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Dadfar S, Yazdanpanah E, Pazoki A, Nemati MH, Eslami M, Haghmorad D, Oksenych V. The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Modulating Adaptive Immune Responses in Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2024; 13:1556. [PMID: 39329740 PMCID: PMC11430382 DOI: 10.3390/cells13181556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, leading to significant disability through neurodegeneration. Despite advances in the understanding of MS pathophysiology, effective treatments remain limited. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gained attention as a potential therapeutic option due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. This review examines MS pathogenesis, emphasizing the role of immune cells, particularly T cells, in disease progression, and explores MSCs' therapeutic potential. Although preclinical studies in animal models show MSC efficacy, challenges such as donor variability, culture conditions, migratory capacity, and immunological compatibility hinder widespread clinical adoption. Strategies like genetic modification, optimized delivery methods, and advanced manufacturing are critical to overcoming these obstacles. Further research is needed to validate MSCs' clinical application in MS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Dadfar
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Yazdanpanah
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
| | - Alireza Pazoki
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nemati
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
| | - Majid Eslami
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
| | - Dariush Haghmorad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35147-99442, Iran
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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2
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Trier NH, Houen G. Antibody Cross-Reactivity in Auto-Immune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13609. [PMID: 37686415 PMCID: PMC10487534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity is defined by the presence of antibodies and/or T cells directed against self-components. Although of unknown etiology, autoimmunity commonly is associated with environmental factors such as infections, which have been reported to increase the risk of developing autoimmune diseases. Occasionally, similarities between infectious non-self and self-tissue antigens may contribute to immunological cross-reactivity in autoimmune diseases. These reactions may be interpreted as molecular mimicry, which describes cross-reactivity between foreign pathogens and self-antigens that have been reported to cause tissue damage and to contribute to the development of autoimmunity. By focusing on the nature of antibodies, cross-reactivity in general, and antibody-antigen interactions, this review aims to characterize the nature of potential cross-reactive immune reactions between infectious non-self and self-tissue antigens which may be associated with autoimmunity but may not actually be the cause of disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hartwig Trier
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens Vej 1-23, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Valdemar Hansens Vej 1-23, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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3
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Aydin S, Pareja J, Schallenberg VM, Klopstein A, Gruber T, Page N, Bouillet E, Blanchard N, Liblau R, Körbelin J, Schwaninger M, Johnson AJ, Schenk M, Deutsch U, Merkler D, Engelhardt B. Antigen recognition detains CD8 + T cells at the blood-brain barrier and contributes to its breakdown. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3106. [PMID: 37253744 PMCID: PMC10229608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) are early hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). High numbers of CD8+ T cells are found in MS lesions, and antigen (Ag) presentation at the BBB has been proposed to promote CD8+ T cell entry into the CNS. Here, we show that brain endothelial cells process and cross-present Ag, leading to effector CD8+ T cell differentiation. Under physiological flow in vitro, endothelial Ag presentation prevented CD8+ T cell crawling and diapedesis resulting in brain endothelial cell apoptosis and BBB breakdown. Brain endothelial Ag presentation in vivo was limited due to Ag uptake by CNS-resident macrophages but still reduced motility of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells within CNS microvessels. MHC class I-restricted Ag presentation at the BBB during neuroinflammation thus prohibits CD8+ T cell entry into the CNS and triggers CD8+ T cell-mediated focal BBB breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidar Aydin
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pareja
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Gruber
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Page
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Bouillet
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Toulouse Institute for infectious and inflammatory diseases, University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Roland Liblau
- Toulouse Institute for infectious and inflammatory diseases, University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mirjam Schenk
- Institute of Pathology, Experimental Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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4
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Confirmation of CD19+ B-Lymphocyte Depletion Prior to Intake of the Second Dose of Ocrelizumab in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020353. [PMID: 36830890 PMCID: PMC9953738 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the retrospective study was to compare the immunophenotyping of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and natural killer cells before the administration of the first and the second dose of ocrelizumab in 22 patients with multiple sclerosis in a three-year period (2019-2021) at the Department of Neurology of the University Hospital of Split. The values of cell immunophenotyping and protein electrophoresis, as well as laboratory parameters, were investigated. There was no significant decrease in serum albumin and globulins before the second dose of ocrelizumab (p > 0,05). A decrease in the number of T-lymphocytes before administration of the second dose of ocrelizumab was observed, but without statistical significance (p = 0.274). Significant depletion occurred in median CD19+ B-lymphocytes (p < 0.001) before the intake of the second dose of ocrelizumab confirming the primary action of ocrelizumab on the B cell lineage.
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5
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Relevance of Pathogenetic Mechanisms to Clinical Effectiveness of B-Cell-Depleting Monoclonal Antibodies in Multiple Sclerosis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154288. [PMID: 35893382 PMCID: PMC9332715 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence of the effectiveness of B-cell-depleting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in multiple sclerosis (MS) prompted a partial revisitation of the pathogenetic paradigm of the disease, which was, so far, considered a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disorder. Mechanisms underlying the efficacy of B-cell-depleting mAbs in MS are still unknown. However, they likely involve the impairment of pleiotropic B-cell functions different from antibody secretion, such as their role as antigen-presenting cells during both the primary immune response in the periphery and the secondary response within the central nervous system (CNS). A potential impact of B-cell-depleting mAbs on inflammation compartmentalised within the CNS was also suggested, but little is known about the mechanism underlying this latter phenomenon as no definite evidence was provided so far on the ability of mAbs to cross the blood–brain barrier and reliable biomarkers of compartmentalised inflammation are lacking. The present paper briefly summarises the immunopathogenesis of MS with a focus on onset of autoimmunity and compartmentalisation of the immune response; mechanisms mediating B-cell depletion and underlying the effectiveness of B-cell-depleting mAbs are also discussed.
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6
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Reagin KL, Funk KE. The role of antiviral CD8 + T cells in cognitive impairment. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 76:102603. [PMID: 35810534 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the immune system on the etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, is a rapidly growing area of investigation. Evidence from human patients and animal models implicates neurotropic viral infections, and specifically the antiviral immune response of brain-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, as potential drivers of disease pathology. While infiltration and retention of CD8+ T cells within the brain following viral infection is associated with improved survival, CD8+ T cells also contribute to neuronal death and gliosis which underlie cognitive impairment in several disease models. Here we review the role of antiviral CD8+ T cells as potential mediators of cognitive impairment and highlight the mechanisms by which brain-resident CD8+ T cells may contribute to neurodegenerative disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Reagin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Kristen E Funk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA.
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7
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Engelhardt B, Comabella M, Chan A. Multiple sclerosis: Immunopathological heterogeneity and its implications. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:869-881. [PMID: 35476319 PMCID: PMC9324211 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
MS is the most common autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS. For the past decades, several immunomodulatory disease-modifying treatments with multiple presumed mechanisms of action have been developed, but MS remains an incurable disease. Whereas high efficacy, at least in early disease, corroborates underlying immunopathophysiology, there is profound heterogeneity in clinical presentation as well as immunophenotypes that may also vary over time. In addition, functional plasticity in the immune system as well as in the inflamed CNS further contributes to disease heterogeneity. In this review, we will highlight immune-pathophysiological and associated clinical heterogeneity that may have an implication for more precise immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Veroni C, Aloisi F. The CD8 T Cell-Epstein-Barr Virus-B Cell Trialogue: A Central Issue in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665718. [PMID: 34305896 PMCID: PMC8292956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause and the pathogenic mechanisms leading to multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), are still under scrutiny. During the last decade, awareness has increased that multiple genetic and environmental factors act in concert to modulate MS risk. Likewise, the landscape of cells of the adaptive immune system that are believed to play a role in MS immunopathogenesis has expanded by including not only CD4 T helper cells but also cytotoxic CD8 T cells and B cells. Once the key cellular players are identified, the main challenge is to define precisely how they act and interact to induce neuroinflammation and the neurodegenerative cascade in MS. CD8 T cells have been implicated in MS pathogenesis since the 80's when it was shown that CD8 T cells predominate in MS brain lesions. Interest in the role of CD8 T cells in MS was revived in 2000 and the years thereafter by studies showing that CNS-recruited CD8 T cells are clonally expanded and have a memory effector phenotype indicating in situ antigen-driven reactivation. The association of certain MHC class I alleles with MS genetic risk implicates CD8 T cells in disease pathogenesis. Moreover, experimental studies have highlighted the detrimental effects of CD8 T cell activation on neural cells. While the antigens responsible for T cell recruitment and activation in the CNS remain elusive, the high efficacy of B-cell depleting drugs in MS and a growing number of studies implicate B cells and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a B-lymphotropic herpesvirus that is strongly associated with MS, in the activation of pathogenic T cells. This article reviews the results of human studies that have contributed to elucidate the role of CD8 T cells in MS immunopathogenesis, and discusses them in light of current understanding of autoreactivity, B-cell and EBV involvement in MS, and mechanism of action of different MS treatments. Based on the available evidences, an immunopathological model of MS is proposed that entails a persistent EBV infection of CNS-infiltrating B cells as the target of a dysregulated cytotoxic CD8 T cell response causing CNS tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Aloisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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9
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Mockus TE, Munie A, Atkinson JR, Segal BM. Encephalitogenic and Regulatory CD8 T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:3-10. [PMID: 33443060 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory disease that affects millions worldwide, is widely thought to be autoimmune in etiology. Historically, research into MS pathogenesis has focused on autoreactive CD4 T cells because of their critical role in the animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and the association between MS susceptibility and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the MHC class II region. However, recent studies have revealed prominent clonal expansions of CD8 T cells within the CNS during MS. In this paper, we review the literature on CD8 T cells in MS, with an emphasis on their potential effector and regulatory properties. We discuss the impact of disease modifying therapies, currently prescribed to reduce MS relapse rates, on CD8 T cell frequency and function. A deeper understanding of the role of CD8 T cells in MS may lead to the development of more effective and selective immunomodulatory drugs for particular subsets of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn E Mockus
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ashley Munie
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Jeffrey R Atkinson
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Benjamin M Segal
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; .,Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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10
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Vuorela A, Freitag TL, Leskinen K, Pessa H, Härkönen T, Stracenski I, Kirjavainen T, Olsen P, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Ilonen J, Knip M, Vaheri A, Partinen M, Saavalainen P, Meri S, Vaarala O. Enhanced influenza A H1N1 T cell epitope recognition and cross-reactivity to protein-O-mannosyltransferase 1 in Pandemrix-associated narcolepsy type 1. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2283. [PMID: 33863907 PMCID: PMC8052463 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a chronic neurological disorder having a strong association with HLA-DQB1*0602, thereby suggesting an immunological origin. Increased risk of NT1 has been reported among children or adolescents vaccinated with AS03 adjuvant-supplemented pandemic H1N1 influenza A vaccine, Pandemrix. Here we show that pediatric Pandemrix-associated NT1 patients have enhanced T-cell immunity against the viral epitopes, neuraminidase 175-189 (NA175-189) and nucleoprotein 214-228 (NP214-228), but also respond to a NA175-189-mimic, brain self-epitope, protein-O-mannosyltransferase 1 (POMT1675-689). A pathogenic role of influenza virus-specific T-cells and T-cell cross-reactivity in NT1 are supported by the up-regulation of IFN-γ, perforin 1 and granzyme B, and by the converging selection of T-cell receptor TRAV10/TRAJ17 and TRAV10/TRAJ24 clonotypes, in response to stimulation either with peptide NA175-189 or POMT1675-689. Moreover, anti-POMT1 serum autoantibodies are increased in Pandemrix-vaccinated children or adolescents. These results thus identify POMT1 as a potential autoantigen recognized by T- and B-cells in NT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vuorela
- Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T L Freitag
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - K Leskinen
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Pessa
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Härkönen
- Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - I Stracenski
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Kirjavainen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Olsen
- Department of Child Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - J Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - M Knip
- Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Vaheri
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Partinen
- Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Sleep Clinic, Vitalmed Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Saavalainen
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - O Vaarala
- Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Noorbakhsh SM, Razavi A, Moghadam NB, Saadat P, Hoseini M, Aghazadeh Z, Mobini M, Oraei M, Mirshafiey A. Effects of guluronic acid (G2013) on gene expression of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, TNF-α and CD52 in multiple sclerosis under in vitro conditions. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:586-590. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1672179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Razavi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Beladi Moghadam
- Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti Universiry of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Saadat
- Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institue, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hoseini
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Aghazadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mobini
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Oraei
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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When encephalitogenic T cells collaborate with microglia in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:704-717. [PMID: 31527807 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells mediate critical inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes in the CNS in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). In MS, activated microglia, border-associated macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages in the CNS can encounter T cells that have infiltrated the brain parenchyma from the circulation. Although microglia and T cells both contribute to normal CNS development and homeostasis, evidence suggests that the meeting of activated microglia and macrophages with encephalitogenic T cells exacerbates their capacity to inflict injury. This crosstalk involves many cell-surface molecules, cytokines and neurotoxic factors. In this Review, we summarize the mechanisms and consequences of T cell-microglia interactions as identified with in vitro experiments and animal models, and discuss the challenges that arise when translating this preclinical knowledge to MS in humans. We also consider therapeutic approaches to MS of which the mechanisms involve prevention or modulation of T cell and microglia responses and their interactions.
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13
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Cisneros-Mejorado AJ, Garay E, Ortiz-Retana J, Concha L, Moctezuma JP, Romero S, Arellano RO. Demyelination-Remyelination of the Rat Caudal Cerebellar Peduncle Evaluated with Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Neuroscience 2019; 439:255-267. [PMID: 31299350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Remyelination is common under physiological conditions and usually occurs as a response to a pathological demyelinating event. Its potentiation is an important goal for the development of therapies against pathologies such as multiple sclerosis and white matter injury. Visualization and quantification in vivo of demyelination and remyelination processes are essential for longitudinal studies that will allow the testing and development of pro-myelinating strategies. In this study, ethidium bromide (EB) was stereotaxically injected into the caudal cerebellar peduncle (c.c.p.) in rats to produce demyelination; the resulting lesion was characterized (i) transversally through histology using Black-Gold II (BGII) staining, and (ii) longitudinally through diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI), by computing fractional anisotropy (FA) and diffusivity parameters to detect microstructural changes. Using this characterization, we evaluated, in the lesioned c.c.p., the effect of N-butyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (β-CCB), a potentiator of GABAergic signaling in oligodendrocytes. The dMRI analysis revealed significant changes in the anisotropic and diffusivity properties of the c.c.p. A decreased FA and increased radial diffusivity (λ⊥) were evident following c.c.p. lesioning. These changes correlated strongly with an apparent decrease in myelin content as evidenced by BGII. Daily systemic β-CCB administration for 2 weeks in lesioned animals increased FA and decreased λ⊥, suggesting an improvement in myelination, which was supported by histological analysis. This study shows that structural changes in the demyelination-remyelination of the caudal cerebellar peduncle (DRCCP) model can be monitored longitudinally by MRI, and it suggests that remyelination is enhanced by β-CCB treatment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Honoring Ricardo Miledi - outstanding neuroscientist of XX-XXI centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Cisneros-Mejorado
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Edith Garay
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Juan Ortiz-Retana
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Luis Concha
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Juan P Moctezuma
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Samuel Romero
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Rogelio O Arellano
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, Mexico.
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14
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Gogoleva VS, Atretkhany KSN, Drutskaya MS, Mufazalov IA, Kruglov AA, Nedospasov SA. Cytokines as Mediators of Neuroinflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1089-1103. [PMID: 30472948 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918090110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines play a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis of the immune system and in regulation of the immune response. Cytokine dysregulation is often associated with development of various pathological conditions, including autoimmunity. Recent studies have provided insights into the cytokine signaling pathways that are involved not only in pathogenesis of autoimmune neuroinflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, but also in neurodegenerative states, for example, Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the exact molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and evaluation of relevant experimental animal models are necessary for development of effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Gogoleva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - K-S N Atretkhany
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - M S Drutskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - I A Mufazalov
- University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - A A Kruglov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - S A Nedospasov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119234, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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15
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Rojas M, Restrepo-Jiménez P, Monsalve DM, Pacheco Y, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Ramírez-Santana C, Leung PS, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME, Anaya JM. Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2018; 95:100-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Tiwari S, Lapierre J, Ojha CR, Martins K, Parira T, Dutta RK, Caobi A, Garbinski L, Ceyhan Y, Esteban-Lopez M, El-Hage N. Signaling pathways and therapeutic perspectives related to environmental factors associated with multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1831-1846. [PMID: 30204260 PMCID: PMC7167107 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disorder of unknown etiology. Both genetic-susceptibility and environment exposures, including vitamin D deficiency, Epstein-Barr viral and Herpesvirus (HHV-6) infections are strongly implicated in the activation of T cells and MS-pathogenesis. Despite precise knowledge of how these factors could be operating alone or in combination to facilitate and aggravate the disease progression, it is clear that prolonged induction of inflammatory molecules and recruitment of other immune cells by the activated T cells results in demyelination and axonal damage. It is imperative to understand the risk factors associated with MS progression and how these factors contribute to disease pathology. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms of what factors triggers activation of T cells to attack myelin antigen are important to strategize therapeutics and therapies against MS. Current review provides a detailed literature to understand the role of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic factors on the impact of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneham Tiwari
- Departments of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Jessica Lapierre
- Departments of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Chet Raj Ojha
- Departments of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Kyle Martins
- Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Tiyash Parira
- Departments of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Rajib Kumar Dutta
- Departments of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Allen Caobi
- Departments of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Luis Garbinski
- Cell Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Yasemin Ceyhan
- Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Maria Esteban-Lopez
- Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Departments of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
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17
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Chang W, Teng J. Prox1 is essential for oligodendrocyte survival and regulates oligodendrocyte apoptosis via the regulation of NOXA. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:709-717. [PMID: 29931031 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, are known to result from acute or chronic injury to the myelin sheath and inadequate remyelination. Its underlying molecular mechanisms, however, remain unclear. The transcription factor prospero homeobox 1 (Prox1) plays an essential role during embryonic development of the central nervous system and cell differentiation. Thus, we aimed to investigate the role of Prox1 in the survival and differentiation of oligodendrocytes. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Flow cytometry was conducted to analyze cell apoptosis. Ectopic-Prox1 and shProx1 were used for the overexpression and knockdown respectively of Prox1 in FBD-102b cells. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to assess the alterations of signaling pathway-related mRNAs and proteins, respectively. Results showed that Prox1 was upregulated in differentiating oligodendrocytes, and Prox1 knockdown inhibited the differentiation of oligodendrocytes. In addition, overexpression of Prox1 promoted oligodendrocyte differentiation, as shown by the change in myelin basic protein expression. The overexpression of Prox1 had no effect on oligodendrocyte survival, while Prox1 knockdown impaired cell survival. Further study demonstrated that Prox1 knockdown promoted oligodendrocyte apoptosis and activated NOXA, a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 protein family. Knockdown of NOXA by siRNA abrogated Prox1 knockdown-induced apoptosis. Our findings indicated that Prox1 regulated the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells via the regulation of NOXA. Therefore, Prox1 could be a potential modulator of demyelinating diseases in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Chang
- Department of Neurology, the Center Hospital of Xinxiang, Xinxiang, China
| | - Junfang Teng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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18
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Mentis AFA, Dardiotis E, Grigoriadis N, Petinaki E, Hadjigeorgiou GM. Viruses and Multiple Sclerosis: From Mechanisms and Pathways to Translational Research Opportunities. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:3911-3923. [PMID: 28455696 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are directly or indirectly implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we review the evidence on the virus-related pathophysiology of MS, introduce common experimental models, and explore the ways in which viruses cause demyelination. By emphasizing knowledge gaps, we highlight future research directions for effective MS diagnostics and therapies: (i) identifying biomarkers for at-risk individuals, (ii) searching for direct evidence of specific causative viruses, (iii) establishing the contribution of host genetic factors and viruses, and (iv) investigating the contribution of immune regulation at extra-CNS sites. Research in these areas is likely to be facilitated by the application of high-throughput technologies, the development of systems-based bioinformatic approaches, careful selection of experimental models, and the acquisition of high-quality clinical material for tissue-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios-Fotios A Mentis
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece. .,The Johns Hopkins University, AAP, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- B' Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efthimia Petinaki
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgios M Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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19
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Goudarzi S, Rivera A, Butt AM, Hafizi S. Gas6 Promotes Oligodendrogenesis and Myelination in the Adult Central Nervous System and After Lysolecithin-Induced Demyelination. ASN Neuro 2016; 8:8/5/1759091416668430. [PMID: 27630207 PMCID: PMC5027908 DOI: 10.1177/1759091416668430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A key aim of therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS) is to promote the regeneration of oligodendrocytes and remyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). The present study provides evidence that the vitamin K-dependent protein growth arrest specific 6 (Gas6) promotes such repair in in vitro cultures of mouse optic nerve and cerebellum. We first determined expression of Gas6 and TAM (Tyro3, Axl, Mer) receptors in the mouse CNS, with all three TAM receptors increasing in expression through postnatal development, reaching maximal levels in the adult. Treatment of cultured mouse optic nerves with Gas6 resulted in significant increases in oligodendrocyte numbers as well as expression of myelin basic protein (MBP). Gas6 stimulation also resulted in activation of STAT3 in optic nerves as well as downregulation of multiple genes involved in MS development, including matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), which may decrease the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and is found upregulated in MS lesions. The cytoprotective effects of Gas6 were examined in in vitro mouse cerebellar slice cultures, where lysolecithin was used to induce demyelination. Cotreatment of cerebellar slices with Gas6 significantly attenuated demyelination as determined by MBP immunostaining, and Gas6 activated Tyro3 receptor through its phosphorylation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that Gas6/TAM signaling stimulates the generation of oligodendrocytes and increased myelin production via Tyro3 receptor in the adult CNS, including repair after demyelinating injury. Furthermore, the effects of Gas6 on STAT3 signaling and matrix MMP9 downregulation indicate potential glial cell repair and immunoregulatory roles for Gas6, indicating that Gas6-TAM signaling could be a potential therapeutic target in MS and other neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Goudarzi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - Andrea Rivera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - Arthur M Butt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - Sassan Hafizi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, University of Portsmouth, UK
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20
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Engelhardt B, Carare RO, Bechmann I, Flügel A, Laman JD, Weller RO. Vascular, glial, and lymphatic immune gateways of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:317-38. [PMID: 27522506 PMCID: PMC4992028 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune privilege of the central nervous system (CNS) has been ascribed to the presence of a blood–brain barrier and the lack of lymphatic vessels within the CNS parenchyma. However, immune reactions occur within the CNS and it is clear that the CNS has a unique relationship with the immune system. Recent developments in high-resolution imaging techniques have prompted a reassessment of the relationships between the CNS and the immune system. This review will take these developments into account in describing our present understanding of the anatomical connections of the CNS fluid drainage pathways towards regional lymph nodes and our current concept of immune cell trafficking into the CNS during immunosurveillance and neuroinflammation. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid are the two major components that drain from the CNS to regional lymph nodes. CSF drains via lymphatic vessels and appears to carry antigen-presenting cells. Interstitial fluid from the CNS parenchyma, on the other hand, drains to lymph nodes via narrow and restricted basement membrane pathways within the walls of cerebral capillaries and arteries that do not allow traffic of antigen-presenting cells. Lymphocytes targeting the CNS enter by a two-step process entailing receptor-mediated crossing of vascular endothelium and enzyme-mediated penetration of the glia limitans that covers the CNS. The contribution of the pathways into and out of the CNS as initiators or contributors to neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease, will be discussed. Furthermore, we propose a clear nomenclature allowing improved precision when describing the CNS-specific communication pathways with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Flügel
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Centre Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roy O Weller
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- Neuropathology, Mailpoint 813, Level E, South Block, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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21
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Levin MC, Lee S, Gardner LA, Shin Y, Douglas JN, Salapa H. Autoantibodies to heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein A1 (hnRNPA1) cause altered 'ribostasis' and neurodegeneration; the legacy of HAM/TSP as a model of progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 304:56-62. [PMID: 27449854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several years following its discovery in 1980, infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was shown to cause HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a disease biologically similar to progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). In this manuscript, we review some of the clinical, pathological, and immunological similarities between HAM/TSP and MS with an emphasis on how autoantibodies to an RNA binding protein, heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein A1 (hnRNP A1), might contribute to neurodegeneration in immune mediated diseases of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Levin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lidia A Gardner
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yoojin Shin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua N Douglas
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hannah Salapa
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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22
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Tafti M, Lammers GJ, Dauvilliers Y, Overeem S, Mayer G, Nowak J, Pfister C, Dubois V, Eliaou JF, Eberhard HP, Liblau R, Wierzbicka A, Geisler P, Bassetti CL, Mathis J, Lecendreux M, Khatami R, Heinzer R, Haba-Rubio J, Feketeova E, Baumann CR, Kutalik Z, Tiercy JM. Narcolepsy-Associated HLA Class I Alleles Implicate Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Sleep 2016; 39:581-7. [PMID: 26518595 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Narcolepsy with cataplexy is tightly associated with the HLA class II allele DQB1*06:02. Evidence indicates a complex contribution of HLA class II genes to narcolepsy susceptibility with a recent independent association with HLA-DPB1. The cause of narcolepsy is supposed be an autoimmune attack against hypocretin-producing neurons. Despite the strong association with HLA class II, there is no evidence for CD4+ T-cell-mediated mechanism in narcolepsy. Since neurons express class I and not class II molecules, the final effector immune cells involved might include class I-restricted CD8+ T-cells. METHODS HLA class I (A, B, and C) and II (DQB1) genotypes were analyzed in 944 European narcolepsy with cataplexy patients and in 4,043 control subjects matched by country of origin. All patients and controls were DQB1*06:02 positive and class I associations were conditioned on DQB1 alleles. RESULTS HLA-A*11:01 (OR = 1.49 [1.18-1.87] P = 7.0*10(-4)), C*04:01 (OR = 1.34 [1.10-1.63] P = 3.23*10(-3)), and B*35:01 (OR = 1.46 [1.13-1.89] P = 3.64*10(-3)) were associated with susceptibility to narcolepsy. Analysis of polymorphic class I amino-acids revealed even stronger associations with key antigen-binding residues HLA-A-Tyr(9) (OR = 1.32 [1.15-1.52] P = 6.95*10(-5)) and HLA-C-Ser(11) (OR = 1.34 [1.15-1.57] P = 2.43*10(-4)). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a genetic basis for increased susceptibility to infectious factors or an immune cytotoxic mechanism in narcolepsy, potentially targeting hypocretin neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Tafti
- Center for Integrative Genomics (CIG) University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (CIRS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gert J Lammers
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Sleep-Wake Center of the Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Netherland, Heemstede, the Netherlands
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- INSERM-1061, Montpellier, France.,National Reference Network for Orphan Diseases (Narcolepsy and Idiopathic Hypersomnia), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Geert Mayer
- Hephata-Clinic for Neurology, Schwalmstadt-Treysa, Germany
| | - Jacek Nowak
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Corinne Pfister
- Center for Integrative Genomics (CIG) University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Dubois
- HLA Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-François Eliaou
- Department of Immunology, CHRU of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, France
| | | | - Roland Liblau
- INSERM-UMR1043, CNRS-U5282, Université de Toulouse, Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
| | - Aleksandra Wierzbicka
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Geisler
- Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudio L Bassetti
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Mathis
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michel Lecendreux
- Pediatric Sleep Center, National Reference Network for Orphan Diseases (Narcolepsy and Idiopathic Hypersomnia), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris VII University, Paris, France
| | | | - Raphaël Heinzer
- Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (CIRS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - José Haba-Rubio
- Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (CIRS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eva Feketeova
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Safarikiensis University and Louis Pasteur Faculty Hospital Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
| | | | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marie Tiercy
- National Reference Laboratory for Histocompatibility, Transplantation Immunology Unit, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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23
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Fakhoury M. Immune-mediated processes in neurodegeneration: where do we stand? J Neurol 2016; 263:1683-701. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies indicate a role for immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory demyelinating and degenerative disease of the central nervous system. This review addresses the current mechanisms of immune dysregulation in the development of multiple sclerosis, including the impact of environmental risk factors on immunity in both multiple sclerosis and its animal models. RECENT FINDINGS CD4 T-helper (Th) cells have long been implicated as the main drivers of pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. However, current studies indicate that multiple sclerosis is largely a heterogeneous disease process, which involves both innate and adaptive immune-mediated inflammatory mechanisms that ultimately contribute to demyelination and neurodegeneration. Therefore, B cells, CD8 T cells, and microglia/macrophages can also play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis apart from proinflammatory CD4 Th1/Th17 cell subsets. Furthermore, increasing evidence indicates that environmental risk factors, such as Vitamin D deficiency, Epstein-Barr virus, smoking, Western diet, and the commensal microbiota, influence the development of multiple sclerosis through interactions with genetic variants of multiple sclerosis, thus leading to the dysregulation of immune responses. SUMMARY A better understanding of immune-mediated mechanisms in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and the contribution of environmental risk factors toward the development of multiple sclerosis will help further improve therapeutic approaches to prevent disease progression.
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25
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Environmental Factors and Their Regulation of Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis. TRANSLATIONAL NEUROIMMUNOLOGY IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7148631 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801914-6.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), environmental factors and genetic traits cooperate in the induction of the chronic activation of immune cells to produce the brain pathology. Epidemiology has focused on different environmental risk factors but certainly virus infection, smoking, vitamin D levels, and sunlight exposure are the most relevant. What is certainly less clear is the way in which these external factors are able to induce and sustain the internal pathology process of the disease. Epigenetics has been recently focused on trying to shed light on this aspect. As a matter of fact epigenetic changes are highly sensitive to environmental factors that therefore may influence the susceptibility to the disease by acting through epigenetic modifications. In this chapter we discuss the most relevant environmental factors and how they may affect the immune response in MS. Finally, we discuss the possible role of the microbiota in inducing autoimmunity in MS.
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26
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Fischer HJ, van den Brandt J, Lingner T, Odoardi F, Flügel A, Weishaupt A, Reichardt HM. Modulation of CNS autoimmune responses by CD8+ T cells coincides with their oligoclonal expansion. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 290:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Hohlfeld R, Dornmair K, Meinl E, Wekerle H. The search for the target antigens of multiple sclerosis, part 2: CD8+ T cells, B cells, and antibodies in the focus of reverse-translational research. Lancet Neurol 2015; 15:317-31. [PMID: 26724102 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Interest in CD8+ T cells and B cells was initially inspired by observations in multiple sclerosis rather than in animal models: CD8+ T cells predominate in multiple sclerosis lesions, oligoclonal immunoglobulin bands in CSF have long been recognised as diagnostic and prognostic markers, and anti-B-cell therapies showed considerable efficacy in multiple sclerosis. Taking a reverse-translational approach, findings from human T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoire studies provided strong evidence for antigen-driven clonal expansion in the brain and CSF. New methods allow the reconstruction of human TCRs and antibodies from tissue-infiltrating immune cells, which can be used for the unbiased screening of antigen libraries. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) has received renewed attention as an antibody target in childhood multiple sclerosis and in a small subgroup of adult patients with multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that a separate condition in adults exists, tentatively called MOG-antibody-associated encephalomyelitis, which has clinical features that overlap with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and multiple sclerosis. Although CD8+ T cells and B cells are thought to have a pathogenic role in some subgroups of patients, their target antigens have yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Campus Martinsried-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Klaus Dornmair
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Campus Martinsried-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Campus Martinsried-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Wekerle
- HERTIE Senior Professor Group Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
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Zhou X, Li X, Feng M, Zhang Q, Yang Z. Analysis of the direct injury effector of oligodendroglia cells or myelin sheath in an experimental allergic encephalomyelitis model induced by the MOG35-55 peptide. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7425-32. [PMID: 26459920 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and mononuclear macrophages in the pathogenic processes of experimental animals. To construct a chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, an artificially synthesized myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35‑55 peptide was used to induce C57BL/6 mice. Subsequently, the experimental animals were investigated at the level of their nervous function, and histopathological, immunohistochemical and fluorescence immunohistochemical experiments were performed at different time points following immunization. The expression of immune molecules and cytokines associated with the activation of the mononuclear macrophages and CTL during the different stages was assessed by western blotting and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. As a result, the MOG35‑55 peptide was identified as being successful at inducing C57BL/6 mice for the development of the EAE model. A modest level of mononuclear macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration was observed in the central nervous system (CNS), although no infiltration of neutrophils was observed. A sporadic flaky deletion of the myelin sheath was also identified. The activation and proliferation of mononuclear macrophages, including microglia cells, was clearly demonstrated. Furthermore, the expression levels of major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules and interleukin‑12 in the brain, which is associated with the activation and proliferation of mononuclear macrophages, increased over the duration of the experiment compared with less pronounced changes in the expression levels of interferon (IFN)‑γ, Fas and perforin in the CNS, which are associated with the function of CTL. The secretion of IFN‑γ in the spleen increased during the morbidity peak, however, any noticeable activation and proliferation of CD8+ T cells was absent. These results demonstrated that the induced immune response mediated by mononuclear macrophages made a more important contribution compared with CTL towards the pathological process of myelin sheath injury. Mononuclear macrophages are therefore, identified as being one of the most significant effector cell types to directly injure the myelin sheath in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated First Hospital of Shizuishan, The Ningxia Medical University, Shizuishan, Ningxia 753200, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Li
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei 435003, P.R. China
| | - Meina Feng
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Brain Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430010, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, P.R. China
| | - Zhendong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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29
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Martin-Blondel G, Pignolet B, Tietz S, Yshii L, Gebauer C, Perinat T, Van Weddingen I, Blatti C, Engelhardt B, Liblau R. Migration of encephalitogenic CD8 T cells into the central nervous system is dependent on the α4β1-integrin. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3302-12. [PMID: 26358409 PMCID: PMC7163664 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although CD8 T cells are key players in neuroinflammation, little is known about their trafficking cues into the central nervous system (CNS). We used a murine model of CNS autoimmunity to define the molecules involved in cytotoxic CD8 T‐cell migration into the CNS. Using a panel of mAbs, we here show that the α4β1‐integrin is essential for CD8 T‐cell interaction with CNS endothelium. We also investigated which α4β1‐integrin ligands expressed by endothelial cells are implicated. The blockade of VCAM‐1 did not protect against autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and only partly decreased the CD8+ T‐cell infiltration into the CNS. In addition, inhibition of junctional adhesion molecule‐B expressed by CNS endothelial cells also decreases CD8 T‐cell infiltration. CD8 T cells may use additional and possibly unidentified adhesion molecules to gain access to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Martin-Blondel
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1043 - CNRS UMR 5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Béatrice Pignolet
- INSERM U1043 - CNRS UMR 5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Silvia Tietz
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lidia Yshii
- INSERM U1043 - CNRS UMR 5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Christina Gebauer
- INSERM U1043 - CNRS UMR 5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Therese Perinat
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Van Weddingen
- INSERM U1043 - CNRS UMR 5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
| | - Claudia Blatti
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Roland Liblau
- INSERM U1043 - CNRS UMR 5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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30
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Treiner E, Liblau RS. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: The Jury is Still Out. Front Immunol 2015; 6:503. [PMID: 26483793 PMCID: PMC4588106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), as demonstrated by the efficacy of therapies targeting various components of adaptive immunity. However, the disease still progresses despite these treatments in many patients, while others experience life-threatening adverse effects, urging for the discovery of new immune-targeting medications. Among the immune cell types participating to MS pathogenesis, decades of work have highlighted the prominent role of CD4 T cells. More recent data demonstrate the involvement of CD8 T cells as well. The existence of both pathogenic and protective CD8 T cells subsets has been suggested, adding an additional layer of complexity to the picture. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that make up to 25% of CD8 T cells in healthy subjects. They are specific for conserved microbial ligands and may constitute an important barrier against invasive bacterial and fungal infection. An increasing number of reports also suggest their possible involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases, including MS. MAIT cells could participate through their ability to produce IFNγ and/or IL-17, two major cytokines in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory/autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanisms by which MAIT cells could be activated in these sterile conditions are not known. Furthermore, contradictory observations have been made, reporting either a protective or a pro-inflammatory behavior of MAIT cells in MS or its murine model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In this review article, we will describe the current knowledge on MAIT cell biology in health and disease, and discuss the possible mechanisms behind their role in MS. The specific features of this new non-conventional T cell subset make it an interesting candidate as a biomarker or as the target of immune-mediated intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Treiner
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM UMR1043-CNRS 5282 , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III - Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospital , Toulouse , France
| | - Roland S Liblau
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM UMR1043-CNRS 5282 , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III - Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospital , Toulouse , France
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31
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Yshii L, Gebauer C, Bernard-Valnet R, Liblau R. Neurons and T cells: Understanding this interaction for inflammatory neurological diseases. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2712-20. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Yshii
- INSERM U1043 - CNRS UMR 5282; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan; Toulouse France
- Université Toulouse III; Toulouse France
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences I; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Christina Gebauer
- INSERM U1043 - CNRS UMR 5282; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan; Toulouse France
- Université Toulouse III; Toulouse France
| | - Raphaël Bernard-Valnet
- INSERM U1043 - CNRS UMR 5282; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan; Toulouse France
- Université Toulouse III; Toulouse France
| | - Roland Liblau
- INSERM U1043 - CNRS UMR 5282; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan; Toulouse France
- Université Toulouse III; Toulouse France
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32
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Grigoriadis N, van Pesch V. A basic overview of multiple sclerosis immunopathology. Eur J Neurol 2015; 22 Suppl 2:3-13. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology; Second Department of Neurology; AHEPA University Hospital; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Macedonia Greece
| | - V. van Pesch
- Neurology Department; Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc; Brussels Belgium
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33
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Guo H, Cheng Y, Shapiro J, McElwee K. The role of lymphocytes in the development and treatment of alopecia areata. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:1335-51. [PMID: 26548356 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1085306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) development is associated with both innate and adaptive immune cell activation, migration to peri- and intra-follicular regions, and hair follicle disruption. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes are abundant in AA lesions; however, CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes are more likely to enter inside hair follicles, circumstantially suggesting that they have a significant role to play in AA development. Several rodent models recapitulate important features of the human autoimmune disease and demonstrate that CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes are fundamentally required for AA induction and perpetuation. However, the initiating events, the self-antigens involved, and the molecular signaling pathways, all need further exploration. Studying CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their fate decisions in AA development may reveal new and improved treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Guo
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,b 2 Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yabin Cheng
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jerry Shapiro
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,c 3 Department of Dermatology, New York University, Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Kevin McElwee
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,d 4 Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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34
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Held K, Bhonsle-Deeng L, Siewert K, Sato W, Beltrán E, Schmidt S, Rühl G, Ng JKM, Engerer P, Moser M, Klinkert WEF, Babbe H, Misgeld T, Wekerle H, Laplaud DA, Hohlfeld R, Dornmair K. αβ T-cell receptors from multiple sclerosis brain lesions show MAIT cell-related features. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2015; 2:e107. [PMID: 25977934 PMCID: PMC4426681 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To characterize phenotypes of T cells that accumulated in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, to compare the lesional T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of T-cell subsets to peripheral blood, and to identify paired α and β chains from single CD8+ T cells from an index patient who we followed for 18 years. Methods: We combined immunohistochemistry, laser microdissection, and single-cell multiplex PCR to characterize T-cell subtypes and identify paired TCRα and TCRβ chains from individual brain-infiltrating T cells in frozen brain sections. The lesional and peripheral TCR repertoires were analyzed by pyrosequencing. Results: We found that a TCR Vβ1+ T-cell population that was strikingly expanded in active brain lesions at clinical onset comprises several subclones expressing distinct yet closely related Vα7.2+ α chains, including a canonical Vα7.2-Jα33 chain of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. Three other α chains bear striking similarities in their antigen-recognizing, hypervariable complementarity determining region 3. Longitudinal repertoire studies revealed that the TCR chains that were massively expanded in brain at onset persisted for several years in blood or CSF but subsequently disappeared except for the canonical Vα7.2+ MAIT cell and a few other TCR sequences that were still detectable in blood after 18 years. Conclusions: Our observation that a massively expanded TCR Vβ1-Jβ2.3 chain paired with distinct yet closely related canonical or atypical MAIT cell–related α chains strongly points to an antigen-driven process in early active MS brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Held
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Latika Bhonsle-Deeng
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Wakiro Sato
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Eduardo Beltrán
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Geraldine Rühl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Judy K M Ng
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Peter Engerer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Markus Moser
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Wolfgang E F Klinkert
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Holger Babbe
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Hartmut Wekerle
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - David-Axel Laplaud
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
| | - Klaus Dornmair
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.H., L.B.-D., K.S., W.S., E.B., G.R., J.K.M.N., R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Neurologische Gemeinschaftspraxis (S.S.), Gesundheitszentrum St. Johannes Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (P.E., T.M.), TU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Molecular Medicine (M.M.), Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Department for Neuroimmunology (W.E.F.K., H.W.), Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Genetics (H.B.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (T.M., H.W., R.H., K.D.), Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) (T.M.), Munich, Germany; and INSERM, UMR 1064 (D.A.L.), Nantes, France
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Cook KW, Crooks J, Hussain K, O'Brien K, Braitch M, Kareem H, Constantinescu CS, Robinson K, Gran B. Helicobacter pylori infection reduces disease severity in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:52. [PMID: 25762984 PMCID: PMC4327743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that infection with the bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori is less common amongst patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). We aimed to compare the prevalence of H. pylori amongst MS patients and healthy controls, and also investigated the impact of this infection on an animal model for MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The H. pylori status of 71 MS patients and 42 healthy controls was determined by serology. Groups of C57BL/6 mice were infected with H. pylori, or given diluent alone as a placebo, prior to inducing EAE. Clinical scores were assessed for all mice, and spleens and spinal cord tissue were harvested. CD4+ T cell subsets were quantified by flow cytometry, and T cell proliferation assays were performed. In MS patients the seroprevalence of H. pylori was half that of healthy controls (p = 0.018). Over three independent experiments, prior H. pylori infection had a moderate effect in reducing the severity of EAE (p = 0.012). In line with this, the antigen-specific T cell proliferative responses of infected animals were significantly reduced (p = 0.001), and there was a fourfold reduction in the number of CD4+ cells in the CNS. CD4+ populations in both the CNS and the spleens of infected mice also contained greatly reduced proportions of IFNγ+, IL-17+, T-bet+, and RORγt+ cells, but the proportions of Foxp3+ cells were equivalent. There were no differences in the frequency of splenic CD4+cells expressing markers of apoptosis between infected and uninfected animals. H. pylori was less prevalent amongst MS patients. In mice, the infection exerted some protection against EAE, inhibiting both Th1 and Th17 responses. This could not be explained by the presence of increased numbers of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, or T cell apoptosis. This is the first direct experimental evidence showing that H. pylori may provide protection against inflammatory demyelination in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Cook
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham School of Medicine Nottingham, UK
| | - James Crooks
- Clinical Neurology Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine Nottingham, UK
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham School of Medicine Nottingham, UK
| | - Kate O'Brien
- Clinical Neurology Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine Nottingham, UK
| | - Manjit Braitch
- Clinical Neurology Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine Nottingham, UK
| | - Huner Kareem
- Clinical Neurology Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine Nottingham, UK
| | - Cris S Constantinescu
- Clinical Neurology Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine Nottingham, UK
| | - Karen Robinson
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham School of Medicine Nottingham, UK
| | - Bruno Gran
- Clinical Neurology Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham School of Medicine Nottingham, UK
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Luo Q, Sun Y, Gong FY, Liu W, Zheng W, Shen Y, Hua ZC, Xu Q. Blocking initial infiltration of pioneer CD8(+) T-cells into the CNS via inhibition of SHP-2 ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1706-21. [PMID: 24372081 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In contrast to T-cell priming in the periphery, therapeutic strategies targeting the initiation step of T-cell trafficking into the CNS have not been extensively investigated. In this study, we examined the effect of NSC-87877, a potent Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) inhibitor, on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and elucidated its unique mechanism of action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH C57BL/6 mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55 and monitored for clinical severity of disease and histopathological features in the CNS. Levels of cytokines in serum were measured by elisa. Effects of NSC-87877 on expressions of chemokines and cytokines in the CNS were determined by quantitative PCR. KEY RESULTS NSC-87877-treated mice developed conventional TH 1 and TH 17 responses, but were highly resistant to the induction of EAE. NSC-87877 decreased the accumulation of lymphocytes in the CNS and increased the functional expression of chemokine receptor CXCR7 on CD8(+) T-cells. Adoptive transfer of T-cells from 2D2-transgenic mice restored EAE susceptibility in NSC-87877-treated mice, indicating that NSC-87877 only targets the initial migration of pioneer T-cells. Furthermore, T-cell-conditioned SHP-2-deficient mice treated with NSC-87877 were no longer resistant to EAE, suggesting that inhibition of SHP-2 contributes to the amelioration of EAE by NSC-87877. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS NSC-87877 almost completely abolished the development of EAE by blocking the initial infiltration of pioneer CD8(+) T-cells into the uninflamed CNS. These results reveal a critical role for SHP-2 in regulating EAE pathogenesis and indicate that NSC-87877 is a potential candidate for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Saoudi A, Kassem S, Dejean A, Gaud G. Rho-GTPases as key regulators of T lymphocyte biology. Small GTPases 2014; 5:28208. [PMID: 24825161 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.28208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-GTPases belong to the Ras superfamily and are crucial signal transducing proteins downstream of many receptors. In general, the Rho-GTPases function as molecular switches, cycling between inactive (GDP-bound) and active (GTP-bound) states. The activated GTP bound Rho-GTPases interact with a broad spectrum of effectors to regulate a plethora of biological pathways including cytoskeletal dynamics, motility, cytokinesis, cell growth, apoptosis, transcriptional activity and nuclear signaling. Recently, gene targeting in mice allowed the selective inactivation of different Rho-GTPases and has advanced our understanding of the physiological role of these proteins, particularly in the immune system. Particularly, these proteins are key signaling molecules in T lymphocytes, which are generated in the thymus and are major players in the immune system. The scope of this review is to discuss recent data obtained in Rho-GTPases deficient mice by focusing on the role-played by Rho-GTPases in T-lymphocyte development, migration, activation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhadi Saoudi
- Inserm; U1043; Toulouse, France; CNRS; U5282; Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan; Toulouse, France
| | - Sahar Kassem
- Inserm; U1043; Toulouse, France; CNRS; U5282; Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan; Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Dejean
- Inserm; U1043; Toulouse, France; CNRS; U5282; Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan; Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Gaud
- Inserm; U1043; Toulouse, France; CNRS; U5282; Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan; Toulouse, France
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38
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Miljković D, Spasojević I. Multiple sclerosis: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:2286-334. [PMID: 23473637 PMCID: PMC3869544 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) involves several components: redox, inflammatory/autoimmune, vascular, and neurodegenerative. All of them are supported by the intertwined lines of evidence, and none of them should be written off. However, the exact mechanisms of MS initiation, its development, and progression are still elusive, despite the impressive pace by which the data on MS are accumulating. In this review, we will try to integrate the current facts and concepts, focusing on the role of redox changes and various reactive species in MS. Knowing the schedule of initial changes in pathogenic factors and the key turning points, as well as understanding the redox processes involved in MS pathogenesis is the way to enable MS prevention, early treatment, and the development of therapies that target specific pathophysiological components of the heterogeneous mechanisms of MS, which could alleviate the symptoms and hopefully stop MS. Pertinent to this, we will outline (i) redox processes involved in MS initiation; (ii) the role of reactive species in inflammation; (iii) prooxidative changes responsible for neurodegeneration; and (iv) the potential of antioxidative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djordje Miljković
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković,” University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Spasojević
- Life Sciences Department, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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39
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Li S, Cai C, Feng J, Li X, Wang Y, Yang J, Chen Z. Peripheral T lymphocyte subset imbalances in children with enterovirus 71-induced hand, foot and mouth disease. Virus Res 2013; 180:84-91. [PMID: 24316007 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators (i.e. cytokines) play a pivotal role in the regulation of pathophysiological processes during EV71-induced hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Different T cell subsets have distinct cytokine secretion profiles, and alteration in the T cell subsets frequency (imbalance) during infection leads to changed cytokine patterns. However, the effects of EV71 infection on T cell subsets were not clear. The objective of this study was to determine whether EV71-induced HFMD can be explained by the emergence of particular T-cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Tc1, Tc2, Th17, Tc17 and Treg cells) and the cytokine they produced (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17A and TGF-β1), as well as distinct responses to EV71 infection. We found that when compared to the control group, the percentage of Th1 and Tc1 cells was significantly higher in mild and severe HFMD group. Similar results were found in the Th1/Th2 ratio and IFN-γ levels. On the other hand, the percentage of Th17 cells and IL-17A levels were the highest in severe HFMD cases, and lowest in controls. Similar trend was also found for the Th17/Treg cell ratio. An optimal cutoff value of 2.15% for Th17 cell and 6.72 pg/ml for IL-17A provided a discriminatory value for differentiating the severity of HFMD cases by receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. These findings reveal that the Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg imbalance exist in HFMD patients, suggesting their involvement in the pathogenesis of EV71 infection, which may have potential value as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Li
- Department of Pulmonology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Chunyan Cai
- Department of Pulmonology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China; Department of Infectious Disease, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Jinyan Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, Cixi People's Hospital, Cixi, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315300, China
| | - Xuejing Li
- Department of Pulmonology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Yingshuo Wang
- Department of Pulmonology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China; Department of Biomedicine, College of Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Zhimin Chen
- Department of Pulmonology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China.
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although the etiology of MS is unknown, genetic and environmental factors play a role. Infectious pathogens are the likely environmental factors involved in the development of MS. Pathogens associated with the development or exacerbation of MS include bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae, the Staphylococcus aureus-produced enterotoxins that function as superantigens, viruses of the herpes virus (Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus 6) and human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families and the protozoa Acanthamoeba castellanii. Evidence, from studies with humans and animal models, supporting the association of these various pathogens with the development and/or exacerbation of MS will be discussed along with the potential mechanisms including molecular mimicry, epitope spreading and bystander activation. In contrast, infection with certain parasites such as helminthes (Schistosoma mansoni, Fasciola hepatica, Hymenolepis nana, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercolaris, Enterobius vermicularis) appears to protect against the development or exacerbation of MS. Evidence supporting the ability of parasitic infections to protect against disease will be discussed along with a brief summary of a recent Phase I clinical trial testing the ability of Trichuris suis ova treatment to improve the clinical course of MS. A complex interaction between the CNS (including the blood-brain barrier), multiple infections with various infectious agents (occurring in the periphery or within the CNS), and the immune response to those various infections may have to be deciphered before the etiology of MS can be fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, UT , USAxs
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41
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Plantone D, Marti A, Frisullo G, Iorio R, Damato V, Nociti V, Patanella AK, Bianco A, Mirabella M, Batocchi AP. Circulating CD56dim NK cells expressing perforin are increased in progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 265:124-7. [PMID: 24157130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the percentages of CD3(-)CD56(bright), CD3(-)CD56(dim), CD3(-)CD56(bright)perforin(+) and CD3(-)CD56(dim)perforin(+) Natural Killer (NK) cells in peripheral blood from untreated secondary progressive (SP) and primary progressive (PP) multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and age and sex matched healthy subjects. Both PPMS patients and SPMS patients showed increased percentages of circulating CD3(-)CD56(dim)perforin(+) NK cells than healthy subjects. The increased percentage of CD3(-)CD56(dim) NK cells expressing perforin in patients affected by the progressive forms of MS suggests a possible role of this NK cell subpopulation in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Zare-Shahabadi A, Renaudineau Y, Rezaei N. MicroRNAs and multiple sclerosis: from physiopathology toward therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1497-507. [PMID: 24053428 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.838219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an emerging group of small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally, by targeting messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for translational repression or degradation. They have roles in multiple facets of immunity, from regulation of cell development to activation and function in immune responses. Recent evidence underlines an involvement of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases as well as multiple sclerosis (MS). AREAS COVERED In this review, the current knowledge of miRNA biogenesis, diverse roles of miRNAs in different cells that could be involved in the process of the disease, and their potential therapeutic applications are summarized. The authors searched MEDLINE and Science direct databases. EXPERT OPINION The miRNAs in central nervous system lesions and peripheral blood are potential biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic use. Also, miRNA mimics, small-molecule inhibitors of specific miRNAs, and antisense oligonucleotides could be therapeutic weapons that facilitate us to combat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Zare-Shahabadi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology , Tehran , Iran
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43
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Salou M, Elong Ngono A, Garcia A, Michel L, Laplaud DA. Immunité adaptative et physiopathologie de la sclérose en plaques. Rev Med Interne 2013; 34:479-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2013.03.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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44
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CD8+ T cell help is required for efficient induction of EAE in Lewis rats. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 260:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Efficient in vivo depletion of CD8+ T lymphocytes in common marmosets by novel CD8 monoclonal antibody administration. Immunol Lett 2013; 154:12-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Levin MC, Lee S, Gardner LA, Shin Y, Douglas JN, Cooper C. Autoantibodies to Non-myelin Antigens as Contributors to the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 4:10.4172/2155-9899.1000148. [PMID: 24363960 PMCID: PMC3866957 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For years, investigators have sought to prove that myelin antigens are the primary targets of autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent experiments have begun to challenge this assumption, particularly when studying the neurodegenerative phase of MS. T-lymphocyte responses to myelin antigens have been extensively studied, and are likely early contributors to the pathogenesis of MS. Antibodies to myelin antigens have a much more inconstant association with the pathogenesis of MS. Recent studies indicate that antibodies to non-myelin antigens such as neurofilaments, neurofascin, RNA binding proteins and potassium channels may contribute to the pathogenesis of MS. The purpose of this review is to analyze recent studies that examine the role that autoantibodies to non-myelin antigens might play in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Levin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lidia A. Gardner
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yoojin Shin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua N. Douglas
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Chelsea Cooper
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Murta V, Ferrari CC. Influence of Peripheral inflammation on the progression of multiple sclerosis: Evidence from the clinic and experimental animal models. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 53:6-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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48
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Saresella M, Tortorella P, Marventano I, Al-Daghri N, Piancone F, Gatti A, Gironi M, Caputo D, Rovaris M, Clerici M. TH17-Driven Inflammation is Present in All Clinical Forms of Multiple Sclerosis; Disease Quiescence is Associated with Gata3-Expressing Cells. EUR J INFLAMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1301100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) presents in a variety of clinical forms associated with a diverse grade of neurological impairment, different prognosis and, possibly, multiple pathogenic mechanisms. Thus, whereas relapsing-remitting (RR) MS appears to be largely driven by inflammatory processes, neurodegeneration, partially independent from inflammation, drives primary progressive (PP) and secondary progressive (SP) MS. An extensive analysis of neuroinflammation in the different forms of MS was performed by evaluating immunophenotypic and functional parameters in MBP-stimulated T lymphocytes of 103 MS patients (26 benign (BE) MS, 30 RRMS, 33 SPMS and 14 PPMS) and 40 healthy controls (HC). Results showed that: i) IL-17-producing and RORC/γt-expressing CD4+ T cells (TH17 lymphocytes), as well as IL-6 expressing CD14+ cell were augmented in all patients; ii) IL-22-expressing cells were increased in all forms of MS with the exception of PPMS; iii) TGF-β-expressing B cells were increased only in RRMS; and iv) GATA3-, NFATc-1, IL-13-, and IL-25-expressing cells (TH2 lymphocytes) were augmented in RRMS and BEMS patients alone. Data herein indicate a pivotal pathogenic role of TH17-driven inflammation in all clinical forms of MS and suggest that control over disease (RRMS and BEMS) is associated not with lack of inflammation per se, but rather with the activation of immune-mediated anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These results could help the design of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - N. Al-Daghri
- College of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Biomarker Research Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA
| | | | - A. Gatti
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Gironi
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - D. Caputo
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | | | - M. Clerici
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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49
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Levin MC, Lee S, Gardner LA, Shin Y, Douglas JN, Groover CJ. Pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegeneration based on the phenotypic expression of progressive forms of immune-mediated neurologic disease. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2012; 2:175-187. [PMID: 30890887 PMCID: PMC6065584 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s38353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering there are no treatments for progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), a comprehensive understanding of the role of neurodegeneration in the pathogenesis of MS should lead to novel therapeutic strategies to treat it. Many studies have implicated viral triggers as a cause of MS, yet no single virus has been exclusively shown to cause MS. Given this, human and animal viral models of MS are used to study its pathogenesis. One example is human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Importantly, HAM/TSP is similar clinically, pathologically, and immunologically to progressive MS. Interestingly, both MS and HAM/TSP patients were found to make antibodies to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1, an RNA-binding protein overexpressed in neurons. Anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies reduced neuronal firing and caused neurodegeneration in neuronal cell lines, suggesting the autoantibodies are pathogenic. Further, microarray analyses of neurons exposed to anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies revealed novel pathways of neurodegeneration related to alterations of RNA levels of the spinal paraplegia genes (SPGs). Mutations in SPGs cause hereditary spastic paraparesis, genetic disorders clinically indistinguishable from progressive MS and HAM/TSP. Thus, there is a strong association between involvement of SPGs in neurodegeneration and the clinical phenotype of progressive MS and HAM/TSP patients, who commonly develop spastic paraparesis. Taken together, these data begin to clarify mechanisms of neurodegeneration related to the clinical presentation of patients with chronic immune-mediated neurological disease of the central nervous system, which will give insights into the design of novel therapies to treat these neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Levin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Departments of Neurology,
- Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Departments of Neurology,
| | - Lidia A Gardner
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Departments of Neurology,
| | - Yoojin Shin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Departments of Neurology,
| | - Joshua N Douglas
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
| | - Chassidy J Groover
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA,
- Departments of Neurology,
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50
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Durrenberger PF, Webb LV, Sim MJW, Nicholas RS, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ. Increased HLA-E expression in white matter lesions in multiple sclerosis. Immunology 2012; 137:317-25. [PMID: 23039207 PMCID: PMC3530087 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underpinning central nervous system damage in multiple sclerosis (MS) are complex and it is widely accepted that there is an autoimmune component. Both adaptive and innate immune effector mechanisms are believed to contribute to tissue disease aetiology. HLA-E is a non-classical MHC class Ib molecule that acts as the ligand for the NKG2A inhibitory receptor present on natural killer (NK) and CD8+ cells. Peptide binding and stabilization of HLA-E is often considered to signal infection or cell stress. Here we examine the up-regulation of HLA-E in MS brain tissue. Expression is significantly increased in white matter lesions in the brain of MS patients compared with white matter of neurologically healthy controls. Furthermore, using quantitative immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, we show increased HLA-E protein expression in endothelial cells of active MS lesions. Non-inflammatory chronic lesions express significantly less HLA-E protein, comparable to levels found in white matter from controls. Increased HLA-E protein levels were associated with higher scores of inflammation. These results suggest the potential for an effect in central nervous system pathogenesis from HLA-E modulation in stressed tissue. Co-localization with infiltrating CD8+ cells implicates a possible role for HLA-E-restricted regulatory CD8+ cells, as has been proposed in other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal F Durrenberger
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
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