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Rebelo MM, Andrade EHA, Corrêa JAM, Maia JGS. Phenolic Monoterpenes Conversion of Conobea scoparioides Essential Oil by Hydrotalcite Synthesized from Blast-Furnace Slag. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1199. [PMID: 38732413 PMCID: PMC11085521 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Conobea scoparioides (Plantaginaceae) is an herbaceous plant known as "pataqueira" that grows wild in seasonally wet areas of the Amazon region. It is used for aromatic baths and anti-protozoan remedies by the Brazilian Amazon native people. The main volatile compounds identified in the essential oil of "Pataqueira" were the phenolic monoterpenes thymol and thymol methyl ether and their precursors, the monoterpene hydrocarbons α-phellandrene and p-cymene. A hydrotalcite synthesized from blast-furnace slag exhibited a 3:2 (Mg/Al) molar ratio, and this layered double hydroxide (LDH) was evaluated as a catalyst in converting the main monoterpenes of the "Pataqueira" oil. This action significantly increased the thymol content, from 41% to 95%, associated with the percentual reduction in other main components, such as thymol methyl ether, α-phellandrene, and p-cymene. The LDH reaction showed a strong tendency towards producing hydroxylated derivatives, and its behavior was similar to the hypothetical plant biosynthetic pathway, which leads to the production of the monoterpenes of "Pataqueira" oil. Thymol and its derivatives are potent antiseptics applied in pharmaceutical and hygienic products as antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties, among others. The present work reports a natural source with a high thymol content in aromatic plants from the Amazon, with evident economic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monaliza M. Rebelo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (M.M.R.); (E.H.A.A.)
| | - Eloisa Helena A. Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (M.M.R.); (E.H.A.A.)
| | - José Augusto M. Corrêa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia e Geoquímica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil;
| | - José Guilherme S. Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
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Silva Pontes C, Garcia de Carvalho G, Rosa Perin Leite A, Chorilli M, Palomari Spolidorio DM. Improving Drug Delivery on Candida Albicans Using Geraniol Nanoemulsion. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2475. [PMID: 37896235 PMCID: PMC10609964 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Geraniol (GE) is a monoterpene alcohol with excellent antifungal activity. However, its low solubility and high volatility impair its use. Nanoemulsions (NE) are excellent delivery systems for poorly soluble and volatile drugs, achieving controlled release of the active ingredient. The aim of this study was to improve the delivery of geraniol (GE) incorporated in NE against Candida albicans in order to evaluate the antibiofilm effect and cytotoxicity. Nanoemulsion containing 10% oil phase (cholesterol) (w/w), 10% surfactant (mixture of soy phosphatidylcholine and Brij 58; 1:2) (w/w), and 80% aqueous phase (phosphate buffer) (w/w) was synthesized. Incorporation of GE was carried out by sonication and the final compounds were characterized by hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP), in addition to evaluation of physicochemical stability after 6 months and 1 year. The GE-NE effect was evaluated on Candida albicans biofilms and cytotoxic effect was evaluated on immortalized normal oral cell line NOK-Si. The diameter of GE-NE was 232.3 ± 2.7 nm and PDI 0.155 with exhibited homogeneity and stability in solution. GE-NE showed antibiofilm activity at a concentration of 75 μg/mL with reduction of >6.0 log10, and no cytotoxicity against NOK-Si cells at concentrations below 150 μg/mL was observed. GE-NE proved to be a promising candidate for prevention and treatment of fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Silva Pontes
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil; (C.S.P.); (D.M.P.S.)
| | - Gabriel Garcia de Carvalho
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil; (C.S.P.); (D.M.P.S.)
| | - Andressa Rosa Perin Leite
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil;
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, International School of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil;
| | - Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil; (C.S.P.); (D.M.P.S.)
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Zanul Abidin Z, Mohd Salleh N, Himratul-Aznita WH, Ahmad SF, Lim GS, Raja Mohd N, Dziaruddin N. Antifungal effects of eugenol on Candida albicans adherence to denture polymers. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15750. [PMID: 37601266 PMCID: PMC10439715 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study's objective is to assess the adherence of C. albicans in different types of denture polymers and the effectiveness of eugenol and commercialized denture cleansers in the removal of C. albicans. Three types of denture base polymers (Lucitone® 199 (High-Impact PMMA), Impact® (conventional PMMA) and Eclipse® (UDMA)) and two hard denture reline materials (Kooliner® and Tokuyama® Rebase II Fast) were used in this study. Methods Three hundred samples were prepared (6 × 2 mm disc shape) and divided into five groups of denture polymers (n = 60) and further subjected into five treatment groups (Polident®, Steradent, distilled water, eugenol 5-minutes, and eugenol 10-min). Three samples were extracted from each treatment group for baseline data (n = 12). Baseline data were used to calculate the initial number of C. albicans adherence. A 0.5 ml immersion solution from each specimen was cultured on YPD agar and incubated for 48 h at 37 °C. Visible colonies were counted using a colony counter machine (ROCKER Galaxy 230). Results The result showed that the denture base polymer significantly affected the initial adherence (p = 0.007). The removal of C. albicans was also considerably affected by the denture base polymers and denture cleansers (p < 0.05). Lucitone®, Tokuyama®, and Kooliner® denture base polymers immersed for 3 min in eugenol showed the best results of removal. Discussion This study's overall results showed that all denture polymers used as denture bases had an effect on C. albicans initial adherence and removal from the denture base, and eugenol is comparable to commercialised denture cleansers in reducing the number of attached C. albicans on denture base polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubaidah Zanul Abidin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nosizana Mohd Salleh
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Harun Himratul-Aznita
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Fauzza Ahmad
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ghee Seong Lim
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noorhayati Raja Mohd
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nabihah Dziaruddin
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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In vitro and in vivo efficacy of poly(lactic acid) nanofiber packaging containing essential oils from Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. against Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus niger in table grapes. Food Chem 2023; 400:134087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Firmanda A, Fahma F, Warsiki E, Syamsu K, Arnata IW, Sartika D, Suryanegara L, Qanytah, Suyanto A. Antimicrobial mechanism of nanocellulose composite packaging incorporated with essential oils. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Pulegone and Eugenol Oral Supplementation in Laboratory Animals: Results from Acute and Chronic Studies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102595. [PMID: 36289857 PMCID: PMC9599722 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils are natural compounds used by humans for scientific purposes due to their wide range of properties. Eugenol is mostly present in clove oil, while pulegone is the main constituent of pennyroyal oil. To guarantee the safe use of eugenol and pulegone for both humans and animals, this study addressed, for the first time, the effects of these compounds, at low doses (chronic toxicity) and high doses (acute toxicity), in laboratory animals. Thirty-five FVB/n female mice were randomly assigned to seven groups (n = 5): group I (control, non-additive diet); group II (2.6 mg of eugenol + 2.6 mg of pulegone); group III (5.2 mg of eugenol + 5.2 mg of pulegone); group IV (7.8 mg of eugenol + 7.8 mg of pulegone); group V (7.8 mg of eugenol); group VI (7.8 mg of pulegone); and group VII (1000 mg of eugenol + 1000 mg of pulegone). The compounds were administered in the food. Groups I to VI were integrated into the chronic toxicity study, lasting 28 days, and group VII was used in the acute toxicity study, lasting 7 days. Animals were monitored to assess their general welfare. Water and food intake, as well as body weight, were recorded. On the 29th day, all animals were euthanized by an overdose of ketamine and xylazine, and a complete necropsy was performed. Blood samples were collected directly from the heart for microhematocrit and serum analysis, as well as for comet assay. Organs were collected, weighed, and fixed in formaldehyde for further histological analysis and enzymatic assay. Eugenol and pulegone induced behavioral changes in the animals, namely in the posture, hair appearance and grooming, and in mental status. These compounds also caused a decrease in the animals’ body weight, as well as in the food and water consumption. A mortality rate of 20% was registered in the acute toxicity group. Both compounds modulated the serum levels of triglycerides and alanine aminotransferase. Eugenol and pulegone induced genetic damage in all animals. Eugenol increased the activity of the CAT enzyme. Both compounds increased the GR enzyme at the highest dose. Moreover, pulegone administered as a single compound increased the activity of the GST enzyme. Histopathological analysis revealed inflammatory infiltrates in the lungs of groups II, III, and IV. The results suggest that eugenol and pulegone may exert beneficial or harmful effects, depending on the dose, and if applied alone or in combination.
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Addo JK, Owusu-Ansah E, Dayie NT, Cheseto X, Torto B. Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-thymol derivatives as potential antimicrobial agents. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10836. [PMID: 36217474 PMCID: PMC9547220 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymol as a natural biological template can be modified chemically since the hydroxyl group makes it a candidate for structural modification. Thus, this study incorporated the triazole moiety on thymol and the chlorination of thymol moiety to help improve its biological potency. Materials and methods A series of ten 1,2,3-triazole-thymol derivatives 1–10 were synthesized from thymol, by a click reaction between O-propargyl terminal alkyne of thymol and its chlorothymol with benzyl azide and substituted benzyl azides. Their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic methods (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR, GC-MS-EI/CI and LC-ESI-QTOF-MS). The Well diffusion method using Müeller-Hinton agar plates was used to demonstrate the antimicrobial activities of the synthesized triazole-thymol derivatives on selected bacterial strains; Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 29853, E. coli ESBL, Klebsiella pneumoniae NCTC 13438 and Meropenem Resistant E. coli. Results All the synthesized triazole-thymol derivatives showed significant but variable antibacterial activity against the seven medically important bacterial strains tested. The compound 4-((4-chloro-2-isopropyl-5-methylphenoxy)methyl)-1-(2-nitrobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3triazole (9) demonstrated a higher antibacterial activity with a mean zone of inhibition (38.7 mm) compared with ampicillin as the positive control which gave a zone size of 30.0 mm. In addition, the compound showed a three-fold potency than the parent compound, thymol (11.0 mm) against MRSA at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. Conclusion These results provide additional evidence of the exploitation of natural products like thymol as leads for drug development against medically important bacterial pathogens.
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Didehdar M, Chegini Z, Shariati A. Eugenol: A novel therapeutic agent for the inhibition of Candida species infection. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:872127. [PMID: 36016558 PMCID: PMC9395595 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.872127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The high occurrence and mortality rates related to candidiasis emphasize the urgent need to introduce new therapeutic approaches to treat this infection. Eugenol, the main phenolic component of Clove and Cinnamomum essential oil, has been used to inhibit growth and different virulence factors of Candida, including strains with decreased susceptibility to antifungals, particularly fluconazole. The results showed that this compound could bind to Candida membrane and decrease ergosterol biosynthesis, consequently leading to cell wall and membrane damage. Additionally, eugenol not only reduced germ tube formation, which reduces nutrient absorption from host tissues, but it also increased the levels of lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species, which induces oxidative stress and causes high permeability in the fungal cell membrane. Eugenol inhibited Candida cells’ adhesion capacity; additionally, this compound inhibited the formation of biofilms and eliminated established Candida biofilms on a variety of surfaces. Furthermore, by disrupting fungal cell integrity, eugenol could boost the entry of the antifungal drugs into the Candida cell, improving treatment efficacy. Therefore, eugenol could be used in the clinical management of various presentations of candidiasis, especially mucocutaneous presentations such as oral and vulvovaginal infections. However, further investigations, including in vivo and animal studies, toxicology studies and clinical trials, as well as molecular analysis, are needed to improve formulations and develop novel antifungal agents based on eugenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Didehdar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Zahra Chegini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Aref Shariati
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
- *Correspondence: Aref Shariati,
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9
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Kerosenewala J, Vaidya P, Ozarkar V, Shirapure Y, More AP. Eugenol: extraction, properties and its applications on incorporation with polymers and resins—a review. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Vavilala P, Deo A, Prakash D, Tiwari M, Aggarwal V. Antifungal Role of Common Indian Spices & Herbs: A Narrative Review. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401318666220328103029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
A large variety of spices can be found in kitchens worldwide. The usage varies from region to region as per the cuisine. They hold nutritional values and are being exploited for their anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory properties. This study highlights some of the commonly used Indian spices for their antifungal properties and summarizes their potential antifungal activity. Fungal diseases are deep-rooted and cause acute/chronic infections in humans, mainly Aspergillus and Candida species. As the tropical climate provides a breeding ground for fungal infections, such regions share a huge load of mycoses. Various spices have been shown to be effective against treating fungal diseases. The current study focuses on the potential anti-fungal role of the spices and reviews the current literature on the possible mechanism of action of the active compounds of these spices concerning the commonly used antifungal drugs. The spices consist of essential oils that work by inhibition mycotoxin biosynthesis, or disrupting and inhibiting cell wall formation and inhibiting efflux pumps and are comparable to the currently available antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyusha Vavilala
- Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied sciences, University of Delhi, Vasundhara enclave, New Delhi-110096, India
| | - Aayushi Deo
- Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied sciences, University of Delhi, Vasundhara enclave, New Delhi-110096, India
| | - Divya Prakash
- Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied sciences, University of Delhi, Vasundhara enclave, New Delhi-110096, India
| | - Muskan Tiwari
- Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied sciences, University of Delhi, Vasundhara enclave, New Delhi-110096, India
| | - Vibhuti Aggarwal
- Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied sciences, University of Delhi, Vasundhara enclave, New Delhi-110096, India
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Heidary F, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Inhibitory effects of Allium cepa L. ethanolic extract on biological activities and expression of ERG11 in Candida albicans. J Herb Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2022.100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Wang H, Peng Z, Sun H. Antifungal activities and mechanisms of
trans
‐cinnamaldehyde and thymol against food‐spoilage yeast
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. J Food Sci 2022; 87:1197-1210. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huxuan Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Zhonghua Peng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Hongmin Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
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Natural Antifungal Products: Another Option for Antifungal Resistance. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89664-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gholami‐Ahangaran M, Ahmadi‐Dastgerdi A, Azizi S, Basiratpour A, Zokaei M, Derakhshan M. Thymol and carvacrol supplementation in poultry health and performance. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:267-288. [PMID: 34761555 PMCID: PMC8788968 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymol and carvacrol as natural essential oils and phenol compounds are components derived from some medicinal plants, such as thyme and oregano species. OBJECTIVES The increasing demands in organic and healthy meat and egg consumption in human society have made it necessary to consider alternative natural compounds for the replacement of chemical compounds in poultry production. The chemical compounds can remain in meat and eggs and cause complications in human health. Therefore, these natural compounds can be fed with a higher safety in poultry production with specific effects. In this regard, the role of thymol and carvacrol as natural compounds in the poultry production has been discussed in the review. METHODS In this study, by searching for keywords related to thymol and carvacrol in poultry production in Google Scholar database, the articles related to different aspects of the biological effects of these two phytogenes in poultry production were selected and analyzed. RESULTS A review of previous studies has shown that thymol and carvacrol possess a wide range of biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, modulating of immunity response and regulating of the gut microbial population. Also, in meat type chickens can promote growth and influence feed utilization. The beneficial effect of this compound was evaluated in hepatic toxicity and demonstrated as a hepatoprotective compound in chickens. Furthermore, these compounds can affect the behavior of layers and influence egg composition, eggshell thickness, and the sensory quality of eggs. CONCLUSION It seems that with the increasing demand for healthy protein products, these compounds can be used to improve performance as a substitute alternative for chemical compounds in healthy poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Gholami‐Ahangaran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord BranchIslamic Azad UniversityShahrekordIran
| | - Asiye Ahmadi‐Dastgerdi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ardestan BranchIslamic Azad UniversityArdestanIran
| | - Shahrzad Azizi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineShahid Bahonar University of KermanKermanIran
| | - Asal Basiratpour
- Graduated of Basic Sciences FacultyPayame Noor UniversityIsfahan BranchIsfahanIran
| | - Maryam Zokaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research InstituteShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Masoud Derakhshan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Shoushtar BranchIslamic Azad UniversityShoushtarIran
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15
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Amin M, Babadi F, Baghipour N, Sadeghi-Nejad B. Evaluation of the effect of Jaftex herbal mouthwash on the growth of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:3815-3819. [PMID: 34934685 PMCID: PMC8653495 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1067_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased resistance of Candida albicans to standard antifungal agents has caused special attention to medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Jaftex mouthwash on the growth of C. albicans and Candida tropicalis. Methods and Material In this in vitro study, standard strains of C. albicans and C. tropicalis were used. Jaftex mouthwash was prepared with the active ingredient (10g/100cc) of aqueous extract of oak fruit hull (Jaft), Zataria multiflora, and Satureja bachtiarica. The mouthwash was diluted in half, 8 different concentrations were obtained. 10 μl volume of each dilution was poured on discs mounted linearly on the culture medium inoculated with the target fungus. After 24 h, due to the slow growth rate of these fungi, the Petri dishes were incubated at 37°C and the mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for each fungus. The modified E. test method was used to measure the MIC of Jaftex mouthwash for the two fungi. The experiment was repeated three times for each fungus and the mean value was measured. Results The mean value of MIC for C. albicans and C. tropicalis was 0.0625 (mg/mL) and 0.0833 (mg/mL), respectively. Candida albicans appeared to be more sensitive to Jaftex, but no statistically significant difference was observed. Conclusion Jaftex mouthwash inhibits the growth of C. albicans and C. tropicalis. The use of this mouthwash is recommended for treatment of oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Amin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Babadi
- Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najme Baghipour
- Dental Student, School of Dentistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Eugenol emulsions stabilized by a natural-derived nonionic palmitate surfactant/polyacrylic acid complex. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Ranjith A, Srilatha C, Lekshmi P, Rameshbabu N. Antiaflatoxigenic potential of essential oils of spices – a review. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are important food contaminants posing a significant threat to food and feed safety and public health. Among the mycotoxins, aflatoxins are deemed to be a more significant contaminant due to their potent carcinogenic, and hepatotoxic effects, and their levels are highly regulated in the international food trade. Phytochemicals are considered a major source of natural antifungal agents. The volatile nature of essential oil of plants makes them ideal candidates for antifungal agents due to their ability to distribute in free air spaces in closed containers and penetrate through heterogeneous food materials. In these, essential oils in spices attain special attention due to their commercial availability and low toxicity. This article reviews the antiaflatoxigenic capacity of spice essential oils and the effect of essential oil composition on the activity and mechanism of antifungal action and is expected to be useful for the planning of further research in the subject area.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ranjith
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, R-11, SIPCOT, Gummidipoondi, Tamil Nadu 601201, India
| | - C.M. Srilatha
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, R-11, SIPCOT, Gummidipoondi, Tamil Nadu 601201, India
| | - P.C. Lekshmi
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, R-11, SIPCOT, Gummidipoondi, Tamil Nadu 601201, India
| | - N. Rameshbabu
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, Suganda Bhavan, Palarivattom, Cochin, Kerala 682025, India
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Omar HS, Abd El-Rahman SN, AlGhannam SM, Reyad NEHA, Sedeek MS. Antifungal Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies of Olea europaea Leaf Extract, Thymus vulgaris and Boswellia carteri Essential Oil as Prospective Fungal Inhibitor Candidates. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206118. [PMID: 34684700 PMCID: PMC8539494 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study investigated the antifungal activity and mode of action of four Olea europaea leaf extracts, Thymus vulgaris essential oil (EO), and Boswellia carteri EO against Fusarium oxysporum. Methods:Fusarium oxysporum lactucae was detected with the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The chemical compositions of chloroform and dichloromethane extracts of O. europaea leaves and T. vulgaris EO were analyzed using GC-MS analysis. In addition, a molecular docking analysis was used to identify the expected ligands of these extracts against eleven F. oxysporum proteins. Results: The nucleotide sequence of the F. oxysporum lactucae isolate was deposited in GenBank with Accession No. MT249304.1. The T. vulgaris EO, chloroform, dichloromethane and ethanol efficiently inhibited the growth at concentrations of 75.5 and 37.75 mg/mL, whereas ethyl acetate, and B. carteri EO did not exhibit antifungal activity. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the major and most vital compounds of the T. vulgaris EO, chloroform, and dichloromethane were thymol, carvacrol, tetratriacontane, and palmitic acid. Moreover, molecular modeling revealed the activity of these compounds against F. oxysporum. Conclusions: Chloroform, dichloromethane and ethanol, olive leaf extract, and T. vulgaris EO showed a strong effect against F. oxysporum. Consequently, this represents an appropriate natural source of biological compounds for use in healthcare. In addition, homology modeling and docking analysis are the best analyses for clarifying the mechanisms of antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa S. Omar
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- GMO Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Research Park, CURP, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.S.O.); (S.N.A.E.-R.)
| | - Soheir N. Abd El-Rahman
- Crops Technology Research Department, Food Technology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.S.O.); (S.N.A.E.-R.)
| | - Sheikha M. AlGhannam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nour El-Houda A. Reyad
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed S. Sedeek
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza 11562, Egypt;
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Zhao Y, Wang Q, Wu X, Jiang M, Jin H, Tao K, Hou T. Unraveling the polypharmacology of a natural antifungal product, eugenol, against Rhizoctonia solani. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3469-3483. [PMID: 33826225 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a devastating disease of rice in China. However, indiscriminate use of chemical fungicides applied to control the disease raise major environmental and food safety issues. Ecofriendly biocontrol alternatives are urgently needed. Eugenol, one of the main ingredients in Syzygium aromaticum, has attracted much attention owing to its antifungal properties. However, its mode of action is still not clear. Herein, the antifungal activity and mode of action of eugenol against R. solani were investigated. RESULTS Results confirmed that the mycelia of R. solani treated with eugenol shrank and became dehydrated, the cytoplasmic wall separated, and the vacuoles and mitochondria decreased or dissolved. Moreover, we found that eugenol downregulated expression of C-4 methyl sterol oxidase, inhibited synthesis of ergosterol, increased membrane permeability and impaired the transportation of amino acids and glucose across the cell membrane. In addition, eugenol decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and initiated an oxidative stress reaction by increasing reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, which together with membrane damage contribute to the antifungal activity of eugenol. Meanwhile, eugenol might inhibit R. solani by affecting oxidative phosphorylation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). CONCLUSION In view of its multitarget properties against R. solani, eugenol provides an alternative approach to chemical control strategies against rice sheath blight. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- College of Agroforestry and Health, Sichuan Radio and TV University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingfang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Tao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taiping Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Gaba J, Sharma S, Kaur P, Joshi S. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Thymol Functionalized Oxadiazole thiol, Triazole thione and β-lactam Derivatives. LETT ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178617999200807213410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, different derivatives of thymol (1) viz. hydrazide (2), oxadiazole thiol
(3), triazole thione (4), hydrazones (5-7), and β-lactams (8-10) were synthesized. All synthesized
compounds were identified and characterized using elemental analysis, UV-Visible, <sup>1</sup>H NMR, <sup>13</sup>C
NMR, and IR spectroscopic techniques. Synthesized thymol derivatives were evaluated for antifungal
potential against phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizoctonia solani, and Dreschlera
maydis of maize in comparison to recommended standards in terms of percent inhibition and ED50 values.
Thymol was more effective as compared to its derivatives against all three tested fungi. Hydrazones
(5-7) and β-lactams (8-10), having m-NO<sub>2</sub> substituted phenyl ring (6, 9), were less effective as
compared to o-NO<sub>2</sub> and p-NO<sub>2</sub> analogs against F. moniliforme and R. solani, however, the reverse
trend was observed against D. maydis. Thymol and its derivatives were also tested for insecticidal activity
against stored grain (chickpea) insect Callosobruchus chinensis and various parameters viz. egg
laying, adult emergence, and grain damage were recorded and compared. Compounds having oxadiazole
thiol (3) and triazole thione (4) moiety showed promising effects against insect C. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Gaba
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004,India
| | - Sunita Sharma
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004,India
| | - Pardeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004,India
| | - Sukesha Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004,India
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Venturini TP, Rossato L, Chassot F, De Azevedo MI, Al-Hatmi AMS, Santurio JM, Alves SH. Activity of cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and thymol combined with antifungal agents against Fusarium spp. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2021.1923580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarcieli Pozzebon Venturini
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luana Rossato
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Francieli Chassot
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel De Azevedo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Janio Morais Santurio
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Sydney Hartz Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Antifungal Activity of Novel Formulations Based on Terpenoid Prodrugs against C. albicans in a Mouse Model. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050633. [PMID: 33946740 PMCID: PMC8146751 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol (CAR), a phenolic monoterpenoid, has been extensively investigated for its antimicrobial and antifungal activity. As a result of its poor physicochemical properties, water soluble carvacrol prodrugs (WSCPs) with improved water solubility were previously synthesized and found to possess antimicrobial activity. Here, three novel CAR analogs, WSCP1, WSCP2, and WSCP3, were tested against fluconazole (FLU)-sensitive and -resistant strains where they showed greater antifungal activity than CAR against C. albicans. The probable mechanism by which the CAR prodrugs exert the antifungal activity was studied. Results from medium acidification assays demonstrated that the CAR and its synthetically designed prodrugs inhibit the yeast plasma membrane H+-ATPase (Pma1p), an essential target in fungi. In other words, in vitro data indicated that CAR analogs can prove to be a better alternative to CAR considering their improved water solubility. In addition, CAR and WSCP1 were developed into intravaginal formulations and administered at test doses of 50 mg/kg in a mouse model of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Whereas the CAR and WSCP1 formulations both exhibited antifungal efficacy in the mouse model of VVC, the WSCP1 formulation was superior to CAR, showing a remarkable decrease in infection by ~120-fold compared to the control (infected, untreated animals). Taken together, a synthetically designed prodrug of CAR, namely WSCP1, proved to be a possible solution for poorly water-soluble drugs, an inhibitor of an essential yeast pump in vitro and an effective and promising antifungal agent in vivo.
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Hertiani T, Utami D, Pratiwi ST, Haniastuti T. Eugenol and thymol as potential inhibitors for polymicrobial oral biofilms: An in vitro study. J Int Oral Health 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jioh.jioh_247_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Mittal RP, Rana A, Jaitak V. Essential Oils: An Impending Substitute of Synthetic Antimicrobial Agents to Overcome Antimicrobial Resistance. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:605-624. [PMID: 30378496 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666181031122917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging problem in the world that has a significant impact on our society. AMR made conventional drugs futile against microorganisms and diseases untreatable. Plant-derived medicines are considered to be safe alternatives as compared to synthetic drugs. Active ingredients and the mixtures of these natural medicines have been used for centuries, due to their easy availability, low cost, and negligible side effects. Essential oils (EOs) are the secondary metabolites that are produced by aromatic plants to protect them from microorganisms. However, these EOs and their constituents have shown good fighting potential against drug-resistant pathogens. These oils have been proved extremely effective antimicrobial agents in comparison to antibiotics. Also, the combination of synthetic drugs with EOs or their components improve their efficacy. So, EOs can be established as an alternative to synthetic antimicrobial agents to eradicate tough form of infectious microorganisms. EO's can interact with multiple target sites, like the destruction of cytoplasm membrane or inhibition of protein synthesis and efflux pump, etc. The purpose of this review is to provide information about the antimicrobial activity of EOs attained from different plants, their combination with synthetic antimicrobials. In addition, mechanism of antimicrobial activity of several EOs and their constituents was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Pal Mittal
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Abhilash Rana
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Vikas Jaitak
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
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Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Microbial-Modulating Activities of Essential Oils: Implications in Colonic Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114152. [PMID: 32532055 PMCID: PMC7313461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are a complex mixture of hydrophobic and volatile compounds synthesized from aromatic plants, most of them commonly used in the human diet. In recent years, many studies have analyzed their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anticancer properties in vitro and on experimentally induced animal models of colitis and colorectal cancer. However, there are still few clinical studies aimed to understand their role in the modulation of the intestinal pathophysiology. Many EOs and some of their molecules have demonstrated their efficacy in inhibiting bacterial, fungi and virus replication and in modulating the inflammatory and oxidative processes that take place in experimental colitis. In addition to this, their antitumor activity against colorectal cancer models makes them extremely interesting compounds for the modulation of the pathophysiology of the large bowel. The characterization of these EOs is made difficult by their complexity and by the different compositions present in the same oil having different geographical origins. This review tries to shift the focus from the EOs to their individual compounds, to expand their possible applications in modulating colon pathophysiology.
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Sharifzadeh A, Shokri H. In vitro synergy of eugenol on the antifungal effects of voriconazole against Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei strains isolated from the genital tract of mares. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:94-101. [PMID: 32298479 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the limited range of antifungals available to treat genital Candida infections and the emergence of resistant isolates, attention has focused on the antifungal potency of natural compounds with promising biological properties. OBJECTIVES To examine whether eugenol synergises the in vitro efficacy of voriconazole against Candida strains isolated from the genital tract of mares. STUDY DESIGN In vitro experiment. METHODS The antifungal activity of eugenol and voriconazole was evaluated using the broth microdilution assay (CLSI- M27-A3). Synergism of eugenol and voriconazole against genital Candida isolates was evaluated by the microdilution checkerboard method. RESULTS Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for eugenol and voriconazole ranged from 400 to 800 µg/mL and 1 to 8 µg/mL, respectively, for C. tropicalis isolates, and from 200 to 400 µg/mL for eugenol and 2 to 16 µg/mL for voriconazole against C. krusei isolates. Eugenol decreased the arithmetic mean MIC for voriconazole against C. tropicalis and C. krusei isolates from 2.66 to 0.46 µg/mL and 7.77 to 0.41 µg/mL respectively. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values for the eugenol-voriconazole combination ranged from 0.25 to 0.88 and 0.19 to 0.63 for C. tropicalis and C. krusei isolates respectively. A synergistic effect of eugenol in combination with voriconazole was observed for 83.3% of C. tropicalis and 77.7% of C. krusei isolates. Antagonistic activity was not seen in any of the isolates tested. MAIN LIMITATIONS Since in vitro antifungal susceptibility tests are not systematic analyses, any selection bias could influence the results. In addition, in vitro susceptibility does not uniformly predict clinical success in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Eugenol showed fungistatic and fungicidal effects against genital Candida isolates and, in combination, synergised the antifungal effects of voriconazole. The eugenol-voriconazole combination can lay the foundation for a therapeutic approach against isolates in which azole resistance has increased over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
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Sharma Y, Rastogi SK, Ahmedi S, Manzoor N. Antifungal activity of β -citronellol against two non-albicans Candida species. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2020.1737588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Sharma
- Medical Mycology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Rastogi
- Medical Mycology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Saiema Ahmedi
- Medical Mycology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhat Manzoor
- Medical Mycology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Jacumazo J, de Carvalho MM, Parchen GP, Campos IM, Ballesteros Garcia MJ, Brugnari T, Maciel GM, Marques FA, de Freitas RA. Development, characterization and antimicrobial activity of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polysaccharides capsules containing eugenol. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115562. [PMID: 31887918 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Naz F, Anis H, Hasan Z, Islam A, Khan LA. Exploration of Fungal Lipase as Direct Target of Eugenol through Spectroscopic Techniques. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:919-929. [PMID: 31057096 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190506113455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal lipase dependent processes are important for their pathogenicity. Lipases can therefore be explored as direct target of promising herbal antifungals. OBJECTIVE We explored Aspergillus niger lipase as a direct target of eugenol through spectroscopic techniques and compare results with Bovine Serum Albumin and lysozyme to comment on selectivity of eugenol towards lipase. METHODS In vitro activity assays of lipase are used to determine concentration ranges. UV-Visible, Fluorescence and Circular dichroism spectroscopy were employed to determine binding constant, stoichiometric binding sites and structural changes in Lipase, BSA and lysozyme following incubation with varying concentrations of eugenol. RESULTS In activity assays 50% inhibition of lipase was obtained at 0.913 mmoles/litre eugenol. UV-vis spectroscopy shows formation of lipase-eugenol, Bovine Serum Albumin-eugenol and lysozyme-eugenol complex well below this concentration of eugenol. Eugenol binding caused blue shift with Bovine Serum Albumin and lysozyme suggestive of compaction, and red shift with lipase. Negative ellipticity decreased with lipase but increased with Bovine Serum Albumineugenol and lysozyme-eugenol complexes suggesting loss of helical structure for lipase and compaction for Bovine Serum Albumin and lysozyme. Binding of eugenol to lipase was strong (Ka= 4.7 x 106 M-1) as compared to Bovine Serum Albumin and lysozyme. The number of stoichiometric eugenol binding sites on lipase was found to be 2 as compared to 1.37 (Bovine Serum Albumin) and 0.32 (lysozyme). Docking results also suggest strong binding of eugenol with lipase followed by Bovine Serum Albumin and lysozyme. CONCLUSION Eugenol is found to be effective inhibitor and disruptor of secondary and tertiary structure of lipase, whereas its binding to Bovine Serum Albumin and lysozyme is found to be weak and less disruptive of structures suggesting selectivity of eugenol towards lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farheen Naz
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Haider Anis
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ziaul Hasan
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Luqman A Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
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El-Miligy MM, Hazzaa AA, El-Zemity SR, Al-Kubeisi AK. Synthesis of Thymol Derivatives as Potential Non-Irritant Antimicrobial and Insecticidal Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573407213666171115161626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Thymol has been reported to have a variety of antimicrobial and insecticidal activities but it has irritation side effect due to its phenolic nature.Methods:A new series of potential non-irritant non-phenolic thymol derivatives were designed to hybridize the well-known biologically active thymol scaffold with various five membered heterocyclic antimicrobial and insecticidal pharmacophores like 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-triazole, thiazole and 4-thiazolidinone through different spacers. The target compounds were biologically evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities.Results:Compounds 4b and 9c showed weak antibacterial activity against S. aureus and B.subtilis with the inhibition zone diameters ranging from 2 to 7 mm and 4 mm respectively compared with ciprofloxacin with the inhibition zone diameter of 21 mm. Compounds 9a, 7d and 13b showed weak antibacterial compounds against B. subtilis with inhibition zone diameters 4, 4 and 6 mm respectively. Compounds 12b, 9c and 7a showed 20% insecticidal activity at a concentration of 0.157 mg/cm2 for each compound against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.). Compound 6 showed moderate larvicidal activity against Culex pipiens with 40% mortality at a concentration of 1000 ppm.Conclusion:Compound 9c showed weak dual antimicrobial and insecticidal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M.M. El-Miligy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Aly A. Hazzaa
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Saad R. El-Zemity
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
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Ferreira JVN, Lago JHG, Caseli L. Thymol in cellular membrane models formed by negative charged lipids causes aggregation at the air-water interface. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Dar OA, Lone SA, Malik MA, Wani MY, Ahmad A, Hashmi AA. New transition metal complexes with a pendent indole ring: insights into the antifungal activity and mode of action. RSC Adv 2019; 9:15151-15157. [PMID: 35514852 PMCID: PMC9064211 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02600b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of new chemotherapeutic agents to treat multidrug-resistant fungal infections to augment the current treatment options is a must. In this direction, a series of mixed ligand complexes was synthesized from a Schiff base (L) obtained by the condensation of 2-hydroxynapthaldehyde and tryptamine, and 1,10-phenanthroline (1,10-phen) as a secondary ligand. Based on spectral characterization and physical measurements an octahedral geometry was assigned to [Co(phen)LClH2O] (C2), [Ni(phen)LClH2O](C3), and [Zn(phen)LClH2O](C4) complexes while a distorted octahedral geometry was assigned to the [Cu(phen)LClH2O](C1) complex. All the synthesized compounds were tested for antifungal activity against 11 Candida albicans isolates, including fluconazole (FLC) resistant isolates, by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations and studying growth curves. MIC results suggest that all the newly synthesized compounds have potent antifungal activity at varying levels. The rapid action of these compounds on fungal cells suggested a membrane-located target for their action. Mixed ligand complexes containing a pendent indole showed significant proton pump ATPase targeted antifungal activity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovas Ahmad Dar
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Shabir Ahmad Lone
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
- School of Pathology
- Faculty of Health Sciences
- University of the Witwatersrand
- Johannesburg
| | | | - Mohmmad Younus Wani
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- University of Jeddah
- Jeddah 21589
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
- School of Pathology
- Faculty of Health Sciences
- University of the Witwatersrand
- Johannesburg
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Hu LB, Ban FF, Li HB, Qian PP, Shen QS, Zhao YY, Mo HZ, Zhou X. Thymol Induces Conidial Apoptosis in Aspergillus flavus via Stimulating K + Eruption. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8530-8536. [PMID: 30044621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a notorious foodborne fungus, posing a significant risk to humans in the form of hepatocellular carcinoma or aspergillosis. Thymol, as a food preservative, could efficiently kill conidia of A. flavus. However, the underlying mechanisms by which thymol kills A. flavus are not completely understood. With specific fluorescent dyes, we detected several apoptotic hallmarks, including chromatin condensation, phosphatidylserine externalization, DNA damage, mitochondrial depolarization, and caspase 9 activation in conidia exposed to 200 μg/mL of thymol, indicating that thymol induced a caspase-dependent conidial apoptosis in A. flavus. Chemical-protein interactome (CPI) and autodock analyses showed that KCNAB, homologue to the β-subunit of the voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv) and aldo-keto reductase, was the potential target of thymol. Following studies demonstrated that thymol could activate the aldo-keto reductase activity of KCNAB in vitro and stimulate a transient K+ efflux in conidia, as determined using a Port-a-Patch. Blocking K+ eruption by 4-aminopyridine (a universal inhibitor of Kv) could significantly alleviate thymol-mediated conidial apoptosis, indicating that activation of Kv was responsible for the apoptosis. Taken together, our results revealed a K+ efflux-mediated apoptotic pathway in A. flavus, which greatly contributed to the development of an alternative strategy to control this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Bin Hu
- Department of Food Science , Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang 453003 , China
| | - Fang-Fang Ban
- Department of Food Science , Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang 453003 , China
| | - Hong-Bo Li
- Department of Food Science , Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang 453003 , China
| | - Pan-Pan Qian
- Department of Food Science , Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang 453003 , China
| | - Qing-Shan Shen
- Department of Food Science , Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang 453003 , China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhao
- Department of Food Science , Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang 453003 , China
| | - Hai-Zhen Mo
- Department of Food Science , Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang 453003 , China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Pathobiology & Veterinary Science , University of Connecticut , 61 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
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Sharifzadeh A, Khosravi AR, Shokri H, Shirzadi H. Potential effect of 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol (thymol) alone and in combination with fluconazole against clinical isolates of Candida albicans, C. glabrata and C. krusei. J Mycol Med 2018; 28:294-299. [PMID: 29661606 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Limitations of antifungals used in the treatment of candidiasis, as the development of resistant strains, are known by the scientific community. In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate the activity of 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol (thymol) in combination with fluconazole (FLZ) against clinical Candida strains. The antifungal activity of thymol along with FLZ was evaluated by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27-A2 broth microdilution method. In addition, synergism was observed for clinical strains of Candida spp. with combination of thymol-FLZ evaluated by the chequerboard microdilution method. The mean of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of thymol and FLZ were 49.37 and 0.475μg/ml for C. albicans, 51.25 and 18.80μg/ml for C. glabrata and 70 and 179.20μg/ml for C. krusei strains, respectively. Thymol in combination with FLZ exhibited the synergistic effects against all species of Candida tested. FICI values for thymol plus FLZ ranged from 0.366 to 0.607 for C. albicans strains, 0.367 to 0.482 for C. glabrata strains, and 0.375 to 0.563 for C. krusei strains. No antagonistic activity was seen in the strains tested. Thymol was found to have a fungicidal effect on Candida species and a synergistic effect when combined with FLZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sharifzadeh
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Azadi street, Tehran, Iran.
| | - A R Khosravi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Azadi street, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - H Shirzadi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Azadi street, Tehran, Iran
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Fungicidal of Thymol Against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum. Curr Microbiol 2017; 75:410-419. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Amini A, Liu M, Ahmad Z. Understanding the link between antimicrobial properties of dietary olive phenolics and bacterial ATP synthase. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:153-164. [PMID: 28322962 PMCID: PMC5884633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The naturally occurring olive phenolics tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), and oleuropein are known to have antioxidant, antitumor, and antibacterial properties. In the current study, we examined whether the antimicrobial properties of tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, DHPG, and oleuropein were linked to the inhibition of bacterial ATP synthase. Tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, DHPG, and oleuropein inhibited Escherichia coli wild-type and mutant membrane-bound F1Fo ATP synthase to variable degrees. The growth properties of wild-type, null, and mutant strains in presence of above olive phenolics were also abrogated to variable degrees on limiting glucose and succinate. Tyrosol and oleuropein synergistically inhibited the wild-type enzyme. Comparative wild-type and mutant F1Fo ATP synthase inhibitory profiles suggested that αArg-283 is an important residue and olive phenolics bind at the polyphenol binding pocket of ATP synthase. Growth patterns of wild-type, null, and mutant strains in the presence of tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, DHPG, and oleuropein also hint at the possibility of additional molecular targets. Our results demonstrated that ATP synthase can be used as a molecular target and the antimicrobial properties of olive phenolics in general and tyrosol in particular can be linked to the binding and inhibition of bacterial ATP synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amon Amini
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
| | - Mason Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
| | - Zulfiqar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA.
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Kihika R, Murungi LK, Coyne D, Ng'ang'a M, Hassanali A, Teal PEA, Torto B. Parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita interactions with different Capsicum annum cultivars reveal the chemical constituents modulating root herbivory. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2903. [PMID: 28588235 PMCID: PMC5460232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant volatile signatures are often used as cues by herbivores to locate their preferred hosts. Here, we report on the volatile organic compounds used by the subterranean root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita for host location. We compared responses of infective second stage juveniles (J2s) to root volatiles of three cultivars and one accession of the solanaceous plant, Capsicum annum against moist sand in dual choice assays. J2s were more attracted to the three cultivars than to the accession, relative to controls. GC/MS analysis of the volatiles identified common constituents in each plant, five of which were identified as α-pinene, limonene, 2-methoxy-3-(1-methylpropyl)-pyrazine, methyl salicylate and tridecane. We additionally identified thymol as being specific to the accession. In dose-response assays, a blend of the five components elicited positive chemotaxis (71-88%), whereas individual components elicited varying responses; Methyl salicylate (MeSA) elicited the highest positive chemotaxis (70-80%), α-pinene, limonene and tridecane were intermediate (54-60%), and 2-methoxy-3-(1-methylpropyl)-pyrazine the lowest (49-55%). In contrast, thymol alone or thymol combined with either the preferred natural plant root volatiles or the five-component synthetic blend induced negative chemotaxis. Our results provide insights into RKN-host plant interactions, creating new opportunities for plant breeding programmes towards management of RKNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Kihika
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844- 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucy K Murungi
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Danny Coyne
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Peter E A Teal
- USDA/ARS-CMAVE, 1600/1700 SW23rd Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Effect of quinoline based 1,2,3-triazole and its structural analogues on growth and virulence attributes of Candida albicans. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175710. [PMID: 28430797 PMCID: PMC5400251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, along with some other non-albicans Candida species, is a group of yeast, which causes serious infections in humans that can be both systemic and superficial. Despite the fact that extensive efforts have been put into the discovery of novel antifungal agents, the frequency of these fungal infections has increased drastically worldwide. In our quest for the discovery of novel antifungal compounds, we had previously synthesized and screened quinoline containing 1,2,3-triazole (3a) as a potent Candida spp inhibitor. In the present study, two structural analogues of 3a (3b and 3c) have been synthesized to determine the role of quinoline and their anti-Candida activities have been evaluated. Preliminary results helped us to determine 3a and 3b as lead inhibitors. The IC50 values of compound 3a for C. albicans ATCC 90028 (standard) and C. albicans (fluconazole resistant) strains were 0.044 and 2.3 μg/ml, respectively while compound 3b gave 25.4 and 32.8 μg/ml values for the same strains. Disk diffusion, growth and time kill curve assays showed significant inhibition of C. albicans in the presence of compounds 3a and 3b. Moreover, 3a showed fungicidal nature while 3b was fungistatic. Both the test compounds significantly lower the secretion of proteinases and phospholipases. While, 3a inhibited proteinase secretion in C. albicans (resistant strain) by 45%, 3b reduced phospholipase secretion by 68% in C. albicans ATCC90028 at their respective MIC values. Proton extrusion and intracellular pH measurement studies suggested that both compounds potentially inhibit the activity of H+ ATPase, a membrane protein that is crucial for various cell functions. Similarly, 95–97% reduction in ergosterol content was measured in the presence of the test compounds at MIC and MIC/2. The study led to identification of two quinoline based potent inhibitors of C. albicans for further structural optimization and pharmacological investigation.
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Marchese A, Barbieri R, Coppo E, Orhan IE, Daglia M, Nabavi SF, Izadi M, Abdollahi M, Nabavi SM, Ajami M. Antimicrobial activity of eugenol and essential oils containing eugenol: A mechanistic viewpoint. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 43:668-689. [PMID: 28346030 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1295225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Eugenol is a hydroxyphenyl propene, naturally occurring in the essential oils of several plants belonging to the Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, and Myristicaceae families. It is one of the major constituents of clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Myrtaceae) oil and is largely used in both foods and cosmetics as a flavoring agent. A large body of recent scientific evidence supports claims from traditional medicine that eugenol exerts beneficial effects on human health. These effects are mainly associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Eugenol has also shown excellent antimicrobial activity in studies, being active against fungi and a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The aim of this review is to analyze scientific data from the main published studies describing the antibacterial and antifungal activities of eugenol targeting different kind of microorganisms, such as those responsible for human infectious diseases, diseases of the oral cavity, and food-borne pathogens. This article also reports the effects of eugenol on multi-drug resistant microorganisms. On the basis of this collected data, eugenol represents a very interesting bioactive compound with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against both planktonic and sessile cells belonging to food-decaying microorganisms and human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marchese
- a Sezione di Microbiologia DISC-IRCCS San Martino-IST University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Ramona Barbieri
- b Sezione di Microbiologia DISC University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Erika Coppo
- b Sezione di Microbiologia DISC University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- c Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Maria Daglia
- d Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- e Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Morteza Izadi
- f Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- g Toxicology and Diseases Group , Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- e Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Marjan Ajami
- h Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology , National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Ben Jabeur M, Somai-Jemmali L, Hamada W. Thyme essential oil as an alternative mechanism: biofungicide-causing sensitivity ofMycosphaerella graminicola. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:932-939. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ben Jabeur
- Laboratory of Genetic and plant amelioration; National Institute of Agronomy; Tunis Tunisia
| | - L. Somai-Jemmali
- Laboratory of Genetic and plant amelioration; National Institute of Agronomy; Tunis Tunisia
| | - W. Hamada
- Laboratory of Genetic and plant amelioration; National Institute of Agronomy; Tunis Tunisia
- Higher School of Agriculture of Kef; Le Kef Tunisia
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Liu M, Amini A, Ahmad Z. Safranal and its analogs inhibit Escherichia coli ATP synthase and cell growth. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:145-152. [PMID: 27865956 PMCID: PMC5884629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Safranal, a dominant component of saffron, is known to have antitumor, cytotoxic, and antibacterial properties. In this study, we examined safranal and its structural analogs-thymol, carvacrol, damascenone, cuminol, 2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1,4-dione (TMCHD), 4-isopropylbenzyl bromide (IPBB), and 4-tert-butylphenol (TBP) induced inhibition of Escherichia coli membrane bound F1Fo ATP synthase. Safranal and its analogs inhibited wild-type enzyme to variable degrees. While safranal caused 100% inhibition of wild-type F1Fo ATP synthase, only about 50% inhibition occurred for αR283D mutant ATP synthase. Moreover, safranal, thymol, carvacrol, damascenone, cuminol, TMCHD, IPBB, and TBP all fully abrogated the growth of wild-type E. coli cells and had partial or no effect on the growth of null and mutant E. coli strains. Therefore, the antimicrobial properties of safranal, thymol, carvacrol, damascenone, cuminol, TMCHD, IPBB, and TBP can be linked to their binding and inhibition of ATP synthase. Total loss of growth in wild-type and partial or no growth loss in null or mutant E. coli strains demonstrates that ATP synthase is a molecular target for safranal and its structural analogs. Partial inhibition of the αArg-283 mutant enzyme establishes that αArg-283 residue is required in the polyphenol binding pocket of ATP synthase for the binding of safranal. Furthermore, partial growth loss for the null and mutant strains in the presence of inhibitors also suggests the role of other targets and residues in the process of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO 63501, United States
| | - Amon Amini
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO 63501, United States
| | - Zulfiqar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO 63501, United States.
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de Sá NP, Cisalpino PS, Tavares LC, Espíndola L, Borelli BM, Barbeira PJS, Cardoso Perdigão GDM, Souza-Fagundes EM, Rosa CA, Pizzolatti MG, Johann S. Effects of two 6-quinolinyl chalcones on the integrity of plasma membrane of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 70:277-284. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Marqués-Calvo MS, Codony F, Agustí G, Lahera C. Visible light enhances the antimicrobial effect of some essential oils. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 17:180-184. [PMID: 27965057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The photodisinfection is a topical, broad spectrum antimicrobial technology, targeting bacteria, virus, fungi, and protozoa effective for single cells as for biofilms. Natural molecules have been studied less than synthetic agents in the process but they are currently receiving great interest. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate for the first time if non-coherent blue and red light enhances the antimicrobial activity of some essential oils when standard strains for antibiotic or fungicide tests are enlightened in vitro. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans collection strains were irradiated with monochromatic visible light from light emitting diodes in the presence of 5% and 0.5% eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oils. Microbial levels were measured by plate count on culture media. In this preliminary report, the results differ according to the kind and concentration of antimicrobial oils, the wavelength of light, and the prokaryotic or eukaryotic microorganism. The results support the idea that mainly blue light enhances the innate antimicrobial activity of the essential oils, especially phenols, and could offer a very efficient and natural way to combat microorganisms in several industries and medical applications (cutaneous and oral infections, medical textiles, foodstuffs and fruit surface, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Marqués-Calvo
- Departament d'Òptica i Optometria, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Rambla Sant Nebridi 22, 08222-Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Codony
- GenIUL, Rambla Sant Nebridi 22, 08222-Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Agustí
- GenIUL, Rambla Sant Nebridi 22, 08222-Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Lahera
- Departament d'Òptica i Optometria, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Rambla Sant Nebridi 22, 08222-Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
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Sharma Y, Khan L, Manzoor N. Anti-Candida activity of geraniol involves disruption of cell membrane integrity and function. J Mycol Med 2016; 26:244-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Butts A, Palmer GE, Rogers PD. Antifungal adjuvants: Preserving and extending the antifungal arsenal. Virulence 2016; 8:198-210. [PMID: 27459018 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1216283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As the rates of systemic fungal infections continue to rise and antifungal drug resistance becomes more prevalent, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic options. This issue is exacerbated by the limited number of systemic antifungal drug classes. However, the discovery, development, and approval of novel antifungals is an extensive process that often takes decades. For this reason, there is growing interest and research into the possibility of combining existing therapies with various adjuvants that either enhance activity or overcome existing mechanisms of resistance. Reports of antifungal adjuvants range from plant extracts to repurposed compounds, to synthetic peptides. This approach would potentially prolong the utility of currently approved antifungals and mitigate the ongoing development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Butts
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacy , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Glen E Palmer
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacy , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - P David Rogers
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacy , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
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46
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Shen Q, Zhou W, Li H, Hu L, Mo H. ROS Involves the Fungicidal Actions of Thymol against Spores of Aspergillus flavus via the Induction of Nitric Oxide. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155647. [PMID: 27196096 PMCID: PMC4872997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a well-known pathogenic fungus for both crops and human beings. The acquisition of resistance to azoles by A. flavus is leading to more failures occurring in the prevention of infection by A. flavus. In this study, we found that thymol, one of the major chemical constituents of the essential oil of Monarda punctate, had efficient fungicidal activity against A. flavus and led to sporular lysis. Further studies indicated that thymol treatment induced the generation of both ROS and NO in spores, whereas NO accumulation was far later than ROS accumulation in response to thymol. By blocking ROS production with the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, NO generation was also significantly inhibited in the presence of thymol, which indicated that ROS induced NO generation in A. flavus in response to thymol treatment. Moreover, the removal of either ROS or NO attenuated lysis and death of spores exposed to thymol. The addition of SNP (exogenous NO donor) eliminated the protective effects of the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase on thymol-induced lysis and death of spores. Taken together, it could be concluded that ROS is involved in spore death induced by thymol via the induction of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Shen
- Department of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Department of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Liangbin Hu
- Department of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Haizhen Mo
- Department of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
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Ferreira JVN, Capello TM, Siqueira LJA, Lago JHG, Caseli L. Mechanism of Action of Thymol on Cell Membranes Investigated through Lipid Langmuir Monolayers at the Air-Water Interface and Molecular Simulation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3234-3241. [PMID: 26982820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in the design of biocidal drugs is to identify compounds with potential action on microorganisms and to understand at the molecular level their mechanism of action. In this study, thymol, a monoterpenoid found in the oil of leaves of Lippia sidoides with possible action in biological surfaces, was incorporated in lipid monolayers at the air-water interface that represented cell membrane models. The interaction of thymol with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) at the air-water interface was investigated by means of surface pressure-area isotherms, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), polarization-modulation reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), and molecular dynamics simulation. Thymol expands DPPC monolayers, decreases their surface elasticity, and changes the morphology of the lipid monolayer, which evidence the incorporation of this compound in the lipid Langmuir film. Such incorporation could be corroborated by PM-IRRAS since some specific bands for DPPC were changed upon thymol incorporation. Furthermore, potential of mean force obtained by molecular dynamics simulations indicates that the most stable position of the drug along the lipid film is near the hydrophobic regions of DPPC. These results may be useful to understand the interaction between thymol and cell membranes during biochemical phenomena, which may be associated with its pharmaceutical properties at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Victor N Ferreira
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo , Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Tabata M Capello
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo , Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J A Siqueira
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo , Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G Lago
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo , Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Caseli
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo , Diadema, SP, Brazil
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Ezzat Abd El-Hack M, Alagawany M, Ragab Farag M, Tiwari R, Karthik K, Dhama K, Zorriehzahra J, Adel M. Beneficial impacts of thymol essential oil on health and production of animals, fish and poultry: a review. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2016.1153002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mayada Ragab Farag
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Uttar PradeshPandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura (Uttar Pradesh) India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh), India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh) India
| | - Jalil Zorriehzahra
- Aquatic Animal Health & Diseases Department, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization(AREEO),Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Milad Adel
- Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases Department, Caspian Sea Ecology Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, I.R. Iran
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Attia RAH, Mahmoud AE, Farrag HMM, Makboul R, Mohamed ME, Ibraheim Z. Effect of myrrh and thyme on Trichinella spiralis enteral and parenteral phases with inducible nitric oxide expression in mice. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:1035-41. [PMID: 26676322 PMCID: PMC4708024 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a serious disease with no satisfactory treatment. We aimed to
assess the effect of myrrh (Commiphora molmol) and, for the first
time, thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) against enteral
and encysted (parenteral) phases of Trichinella spiralis in mice
compared with albendazole, and detect their effect on inducible nitric oxide synthase
(iNOS) expression. Oral administration of 500 mg/kg of myrrh and thyme led to adult
reduction (90.9%, 79.4%), while 1,000 mg/kg led to larvae reduction (79.6%, 71.3%),
respectively. Administration of 50 mg/kg of albendazole resulted in adult and larvae
reduction (94.2%, 90.9%). Positive immunostaining of inflammatory cells infiltrating
intestinal mucosa and submucosa of all treated groups was detected. Myrrh-treated
mice showed the highest iNOS expression followed by albendazole, then thyme. On the
other hand, both myrrh and thyme-treated groups showed stronger iNOS expression of
inflammatory cells infiltrating and surrounding encapsulated T.
spiralis larvae than albendazole treated group. In conclusion, myrrh and
thyme extracts are highly effective against both phases of T.
spiralis and showed strong iNOS expressions, especially myrrh which could
be a promising alternative drug. This experiment provides a basis for further
exploration of this plant by isolation and retesting the active principles of both
extracts against different stages of T. spiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A H Attia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Abeer E Mahmoud
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Rania Makboul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mona Embarek Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Zedan Ibraheim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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50
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Doke SK, Raut JS, Dhawale S, Karuppayil SM. Sensitization of Candida albicans biofilms to fluconazole by terpenoids of plant origin. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2015; 60:163-8. [PMID: 25420420 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.60.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Infections associated with the biofilms of Candida albicans are a challenge to antifungal treatment. Combinatorial therapy involving plant molecules with antifungal drugs would be an effective complementary approach against drug-resistant Candida biofilms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three bioactive terpenoids (carvacrol, eugenol and thymol) in combination with fluconazole against planktonic cells, biofilm development and mature biofilms of C. albicans. Activities of the selected molecules were tested using a microplate-based methodology, while their combinations with fluconazole were performed in a checkerboard format. Biofilms were quantitated by XTT-metabolic assay and confirmed by microscopic observations. Combinations of carvacrol and eugenol with fluconazole were found synergistic against planktonic growth of C. albicans, while that of thymol with fluconazole did not have any interaction. Biofilm development and mature biofilms were highly resistant to fluconazole, but susceptible to three terpenoids. Sensitization of cells by sub-inhibitory concentrations of carvacrol and eugenol resulted in prevention of biofilm formation at low fluconazole concentrations, i.e. 0.032 and 0.002 mg ml(-1), respectively. Addition of thymol could not potentiate activity of fluconazole against biofilm formation by C. albicans. Fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICI) for carvacrol-fluconazole and eugenol-fluconazole combinations for biofilm formation were 0.311 and 0.25, respectively. The FICI value of 1.003 indicated a status of indifference for the combination of thymol and fluconazole against biofilm formation. Eugenol and thymol combinations with fluconazole did not have useful interaction against mature biofilms of C. albicans, but the presence of 0.5 mg ml(-1) of carvacrol caused inhibition of mature biofilms at a significantly low concentration (i.e. 0.032 mg ml(-1)) of fluconazole. The study indicated that carvacrol and eugenol combinations with fluconazole would be a potential alternative strategy for prevention and control of biofilm-associated C. albicans infections.
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