractility, surface adhesion, and cell confinement. In the few past decades, research on cell motility has focused on uncovering the major molecular players and their order of events. Despite major progresses, our ability to infer on the collective behavior from the molecular properties remains a major challenge, especially because cell migration integrates numerous chemical and mechanical processes that are coupled via feedbacks that span over large range of time and length scales. For this reason, reconstituted model systems were developed. These systems allow for full control of the molecular constituents and various system parameters, thereby providing insight into their individual roles and functions. In this review we describe the various reconstituted model systems that were developed in the past decades. Because of the multiple steps involved in cell motility and the complexity of the overall process, most of the model systems focus on very specific aspects of the individual steps of cell motility. Here we describe the main advancement in cell motility reconstitution and discuss the main challenges toward the realization of a synthetic motile cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Siton-Mendelson
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and the Ilse Kats Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - Anne Bernheim-Groswasser
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and the Ilse Kats Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel
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23
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Russo AJ, Mathiowetz AJ, Hong S, Welch MD, Campellone KG. Rab1 recruits WHAMM during membrane remodeling but limits actin nucleation. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:967-78. [PMID: 26823012 PMCID: PMC4791140 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Small G-proteins regulate the recruitment and activation of WASP-family actin nucleation factors at the plasma membrane. The G-protein Rab1 interacts with the nucleation factor WHAMM to remodel internal membranes into tubules. Unlike other G-proteins that recruit nucleation factors, Rab1 inhibits actin assembly. Small G-proteins are key regulatory molecules that activate the actin nucleation machinery to drive cytoskeletal rearrangements during plasma membrane remodeling. However, the ability of small G-proteins to interact with nucleation factors on internal membranes to control trafficking processes has not been well characterized. Here we investigated roles for members of the Rho, Arf, and Rab G-protein families in regulating WASP homologue associated with actin, membranes, and microtubules (WHAMM), an activator of Arp2/3 complex–mediated actin nucleation. We found that Rab1 stimulated the formation and elongation of WHAMM-associated membrane tubules in cells. Active Rab1 recruited WHAMM to dynamic tubulovesicular structures in fibroblasts, and an active prenylated version of Rab1 bound directly to an N-terminal domain of WHAMM in vitro. In contrast to other G-protein–nucleation factor interactions, Rab1 binding inhibited WHAMM-mediated actin assembly. This ability of Rab1 to regulate WHAMM and the Arp2/3 complex represents a distinct strategy for membrane remodeling in which a Rab G-protein recruits the actin nucleation machinery but dampens its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Russo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Alyssa J Mathiowetz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Steven Hong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Matthew D Welch
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Kenneth G Campellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
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Ando D, Korabel N, Huang KC, Gopinathan A. Cytoskeletal Network Morphology Regulates Intracellular Transport Dynamics. Biophys J 2015; 109:1574-82. [PMID: 26488648 PMCID: PMC4624159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular transport is essential for maintaining proper cellular function in most eukaryotic cells, with perturbations in active transport resulting in several types of disease. Efficient delivery of critical cargos to specific locations is accomplished through a combination of passive diffusion and active transport by molecular motors that ballistically move along a network of cytoskeletal filaments. Although motor-based transport is known to be necessary to overcome cytoplasmic crowding and the limited range of diffusion within reasonable timescales, the topological features of the cytoskeletal network that regulate transport efficiency and robustness have not been established. Using a continuum diffusion model, we observed that the time required for cellular transport was minimized when the network was localized near the nucleus. In simulations that explicitly incorporated network spatial architectures, total filament mass was the primary driver of network transit times. However, filament traps that redirect cargo back to the nucleus caused large variations in network transport. Filament polarity was more important than filament orientation in reducing average transit times, and transport properties were optimized in networks with intermediate motor on and off rates. Our results provide important insights into the functional constraints on intracellular transport under which cells have evolved cytoskeletal structures, and have potential applications for enhancing reactions in biomimetic systems through rational transport network design.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ando
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, California
| | - Nickolay Korabel
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, California; School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Ajay Gopinathan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, California.
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Verissimo F, Halavatyi A, Pepperkok R, Weiss M. A microtubule-independent role of p150glued in secretory cargo concentration at endoplasmic reticulum exit sites. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4160-70. [PMID: 26459637 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.172395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly synthesized proteins are sorted into COPII-coated transport carriers at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Assembly of the COPII coat complex, which occurs at ER exit sites (ERES), is initiated by membrane association and GTP loading of SAR1, followed by the recruitment of the SEC23-SEC24 and SEC13-SEC31 subcomplexes. Both of these two subcomplexes stimulate GTP hydrolysis and coat disassembly. This inherent disassembly capacity of COPII complexes needs to be regulated to allow sufficient time for cargo sorting and transport carrier formation. By performing fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and mathematical modeling, we show that p150(glued) (also known as DCTN1), a component of the dynactin complex, stabilizes the COPII pre-budding complex on ER membranes in a microtubule-independent manner. Concentration of the secretory marker ts-O45-G at ERES is reduced in the presence of a C-terminal p150(glued) fragment that prevents binding of endogenous p150(glued) to SEC23. A similar cargo reduction is observed upon p150(glued) knockdown. Taken together, our data suggest that cargo concentration at ERES is regulated by p150(glued) to coordinate protein sorting and transport carrier formation with the subsequent long-range transport towards the Golgi complex along microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Verissimo
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, EMBL, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - Aliaksandr Halavatyi
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, EMBL, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - Rainer Pepperkok
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, EMBL, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - Matthias Weiss
- Experimental Physics I, Universitaetsstr. 30, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth D-95440, Germany
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Adenylyl cyclase localization to the uropod of aggregating Dictyostelium cells requires RacC. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:613-9. [PMID: 26315268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The localization of adenylyl cyclase A (ACA) to uropod of cells is required for the stream formation during Dictyostelium development. RacC is a Dictyostelium orthologue of Cdc42. We identified a streaming defect of racC(-) cells as they are clearly less polarized and form smaller and fragmented streams. ACA-YFP is mainly associated with intracellular vesicular structures, but not with the plasma membrane in racC(-) cells. racC(-) cells have a slightly higher number of vesicles than Ax3 cells, suggesting that the defect of ACA trafficking is not simply due to the lack of vesicle formation. While the ACA-YFP vesicles traveled with an average velocity of 9.1 μm/min in Ax3 cells, a slow and diffusional movement without direction with an average velocity of 4 μm/min was maintained in racC(-) cells. Images acquired by using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis revealed that a significantly decreased number of ACA-YFP vesicles appeared near the cell membrane, indicating a defect in ACA-YFP vesicle trafficking. These results suggest an important role of RacC in the rapid and directional movements of ACA vesicles on microtubules to the plasma membrane, especially to the back of polarized cell.
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Schroeder B, McNiven MA. Importance of endocytic pathways in liver function and disease. Compr Physiol 2015; 4:1403-17. [PMID: 25428849 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular endocytosis is a highly dynamic process responsible for the internalization of a variety of different receptor ligand complexes, trophic factors, lipids, and, unfortunately, many different pathogens. The uptake of these external agents has profound effects on seminal cellular processes including signaling cascades, migration, growth, and proliferation. The hepatocyte, like other well-polarized epithelial cells, possesses a host of different endocytic mechanisms and entry routes to ensure the selective internalization of cargo molecules. These pathways include receptor-mediated endocytosis, lipid raft associated endocytosis, caveolae, or fluid-phase uptake, although there are likely many others. Understanding and defining the regulatory mechanisms underlying these distinct entry routes, sorting and vesicle formation, as well as the postendocytic trafficking pathways is of high importance especially in the liver, as their mis-regulation can contribute to aberrant liver pathology and liver diseases. Further, these processes can be "hijacked" by a variety of different infectious agents and viruses. This review provides an overview of common components of the endocytic and postendocytic trafficking pathways utilized by hepatocytes. It will also discuss in more detail how these general themes apply to liver-specific processes including iron homeostasis, HBV infection, and even hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schroeder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
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Matsuzaki Y, Wu H, Nakano T, Nakahari T, Sano K. ATP-association to intrabacterial nanotransportation system in Vibrio cholerae. Med Mol Morphol 2015; 48:225-34. [PMID: 25986680 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-015-0105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae colonizes the lumen of the proximal small intestine, which has an alkaline environment, and secretes cholera toxin (CT) through a type II secretion machinery. V. cholerae possesses the intrabacterial nanotransportation system (ibNoTS) for transporting CT from the inner portion toward the peripheral portion of the cytoplasm, and this system is controlled by extrabacterial pH. Association of ATP with ibNoTS has not yet been examined in detail. In this study, we demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy that ibNoTS of V. cholerae under the extrabacterial alkaline condition was inhibited by ATP inhibitors, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), a protonophore, or 8-amino-adenosine which produces inactive form of ATP. The inhibition of CT transport can be reversed by neutralization of DNP. Those inhibitions were associated with decrease of CT secretion by which ibNoTS followed. We propose that ATP closely associates with V. cholerae ibNoTS for transporting CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Matsuzaki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahari
- Department of Physiology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kouichi Sano
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
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Wu H, Iwai N, Nakano T, Ooi Y, Ishihara S, Sano K. Route of intrabacterial nanotransportation system for CagA in Helicobacter pylori. Med Mol Morphol 2015; 48:191-203. [PMID: 25707504 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-015-0097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) possesses an intrabacterial nanotransportation system (ibNoTS) for transporting CagA and urease within the bacterial cytoplasm; this system is controlled by the extrabacterial environment. The transportation routes of the system have not yet been studied in detail. In this study, we demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy that CagA localizes closely with the MreB filament in the bacterium, and MreB polymerization inhibitor A22 obstructs ibNoTS for CagA. These findings indicate that the route of ibNoTS for CagA is closely associated with the MreB filament. Because these phenomena were not observed in ibNoTS for urease, the route of ibNoTS for CagA is different from that of ibNoTS for urease as previously suggested. We propose that the route of ibNoTS for CagA is associated with the MreB filament in H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- Project Team for Study of Nanotransportation System, Central Research Center, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan. .,Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Noritaka Iwai
- Project Team for Study of Nanotransportation System, Central Research Center, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.,Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Project Team for Study of Nanotransportation System, Central Research Center, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yukimasa Ooi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.,Infection Control Office, Osaka Medical College Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sonoko Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Kouichi Sano
- Project Team for Study of Nanotransportation System, Central Research Center, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
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30
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Gürol G, Demiralp DÖ, Yılmaz AK, Akman Ö, Ateş N, Karson A. Comparative proteomic approach in rat model of absence epilepsy. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:632-43. [PMID: 25323782 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate cellular proteins in the pathogenesis of the genetic rat model of absence epilepsy. Protein spots were identified with peptide mass fingerprinting analysis using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Data were gathered from the frontoparietal cortex and thalamus of Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rij (WAG/Rij) and Wistar by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). Six proteins (Clathrin light chain-A protein, Transmembrane EMP24 Domain-Containing Protein, Stathmin-4, Myosin Light Chain4, Rheb, phosphoserine phosphatase) were found to be differentially expressed in the frontoparietal cortex of WAG/Rij and Wistar rats in both age groups. Another set of six proteins (Protein FAM89A and Oasl1, Gemin2, NuDEL1, Pur-beta, 3-alpha HSD) were found to be differentially expressed in the thalamus of WAG/Rij and Wistar rats. Findings from the frontoparietal cortex suggest the presence of altered serine metabolism and increased vesicular trafficking in the frontoparietal cortex of WAG/Rij rats compared with Wistar rats. These differences in the protein levels might reflect the crucial role of these proteins and related pathways in the generation of absence seizures. In the thalamic specimens, age-dependent changes in protein expression were remarkable, suggesting that this phenomenon may be a precursor or a consequence of absence seizures. Our findings further highlight the potential role of the mTOR signaling pathway in absence epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gönül Gürol
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
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31
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Vildanova MS, Wang W, Smirnova EA. Specific organization of Golgi apparatus in plant cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:894-906. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914090065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schultz ML, Tecedor L, Stein CS, Stamnes MA, Davidson BL. CLN3 deficient cells display defects in the ARF1-Cdc42 pathway and actin-dependent events. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96647. [PMID: 24792215 PMCID: PMC4008583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile Batten disease (juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, JNCL) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in CLN3, a protein of undefined function. Cell lines derived from patients or mice with CLN3 deficiency have impairments in actin-regulated processes such as endocytosis, autophagy, vesicular trafficking, and cell migration. Here we demonstrate the small GTPase Cdc42 is misregulated in the absence of CLN3, and thus may be a common link to multiple cellular defects. We discover that active Cdc42 (Cdc42-GTP) is elevated in endothelial cells from CLN3 deficient mouse brain, and correlates with enhanced PAK-1 phosphorylation, LIMK membrane recruitment, and altered actin-driven events. We also demonstrate dramatically reduced plasma membrane recruitment of the Cdc42 GTPase activating protein, ARHGAP21. In line with this, GTP-loaded ARF1, an effector of ARHGAP21 recruitment, is depressed. Together these data implicate misregulated ARF1-Cdc42 signaling as a central defect in JNCL cells, which in-turn impairs various cell functions. Furthermore our findings support concerted action of ARF1, ARHGAP21, and Cdc42 to regulate fluid phase endocytosis in mammalian cells. The ARF1-Cdc42 pathway presents a promising new avenue for JNCL therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Schultz
- Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Luis Tecedor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Colleen S. Stein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Stamnes
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Beverly L. Davidson
- Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Watanabe T, Bochimoto H, Koga D, Hosaka M, Ushiki T. Functional implications of the Golgi and microtubular network in gonadotropes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 385:88-96. [PMID: 24121198 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the widely accepted images of the Golgi apparatus as a cup-like shape, the Golgi in pituitary gonadotropes is organized as a spherical shape in which the outer and inner faces are cis- and trans-Golgi elements, respectively. At the center of the spherical Golgi, a pair of centrioles is situated as a microtubule-organizing center from which radiating microtubules isotropically extend toward the cell periphery. This review focuses on the significance of the characteristic organization of the Golgi and microtubule network in gonadotropes, considering the roles of microtubule-dependent membrane transport in the formation and maintenance of the Golgi structure. Because the highly symmetrical organization of the Golgi is possibly perturbed in response to experimental treatments of gonadotropes, monitoring of the Golgi structure in gonadotropes under various experimental conditions will be a novel in vivo approach to elucidate the biogenesis of the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Watanabe
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Bochimoto
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koga
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imaging, Department of Cellular Function, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hosaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ushiki
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imaging, Department of Cellular Function, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Liu HF, Lu S, Ho PWL, Tse HM, Pang SYY, Kung MHW, Ho JWM, Ramsden DB, Zhou ZJ, Ho SL. LRRK2 R1441G mice are more liable to dopamine depletion and locomotor inactivity. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 1:199-208. [PMID: 25356398 PMCID: PMC4184549 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) pose a significant genetic risk in familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). R1441 mutation (R1441G/C) in its GTPase domain is found in familial PD. How LRRK2 interacts with synaptic proteins, and its role in dopamine (DA) homeostasis and synaptic vesicle recycling remain unclear. Methods To explore the pathogenic effects of LRRK2R1441G mutation on nigrostriatal synaptic nerve terminals and locomotor activity, we generated C57BL/6N mice with homozygous LRRK2R1441G knockin (KI) mutation, and examined for early changes in nigrostriatal region, striatal synaptosomal [3H]-DA uptake and locomotor activity after reserpine-induced DA depletion. Results Under normal conditions, mutant mice showed no differences, (1) in amount and morphology of nigrostriatal DA neurons and neurites, (2) tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), DA uptake transporter (DAT), vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) expression in striatum, (3) COX IV, LC3B, Beclin-1 expression in midbrain, (4) LRRK2 expression in total cell lysate from whole brain, (5) α-synuclein, ubiquitin, and tau protein immunostaining in midbrain, (6) locomotor activity, compared to wild-type controls. However, after a single intraperitoneal reserpine dose, striatal synaptosomes from young 3-month-old mutant mice demonstrated significantly lower DA uptake with impaired locomotor activity and significantly slower recovery from the effects of reserpine. Interpretation Although no abnormal phenotype was observed in mutant LRRK2R1441G mice, the KI mutation increases vulnerability to reserpine-induced striatal DA depletion and perturbed DA homeostasis resulting in presynaptic dysfunction and locomotor deficits with impaired recovery from reserpine. This subtle nigrostriatal synaptic vulnerability may reflect one of the earliest pathogenic processes in LRRK2-associated PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Liu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Song Lu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong ; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Philip Wing-Lok Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong ; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Ho-Man Tse
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Shirley Yin-Yu Pang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | | | - Jessica Wing-Man Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong ; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - David B Ramsden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zhong-Jun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Shu-Leong Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong ; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
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Kapus A, Janmey P. Plasma membrane--cortical cytoskeleton interactions: a cell biology approach with biophysical considerations. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:1231-81. [PMID: 23897686 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
From a biophysical standpoint, the interface between the cell membrane and the cytoskeleton is an intriguing site where a "two-dimensional fluid" interacts with an exceedingly complex three-dimensional protein meshwork. The membrane is a key regulator of the cytoskeleton, which not only provides docking sites for cytoskeletal elements through transmembrane proteins, lipid binding-based, and electrostatic interactions, but also serves as the source of the signaling events and molecules that control cytoskeletal organization and remolding. Conversely, the cytoskeleton is a key determinant of the biophysical and biochemical properties of the membrane, including its shape, tension, movement, composition, as well as the mobility, partitioning, and recycling of its constituents. From a cell biological standpoint, the membrane-cytoskeleton interplay underlies--as a central executor and/or regulator--a multitude of complex processes including chemical and mechanical signal transduction, motility/migration, endo-/exo-/phagocytosis, and other forms of membrane traffic, cell-cell, and cell-matrix adhesion. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the tight structural and functional coupling between the membrane and the cytoskeleton. As biophysical approaches, both theoretical and experimental, proved to be instrumental for our understanding of the membrane/cytoskeleton interplay, this review will "oscillate" between the cell biological phenomena and the corresponding biophysical principles and considerations. After describing the types of connections between the membrane and the cytoskeleton, we will focus on a few key physical parameters and processes (force generation, curvature, tension, and surface charge) and will discuss how these contribute to a variety of fundamental cell biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Kapus
- Keenan Research Center, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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LUND F, WÜSTNER D. A comparison of single particle tracking and temporal image correlation spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of endosome motility. J Microsc 2013; 252:169-88. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F.W. LUND
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark; DK-5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - D. WÜSTNER
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark; DK-5230 Odense M Denmark
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Egea G, Serra-Peinado C, Salcedo-Sicilia L, Gutiérrez-Martínez E. Actin acting at the Golgi. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:347-60. [PMID: 23807268 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The organization, assembly and remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton provide force and tracks for a variety of (endo)membrane-associated events such as membrane trafficking. This review illustrates in different cellular models how actin and many of its numerous binding and regulatory proteins (actin and co-workers) participate in the structural organization of the Golgi apparatus and in trafficking-associated processes such as sorting, biogenesis and motion of Golgi-derived transport carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Egea
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Casanova, 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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Mishev K, Dejonghe W, Russinova E. Small Molecules for Dissecting Endomembrane Trafficking: A Cross-Systems View. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:475-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Abstract
Mutations in LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) (also known as PARK8 or dardarin) are responsible for the autosomal-dominant form of PD (Parkinson's disease). LRRK2 mutations were found in approximately 3–5% of familial and 1–3% of sporadic PD cases with the highest prevalence (up to 40%) in North Africans and Ashkenazi Jews. To date, mutations in LRRK2 are a major genetic risk factor for familial and sporadic PD. Despite the fact that 8 years have passed from the establishment of the first link between PD and dardarin in 2004, the pathophysiological role of LRRK2 in PD onset and progression is far from clearly defined. Also the generation of different LRRK2 transgenic or knockout animals has not provided new hints on the function of LRRK2 in the brain. The present paper reviews recent evidence regarding a potential role of LRRK2 in the regulation of membrane trafficking from vesicle generation to the movement along cytoskeleton and finally to vesicle fusion with cell membrane.
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Tóth R, Gerding-Reimers C, Deeks MJ, Menninger S, Gallegos RM, Tonaco IAN, Hübel K, Hussey PJ, Waldmann H, Coupland G. Prieurianin/endosidin 1 is an actin-stabilizing small molecule identified from a chemical genetic screen for circadian clock effectors in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 71:338-52. [PMID: 22409627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemical modulators are powerful tools to investigate biological processes. To identify circadian clock effectors, we screened a natural product library in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Two compounds, prieurianin (Pri) and prieurianin acetate, were identified as causing a shorter circadian period. Recently, Pri was independently identified as a vesicle trafficking inhibitor and re-named endosidin 1 (ES1). Here we show that Pri primarily affects actin filament flexibility in vivo, later resulting in reduced severing and filament depolymerization. This stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton subsequently causes changes in vesicle trafficking. Pri also affected microfilaments in mammalian cells, indicating that its target is highly conserved; however, it did not alter actin dynamics in vitro, suggesting that its activity requires the presence of actin-associated proteins. Furthermore, well-characterized actin inhibitors shortened the period length of the Arabidopsis clock in a similar way to Pri, supporting the idea that Pri affects rhythms by altering the actin network. We conclude that actin-associated processes influence the circadian system in a light-dependent manner, but their disruption does not abolish rhythmicity. In summary, we propose that the primary effect of Pri is to stabilize the actin cytoskeleton system, thereby affecting endosome trafficking. Pri appears to stabilize actin filaments by a different mechanism from previously described inhibitors, and will be a useful tool to study actin-related cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Tóth
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
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Watanabe T, Sakai Y, Koga D, Bochimoto H, Hira Y, Hosaka M, Ushiki T. A unique ball-shaped Golgi apparatus in the rat pituitary gonadotrope: its functional implications in relation to the arrangement of the microtubule network. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:588-602. [PMID: 22562559 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412448791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In polarized exocrine cells, the Golgi apparatus is cup-shaped and its convex and concave surfaces are designated as cis and trans faces, functionally confronting the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the cell surface, respectively. To clarify the morphological characteristics of the Golgi apparatus in non-polarized endocrine cells, the investigators immunocytochemically examined its precise architecture in pituitary gonadotropes, especially in relation to the arrangement of the intracellular microtubule network. The Golgi apparatus in the gonadotropes was not cup-shaped but ball-shaped or spherical, and its outer and inner surfaces were the cis and trans faces, respectively. Centrioles were situated at the center of the Golgi apparatus, from which radiating microtubules isotropically extended to the cell periphery through the gaps in the spherical wall of the Golgi stack. The shape of the Golgi apparatus and the arrangement of microtubules demonstrated in the present study could explain the microtubule-dependent movements of tubulovesicular carriers and granules within the gonadotropes. Furthermore, the spherical shape of the Golgi apparatus possibly reflects the highly symmetrical arrangement of microtubule arrays, as well as the poor polarity in the cell surface of pituitary gonadotropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Watanabe
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
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42
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Zheng Y, Sarr MG. Translocation of transfected GLUT2 to the apical membrane in rat intestinal IEC-6 cells. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:1203-12. [PMID: 22116644 PMCID: PMC3331913 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM In this study, we transfected the full length cDNA of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) into IEC-6 cells (which lack GLUT2 expression) to investigate GLUT2 translocation in enterocytes. The purpose of this study was to investigate cellular mechanisms of GLUT2 translocation and its signaling pathway. METHODS Rat GLUT2 cDNA was transfected into IEC-6 cells. Glucose uptake was measured by incubating cell monolayers with glucose (0.5-50 mM), containing (14)C-D-glucose and (3)H-L-glucose, to measure stereospecific, carrier-mediated and passive uptake. We imaged GLUT2 immunoreactivity by confocal fluorescence microscopy. We evaluated the GLUT2 inhibitor (1 mM phloretin), SGLT1 inhibitor (0.5 mM phlorizin), disrupting microtubular integrity (2 μM nocodazole and 0.5 μM cytochalasin B), protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors (50 nM calphostin C and 10 μM chelerythrine), and PKC activator (50 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate: PMA). RESULTS In GLUT2-IEC cells, the K(m) (54.5 mM) increased compared with non-transfected IEC-6 cells (7.8 mM); phloretin (GLUT2 inhibitor) inhibited glucose uptake to that of non-transfected IEC-6 cells (P < 0.05). Nocodazole and cytochalasin B (microtubule disrupters) inhibited uptake by 43-58% only at glucose concentrations ≥25 and 50 mM and the 10-min incubations. Calphostin C (PKC inhibitor) reproduced the inhibition of nocodazole; PMA (a PKC activator) enhanced glucose uptake by 69%. Exposure to glucose increased the GFP signal at the apical membrane of GLUT-1EC cells. CONCLUSION IEC-6 cells lacking GLUT2 translocate GLUT2 apically when transfected to express GLUT2. Translocation of GLUT2 occurs through glucose stimulation via a PKC-dependent signaling pathway and requires integrity of the microtubular skeletal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zheng
- Department of Surgery and The Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic (GU 10-01), 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Bucci C, Bakke O, Progida C. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and intracellular traffic. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:191-225. [PMID: 22465036 PMCID: PMC3514635 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of genes whose primary function is the regulation of membrane traffic are increasingly being identified as the underlying causes of various important human disorders. Intriguingly, mutations in ubiquitously expressed membrane traffic genes often lead to cell type- or organ-specific disorders. This is particularly true for neuronal diseases, identifying the nervous system as the most sensitive tissue to alterations of membrane traffic. Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is one of the most common inherited peripheral neuropathies. It is also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN), which comprises a group of disorders specifically affecting peripheral nerves. This peripheral neuropathy, highly heterogeneous both clinically and genetically, is characterized by a slowly progressive degeneration of the muscle of the foot, lower leg, hand and forearm, accompanied by sensory loss in the toes, fingers and limbs. More than 30 genes have been identified as targets of mutations that cause CMT neuropathy. A number of these genes encode proteins directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of intracellular traffic. Indeed, the list of genes linked to CMT disease includes genes important for vesicle formation, phosphoinositide metabolism, lysosomal degradation, mitochondrial fission and fusion, and also genes encoding endosomal and cytoskeletal proteins. This review focuses on the link between intracellular transport and CMT disease, highlighting the molecular mechanisms that underlie the different forms of this peripheral neuropathy and discussing the pathophysiological impact of membrane transport genetic defects as well as possible future ways to counteract these defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Provinciale Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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Klann M, Koeppl H, Reuss M. Spatial modeling of vesicle transport and the cytoskeleton: the challenge of hitting the right road. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29645. [PMID: 22253752 PMCID: PMC3257240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane trafficking machinery provides a transport and sorting system for many cellular proteins. We propose a mechanistic agent-based computer simulation to integrate and test the hypothesis of vesicle transport embedded into a detailed model cell. The method tracks both the number and location of the vesicles. Thus both the stochastic properties due to the low numbers and the spatial aspects are preserved. The underlying molecular interactions that control the vesicle actions are included in a multi-scale manner based on the model of Heinrich and Rapoport (2005). By adding motor proteins we can improve the recycling process of SNAREs and model cell polarization. Our model also predicts that coat molecules should have a high turnover at the compartment membranes, while the turnover of motor proteins has to be slow. The modular structure of the underlying model keeps it tractable despite the overall complexity of the vesicle system. We apply our model to receptor-mediated endocytosis and show how a polarized cytoskeleton structure leads to polarized distributions in the plasma membrane both of SNAREs and the Ste2p receptor in yeast. In addition, we can couple signal transduction and membrane trafficking steps in one simulation, which enables analyzing the effect of receptor-mediated endocytosis on signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klann
- Automatic Control Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Le Bras S, Rondanino C, Kriegel-Taki G, Dussert A, Le Borgne R. Genetic identification of intracellular trafficking regulators involved in notch dependent binary cell fate acquisition following asymmetric cell division. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4886-901. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.110171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is involved in numerous cellular processes during development and throughout adult life. Although ligands and receptors are largely expressed in the whole organism, activation of Notch receptors only takes place in a subset of cells and/or tissues and is accurately regulated in time and space. Previous studies have demonstrated that endocytosis and recycling of both ligands and/or receptors are essential for this regulation. However, the precise endocytic routes, compartments and regulators involved in the spatio temporal regulation are largely unknown.
In order to identify Notch signaling intracellular trafficking regulators, we have undertaken a tissue-specific dsRNA genetic screen against candidates potentially involved in endocytosis and recycling within the endolysosomal pathway. dsRNA against 418 genes was induced in Drosophila melanogaster sensory organ lineage in which Notch signaling regulates binary cell fate acquisition. Gain- or loss-of Notch signaling phenotypes were observed in adult sensory organs for 113 of them. Furthermore, 26 genes presented a change in the steady state localization of Notch, Sanpodo, a Notch co-factor, and/or Delta in the pupal lineage. In particular, we identified 20 genes with previously unknown function in Drosophila melanogaster intracellular trafficking. Among them, we identified CG2747 and show that it regulates the localization of clathrin adaptor AP-1 complex, a negative regulator of Notch signaling. All together, our results further demonstrate the essential function of intracellular trafficking in regulating Notch signaling-dependent binary cell fate acquisition and constitute an additional step toward the elucidation of the routes followed by Notch receptor and ligands to signal.
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Cianciola NL, Carlin CR, Kelley TJ. Molecular pathways for intracellular cholesterol accumulation: common pathogenic mechanisms in Niemann-Pick disease Type C and cystic fibrosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 515:54-63. [PMID: 21924233 PMCID: PMC3192251 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been less than two decades since the underlying genetic defects in Niemann-Pick disease Type C were first identified. These defects impair function of two proteins with a direct role in lipid trafficking, resulting in deposition of free cholesterol within late endosomal compartments and a multitude of effects on cell function and clinical manifestations. The rapid pace of research in this area has vastly improved our overall understanding of intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. Excessive cholesterol buildup has also been implicated in clinical manifestations associated with a number of genetically unrelated diseases including cystic fibrosis. Applying knowledge about anomalous cell signaling behavior in cystic fibrosis opens prospects for identifying similar previously unrecognized disease pathways in Niemann-Pick disease Type C. Recognition that Niemann-Pick disease Type C and cystic fibrosis both impair cholesterol regulatory pathways also provides a rationale for identifying common therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L. Cianciola
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4970
| | - Cathleen R. Carlin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4970
- Case Western Reserve University Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4970
| | - Thomas J. Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4970
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Ferraro E, Pesaresi MG, De Zio D, Cencioni MT, Gortat A, Cozzolino M, Berghella L, Salvatore AM, Oettinghaus B, Scorrano L, Pérez-Payà E, Cecconi F. Apaf1 plays a pro-survival role by regulating centrosome morphology and function. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:3450-63. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.086298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf1) is the main component of the apoptosome, and a crucial factor in the mitochondria-dependent death pathway. Here we show that Apaf1 plays a role in regulating centrosome maturation. By analyzing Apaf1-depleted cells, we have found that Apaf1 loss induces centrosome defects that impair centrosomal microtubule nucleation and cytoskeleton organization. This, in turn, affects several cellular processes such as mitotic spindle formation, cell migration and mitochondrial network regulation. As a consequence, Apaf1-depleted cells are more fragile and have a lower threshold to stress than wild-type cells. In fact, we found that they exhibit low Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL expression and, under apoptotic treatment, rapidly release cytochrome c. We also show that Apaf1 acts by regulating the recruitment of HCA66, with which it interacts, to the centrosome. This function of Apaf1 is carried out during the cell life and is not related to its apoptotic role. Therefore, Apaf1 might also be considered a pro-survival molecule, whose absence impairs cell performance and causes a higher responsiveness to stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Ferraro
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroembryology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniela De Zio
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anne Gortat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain and IBV-CSIC, E-46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mauro Cozzolino
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Bjorn Oettinghaus
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Enrique Pérez-Payà
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain and IBV-CSIC, E-46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroembryology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133, Rome, Italy
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Zheng Y, Scow JS, Duenes JA, Sarr MG. Mechanisms of glucose uptake in intestinal cell lines: role of GLUT2. Surgery 2011; 151:13-25. [PMID: 21943636 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GLUT2 is translocated to the apical membrane of enterocytes exposed to glucose concentrations >∼50 mM. Mechanisms of GLUT2-mediated glucose uptake in cell culture models of enterocytes have not been studied. AIM To explore mechanism(s) of glucose uptake in 3 enterocyte-like cell lines. METHODS Glucose uptake was measured in Caco-2, RIE-1, and IEC-6 cell lines using varying concentrations of glucose (0.5-50 mM). Effects of phlorizin (SGLT1 inhibitor), phloretin (GLUT2 inhibitor), nocodazole and cytochalasin B (disrupters of cytoskeleton), calphostin C and chelerythrine (PKC inhibitors), and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PKC activator) were evaluated. RESULTS Phlorizin inhibited glucose uptake in all 3 cell lines. Phloretin inhibited glucose uptake in Caco-2 and RIE-1 cells. Starving cells decreased glucose uptake in Caco-2 and RIE-1 cells. Glucose uptake was saturated at >10 mM glucose in all 3 cell lines when exposed briefly (<1 min) to glucose. After exposure for >5 min in Caco-2 and RIE-1 cells, glucose uptake did not saturate and K(m) and V(max) increased. This increase in glucose uptake was inhibited by phloretin, nocodazole, cytochalasin B, calphostin C, and chelerythrine. PMA enhanced glucose uptake by 20%. Inhibitors and PMA had little or no effect in the IEC-6 cells. CONCLUSION Constitutive expression of GLUT2 in the apical membrane along with additional translocation of cytoplasmic GLUT2 to the apical membrane via an intact cytoskeleton and activated PKC appears responsible for enhanced carrier-mediated glucose uptake at greater glucose concentrations (>20 mM) in Caco-2 and RIE-1 cells. IEC-6 cells do not appear to express functional GLUT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zheng
- Department of Surgery and the Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Isolation, identification, and validation of microtubule-associated proteins from Drosophila embryos. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 777:273-91. [PMID: 21773936 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-252-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is required for many aspects of cell function, including the transport of intracellular materials, maintenance of cell polarity, and the regulation of mitosis. These functions are coordinated by MT-associated proteins (MAPs), which work in concert with each other, binding MTs and altering their properties. We have used an MT co-sedimentation assay, combined with 1D and 2D PAGE and mass spectrometry, to isolate MAPs from early Drosophila embryos. This technique has identified many novel proteins and an association with MTs for many known proteins, previously not described as associating with MTs.
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Kojic acid, a secondary metabolite from Aspergillus sp., acts as an inducer of macrophage activation. Cell Biol Int 2011; 35:335-43. [PMID: 21044044 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
KA (kojic acid) is a secondary metabolite isolated from Aspergillus fungi that has demonstrated skin whitening, antioxidant and antitumour properties among others. However, limited information is available regarding its effects on macrophages, the major cell involved in cell defence. The aim of the present study was to analyse whether KA affects functional properties related to macrophage activation, such as phagocytosis and spreading ability over a substrate. Treatment of resident macrophages with 50 μg/ml KA for 1 h induced both morphological and physiological alterations in cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed enhanced cell spreading and an increase in cell surface exposure, associated with a rearrangement of microtubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments. KA also potentiated phagocytosis by macrophages, as demonstrated by the increase in phagocytic activity towards yeast, when compared to untreated cells. KA increased the production of ROS (reactive oxygen species), but not NO (nitric oxide) production. Three tests were used to assess cell viability; MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide], NR (neutral red) uptake and PI (propidium iodide) exclusion test, which showed that macrophages maintain their viability following KA treatment. Results indicate that KA can modulate macrophage activation through cytoskeleton rearrangement, increase cell surface exposure, enhance the phagocytic process and ROS production. The study demonstrates a new role for KA as a macrophage activator.
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