1
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Nelli M, Kuka M. The dual nature of T DC - bridging dendritic and T cells in immunity. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 39118296 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
TDC are hematopoietic cells with unique features that provide intriguing insights into the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity. They express a combination of conventional dendritic cell (DC) and T-cell markers and are found in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), lungs and liver of naïve mice, as well as in human blood. When analyzed ex vivo, TDC can behave either as DCs or as T cells, depending on the provided stimuli. Notably, TDC numbers and activation significantly increase in SLOs following viral infection, suggesting a potential role for TDC in antiviral immune responses. In this review, we discuss the properties of these fascinating cells, which call for more investigation on their physiological role during immune responses to both pathogens and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nelli
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirela Kuka
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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2
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Santi A, Kay EJ, Neilson LJ, McGarry L, Lilla S, Mullin M, Paul NR, Fercoq F, Koulouras G, Rodriguez Blanco G, Athineos D, Mason S, Hughes M, Thomson G, Kieffer Y, Nixon C, Blyth K, Mechta-Grigoriou F, Carlin LM, Zanivan S. Cancer-associated fibroblasts produce matrix-bound vesicles that influence endothelial cell function. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eade0580. [PMID: 38470957 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.ade0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Intercellular communication between different cell types in solid tumors contributes to tumor growth and metastatic dissemination. The secretome of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) plays major roles in these processes. Using human mammary CAFs, we showed that CAFs with a myofibroblast phenotype released extracellular vesicles that transferred proteins to endothelial cells (ECs) that affected their interaction with immune cells. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics identified proteins transferred from CAFs to ECs, which included plasma membrane receptors. Using THY1 as an example of a transferred plasma membrane-bound protein, we showed that CAF-derived proteins increased the adhesion of a monocyte cell line to ECs. CAFs produced high amounts of matrix-bound EVs, which were the primary vehicles of protein transfer. Hence, our work paves the way for future studies that investigate how CAF-derived matrix-bound EVs influence tumor pathology by regulating the function of neighboring cancer, stromal, and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Santi
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Firenze, viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Emily J Kay
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Lisa J Neilson
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Lynn McGarry
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sergio Lilla
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Margaret Mullin
- College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Nikki R Paul
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Grigorios Koulouras
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | | | | | - Susan Mason
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Mark Hughes
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Gemma Thomson
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Yann Kieffer
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
- INSERM, U830, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Fatima Mechta-Grigoriou
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
- INSERM, U830, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Leo M Carlin
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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3
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Ramezani F, Panahi Meymandi AR, Akbari B, Tamtaji OR, Mirzaei H, Brown CE, Mirzaei HR. Outsmarting trogocytosis to boost CAR NK/T cell therapy. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:183. [PMID: 37974170 PMCID: PMC10652537 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) NK and T cell therapy are promising immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer. However, the efficacy of CAR NK/T cell therapy is often hindered by various factors, including the phenomenon of trogocytosis, which involves the bidirectional exchange of membrane fragments between cells. In this review, we explore the role of trogocytosis in CAR NK/T cell therapy and highlight potential strategies for its modulation to improve therapeutic efficacy. We provide an in-depth analysis of trogocytosis as it relates to the fate and function of NK and T cells, focusing on its effects on cell activation, cytotoxicity, and antigen presentation. We discuss how trogocytosis can mediate transient antigen loss on cancer cells, thereby negatively affecting the effector function of CAR NK/T cells. Additionally, we address the phenomenon of fratricide and trogocytosis-associated exhaustion, which can limit the persistence and effectiveness of CAR-expressing cells. Furthermore, we explore how trogocytosis can impact CAR NK/T cell functionality, including the acquisition of target molecules and the modulation of signaling pathways. To overcome the negative effects of trogocytosis on cellular immunotherapy, we propose innovative approaches to modulate trogocytosis and augment CAR NK/T cell therapy. These strategies encompass targeting trogocytosis-related molecules, engineering CAR NK/T cells to resist trogocytosis-induced exhaustion and leveraging trogocytosis to enhance the function of CAR-expressing cells. By overcoming the limitations imposed by trogocytosis, it may be possible to unleash the full potential of CAR NK/T therapy against cancer. The knowledge and strategies presented in this review will guide future research and development, leading to improved therapeutic outcomes in the field of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Ramezani
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Panahi Meymandi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnia Akbari
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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4
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MacNabb BW, Kline J. MHC cross-dressing in antigen presentation. Adv Immunol 2023; 159:115-147. [PMID: 37996206 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate T cell responses by presenting antigenic peptides on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and providing costimulation and other instructive signals. Professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), including DCs, are uniquely capable of generating and presenting peptide antigens derived from exogenous proteins. In addition to these canonical cross-presentation and MHC-II presentation pathways, APCs can also display exogenous peptide/MHC (p/MHC) acquired from neighboring cells and extracellular vesicles (EVs). This process, known as MHC cross-dressing, has been implicated in the regulation of T cell responses in a variety of in vivo contexts, including allogeneic solid organ transplantation, tumors, and viral infection. Although the occurrence of MHC cross-dressing has been clearly demonstrated, the importance of this antigen presentation mechanism continues to be elucidated. The contribution of MHC cross-dressing to overall antigen presentation has been obfuscated by the fact that DCs express the same MHC alleles as all other cells in the host, making it difficult to distinguish p/MHC generated within the DC from p/MHC acquired from another cell. As a result, much of what is known about MHC cross-dressing comes from studies using allogeneic organ transplantation and bone marrow chimeric mice, though recent development of mice bearing conditional knockout MHC and β2-microglobulin alleles should facilitate substantial progress in the coming years. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of MHC cross-dressing and its role in activating T cell responses in various contexts, as well as the experimental insights into the mechanism by which it occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan W MacNabb
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States.
| | - Justin Kline
- Department of Medicine, Committee on Immunology, and Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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5
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Lu Z, McBrearty N, Chen J, Tomar VS, Zhang H, De Rosa G, Tan A, Weljie AM, Beiting DP, Miao Z, George SS, Berger A, Saggu G, Diehl JA, Koumenis C, Fuchs SY. ATF3 and CH25H regulate effector trogocytosis and anti-tumor activities of endogenous and immunotherapeutic cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1342-1358.e7. [PMID: 36070682 PMCID: PMC10496461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Effector trogocytosis between malignant cells and tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) contributes to immune evasion through antigen loss on target cells and fratricide of antigen-experienced CTLs by other CTLs. The mechanisms regulating these events in tumors remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that tumor-derived factors (TDFs) stimulated effector trogocytosis and restricted CTLs' tumoricidal activity and viability in vitro. TDFs robustly altered the CTL's lipid profile, including depletion of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). 25HC inhibited trogocytosis and prevented CTL's inactivation and fratricide. Mechanistically, TDFs induced ATF3 transcription factor that suppressed the expression of 25HC-regulating gene-cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). Stimulation of trogocytosis in the intratumoral CTL by the ATF3-CH25H axis attenuated anti-tumor immunity, stimulated tumor growth, and impeded the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell adoptive therapy. Through use of armored CAR constructs or pharmacologic agents restoring CH25H expression, we reversed these phenotypes and increased the efficacy of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Noreen McBrearty
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jinyun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vivek S Tomar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongru Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gianluca De Rosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aiwen Tan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhen Miao
- Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Subin S George
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Allison Berger
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Gurpanna Saggu
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Serge Y Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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6
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Turos-Korgul L, Kolba MD, Chroscicki P, Zieminska A, Piwocka K. Tunneling Nanotubes Facilitate Intercellular Protein Transfer and Cell Networks Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:915117. [PMID: 35903550 PMCID: PMC9314668 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.915117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade witnessed a huge interest in the communication machinery called tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) which is a novel, contact-dependent type of intercellular protein transfer (IPT). As the IPT phenomenon plays a particular role in the cross-talk between cells, including cancer cells as well as in the immune and nervous systems, it therefore participates in remodeling of the cellular networks. The following review focuses on the placing the role of tunneling nanotube-mediated protein transfer between distant cells. Firstly, we describe different screening methods used to study IPT including tunneling nanotubes. Further, we present various examples of TNT-mediated protein transfer in the immune system, cancer microenvironment and in the nervous system, with particular attention to the methods used to verify the transfer of individual proteins.
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7
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Zhao S, Zhang L, Xiang S, Hu Y, Wu Z, Shen J. Gnawing Between Cells and Cells in the Immune System: Friend or Foe? A Review of Trogocytosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:791006. [PMID: 35185886 PMCID: PMC8850298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.791006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis occurs when one cell contacts and quickly nibbles another cell and is characterized by contact between living cells and rapid transfer of membrane fragments with functional integrity. Many immune cells are involved in this process, such as T cells, B cells, NK cells, APCs. The transferred membrane molecules including MHC molecules, costimulatory molecules, receptors, antigens, etc. An increasing number of studies have shown that trogocytosis plays an important role in the immune system and the occurrence of relevant diseases. Thus, whether trogocytosis is a friend or foe of the immune system is puzzling, and the precise mechanism underlying it has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we provide an integrated view of the acquired findings on the connections between trogocytosis and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhao
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suoyu Xiang
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunyi Hu
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Shen
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Kawashima M, Higuchi H, Kotani A. Significance of trogocytosis and exosome-mediated transport in establishing and maintaining the tumor microenvironment in lymphoid malignancies. J Clin Exp Hematop 2021; 61:192-201. [PMID: 34193756 PMCID: PMC8808107 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.21005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the progression of lymphoid malignancies. Interaction between the tumor and its surrounding immune cells is considered a potential therapeutic target. For example, anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) antibody stimulates the surrounding exhausted immune cells to release PD-1/PD-L1, thereby leading to the regression of PD-L1-positive tumors. Recently, biological phenomena, such as trogocytosis and exosome-mediated transport were demonstrated to be involved in establishing and maintaining the tumor microenvironment. We found that trogocytosis-mediated PD-L1/L2 transfer from tumor cells to monocytes/macrophages is involved in immune dysfunction in classic Hodgkin lymphoma. Exosomes derived from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoma cells induce lymphoma tumorigenesis by transferring the EBV-coding microRNAs from the infected cells to macrophages. In this review, we summarized these biological phenomena based on our findings.
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9
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NF-κB regulation in maternal immunity during normal and IUGR pregnancies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20971. [PMID: 34697371 PMCID: PMC8545974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) is a leading cause of perinatal death with no effective cure, affecting 5-10% pregnancies globally. Suppressed pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 immunity is necessary for pregnancy success. However, in IUGR, the inflammatory response is enhanced and there is a limited understanding of the mechanisms that lead to this abnormality. Regulation of maternal T-cells during pregnancy is driven by Nuclear Factor Kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), and we have previously shown that p65 degradation in maternal T-cells is induced by Fas activation. Placental exosomes expressing Fas ligand (FasL) have an immunomodulatory function during pregnancy. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism and source of NF-κB regulation required for successful pregnancy, and whether this is abrogated in IUGR. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrate that p65+ Th1/Th17 cells are reduced during normal pregnancy, but not during IUGR, and this phenotype is enforced when non-pregnant T-cells are cultured with normal maternal plasma. We also show that isolated exosomes from IUGR plasma have decreased FasL expression and are reduced in number compared to exosomes from normal pregnancies. In this study, we highlight a potential role for FasL+ exosomes to regulate NF-κB p65 in T-cells during pregnancy, and provide the first evidence that decreased exosome production may contribute to the dysregulation of p65 and inflammation underlying IUGR pathogenesis.
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10
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Leetanaporn K, Hanprasertpong J, Navakanitworakul R. Molecular insights and clinical impacts of extracellular vesicles in cancer. Oncol Rev 2021; 15:542. [PMID: 34667488 PMCID: PMC8477311 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2021.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is a pivotal aspect of cancer biology. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs)have been shown to play essential roles in intercellular communications between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment owing to cancer development. EVs are small membrane-bound vesicles secreted by various cells containing proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and non-coding RNAs (microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs), which contribute to cancer cell development and progression. Here, we provide an overview of current research direction on EVs, especially biomolecules in EVs, and also point out the novel diagnostics, monitoring, predicting, and therapeutic aspects using EVs against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jitti Hanprasertpong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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11
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De Sousa KP, Potriquet J, Mulvenna J, Sotillo J, Groves PL, Loukas A, Apte SH, Doolan DL. Proteomic identification of the contents of small extracellular vesicles from in vivo Plasmodium yoelii infection. Int J Parasitol 2021; 52:35-45. [PMID: 34339723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, are formed by the endocytic pathway and contain genetic and protein material which reflect the contents of their cells of origin. These contents have a role in vesicle-mediated information transfer, as well as physiological and pathological functions. Thus, these vesicles are of great interest as therapeutic targets, or as vehicles for immunomodulatory control. In Plasmodium spp. infections, vesicles derived from the parasite or parasite-infected cells have been shown to induce the expression of pro-inflammatory elements, which have been correlated with manifestations of clinical disease. Herein, we characterised the protein cargo of naturally occurring sEVs in the plasma of P. yoelii-infected mice. After in vivo infections, extracellular vesicles in the size range of exosomes were collected by sequential centrifugation/ultracentrifugation followed by isopycnic gradient separation. Analysis of the vesicles was performed by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, SDS-PAGE and flow cytometry. LC-MS analysis followed by bioinformatics analysis predicted parasite protein cargo associated with exosomes. Within these small extracellular vesicles, we identified proteins of interest as vaccine candidates, uncharacterized proteins which may be targets of T cell immunoreactivity, and proteins involved in metabolic processes, regulation, homeostasis and immunity. Importantly, the small extracellular vesicles studied in our work were obtained from in vivo infection rather than from the supernatant of in vitro cultures. These findings add to the growing interest in parasite small extracellular vesicles, further our understanding of the interactions between host and parasite, and identify novel proteins which may represent potential targets for vaccination against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina P De Sousa
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Jeremy Potriquet
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns QLD 4878 Australia
| | - Jason Mulvenna
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns QLD 4878 Australia; Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Penny L Groves
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Simon H Apte
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns QLD 4878 Australia
| | - Denise L Doolan
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns QLD 4878 Australia.
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12
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Miyake K, Karasuyama H. The Role of Trogocytosis in the Modulation of Immune Cell Functions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051255. [PMID: 34069602 PMCID: PMC8161413 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is an active process, in which one cell extracts the cell fragment from another cell, leading to the transfer of cell surface molecules, together with membrane fragments. Recent reports have revealed that trogocytosis can modulate various biological responses, including adaptive and innate immune responses and homeostatic responses. Trogocytosis is evolutionally conserved from protozoan parasites to eukaryotic cells. In some cases, trogocytosis results in cell death, which is utilized as a mechanism for antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). In other cases, trogocytosis-mediated intercellular protein transfer leads to both the acquisition of novel functions in recipient cells and the loss of cellular functions in donor cells. Trogocytosis in immune cells is typically mediated by receptor–ligand interactions, including TCR–MHC interactions and Fcγ receptor-antibody-bound molecule interactions. Additionally, trogocytosis mediates the transfer of MHC molecules to various immune and non-immune cells, which confers antigen-presenting activity on non-professional antigen-presenting cells. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the role of trogocytosis in immune modulation.
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13
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Lu Z, Ortiz A, Verginadis II, Peck AR, Zahedi F, Cho C, Yu P, DeRita RM, Zhang H, Kubanoff R, Sun Y, Yaspan AT, Krespan E, Beiting DP, Radaelli E, Ryeom SW, Diehl JA, Rui H, Koumenis C, Fuchs SY. Regulation of intercellular biomolecule transfer-driven tumor angiogenesis and responses to anticancer therapies. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:144225. [PMID: 33998600 PMCID: PMC8121529 DOI: 10.1172/jci144225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular biomolecule transfer (ICBT) between malignant and benign cells is a major driver of tumor growth, resistance to anticancer therapies, and therapy-triggered metastatic disease. Here we characterized cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) as a key genetic suppressor of ICBT between malignant and endothelial cells (ECs) and of ICBT-driven angiopoietin-2-dependent activation of ECs, stimulation of intratumoral angiogenesis, and tumor growth. Human CH25H was downregulated in the ECs from patients with colorectal cancer and the low levels of stromal CH25H were associated with a poor disease outcome. Knockout of endothelial CH25H stimulated angiogenesis and tumor growth in mice. Pharmacologic inhibition of ICBT by reserpine compensated for CH25H loss, elicited angiostatic effects (alone or combined with sunitinib), augmented the therapeutic effect of radio-/chemotherapy, and prevented metastatic disease induced by these regimens. We propose inhibiting ICBT to improve the overall efficacy of anticancer therapies and limit their prometastatic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angelica Ortiz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ioannis I. Verginadis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy R. Peck
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Farima Zahedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christina Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachel M. DeRita
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hongru Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan Kubanoff
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yunguang Sun
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew T. Yaspan
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elise Krespan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel P. Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sandra W. Ryeom
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J. Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hallgeir Rui
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Serge Y. Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Trogocytosis between Non-Immune Cells for Cell Clearance, and among Immune-Related Cells for Modulating Immune Responses and Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052236. [PMID: 33668117 PMCID: PMC7956485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The term trogocytosis refers to a rapid bidirectional and active transfer of surface membrane fragment and associated proteins between cells. The trogocytosis requires cell-cell contact, and exhibits fast kinetics and the limited lifetime of the transferred molecules on the surface of the acceptor cells. The biological actions of trogocytosis include information exchange, cell clearance of unwanted tissues in embryonic development, immunoregulation, cancer surveillance/evasion, allogeneic cell survival and infectious pathogen killing or intercellular transmission. In the present review, we will extensively review all these aspects. In addition to its biological significance, aberrant trogocytosis in the immune system leading to autoimmunity and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases will also be discussed. Finally, the prospective investigations for further understanding the molecular basis of trogocytosis and its clinical applications will also be proposed.
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15
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Mohan A, Agarwal S, Clauss M, Britt NS, Dhillon NK. Extracellular vesicles: novel communicators in lung diseases. Respir Res 2020; 21:175. [PMID: 32641036 PMCID: PMC7341477 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is the organ with the highest vascular density in the human body. It is therefore perceivable that the endothelium of the lung contributes significantly to the circulation of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. In addition to the endothelium, EVs may arise from alveolar macrophages, fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Because EVs harbor cargo molecules, such as miRNA, mRNA, and proteins, these intercellular communicators provide important insight into the health and disease condition of donor cells and may serve as useful biomarkers of lung disease processes. This comprehensive review focuses on what is currently known about the role of EVs as markers and mediators of lung pathologies including COPD, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, lung cancer and ALI/ARDS. We also explore the role EVs can potentially serve as therapeutics for these lung diseases when released from healthy progenitor cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Mohan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 3007, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Stuti Agarwal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 3007, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Matthias Clauss
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicholas S Britt
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Navneet K Dhillon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 3007, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA. .,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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16
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Kolba MD, Dudka W, Zaręba-Kozioł M, Kominek A, Ronchi P, Turos L, Chroscicki P, Wlodarczyk J, Schwab Y, Klejman A, Cysewski D, Srpan K, Davis DM, Piwocka K. Tunneling nanotube-mediated intercellular vesicle and protein transfer in the stroma-provided imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:817. [PMID: 31659149 PMCID: PMC6817823 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication within the bone marrow niche significantly promotes leukemogenesis and provides protection of leukemic cells from therapy. Secreted factors, intercellular transfer of mitochondria and the receptor-ligand interactions have been shown as mediators of this protection. Here we report that tunneling nanotubes (TNTs)-long, thin membranous structures, which have been identified as a novel mode of intercellular cross-talk-are formed in the presence of stroma and mediate transfer of cellular vesicles from stroma to leukemic cells. Importantly, transmission of vesicles via TNTs from stromal cells increases resistance of leukemic cells to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib. Using correlative light-electron microscopy and electron tomography we show that stromal TNTs contain vesicles, provide membrane continuity with the cell bodies and can be open-ended. Moreover, trans-SILAC studies to reveal the non-autonomous proteome showed that specific sets of proteins are transferred together with cellular vesicles from stromal to leukemic cells, with a potential role in survival and adaptation. Altogether, our findings provide evidence for the biological role of the TNT-mediated vesicle exchange between stromal and leukemic cells, implicating the direct vesicle and protein transfer in the stroma-provided protection of leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta D Kolba
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wioleta Dudka
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Zaręba-Kozioł
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Kominek
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Turos
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Chroscicki
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Wlodarczyk
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Agata Klejman
- Laboratory of Animal Models, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Cysewski
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katja Srpan
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel M Davis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Katarzyna Piwocka
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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17
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Sanderlin AG, Vondrak C, Scricco AJ, Fedrigo I, Ahyong V, Lamason RL. RNAi screen reveals a role for PACSIN2 and caveolins during bacterial cell-to-cell spread. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2124-2133. [PMID: 31242077 PMCID: PMC6743452 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-04-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a human bacterial pathogen that disseminates through host tissues using a process called cell-to-cell spread. This critical yet understudied virulence strategy resembles a vesicular form of intercellular trafficking that allows L. monocytogenes to move between host cells without escaping the cell. Interestingly, eukaryotic cells can also directly exchange cellular components via intercellular communication pathways (e.g., trans-endocytosis) using cell–cell adhesion, membrane trafficking, and membrane remodeling proteins. Therefore, we hypothesized that L. monocytogenes would hijack these types of host proteins during spread. Using a focused RNA interference screen, we identified 22 host genes that are important for L. monocytogenes spread. We then found that caveolins (CAV1 and CAV2) and the membrane sculpting F-BAR protein PACSIN2 promote L. monocytogenes protrusion engulfment during spread, and that PACSIN2 specifically localizes to protrusions. Overall, our study demonstrates that host intercellular communication pathways may be coopted during bacterial spread and that specific trafficking and membrane remodeling proteins promote bacterial protrusion resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen G Sanderlin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Cassandra Vondrak
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Arianna J Scricco
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Indro Fedrigo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Vida Ahyong
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Rebecca L Lamason
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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18
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Yu P, Chen W. Advances in the diagnosis of exosomal miRNAs in ischemic stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2339-2343. [PMID: 31695378 PMCID: PMC6707376 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s216784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis, early treatment, and improved prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke are vital requirements. Current clinical practices for the diagnosis of stroke include computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and other traditional imaging methods to quickly check the location, volume, etc, in the hospital; however, diagnosis of the underlying cause of infarction is not effective with these practices. Owing to the coexistence of various etiologies, accurate and timely diagnosis using routine hematology and biochemical tests remains a challenge. Exosomes are membrane vesicles, approximately 30-150 nm in diameter, which fuse with cell membrane and are released into the extracellular space. As one of the research hotspots in the field of medicine in recent years, exosomes can participate in immune response, antigen presentation, cell migration, tumor invasion, and so on. Owing to the important role played by the miRNAs contained in exosomes, the latter have shown great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke. This article reviews the progress made regarding the exosomal miRNAs as ischemic stroke biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencheng Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, People's Republic of China
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19
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Otero-Ortega L, Laso-García F, Gómez-de Frutos M, Fuentes B, Diekhorst L, Díez-Tejedor E, Gutiérrez-Fernández M. Role of Exosomes as a Treatment and Potential Biomarker for Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 10:241-249. [PMID: 30105420 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Approximately, 16 million strokes occur worldwide each year, causing 6 million deaths and considerable disability, implying an enormous social, individual health, and economic burden. Due to this high incidence, strategies to promote stroke recovery are urgently needed. Research into new therapeutic approaches for stroke has determined that intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a good strategy to improve recovery by amplifying mechanisms implicated in brain plasticity. Recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of MSCs in stroke, with no need for them to reach the area of brain injury. Although the mechanisms by which they mediate restorative effects are still unknown, the evidence suggests that MSCs might use specialised communication by sending and receiving biological information included in elements called exosomes. Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles released into physical environments, and they have recently been suggested to mediate restorative stem cell effects. Moreover, after stroke, exosomes can also be synthesised and released from brain cells, passing through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and can be detected in peripheral blood or in cerebrospinal fluid. Thus, exosomes could possibly be biomarkers that reflect pathological progress and promote stroke recovery. This review discusses the translational aspects of MSC-derived exosomes and their various roles in brain repair and as circulating biomarkers in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Otero-Ortega
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Laso-García
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - MariCarmen Gómez-de Frutos
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Fuentes
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luke Diekhorst
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Exuperio Díez-Tejedor
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Gilmartin AA, Petri WA. Exploring the mechanism of amebic trogocytosis: the role of amebic lysosomes. MICROBIAL CELL 2017; 5:1-3. [PMID: 29354646 PMCID: PMC5772035 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.01.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allissia A Gilmartin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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21
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Heck BW, Devenport D. Trans-endocytosis of Planar Cell Polarity Complexes during Cell Division. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3725-3733.e4. [PMID: 29174888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To coordinate epithelial architecture with proliferation, cell polarity proteins undergo extensive remodeling during cell division [1-3]. A dramatic example of polarity remodeling occurs in proliferative basal cells of mammalian epidermis whereupon cell division, transmembrane planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins are removed from the cell surface via bulk endocytosis [4]. PCP proteins form intercellular complexes, linked by Celsr1-mediated homophilic adhesion, that coordinate polarity non-autonomously between cells [5, 6]. Thus, the mitotic reorganization of PCP proteins must alter not only proteins intrinsic to the dividing cell but also their interacting partners on neighboring cells. Here, we show that intercellular Celsr1 complexes that connect dividing cells with their neighbors remain intact during mitotic internalization, resulting in an uptake of Celsr1 protein from interphase neighbors. Trans-internalized Celsr1 carries with it additional core PCP proteins, including the posteriorly enriched Fz6 and anteriorly enriched Vangl2. Cadherin-mediated homophilic adhesion is necessary for trans-endocytosis, and adhesive junctional PCP complexes appear to be destined for degradation upon internalization. Surprisingly, whereas Fz6 and Vangl2 both internalize in trans, Vangl2 proteins intrinsic to the dividing cell remain associated with the plasma membrane. Persistent Vangl2 stabilizes Celsr1 and impedes its internalization, suggesting that dissociation of Vangl2 from Celsr1 is a prerequisite for Celsr1 endocytosis. These results demonstrate an unexpected transfer of PCP complexes between neighbors and suggest that the Vangl2 population that persists at the membrane during cell division could serve as an internal cue for establishing PCP in new daughter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Heck
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 119 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 119 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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22
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Lipphardt M, Song JW, Matsumoto K, Dadafarin S, Dihazi H, Müller G, Goligorsky MS. The third path of tubulointerstitial fibrosis: aberrant endothelial secretome. Kidney Int 2017; 92:558-568. [PMID: 28476555 PMCID: PMC5557669 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The secretome, defined as a portion of proteins secreted by specific cells to the extracellular space, secures a proper microenvironmental niche not only for the donor cells, but also for the neighboring cells, thus maintaining tissue homeostasis. Communication via secretory products exists between endothelial cells and fibroblasts, and this local mechanism maintains the viability and density of each compartment. Endothelial dysfunction, apart from obvious cell-autonomous defects, leads to the aberrant secretome, which predisposes fibroblasts to acquire a myofibroblastic fibrogenic phenotype. In our recent profiling of the secretome of such dysfunctional profibrogenic renal microvascular endothelial cells, we identified unique profibrogenic signatures, among which we detected ligands of Notch and Wnt-β-catenin pathways. Here, we stress the role of reprogramming cues in the immediate microenvironment of (myo)fibroblasts and the contribution of the endothelial secretome to the panoply of instructive signals in the vicinity of fibroblasts. We hope that this brief overview of endothelial-fibroblast communication in health and disease will lead to eventual unbiased proteomic mapping of individual secretomes of glomerular and tubular epithelial cells, pericytes, and podocytes through reductionist approaches to allow for the synthetic creation of a complex network of secretomic signals acting as reprogramming factors on individual cell types in the kidney. Knowledge of profibrogenic and antifibrogenic signatures in the secretome may garner future therapeutic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lipphardt
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, New York, USA; Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jong W Song
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, New York, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kei Matsumoto
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, New York, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sina Dadafarin
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Hassan Dihazi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Müller
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Göttingen University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael S Goligorsky
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, New York, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica ingests fragments of live host cells in a nibbling-like process termed amebic trogocytosis. Amebic trogocytosis is required for cell killing and contributes to tissue invasion, which is a hallmark of invasive amebic colitis. Work done prior to the discovery of amebic trogocytosis showed that acid vesicles are required for amebic cytotoxicity. In the present study, we show that acidified lysosomes are required for amebic trogocytosis and cell killing. Interference with lysosome acidification using ammonium chloride, a weak base, or concanamycin A, a vacuolar H+ ATPase inhibitor, decreased amebic trogocytosis and amebic cytotoxicity. Our data suggest that the inhibitors do not impair the ingestion of an initial fragment but rather block continued trogocytosis and the ingestion of multiple fragments. The acidification inhibitors also decreased phagocytosis, but not fluid-phase endocytosis. These data suggest that amebic lysosomes play a crucial role in amebic trogocytosis, phagocytosis, and cell killing.IMPORTANCEE. histolytica is a protozoan parasite that is prevalent in low-income countries, where it causes potentially fatal diarrhea, dysentery, and liver abscesses. Tissue destruction is a hallmark of invasive E. histolytica infection. The parasite is highly cytotoxic to a wide range of human cells, and parasite cytotoxic activity is likely to drive tissue destruction. E. histolytica is able to kill human cells through amebic trogocytosis. This process also contributes to tissue invasion. Trogocytosis has been observed in other organisms; however, little is known about the mechanism in any system. We show that interference with lysosomal acidification impairs amebic trogocytosis, phagocytosis, and cell killing, indicating that amebic lysosomes are critically important for these processes.
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24
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Bidarimath M, Tayade C. Pregnancy and spontaneous fetal loss: A pig perspective. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:856-869. [PMID: 28661560 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pigs have a unique, non-invasive epitheliochorial placenta where maternal and fetal layers lay in apposition. Indentation of fetal capillaries into the trophoblasts and maternal capillaries into the uterine epithelium reduce the distance between the fetal and maternal blood, ensuring nutrient transfer for proper conceptus development. Another unique feature of pig pregnancy is conceptus-mediated immune cell enrichment during the early stages of conceptus attachment (around gestation Day 15). This period coincides with the development of vasculature networks at the maternal-fetal interface, which is critical for successful conceptus growth. Specific chemokines, their receptors, and chemokine decoy receptor networks coordinate this immune cell enrichment and the positioning at the maternal-fetal interface. The recruited immune cells, in turn, adopt a specialized phenotype to support key processes of maternal-fetal adaptations, including tolerance to the semi-allogeneic fetus and supporting vascularization. Disturbance in coordinated cross talk between the conceptus and maternal endometrium is an important mechanism associated with spontaneous fetal loss. The exact mechanism of fetal loss is still not yet identified, although research in the last two decades point to various factors including genetics, nutrition, uterine capacity, placental efficiency, and imbalanced immune factors at the maternal-fetal interface. In this review, we summarize some of the recent advances in endometrial immune cell functions and their regulation. We also provide insights into endometrial/placental transcriptome, microRNA biology, and extravesicular transport across the maternal-fetal interface, as well as their potential implications in porcine pregnancy success or failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjun Bidarimath
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chandrakant Tayade
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Revenfeld ALS, Steffensen R, Pugholm LH, Jørgensen MM, Stensballe A, Varming K. Presence of HLA-DR Molecules and HLA-DRB1 mRNA in Circulating CD4(+) T Cells. Scand J Immunol 2017; 84:211-21. [PMID: 27417521 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The human major histocompatibility complex class II isotype HLA-DR is currently used as an activation marker for T cells. However, whether an endogenous protein expression or a molecular acquisition accounts for the presence of HLA-DR on T cells remains undetermined and still controversial. To further characterize this phenomenon, we compared several aspects of the presence of the HLA-DR protein to the presence of associated mRNA (HLA-DRB1), focusing on human T cells from peripheral blood of healthy individuals. Using a flow cytometric approach, we determined that the HLA-DR observed on CD4(+) T cells was almost exclusively cell surface-associated, while for autologous CD19(+) B cells, the protein could be located in the plasma membrane as well as in the cytoplasm. Moreover, negligible expression levels of HLA-DRB1 were found in CD4(+) T cells, using an HLA-DRB1 allele-specific qPCR assay. Finally, the presence of HLA-DR was not confined to activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, as evaluated by the co-expression of CD25. The functional role of the HLA-DR molecule on T cells remains enigmatic; however, this study presents evidence of fundamental differences for the presence of HLA-DR on T cells from HLA-DR in the context of antigen-presenting cells, which is a well-known phenomenon. Although an inducible endogenous protein expression cannot be excluded for the T cells, our findings suggest that a re-evaluation of the HLA-DR as a T cells activation marker is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L S Revenfeld
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - R Steffensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - L H Pugholm
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - M M Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - A Stensballe
- Laboratory for Medical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - K Varming
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Trogocytosis of peptide-MHC class II complexes from dendritic cells confers antigen-presenting ability on basophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1111-1116. [PMID: 28096423 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615973114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Th2 immunity plays important roles in both protective and allergic responses. Nevertheless, the nature of antigen-presenting cells responsible for Th2 cell differentiation remains ill-defined compared with the nature of the cells responsible for Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation. Basophils have attracted attention as a producer of Th2-inducing cytokine IL-4, whereas their MHC class II (MHC-II) expression and function as antigen-presenting cells are matters of considerable controversy. Here we revisited the MHC-II expression on basophils and explored its functional relevance in Th2 cell differentiation. Basophils generated in vitro from bone marrow cells in culture with IL-3 plus GM-CSF displayed MHC-II on the cell surface, whereas those generated in culture with IL-3 alone did not. Of note, these MHC-II-expressing basophils showed little or no transcription of the corresponding MHC-II gene. The GM-CSF addition to culture expanded dendritic cells (DCs) other than basophils. Coculture of basophils and DCs revealed that basophils acquired peptide-MHC-II complexes from DCs via cell contact-dependent trogocytosis. The acquired complexes, together with CD86, enabled basophils to stimulate peptide-specific T cells, leading to their proliferation and IL-4 production, indicating that basophils can function as antigen-presenting cells for Th2 cell differentiation. Transfer of MHC-II from DCs to basophils was also detected in draining lymph nodes of mice with atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation. Thus, the present study defined the mechanism by which basophils display MHC-II on the cell surface and appears to reconcile some discrepancies observed in previous studies.
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Matsumoto K, Xavier S, Chen J, Kida Y, Lipphardt M, Ikeda R, Gevertz A, Caviris M, Hatzopoulos AK, Kalajzic I, Dutton J, Ratliff BB, Zhao H, Darzynkiewicz Z, Rose‐John S, Goligorsky MS. Instructive Role of the Microenvironment in Preventing Renal Fibrosis. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:992-1005. [PMID: 28297566 PMCID: PMC5442777 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of myofibroblasts is a hallmark of renal fibrosis. A significant proportion of myofibroblasts has been reported to originate via endothelial‐mesenchymal transition. We initially hypothesized that exposing myofibroblasts to the extract of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) could reverse this transition. Indeed, in vitro treatment of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1)‐activated fibroblasts with EPC extract prevented expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA); however, it did not enhance expression of endothelial markers. In two distinct models of renal fibrosis—unilateral ureteral obstruction and chronic phase of folic acid‐induced nephropathy—subcapsular injection of EPC extract to the kidney prevented and reversed accumulation of α‐SMA‐positive myofibroblasts and reduced fibrosis. Screening the composition of EPC extract for cytokines revealed that it is enriched in leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and vascular endothelial growth factor. Only LIF was capable of reducing fibroblast‐to‐myofibroblast transition of TGF‐β1‐activated fibroblasts. In vivo subcapsular administration of LIF reduced the number of myofibroblasts and improved the density of peritubular capillaries; however, it did not reduce the degree of fibrosis. A receptor‐independent ligand for the gp130/STAT3 pathway, hyper‐interleukin‐6 (hyper‐IL‐6), not only induced a robust downstream increase in pluripotency factors Nanog and c‐Myc but also exhibited a powerful antifibrotic effect. In conclusion, EPC extract prevented and reversed fibroblast‐to‐myofibroblast transition and renal fibrosis. The component of EPC extract, LIF, was capable of preventing development of the contractile phenotype of activated fibroblasts but did not eliminate TGF‐β1‐induced collagen synthesis in cultured fibroblasts and models of renal fibrosis, whereas a receptor‐independent gp130/STAT3 agonist, hyper‐IL‐6, prevented fibrosis. In summary, these studies, through the evolution from EPC extract to LIF and then to hyper‐IL‐6, demonstrate the instructive role of microenvironmental cues and may provide in the future a facile strategy to prevent and reverse renal fibrosis. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:992–1005
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sandhya Xavier
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Yujiro Kida
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Mark Lipphardt
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Reina Ikeda
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Annie Gevertz
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Mario Caviris
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | | | - Ivo Kalajzic
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - James Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brian B. Ratliff
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Zbygniew Darzynkiewicz
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Stefan Rose‐John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian‐Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael S. Goligorsky
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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Torralba D, Baixauli F, Sánchez-Madrid F. Mitochondria Know No Boundaries: Mechanisms and Functions of Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:107. [PMID: 27734015 PMCID: PMC5039171 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria regulate multiple cell processes, including calcium signaling, apoptosis and cell metabolism. Mitochondria contain their own circular genome encoding selected subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes. Recent findings reveal that, in addition to being maternally inherited, mitochondria can traverse cell boundaries and thus be horizontally transferred between cells. Although, the physiological relevance of this phenomenon is still under debate, mitochondria uptake rescues mitochondrial respiration defects in recipient cells and regulates signaling, proliferation or chemotherapy resistance in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we outline the pathophysiological consequences of horizontal mitochondrial transfer and offer a perspective on the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating their intercellular transmission, including tunneling nanotubes, extracellular vesicles, cellular fusion, and GAP junctions. The physiological relevance of mitochondrial transfer and the potential therapeutic application of this exchange for treating mitochondrial-related diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Torralba
- Signaling and Inflammation Program, Centro Nacional Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadrid, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autonoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Baixauli
- Signaling and Inflammation Program, Centro Nacional Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadrid, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autonoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Signaling and Inflammation Program, Centro Nacional Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadrid, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autonoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
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29
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Li KJ, Wu CH, Shen CY, Kuo YM, Yu CL, Hsieh SC. Membrane Transfer from Mononuclear Cells to Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Transduces Cell Survival and Activation Signals in the Recipient Cells via Anti-Extrinsic Apoptotic and MAP Kinase Signaling Pathways. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156262. [PMID: 27258015 PMCID: PMC4892539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological significance of membrane transfer (trogocytosis) between polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and mononuclear cells (MNCs) remains unclear. We investigated the biological/immunological effects and molecular basis of trogocytosis among various immune cells in healthy individuals and patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). By flow cytometry, we determined that molecules in the immunological synapse, including HLA class-I and-II, CD11b and LFA-1, along with CXCR1, are exchanged among autologous PMNs, CD4+ T cells, and U937 cells (monocytes) after cell-cell contact. Small interfering RNA knockdown of the integrin adhesion molecule CD11a in U937 unexpectedly enhanced the level of total membrane transfer from U937 to PMN cells. Functionally, phagocytosis and IL-8 production by PMNs were enhanced after co-culture with T cells. Total membrane transfer from CD4+ T to PMNs delayed PMN apoptosis by suppressing the extrinsic apoptotic molecules, BAX, MYC and caspase 8. This enhancement of activities of PMNs by T cells was found to be mediated via p38- and P44/42-Akt-MAP kinase pathways and inhibited by the actin-polymerization inhibitor, latrunculin B, the clathrin inhibitor, Pitstop-2, and human immunoglobulin G, but not by the caveolin inhibitor, methyl-β-cyclodextrin. In addition, membrane transfer from PMNs enhanced IL-2 production by recipient anti-CD3/anti-CD28 activated MNCs, and this was suppressed by inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (PD98059) and protein kinase C (Rottlerin). Of clinical significance, decreased total membrane transfer from PMNs to MNCs in patients with active SLE suppressed mononuclear IL-2 production. In conclusion, membrane transfer from MNCs to PMNs, mainly at the immunological synapse, transduces survival and activation signals to enhance PMN functions and is dependent on actin polymerization, clathrin activation, and Fcγ receptors, while membrane transfer from PMNs to MNCs depends on MAP kinase and PKC signaling. Defective membrane transfer from PMNs to MNCs in patients with active systemic lupus erythematous suppressed activated mononuclear IL-2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Jen Li
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yu Shen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Yu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Song-Chou Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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30
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Lorenzon L, Blandino G. Glypican-1 exosomes: do they initiate a new era for early pancreatic cancer diagnosis? Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 1:8. [PMID: 28164166 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2016.01.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lorenzon
- Surgical and Medical Department of Translational Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Sant'Andrea Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Translational Oncogenomic Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
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31
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Vassallo CN, Wall D. Tissue repair in myxobacteria: A cooperative strategy to heal cellular damage. Bioessays 2016; 38:306-15. [PMID: 26898360 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Damage repair is a fundamental requirement of all life as organisms find themselves in challenging and fluctuating environments. In particular, damage to the barrier between an organism and its environment (e.g. skin, plasma membrane, bacterial cell envelope) is frequent because these organs/organelles directly interact with the external world. Here, we discuss the general strategies that bacteria use to cope with damage to their cell envelope and their repair limits. We then describe a novel damage-coping mechanism used by multicellular myxobacteria. We propose that cell-cell transfer of membrane material within a population serves as a wound-healing strategy and provide evidence for its utility. We suggest that--similar to how tissues in eukaryotes have evolved cooperative methods of damage repair--so too have some bacteria that live a multicellular lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Wall
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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32
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Kalra H, Drummen GPC, Mathivanan S. Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Introducing the Next Small Big Thing. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:170. [PMID: 26861301 PMCID: PMC4783904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication was long thought to be regulated exclusively through direct contact between cells or via release of soluble molecules that transmit the signal by binding to a suitable receptor on the target cell, and/or via uptake into that cell. With the discovery of small secreted vesicular structures that contain complex cargo, both in their lumen and the lipid membrane that surrounds them, a new frontier of signal transduction was discovered. These “extracellular vesicles” (EV) were initially thought to be garbage bags through which the cell ejected its waste. Whilst this is a major function of one type of EV, i.e., apoptotic bodies, many EVs have intricate functions in intercellular communication and compound exchange; although their physiological roles are still ill-defined. Additionally, it is now becoming increasingly clear that EVs mediate disease progression and therefore studying EVs has ignited significant interests among researchers from various fields of life sciences. Consequently, the research effort into the pathogenic roles of EVs is significantly higher even though their protective roles are not well established. The “Focus on extracellular vesicles” series of reviews highlights the current state of the art regarding various topics in EV research, whilst this review serves as an introductory overview of EVs, their biogenesis and molecular composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Kalra
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Gregor P C Drummen
- Cellular Stress and Ageing Program, Bionanoscience and Bio-Imaging Program, Bio&Nano-Solutions, D-33647 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
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Epperla CP, Mohan N, Chang CW, Chen CC, Chang HC. Nanodiamond-Mediated Intercellular Transport of Proteins through Membrane Tunneling Nanotubes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:6097-105. [PMID: 26479149 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently discovered tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are capable of creating intercellular communication pathways through which transport of proteins and other cytoplasmic components occurs. Intercellular transport is related to many diseases and nanotubes are potentially useful as drug-delivery channels for cancer therapy. Here, we apply fluorescent nanodiamond (FND) as a photostable tracker, as well as a protein carrier, to illustrate the transport events in TNTs of human cells. Proteins, including bovine serum albumin and green fluorescent protein, are first coated on 100-nm FNDs by physical adsorption and then single-particle tracking of the bioconjugates in the transient membrane connections is carried out by fluorescence microscopy. Stop-and-go and to-and-fro motions mediated by molecular motors are found for the active transport of protein-loaded FNDs trapped in the endosomal vehicles of human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T). Quantitative analysis of the heterotypical transport between HEK293T and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells by flow cytometry confirm the formation of open-ended nanotubes between them, despite that their TNTs differ in structural components. Our results demonstrate the promising applications of this novel carbon-based nanomaterial for intercellular delivery of biomolecular cargo down to the single-particle level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Prakash Epperla
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program - Molecular Science and Technology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Nitin Mohan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program - Molecular Science and Technology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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Campana S, De Pasquale C, Carrega P, Ferlazzo G, Bonaccorsi I. Cross-dressing: an alternative mechanism for antigen presentation. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:349-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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35
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The Role of Extracellular Vesicles: An Epigenetic View of the Cancer Microenvironment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:649161. [PMID: 26582468 PMCID: PMC4637039 DOI: 10.1155/2015/649161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, microvesicles, and other extracellular vesicles are released by many cell types, including cancer cells and cancer-related immune cells. Extracellular vesicles can directly or indirectly facilitate the transfer of bioinformation to recipient cells or to the extracellular environment. In cancer, exosomes have been implicated in tumor initiation, proliferation, and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles can transmit proteins and nucleic acids that participate in DNA methylation, histone modification, and posttranscriptional regulation of RNA. Factors transmitted by extracellular vesicles reflect the donor cell status, and extracellular vesicles derived from tumor cells may be also responsible for altering expression of tumor promoting and tumor suppressing genes in recipient cells. Thus, circulating extracellular vesicles may act as biomarkers of cancer, and detection of these biomarkers may be applied to diagnosis or assessment of prognosis in patients with cancer.
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Novel microscopy-based screening method reveals regulators of contact-dependent intercellular transfer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12879. [PMID: 26271723 PMCID: PMC4536488 DOI: 10.1038/srep12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact-dependent intercellular transfer (codeIT) of cellular constituents can have functional consequences for recipient cells, such as enhanced survival and drug resistance. Pathogenic viruses, prions and bacteria can also utilize this mechanism to spread to adjacent cells and potentially evade immune detection. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying this intercellular transfer process. Here, we present a novel microscopy-based screening method to identify regulators and cargo of codeIT. Single donor cells, carrying fluorescently labelled endocytic organelles or proteins, are co-cultured with excess acceptor cells. CodeIT is quantified by confocal microscopy and image analysis in 3D, preserving spatial information. An siRNA-based screening using this method revealed the involvement of several myosins and small GTPases as codeIT regulators. Our data indicates that cellular protrusions and tubular recycling endosomes are important for codeIT. We automated image acquisition and analysis to facilitate large-scale chemical and genetic screening efforts to identify key regulators of codeIT.
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37
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Li JR, Ross SS, Liu Y, Liu YX, Wang KH, Chen HY, Liu FT, Laurence TA, Liu GY. Engineered Nanostructures of Haptens Lead to Unexpected Formation of Membrane Nanotubes Connecting Rat Basophilic Leukemia Cells. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6738-6746. [PMID: 26057701 PMCID: PMC4758354 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A recent finding reports that co-stimulation of the high-affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor (FcεRI) and the chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) triggered formation of membrane nanotubes among bone-marrow-derived mast cells. The co-stimulation was attained using corresponding ligands: IgE binding antigen and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP1 α), respectively. However, this approach failed to trigger formation of nanotubes among rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells due to the lack of CCR1 on the cell surface (Int. Immunol. 2010, 22 (2), 113-128). RBL cells are frequently used as a model for mast cells and are best known for antibody-mediated activation via FcεRI. This work reports the successful formation of membrane nanotubes among RBLs using only one stimulus, a hapten of 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) molecules, which are presented as nanostructures with our designed spatial arrangements. This observation underlines the significance of the local presentation of ligands in the context of impacting the cellular signaling cascades. In the case of RBL, certain DNP nanostructures suppress antigen-induced degranulation and facilitate the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton to form nanotubes. These results demonstrate an important scientific concept; engineered nanostructures enable cellular signaling cascades, where current technologies encounter great difficulties. More importantly, nanotechnology offers a new platform to selectively activate and/or inhibit desired cellular signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Ren Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shailise S. Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ying X. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kang-hsin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ted A. Laurence
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Gang-yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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38
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Imakawa K, Bai R, Fujiwara H, Kusama K. Conceptus implantation and placentation: molecules related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition, lymphocyte homing, endogenous retroviruses, and exosomes. Reprod Med Biol 2015; 15:1-11. [PMID: 29259417 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-015-0215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Processes of conceptus implantation and placentation, unique to mammalian reproduction, have been extensively studied. It was once thought that processes of these events varied greatly, notably between invasive and noninvasive modes of implantation and/or placentation. Regardless of the mode of implantation, however, physiological and biochemical processes in conceptus implantation to the maternal endometrium including the kinds of gene expression and their products are now considered not to differ so much. Recent progress has identified that in addition to the hormones, cytokines, proteases and cell adhesion molecules classically characterized, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, molecules related to lymphocyte homing, the expression of endogenous retroviruses and possibly exosomes are all required for the progression of conceptus implantation to placentation. In this review, therefore, new findings related to these events are integrated into the context of conceptus implantation to the maternal endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Animal Breeding, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of Tokyo1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku 113-8657 Tokyo Japan
| | - Rulan Bai
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Animal Breeding, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of Tokyo1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku 113-8657 Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine Science Kanazawa University 920-1192 Kanazawa Japan
| | - Kazuya Kusama
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Animal Breeding, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of Tokyo1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku 113-8657 Tokyo Japan
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Al Heialy S, Zeroual M, Farahnak S, McGovern T, Risse PA, Novali M, Lauzon AM, Roman HN, Martin JG. Nanotubes connect CD4+ T cells to airway smooth muscle cells: novel mechanism of T cell survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5626-34. [PMID: 25934863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Contact between airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells and activated CD4(+) T cells, a key interaction in diseases such as asthma, triggers ASM cell proliferation and enhances T cell survival. We hypothesized that direct contact between ASM and CD4(+) T cells facilitated the transfer of anti-apoptotic proteins via nanotubes, resulting in increased survival of activated CD4(+) T cells. CD4(+) T cells, isolated from PBMCs of healthy subjects, when activated and cocultured with ASM cells for 24 h, formed nanotubes that were visualized by immunofluorescence and atomic force microscopy. Cell-to-cell transfer of the fluorescent dye calcein-AM confirmed cytoplasmic communication via nanotubes. Immunoreactive B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein (Mcl-1), two major anti-apoptotic proteins, were present within the nanotubes. Downregulation of Mcl-1 by small interfering RNA in ASM cells significantly increased T cell apoptosis, whereas downregulation of Bcl-2 had no effect. Transfer of GFP-tagged Mcl-1 from ASM cells to CD4(+) T cells via the nanotubes confirmed directionality of transfer. In conclusion, activated T cells communicate with ASM cells via nanotube formation. Direct transfer of Mcl-1 from ASM to CD(+) T cells via nanotubes is involved in T cell survival. This study provides a novel mechanism of survival of CD4(+) T cells that is dependent on interaction with a structural cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Al Heialy
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Melissa Zeroual
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Soroor Farahnak
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Toby McGovern
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Paul-André Risse
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Mauro Novali
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Lauzon
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Horia N Roman
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - James G Martin
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
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40
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Abstract
Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as conventional dendritic cells (DCs) process protein antigens to MHC-bound peptides and then present the peptide–MHC complexes to T cells. In addition to this canonical antigen presentation pathway, recent studies have revealed that DCs and non-APCs can acquire MHC class I (MHCI) and/or MHC class II (MHCII) from neighboring cells through a process of cell–cell contact-dependent membrane transfer called trogocytosis. These MHC-dressed cells subsequently activate or regulate T cells via the preformed antigen peptide–MHC complexes without requiring any further processing. In addition to trogocytosis, intercellular transfer of MHCI and MHCII can be mediated by secretion of membrane vesicles such as exosomes from APCs, generating MHC-dressed cells. This review focuses on the physiological role of antigen presentation by MHCI- or MHCII-dressed cells, and also discusses differences and similarities between trogocytosis and exosome-mediated transfer of MHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Nakayama
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
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41
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Nagel A, Möbs C, Raifer H, Wiendl H, Hertl M, Eming R. CD3-positive B cells: a storage-dependent phenomenon. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110138. [PMID: 25329048 PMCID: PMC4199681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of clinical studies requires extensive management of human specimen including e.g. overnight shipping of blood samples in order to convey the samples in a central laboratory or to simultaneously analyze large numbers of patients. Storage of blood samples for periods of time before in vitro/ex vivo testing is known to influence the antigen expression on the surface of lymphocytes. In this context, the present results show for the first time that the T cell antigen CD3 can be substantially detected on the surface of human B cells after ex vivo storage and that the degree of this phenomenon critically depends on temperature and duration after blood withdrawal. The appearance of CD3 on the B cell surface seems to be a result of contact-dependent antigen exchange between T and B lymphocytes and is not attributed to endogenous production by B cells. Since cellular subsets are often classified by phenotypic analyses, our results indicate that ex vivo cellular classification in peripheral blood might result in misleading interpretations. Therefore, in order to obtain results reflecting the in vivo situation, it is suggested to minimize times of ex vivo blood storage after isolation of PBMC. Moreover, to enable reproducibility of results between different research groups and multicenter studies, we would emphasize the necessity to specify and standardize the storage conditions, which might be the basis of particular findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Nagel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Möbs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hartmann Raifer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Eming
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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42
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Cho FN, Chang TH, Shu CW, Ko MC, Liao SK, Wu KH, Yu MS, Lin SJ, Hong YC, Chen CH, Hung CH, Chang YH. Enhanced cytotoxicity of natural killer cells following the acquisition of chimeric antigen receptors through trogocytosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109352. [PMID: 25313995 PMCID: PMC4196898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have the capacity to target tumors and are ideal candidates for immunotherapy. Viral vectors have been used to genetically modify in vitro expanded NK cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which confer cytotoxicity against tumors. However, use of viral transduction methods raises the safety concern of viral integration into the NK cell genome. In this study, we used trogocytosis as a non-viral method to modify NK cells for immunotherapy. A K562 cell line expressing high levels of anti-CD19 CARs was generated as a donor cell to transfer the anti-CD19 CARs onto NK cells via trogocytosis. Anti-CD19 CAR expression was observed in expanded NK cells after these cells were co-cultured for one hour with freeze/thaw-treated donor cells expressing anti-CD19 CARs. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed the localization of the anti-CD19 CARs on the NK cell surface. Acquisition of anti-CD19 CARs via trogocytosis enhanced NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against the B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cell lines and primary B-ALL cells derived from patients. To our knowledge, this is the first report that describes the increased cytotoxicity of NK cells following the acquisition of CARs via trogocytosis. This novel strategy could be a potential valuable therapeutic approach for the treatment of B-cell tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- K562 Cells
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Nan Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Shu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chin Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Kuei Liao
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery and Center of Excellence for Cancer Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Hsi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospitals, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Sun Yu
- Haematology-Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Jer Lin
- Haematology-Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chung Hong
- Haematology-Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsun Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Tajen University, Yanpu Township, Pingtung County, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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43
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Mincheva-Nilsson L, Baranov V. Placenta-Derived Exosomes and Syncytiotrophoblast Microparticles and their Role in Human Reproduction: Immune Modulation for Pregnancy Success. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 72:440-57. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mincheva-Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Vladimir Baranov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
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44
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Kaur S, Singh SP, Elkahloun AG, Wu W, Abu-Asab MS, Roberts DD. CD47-dependent immunomodulatory and angiogenic activities of extracellular vesicles produced by T cells. Matrix Biol 2014; 37:49-59. [PMID: 24887393 PMCID: PMC6176487 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular communication is critical for integrating complex signals in multicellular eukaryotes. Vascular endothelial cells and T lymphocytes closely interact during the recirculation and trans-endothelial migration of T cells. In addition to direct cell-cell contact, we show that T cell derived extracellular vesicles can interact with endothelial cells and modulate their cellular functions. Thrombospondin-1 and its receptor CD47 are expressed on exosomes/ectosomes derived from T cells, and these extracellular vesicles are internalized and modulate signaling in both T cells and endothelial cells. Extracellular vesicles released from cells expressing or lacking CD47 differentially regulate activation of T cells induced by engaging the T cell receptor. Similarly, T cell-derived extracellular vesicles modulate endothelial cell responses to vascular endothelial growth factor and tube formation in a CD47-dependent manner. Uptake of T cell derived extracellular vesicles by recipient endothelial cells globally alters gene expression in a CD47-dependent manner. CD47 also regulates the mRNA content of extracellular vesicles in a manner consistent with some of the resulting alterations in target endothelial cell gene expression. Therefore, the thrombospondin-1 receptor CD47 directly or indirectly regulates intercellular communication mediated by the transfer of extracellular vesicles between vascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Satya P Singh
- Inflammation Biology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Abdel G Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mones S Abu-Asab
- Histopathology Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David D Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA.
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45
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Rossi EA, Chang CH, Goldenberg DM. Anti-CD22/CD20 Bispecific antibody with enhanced trogocytosis for treatment of Lupus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98315. [PMID: 24841238 PMCID: PMC4026529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The humanized anti-CD22 antibody, epratuzumab, has demonstrated therapeutic activity in clinical trials of lymphoma, leukemia and autoimmune diseases, treating currently over 1500 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemias, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, Sjögren's syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Because epratuzumab reduces on average only 35% of circulating B cells in patients, and has minimal antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and negligible complement-dependent cytotoxicity when evaluated in vitro, its therapeutic activity may not result completely from B-cell depletion. We reported recently that epratuzumab mediates Fc/FcR-dependent membrane transfer from B cells to effector cells via trogocytosis, resulting in a substantial reduction of multiple BCR modulators, including CD22, CD19, CD21, and CD79b, as well as key cell adhesion molecules, including CD44, CD62L, and β7 integrin, on the surface of B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from normal donors or SLE patients. Rituximab has clinical activity in lupus, but failed to achieve primary endpoints in a Phase III trial. This is the first study of trogocytosis mediated by bispecific antibodies targeting neighboring cell-surface proteins, CD22, CD20, and CD19, as demonstrated by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. We show that, compared to epratuzumab, a bispecific hexavalent antibody comprising epratuzumab and veltuzumab (humanized anti-CD20 mAb) exhibits enhanced trogocytosis resulting in major reductions in B-cell surface levels of CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD79b, CD44, CD62L and β7-integrin, and with considerably less immunocompromising B-cell depletion that would result with anti-CD20 mAbs such as veltuzumab or rituximab, given either alone or in combination with epratuzumab. A CD22/CD19 bispecific hexavalent antibody, which exhibited enhanced trogocytosis of some antigens and minimal B-cell depletion, may also be therapeutically useful. The bispecific antibody is a candidate for improved treatment of lupus and other autoimmune diseases, offering advantages over administration of the two parental antibodies in combination.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/pharmacology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunological Synapses/metabolism
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Rituximab
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund A. Rossi
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Chien-Hsing Chang
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David M. Goldenberg
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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Wei X, Vassallo CN, Pathak DT, Wall D. Myxobacteria produce outer membrane-enclosed tubes in unstructured environments. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:1807-14. [PMID: 24391054 PMCID: PMC4011004 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00850-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxobacteria are social microbes that exhibit complex multicellular behaviors. By use of fluorescent reporters, we show that Myxococcus xanthus isolates produce long narrow filaments that are enclosed by the outer membrane (OM) and contain proteins. We show that these OM tube (OMT) structures are produced at surprisingly high levels when cells are placed in liquid medium or buffer without agitation. OMTs can be long and easily exceed multiple cell lengths. When viewed by transmission electron microscopy, their morphology varies between tubes and chain-like structures. Intermediate-like structures are also found, suggesting that OMTs may transition between these two morphotypes. In support of this, video epifluorescence microscopy found that OMTs in solution dynamically twist and jiggle. On hard surfaces, myxobacteria glide, and upon cell-cell contact, they can efficiently exchange their OM proteins and lipids by a TraAB-dependent mechanism. Although the structure of OMTs hints at a possible role as conduits for exchange, evidence is presented to the contrary. For example, abundant OMT production occurs in traA or traB mutants and when cells are grown in liquid medium, yet transfer cannot occur under these conditions. Thus, genetic and environmental conditions that promote OMT production are incongruent with OM exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Wei
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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47
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Mincheva-Nilsson L. Placental exosome-mediated immune protection of the fetus: feeling groovy in a cloud of exosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eog.10.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Klöhn PC, Castro-Seoane R, Collinge J. Exosome release from infected dendritic cells: a clue for a fast spread of prions in the periphery? J Infect 2013; 67:359-68. [PMID: 23911964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are incurable transmissible neurological disorders. In many natural and experimental prion diseases, infectious prions can be detected in the lymphoreticular system (LRS) long before they reach the brain where they cause a fatal rapidly progressive degeneration. Although major cell types that contribute to prion accumulation have been identified, the mode of prion dissemination in the LRS remains elusive. Recent evidence of a remarkably fast splenic prion accumulation after peripheral infection of mice, resulting in high prion titers in dendritic cells (DCs) and a release of prions from infected DCs via exosomes suggest that intercellular dissemination may contribute to rapid prion colonization in the LRS. A vast body of evidence from retroviral infections shows that DCs and other antigen-presenting cells (APCs) share viral antigens by intercellular transfer to warrant immunity against viruses if APCs remain uninfected. Evolved to adapt the immune response to evading pathogens, these pathways may constitute a portal for unimpeded prion dissemination owing to the tolerance of the immune system against host-encoded prion protein. In this review we summarize current paradigms for antigen-sharing pathways which may be relevant to better understand dissemination of rogue neurotoxic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter-Christian Klöhn
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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49
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Rainy N, Chetrit D, Rouger V, Vernitsky H, Rechavi O, Marguet D, Goldstein I, Ehrlich M, Kloog Y. H-Ras transfers from B to T cells via tunneling nanotubes. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e726. [PMID: 23868059 PMCID: PMC3730418 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes form cell-cell connections by various mechanisms, including intercellular networks through actin-supported long-range plasma membrane (PM) extensions, termed tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). In this study, we tested in vitro whether TNTs form between human antigen-presenting B cells and T cells following cell contact and whether they enable the transfer of PM-associated proteins, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged H-Ras (GFP-H-Ras). To address this question, we employed advanced techniques, including cell trapping by optical tweezers and live-cell imaging by 4D spinning-disk confocal microscopy. First, we showed that TNTs can form after optically trapped conjugated B and T cells are being pulled apart. Next, we determined by measuring fluorescence recovery after photobleaching that GFP-H-Ras diffuses freely in the membrane of TNTs that form spontaneously between B and T cells during coculturing. Importantly, by 4D time-lapse imaging, we showed that GFP-H-Ras-enriched PM patches accumulate at the junction between TNTs and the T-cell body and subsequently transfer to the T-cell surface. Furthermore, the PM patches adopted by T cells were enriched for another B-cell-derived transmembrane receptor, CD86. As predicted, the capacity of GFP-H-Ras to transfer between B and T cells, during coculturing, was dependent on its normal post-transcriptional lipidation and consequent PM anchorage. In summary, our data indicate that TNTs connecting B and T cells provide a hitherto undescribed route for the transfer of PM patches containing, for example, H-Ras from B to T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rainy
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - D Chetrit
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - V Rouger
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - H Vernitsky
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - O Rechavi
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - D Marguet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - I Goldstein
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Ehrlich
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Y Kloog
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Abstract
Epratuzumab, a humanized anti-CD22 antibody, is currently in clinical trials of B-cell lymphomas and autoimmune diseases, demonstrating therapeutic activity in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Thus, epratuzumab offers a promising option for CD22-targeted immunotherapy, yet its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Here we report for the first time that epratuzumab promptly induces a marked decrease of CD22 (>80%), CD19 (>50%), CD21 (>50%), and CD79b (>30%) on the surface of B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from normal donors or SLE patients, and of NHL cells (Daudi and Raji) spiked into normal PBMCs. Although some Fc-independent loss of CD22 is expected from internalization by epratuzumab, the concurrent and prominent reduction of CD19, CD21, and CD79b is Fc dependent and results from their transfer from epratuzumab-opsonized B cells to FcγR-expressing monocytes, natural killer cells, and granulocytes via trogocytosis. The findings of reduced levels of CD19 are implicative for the efficacy of epratuzumab in autoimmune diseases because elevated CD19 has been correlated with susceptibility to SLE in animal models as well as in patients. This was confirmed herein by the finding that SLE patients receiving epratuzumab immunotherapy had significantly reduced CD19 compared with treatment-naïve patients.
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