1
|
Ibrahim HIM. Epigenetic Regulation of Obesity-Associated Type 2 Diabetes. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58101366. [PMID: 36295527 PMCID: PMC9607337 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58101366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is becoming more widespread, and epidemics of this condition are now considered present in all developed countries, leading to public health concerns. The dramatic increases in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and related vascular difficulties are causing a public health crisis. Thus, it is imperative that these trends are curbed. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of these diseases is crucial to aiding in their detection or even management. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying the interactions between environment, lifestyle, and genetics is important for developing effective strategies for the management of obesity. The focus is on finding the vital role of epigenetic changes in the etiology of obesity. Genome and epigenome-wide approaches have revealed associations with T2DM. The epigenome indicates that there is a systematic link between genetic variants and environmental factors that put people at risk of obesity. The present review focuses on the epigenetic mechanism linked with obesity-associated T2DM. Although the utilization of epigenetic treatments has been discussed with reference to certain cancers, several challenges remain to be addressed for T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hairul Islam Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pondicherry Centre for Biological Science and Educational Trust, Puducherry 605004, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park JE, Han JS. HM-Chromanone, a Major Homoisoflavonoid in Portulaca oleracea L., Improves Palmitate-Induced Insulin Resistance by Regulating Phosphorylation of IRS-1 Residues in L6 Skeletal Muscle Cells. Nutrients 2022; 14:3815. [PMID: 36145191 PMCID: PMC9504146 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of (E)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone (HM-chromanone) on palmitate-induced insulin resistance and elucidated the underlying mechanism in L6 skeletal muscle cells. Glucose uptake was markedly decreased due to palmitate-induced insulin resistance in these cells; however, 10, 25, and 50 µM HM-chromanone remarkably improved glucose uptake in a concentration-dependent manner. HM-chromanone treatment downregulated protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (IKKβ), which increased because of palmitate mediating the insulin-resistance status in cells. HM-chromanone promoted insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) tyrosine phosphorylation and suppressed palmitate-induced phosphorylation of IRS-1 serine. This activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and stimulated protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation. Phosphorylated AKT promoted the translocation of Glucose transporter type 4 to the plasma membrane and significantly enhanced glucose uptake into muscle cells. Additionally, HM-chromanone increased glycogen synthesis through phosphorylating glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha/beta (GSK3 α/β) via AKT. Consequently, HM-chromanone may improve insulin resistance by downregulating the phosphorylation of IRS-1 serine through inhibition of negative regulators of insulin signaling and inflammation-activated protein kinases in L6 skeletal muscle cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ji-Sook Han
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ye L, Jia G, Li Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Yu L, Wu D. C1q/TNF-related protein 4 restores leptin sensitivity by downregulating NF-κB signaling and microglial activation. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:159. [PMID: 34275474 PMCID: PMC8286609 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective C1qTNF-related protein 4 (CTRP4) acts in the hypothalamus to modulate food intake in diet-induced obese mice and has been shown to exert an anti-inflammatory effect on macrophages. Since high-fat diet-induced microglial activation and hypothalamic inflammation impair leptin signaling and increase food intake, we aimed to explore the potential connection between the anorexigenic effect of CTRP4 and the suppression of hypothalamic inflammation in mice with DIO. Methods Using an adenovirus-mediated hypothalamic CTRP4 overexpression model, we investigated the impact of CTRP4 on food intake and the hypothalamic leptin signaling pathway in diet-induced obese mice. Furthermore, central and plasma proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, were measured by Western blotting and ELISA. Changes in the hypothalamic NF-κB signaling cascade and microglial activation were also examined in vivo. In addition, NF-κB signaling and proinflammatory factors were investigated in BV-2 cells after CTRP4 intervention. Results We found that food intake was decreased, while leptin signaling was significantly improved in mice with DIO after CTRP4 overexpression. Central and peripheral TNF-α and IL-6 levels were reduced by central Ad-CTRP4 administration. Hypothalamic NF-κB signaling and microglial activation were also significantly suppressed in vivo. In addition, NF-κB signaling was inhibited in BV-2 cells following CTRP4 intervention, which was consistent with the decreased production of TNF-α and IL-6. Conclusions Our data indicate that CTRP4 reverses leptin resistance by inhibiting NF-κB-dependent microglial activation and hypothalamic inflammation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02167-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Gongwei Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yuejie Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lehua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Dandong Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty M, OKeefe J. Does elevated bilirubin aid weight control by preventing development of hypothalamic leptin resistance? Open Heart 2019; 6:e000897. [PMID: 30997121 PMCID: PMC6443125 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James OKeefe
- Preventive Cardiology, Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty MF, O’Keefe JH. Antioxidant bilirubin works in multiple ways to reduce risk for obesity and its health complications. Open Heart 2018; 5:e000914. [PMID: 30364545 PMCID: PMC6196942 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James J DiNicolantonio
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | | | - James H O’Keefe
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Méndez-García LA, Trejo-Millán F, Martínez-Reyes CP, Manjarrez-Reyna AN, Esquivel-Velázquez M, Melendez-Mier G, Islas-Andrade S, Rojas-Bernabé A, Kzhyshkowska J, Escobedo G. Infliximab ameliorates tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced insulin resistance by attenuating PTP1B activation in 3T3L1 adipocytes in vitro. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88:e12716. [PMID: 30260514 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is the inability to respond to insulin and is considered a key pathophysiological factor in the development of type 2 diabetes. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) can directly contribute to insulin resistance by disrupting the insulin signalling pathway via protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) activation, especially in adipocytes. Infliximab (Remicade® ) is a TNF-alpha-neutralizing antibody that has not been fully studied in insulin resistance. We investigated the effect of infliximab on TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance in 3T3L1 adipocytes in vitro, and examined the possible molecular mechanisms involved. Once differentiated, adipocytes were cultured with 5 mmol L-1 2-deoxy-D-glucose-3 H and stimulated twice with 2 μmol L-1 insulin, in the presence or absence of 5 ng/mL TNF-alpha and/or 10 ng/mL infliximab. Glucose uptake was measured every 20 minutes for 2 hour, and phosphorylated forms of insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), protein kinase B (AKT) and PTP1B were determined by Western blotting. TNF-alpha-treated adipocytes showed a significant 64% decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake as compared with control cells, whereas infliximab reversed TNF-alpha actions by significantly improving glucose incorporation. Although IR phosphorylation remained unaltered, TNF-alpha was able to increase PTP1B activation and decrease phosphorylation of IRS-2 and AKT. Notably, infliximab restored phosphorylation of IRS-2 and AKT by attenuating PTP1B activation. This work demonstrates for the first time that infliximab ameliorates TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance in 3T3L1 adipocytes in vitro by restoring the insulin signalling pathway via PTP1B inhibition. Further clinical research is needed to determine the potential benefit of using infliximab for treating insulin resistance in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia A Méndez-García
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Trejo-Millán
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Camilo P Martínez-Reyes
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aarón N Manjarrez-Reyna
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Esquivel-Velázquez
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Melendez-Mier
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Islas-Andrade
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Araceli Rojas-Bernabé
- Research Unit for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Galileo Escobedo
- Laboratory for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Research Division, General Hospital of Mexico "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mendes NF, Castro G, Guadagnini D, Tobar N, Cognuck SQ, Elias LLK, Boer PA, Prada PO. Knocking down amygdalar PTP1B in diet-induced obese rats improves insulin signaling/action, decreases adiposity and may alter anxiety behavior. Metabolism 2017; 70:1-11. [PMID: 28403933 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has been extensively implicated in the regulation of body weight, food intake, and energy expenditure. The role of PTP1B appears to be cell and brain region dependent. RESULTS Herein, we demonstrated that chronic high-fat feeding enhanced PTP1B expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) of rats compared to rats on chow. Knocking down PTP1B with oligonucleotide antisense (ASO) decreased its expression and was sufficient to improve the anorexigenic effect of insulin through IR/Akt signaling in the CeA. ASO treatment reduces body weight, fat mass, serum leptin levels, and food intake and also increases energy expenditure, without altering ambulatory activity. These changes were explained, at least in part, by the improvement of insulin sensitivity in the CeA, decreasing NPY and enhancing oxytocin expression. There was a slight decline in fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels possibly due to leanness in rats treated with ASO. Surprisingly, the elevated plus maze test revealed an anxiolytic behavior after reduction of PTP1B in the CeA. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the present study highlights the deleterious role that the amygdalar PTP1B has on energy homeostasis in obesity states. The reduction of PTP1B in the CeA may be a strategy for the treatment of obesity, insulin resistance and anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisele Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Brazil
| | - Dioze Guadagnini
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Brazil
| | - Natalia Tobar
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Brazil
| | - Susana Quiros Cognuck
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, USP, Brazil
| | | | - Patricia Aline Boer
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Oliveira Prada
- School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dalvi PS, Chalmers JA, Luo V, Han DY, Wellhauser L, Liu Y, Tran DQ, Castel J, Luquet S, Wheeler MB, Belsham DD. High fat induces acute and chronic inflammation in the hypothalamus: effect of high-fat diet, palmitate and TNF-α on appetite-regulating NPY neurons. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 41:149-158. [PMID: 27773938 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of dietary fat is one of the key factors leading to obesity. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity is characterized by induction of inflammation in the hypothalamus; however, the temporal regulation of proinflammatory markers and their impact on hypothalamic appetite-regulating neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP) neurons remains undefined. METHODS Mice were injected with an acute lipid infusion for 24 h or fed a HFD over 8-20 weeks. Characterized mouse NPY/AgRP hypothalamic cell lines were used for in vitro experimentation. Immunohistochemistry in brain slices or quantitative real-time PCR in cell lines, was performed to determine changes in the expression of key inflammatory markers and neuropeptides. RESULTS Hypothalamic inflammation, indicated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression and astrocytosis in the arcuate nucleus, was evident following acute lipid infusion. HFD for 8 weeks suppressed TNF-α, while significantly increasing heat-shock protein 70 and ciliary neurotrophic factor, both neuroprotective components. HFD for 20 weeks induced TNF-α expression in NPY/AgRP neurons, suggesting a detrimental temporal regulatory mechanism. Using NPY/AgRP hypothalamic cell lines, we found that palmitate provoked a mixed inflammatory response on a panel of inflammatory and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress genes, whereas TNF-α significantly upregulated IκBα, nuclear factor (NF)-κB and interleukin-6 mRNA levels. Palmitate and TNF-α exposure predominantly induced NPY mRNA levels. Utilizing an I kappa B kinase β (IKKβ) inhibitor, we demonstrated that these effects potentially occur via the inflammatory IKKβ/NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that acute lipid and chronic HFD feeding in vivo, as well as acute palmitate and TNF-α exposure in vitro, induce markers of inflammation or ER stress in the hypothalamic appetite-stimulating NPY/AgRP neurons over time, which may contribute to a dramatic alteration in NPY/AgRP content or expression. Acute and chronic HFD feeding in vivo temporally regulates arcuate TNF-α expression with reactive astrocytosis, which suggests a time-dependent neurotrophic or neurotoxic role of lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Dalvi
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J A Chalmers
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - V Luo
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D-Yd Han
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Wellhauser
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Q Tran
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Castel
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - S Luquet
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - M B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Quarta C, Sánchez-Garrido MA, Tschöp MH, Clemmensen C. Renaissance of leptin for obesity therapy. Diabetologia 2016; 59:920-7. [PMID: 26983921 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity and its metabolic comorbidities constitute an overwhelming health crisis and there is an urgent need for safe and effective pharmacological interventions. Being largely shelved for decades, scientists are now revisiting the anti-obesity virtues of leptin. Whereas it remains evident that leptin as a stand-alone therapy is not an effective approach, the potential for employing sensitising pharmacology to unleash the weight-lowering properties of leptin has injected new hope into the field. Fascinatingly, these leptin-sensitising agents seem to act via distinct metabolic pathways and may thus, in parallel with their clinical development, serve as important research tools to progress our understanding of the molecular, physiological and behavioural pathways underlying energy homeostasis and obesity pathophysiology. This review summarises a presentation given at the 'Is leptin coming back?' symposium at the 2015 annual meeting of the EASD. It is accompanied by two other reviews on topics from this symposium (by Thomas Meek and Gregory Morton, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3898-3 , and by Gerald Shulman and colleagues, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3909-4 ) and an overview by the Session Chair, Ulf Smith (DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3894-7 ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Quarta
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Miguel A Sánchez-Garrido
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany.
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jin T, Yu H, Huang XF. Selective binding modes and allosteric inhibitory effects of lupane triterpenes on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20766. [PMID: 26865097 PMCID: PMC4749975 DOI: 10.1038/srep20766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has been recognized as a promising therapeutic target for treating obesity, diabetes, and certain cancers for over a decade. Previous drug design has focused on inhibitors targeting the active site of PTP1B. However, this has not been successful because the active site is positively charged and conserved among the protein tyrosine phosphatases. Therefore, it is important to develop PTP1B inhibitors with alternative inhibitory strategies. Using computational studies including molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy calculations, we found that lupane triterpenes selectively inhibited PTP1B by targeting its more hydrophobic and less conserved allosteric site. These findings were verified using two enzymatic assays. Furthermore, the cell culture studies showed that lupeol and betulinic acid inhibited the PTP1B activity stimulated by TNFα in neurons. Our study indicates that lupane triterpenes are selective PTP1B allosteric inhibitors with significant potential for treating those diseases with elevated PTP1B activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Jin
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Haibo Yu
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
van Dijk G, van Heijningen S, Reijne AC, Nyakas C, van der Zee EA, Eisel ULM. Integrative neurobiology of metabolic diseases, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:173. [PMID: 26041981 PMCID: PMC4434977 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, multifactorial disease with a number of leading mechanisms, including neuroinflammation, processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to amyloid β peptide, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, relocalization, and deposition. These mechanisms are propagated by obesity, the metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Stress, sedentariness, dietary overconsumption of saturated fat and refined sugars, and circadian derangements/disturbed sleep contribute to obesity and related metabolic diseases, but also accelerate age-related damage and senescence that all feed the risk of developing AD too. The complex and interacting mechanisms are not yet completely understood and will require further analysis. Instead of investigating AD as a mono- or oligocausal disease we should address the disease by understanding the multiple underlying mechanisms and how these interact. Future research therefore might concentrate on integrating these by “systems biology” approaches, but also to regard them from an evolutionary medicine point of view. The current review addresses several of these interacting mechanisms in animal models and compares them with clinical data giving an overview about our current knowledge and puts them into an integrated framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gertjan van Dijk
- Department Behavioural Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Steffen van Heijningen
- Department Behavioural Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Aaffien C Reijne
- Department Behavioural Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands ; Systems Biology Centre for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University Medical Center, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Csaba Nyakas
- Department Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Eddy A van der Zee
- Department Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ulrich L M Eisel
- Department Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands ; University Centre of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
de Git KCG, Adan RAH. Leptin resistance in diet-induced obesity: the role of hypothalamic inflammation. Obes Rev 2015; 16:207-24. [PMID: 25589226 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of Western diets, high in sugar and saturated fat, is a crucial contributor to the alarming incidence of obesity and its associated morbidities. These diets have been reported to induce an inflammatory response in the hypothalamus, which promotes the development of central leptin resistance and obesity. This inflammatory signalling involves dynamic changes in the expression and activity of several mediators of the innate immune system, including toll-like receptor 4, IκB kinase-β/nuclear factor-κB, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy defect. Although the exact cellular mechanisms remain incompletely understood, recent evidence suggests that the inflammatory response is at least mediated by interactions between neurons and non-neuronal cells such as microglia and astrocytes. Current evidence of the contribution of each inflammatory mediator to leptin resistance and diet-induced obesity (DIO), including their reciprocal interactions and cell-type-specific effects, is reviewed and integrated in a conceptual model. Based upon this model and pharmacological intervention studies, several inflammatory mediators are proposed to be promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of DIO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C G de Git
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Borges BDC, Rorato RC, Uchoa ET, Marangon PB, Elias CF, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Elias LLK. Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B contributes to LPS-induced leptin resistance in male rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E40-50. [PMID: 25352433 PMCID: PMC4280212 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00094.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leptin resistance is induced by the feedback inhibitors tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) and decreased Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP-2) signaling. To investigate the participation of PTP1B and SHP-2 in LPS-induced leptin resistance, we injected repeated (6-LPS) intraperitoneal LPS doses (100 μg/kg ip) for comparison with a single (1-LPS) treatment and evaluated the expression of SHP-2, PTP1B, p-ERK1/2, and p-STAT3 in the hypothalamus of male Wistar rats. The single LPS treatment increased the expression of p-STAT3 and PTP1B but not SHP-2. The repeated LPS treatment reduced SHP-2, increased PTP1B, and did not change p-STAT3. We observed that the PTP1B expression induced by the endotoxin was highly colocalized with leptin receptor cells in the hypothalamus of LepRb-IRES-Cre-tdTomato reporter mice. The single, but not the repeated, LPS treatment decreased the food intake and body weight. Leptin had no stimulatory effect on the hypophagia, body weight loss, or pSTAT3 expression in 6-LPS rats, indicating leptin unresponsiveness. Notably, the PTP1B inhibitor (3.0 nmol/rat in 5 μl icv) restored the LPS-induced hypophagia in 6-LPS rats and restored the ability of leptin to reduce food intake and body weight as well as to phosphorylate STAT3 in the arcuate, paraventricular, and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. The present data suggest that an increased PTP1B expression in the hypothalamus underlies the development of leptin resistance during repeated exposure to LPS. Our findings contribute to understanding the mechanisms involved in leptin resistance during low-grade inflammation as seen in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo C Rorato
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Ernane Torres Uchoa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Paula B Marangon
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jose Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Lucila L K Elias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; and
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chiappini F, Catalano KJ, Lee J, Peroni OD, Lynch J, Dhaneshwar AS, Wellenstein K, Sontheimer A, Neel BG, Kahn BB. Ventromedial hypothalamus-specific Ptpn1 deletion exacerbates diet-induced obesity in female mice. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3781-92. [PMID: 25083988 DOI: 10.1172/jci68585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) regulates food intake (FI) and energy expenditure (EE) by inhibiting leptin signaling in the hypothalamus. In peripheral tissues, PTP1B regulates insulin signaling, but its effects on CNS insulin action are largely unknown. Mice harboring a whole-brain deletion of the gene encoding PTP1B (Ptpn1) are lean, leptin-hypersensitive, and resistant to high fat diet-induced (HFD-induced) obesity. Arcuate proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neuron-specific deletion of Ptpn1 causes a similar, but much milder, phenotype, suggesting that PTP1B also acts in other neurons to regulate metabolism. Steroidogenic factor-1-expressing (SF-1-expressing) neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) play an important role in regulating body weight, FI, and EE. Surprisingly, Ptpn1 deletion in SF-1 neurons caused an age-dependent increase in adiposity in HFD-fed female mice. Although leptin sensitivity was increased and FI was reduced in these mice, they had impaired sympathetic output and decreased EE. Immunohistochemical analysis showed enhanced leptin and insulin signaling in VMH neurons from mice lacking PTP1B in SF-1 neurons. Thus, in the VMH, leptin negatively regulates FI, promoting weight loss, whereas insulin suppresses EE, leading to weight gain. Our results establish a novel role for PTP1B in regulating insulin action in the VMH and suggest that increased insulin responsiveness in SF-1 neurons can overcome leptin hypersensitivity and enhance adiposity.
Collapse
|
15
|
The human gut microbiota: a dynamic interplay with the host from birth to senescence settled during childhood. Pediatr Res 2014; 76:2-10. [PMID: 24732106 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota "organ" is the central bioreactor of the gastrointestinal tract, populated by a total of 10(14) bacteria and characterized by a genomic content (microbiome), which represents more than 100 times the human genome. The microbiota plays an important role in child health by acting as a barrier against pathogens and their invasion with a highly dynamic modality, exerting metabolic multistep functions and stimulating the development of the host immune system, through well-organized programming, which influences all of the growth and aging processes. The advent of "omics" technologies (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics), characterized by complex technological platforms and advanced analytical and computational procedures, has opened new avenues to the knowledge of the gut microbiota ecosystem, clarifying some aspects on the establishment of microbial communities that constitute it, their modulation and active interaction with external stimuli as well as food, within the host genetic variability. With a huge interdisciplinary effort and an interface work between basic, translational, and clinical research, microbiologists, specialists in "-omics" disciplines, and clinicians are now clarifying the role of the microbiota in the programming process of several gut-related diseases, from the physiological symbiosis to the microbial dysbiosis stage, through an integrated systems biology approach.
Collapse
|
16
|
Xu E, Schwab M, Marette A. Role of protein tyrosine phosphatases in the modulation of insulin signaling and their implication in the pathogenesis of obesity-linked insulin resistance. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2014; 15:79-97. [PMID: 24264858 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-013-9282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a major disorder that links obesity to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). It involves defects in the insulin actions owing to a reduced ability of insulin to trigger key signaling pathways in major metabolic tissues. The pathogenesis of insulin resistance involves several inhibitory molecules that interfere with the tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and its downstream effectors. Among those, growing interest has been developed toward the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), a large family of enzymes that can inactivate crucial signaling effectors in the insulin signaling cascade by dephosphorylating their tyrosine residues. Herein we briefly review the role of several PTPs that have been shown to be implicated in the regulation of insulin action, and then focus on the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing SHP1 and SHP2 enzymes, since recent reports have indicated major roles for these PTPs in the control of insulin action and glucose metabolism. Finally, the therapeutic potential of targeting PTPs for combating insulin resistance and alleviating T2D will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Xu
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (Hôpital Laval), Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chiarreotto-Ropelle EC, Pauli LSS, Katashima CK, Pimentel GD, Picardi PK, Silva VRR, de Souza CT, Prada PO, Cintra DE, Carvalheira JBC, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR. Acute exercise suppresses hypothalamic PTP1B protein level and improves insulin and leptin signaling in obese rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E649-59. [PMID: 23880311 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00272.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic inflammation is associated with insulin and leptin resistance, hyperphagia, and obesity. In this scenario, hypothalamic protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has emerged as the key phosphatase induced by inflammation that is responsible for the central insulin and leptin resistance. Here, we demonstrated that acute exercise reduced inflammation and PTP1B protein level/activity in the hypothalamus of obese rodents. Exercise disrupted the interaction between PTP1B with proteins involved in the early steps of insulin (IRβ and IRS-1) and leptin (JAK2) signaling, increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of these molecules, and restored the anorexigenic effects of insulin and leptin in obese rats. Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory action and the reduction of PTP1B activity mediated by exercise occurred in an interleukin-6 (IL-6)-dependent manner because exercise failed to reduce inflammation and PTP1B protein level after the disruption of hypothalamic-specific IL-6 action in obese rats. Conversely, intracerebroventricular administration of recombinant IL-6 reproduced the effects of exercise, improving hypothalamic insulin and leptin action by reducing the inflammatory signaling and PTP1B activity in obese rats at rest. Taken together, our study reports that physical exercise restores insulin and leptin signaling, at least in part, by reducing hypothalamic PTP1B protein level through the central anti-inflammatory response.
Collapse
|
18
|
Hu X, Li Z, Xue Y, Xu J, Xue C, Wang J, Wang Y. Dietary Saponins of Sea Cucumber Ameliorate Obesity, Hepatic Steatosis, and Glucose Intolerance in High-Fat Diet–Fed Mice. J Med Food 2012; 15:909-16. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaojie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Involvement of protein tyrosine phosphatases and inflammation in hypothalamic insulin resistance associated with ageing: effect of caloric restriction. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 133:489-97. [PMID: 22733037 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aged Wistar rats present central insulin resistance associated with ageing. Several steps of the insulin signaling pathway have been described to be impaired in aged rats at hypothalamic level. In the present article we have explored possible alterations in protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) involved in insulin receptor dephosphorylation, as well as pro-inflammatory pathways and serine kinases such as inhibitory kappa β kinase-nuclear factor kappa-B (IKKβ-NFκB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) and protein kinase C θ (PKCθ) that may also be involved in the decreased insulin signaling during ageing. We detected that ageing brings about a specific increase in insulin receptor tyrosine phosphatase activity and PTP1B serine phosphorylation. Increased association of PTP1B and leukocyte common antigen-related tyrosine protein phosphatase (LAR) with insulin receptor was also observed in hypothalamus from aged rats. Besides these mechanisms, increased activation of the IKKβ-NFκB pathway, p38 and PKCθ serine/threonine kinases were also detected. These data contribute to explain the hypothalamic insulin resistance associated with ageing. Caloric restriction ameliorates most of the effects of ageing on the above mentioned increases in PTPs and serine/threonine kinases activities and points to age-associated adiposity and inflammation as key factors in the development of age-associated insulin resistance.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ryan KK, Woods SC, Seeley RJ. Central nervous system mechanisms linking the consumption of palatable high-fat diets to the defense of greater adiposity. Cell Metab 2012; 15:137-49. [PMID: 22244528 PMCID: PMC3278569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) plays key role in the homeostatic regulation of body weight. Satiation and adiposity signals, providing acute and chronic information about available fuel, are produced in the periphery and act in the brain to influence energy intake and expenditure, resulting in the maintenance of stable adiposity. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) does not result from a failure of these central homeostatic circuits. Rather, the threshold for defended adiposity is increased in environments providing ubiquitous access to palatable, high-fat foods, making it difficult to achieve and maintain weight loss. Consequently, mechanisms by which nutritional environments interact with central homeostatic circuits to influence the threshold for defended adiposity represent critical targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Ryan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ito Y, Banno R, Hagimoto S, Ozawa Y, Arima H, Oiso Y. TNFα increases hypothalamic PTP1B activity via the NFκB pathway in rat hypothalamic organotypic cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 174:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
22
|
Tsou RC, Bence KK. The Genetics of PTPN1 and Obesity: Insights from Mouse Models of Tissue-Specific PTP1B Deficiency. J Obes 2012; 2012:926857. [PMID: 22811891 PMCID: PMC3395189 DOI: 10.1155/2012/926857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B is a negative regulator of both insulin and leptin signaling and is involved in the control of glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure. Due to its prominent role in regulating metabolism, PTP1B is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of human obesity and type 2 diabetes. The PTP1B protein is encoded by the PTPN1 gene on human chromosome 20q13, a region that shows linkage with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and obesity in human populations. In this paper, we summarize the genetics of the PTPN1 locus and associations with metabolic disease. In addition, we discuss the tissue-specific functions of PTP1B as gleaned from genetic mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Tsou
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Vet 223E, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kendra K. Bence
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Vet 223E, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- *Kendra K. Bence:
| |
Collapse
|