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Shakyawal S, Namdev N, Ahmad Z, Mahobiya P. Effects of Ultraviolet B Radiation on the Function of the Testicles, Expression of Caspase-3 and NOS-2, and the Protective Role of Naringin in Mice. Reprod Sci 2024; 31:452-468. [PMID: 37814202 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-023-01366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
In today's evolving global environment, reproductive dysfunctions brought on by various environmental toxins are of greatest concern. Radiation is a constant threat to living things, causing both genetic and cellular changes that result in mutations and cell death. It is thought that ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation we are exposed to daily has biological effects on rats and humans that are both short and long term. Due to the damaging effects of UVB radiation on the living system, this study explores the automatic mechanism by which a certain level of radiation induces oxidative stress, which is further controlled by the antioxidant activity of naringin (NG). In our study, male Swiss albino mice were exposed to UVB irradiation, which altered mice's body and testes weight, hormonal imbalance, biochemical parameters, and histo-morphometric parameter. In addition, we chose naringin's UVB irradiation deterrent effect. Twenty-four healthy adult male Swiss albino mice weighing 25-35 g were chosen at random. For 15 days of exposure, they were divided into four groups at random: group I-control, group II-UVB exposure (2 h per day), group III-UVB exposure with naringin (NG) (80 mg/kg, bw), and group IV-naringin (NG) (80 mg/kg, bw). Compared to the control group, UVB irradiation causes alterations in the animal body weight, testes weight, hormones, enzymatic and non-enzymatic assays, and histological parameters. It was seen that NG retrieved the alterations in parameters caused by UVB irradiation. The UVB radiation exposure on mice caused the testicular dysfunction drastically, while the naringin recapitulates testis functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Shakyawal
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Narendra Namdev
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Zaved Ahmad
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Payal Mahobiya
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Gerdemann A, Broenhorst M, Behrens M, Humpf HU, Esselen M. Polyphenols Cause Structure Dependent Effects on the Metabolic Profile of Human Hepatocarcinogenic Cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300052. [PMID: 37672806 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Although many beneficial health effects are attributed to polyphenols their influence on the human metabolome has not been elucidated yet. The ubiquitous occurrence of polyphenols in the human diet demands comprehensive knowledge about physiological and toxicological effects of these compounds on human cells. METHODS AND RESULTS The human hepatocarcinogenic cell line HepG2 is used to elucidate the effects of 13 polyphenols and three respective phenolic degradation products on the human metabolome using HPLC-MS/MS. To investigate structure-activity-relationships, structurally related examples of polyphenols from different compound classes are selected. The analysis of catechins points toward a relation between the degree of hydroxylation and the extent of metabolic effects particularly on the urea cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). A correlation between the modulation of the PPP and the stability of the compounds is demonstrated, which may be caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The incubation of flavones and alkenylbenzenes demonstrates reduced activity of methoxylated compounds and no impact of the B-ring position. CONCLUSION In general, polyphenols induce a multitude of metabolic effects, for example, on energy metabolism, PPP, and urea cycle. These metabolic alterations may be related to the widely reported bioactivity of these compounds such as the anticarcinogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gerdemann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Melissa Broenhorst
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Behrens
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Esselen
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Ahmed OM, Saleh AS, Ahmed EA, Ghoneim MM, Ebrahim HA, Abdelgawad MA, Abdel-Gabbar M. Efficiency of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Hesperetin in the Treatment of Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetes in Wistar Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:859. [PMID: 37375806 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was established to be ameliorated by islet transplantation, but the shortage of the transplanted human islet tissue and the use of immunosuppressive drugs to inhibit the rejection of allogeneic grafts make this type of therapy is limited. Nowadays, therapy with stem cells is one of the most promising future treatments. This kind of therapy could have a profound impact on both replacement, as well as regenerative therapies, to improve or even cure various disorders, including diabetes mellitus. Flavonoids have also been shown to possess anti-diabetic effects. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and hesperetin in the treatment of a T1DM rat model. T1DM was induced in male Wistar rats that had been starved for 16 h via intraperitoneal injection of STZ at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.). After 10 days of STZ injection, the diabetic rats were allocated into four groups. The first diabetic animal group was considered a diabetic control, while the other three diabetic animal groups were treated for six weeks, respectively, with hesperetin (given orally at a dose of 20 mg/kg b.wt.), BM-MSCs (injected intravenously at a dose of 1 × 106 cells/rat/week), and their combination (hesperetin and BM-MSCs). The use of hesperetin and BM-MSCs in the treatment of STZ-induced diabetic animals significantly improved the glycemic state, serum fructosamine, insulin and C-peptide levels, liver glycogen content, glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase activities, hepatic oxidative stress, and mRNA expressions of NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-10, P53, and Bcl-2 in pancreatic tissue. The study suggested the therapy with both hesperetin and BM-MSCs produced marked antihyperglycemic effects, which may be mediated via their potencies to ameliorate pancreatic islet architecture and insulin secretory response, as well as to decrease hepatic glucose output in diabetic animals. The improvement effects of hesperetin and BM-MSCs on the pancreatic islets of diabetic rats may be mediated via their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama M Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
- Experimental Obesity and Diabetes Research Lab (EODRL), Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Ablaa S Saleh
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Eman A Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Hasnaa Ali Ebrahim
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Abdel-Gabbar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
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Itou da Silva FS, Veiga Bizerra PF, Mito MS, Constantin RP, Klosowski EM, Lima de Souza BT, Moreira da Costa Menezes PV, Alves Bueno PS, Nanami LF, Marchiosi R, Dantas Dos Santos W, Ferrarese-Filho O, Ishii-Iwamoto EL, Constantin RP. The metabolic and toxic acute effects of phloretin in the rat liver. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 364:110054. [PMID: 35872042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current study sought to evaluate the acute effects of phloretin (PH) on metabolic pathways involved in the maintenance of glycemia, specifically gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, in the perfused rat liver. The acute effects of PH on energy metabolism and toxicity parameters in isolated hepatocytes and mitochondria, as well as its effects on the activity of a few key enzymes, were also evaluated. PH inhibited gluconeogenesis from different substrates, stimulated glycogenolysis and glycolysis, and altered oxygen consumption. The citric acid cycle activity was inhibited by PH under gluconeogenic conditions. Similarly, PH reduced the cellular ATP/ADP and ATP/AMP ratios under gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic conditions. In isolated mitochondria, PH inhibited the electron transport chain and the FoF1-ATP synthase complex as well as acted as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibiting the synthesis of ATP. PH also decreased the activities of malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphatase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Part of the bioenergetic effects observed in isolated mitochondria was shown in isolated hepatocytes, in which PH inhibited mitochondrial respiration and decreased ATP levels. An aggravating aspect might be the finding that PH promotes the net oxidation of NADH, which contradicts the conventional belief that the compound operates as an antioxidant. Although trypan blue hepatocyte viability tests revealed substantial losses in cell viability over 120 min of incubation, PH did not promote extensive enzyme leakage from injured cells. In line with this effect, only after a lengthy period of infusion did PH considerably stimulate the release of enzymes into the effluent perfusate of livers. In conclusion, the increased glucose release caused by enhanced glycogenolysis, along with suppression of gluconeogenesis, is the opposite of what is predicted for antihyperglycemic agents. These effects were caused in part by disruption of mitochondrial bioenergetics, a result that should be considered when using PH for therapeutic purposes, particularly over long periods and in large doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Sayuri Itou da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Francisco Veiga Bizerra
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Márcio Shigueaki Mito
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Renato Polimeni Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Makiyama Klosowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Byanca Thais Lima de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Letícia Fernanda Nanami
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rogério Marchiosi
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Wanderley Dantas Dos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Osvaldo Ferrarese-Filho
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Emy Luiza Ishii-Iwamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Polimeni Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
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5
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Wdowiak K, Walkowiak J, Pietrzak R, Bazan-Woźniak A, Cielecka-Piontek J. Bioavailability of Hesperidin and Its Aglycone Hesperetin—Compounds Found in Citrus Fruits as a Parameter Conditioning the Pro-Health Potential (Neuroprotective and Antidiabetic Activity)—Mini-Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132647. [PMID: 35807828 PMCID: PMC9268531 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hesperidin and hesperetin are polyphenols that can be found predominantly in citrus fruits. They possess a variety of pharmacological properties such as neuroprotective and antidiabetic activity. However, the bioavailability of these compounds is limited due to low solubility and restricts their use as pro-healthy agents. This paper described the limitations resulting from the low bioavailability of the presented compounds and gathered the methods aiming at its improvement. Moreover, this work reviewed studies providing pieces of evidence for neuroprotective and antidiabetic properties of hesperidin and hesperetin as well as providing a detailed look into the significance of reported modes of action in chronic diseases. On account of a well-documented pro-healthy activity, it is important to look for ways to overcome the problem of poor bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Wdowiak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Robert Pietrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (R.P.); (A.B.-W.)
| | - Aleksandra Bazan-Woźniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (R.P.); (A.B.-W.)
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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6
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Abdou HM, Hamaad FA, Ali EY, Ghoneum MH. Antidiabetic efficacy of Trifolium alexandrinum extracts hesperetin and quercetin in ameliorating carbohydrate metabolism and activating IR and AMPK signaling in the pancreatic tissues of diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112838. [PMID: 35344738 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disease that is mainly characterized by hyperglycemia. The present work investigated the efficacy of the flavanones hesperetin (HES) and quercetin (Q) extracted from Trifolium alexandrinum (TA) to treat type 2 diabetic rats. Wistar albino rats were supplemented with a high fat diet (HFD) for 2 weeks and then administered streptozotocin to induce diabetes. Diabetic rats were orally treated with Q, HES, and TA extract at concentrations of 40, 50, and 200 mg/kg BW, respectively, for 4 weeks. Various biochemical, molecular, and histological analysis were performed to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of these treatments. Q, HES, and TA extract treatments all significantly improved diabetic rats' levels of serum glucose, insulin, glucagon, liver function enzymes, hepatic glycogen, α-amylase, lipase enzymes, lipid profiles, oxidative stress indicators, and antioxidant enzymes as compared with control diabetic untreated rats. In addition, supplementation with Q, HES, and TA extract attenuated the activities of glucose-6-phosphate; fructose-1,6-bisphospahate; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; glucokinase; and hexokinase in pancreatic tissue, and they improved the levels of glucose transporter 2 and glucose transporter 4. Furthermore, these treatments modulated the expressions levels of insulin receptor (IR), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), caspase-3, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Enhancement of the histological alterations in pancreatic tissues provided further evidence of the ability of Q, HES, and TA extract to exert antidiabetic effects. Q, HES, and TA extract remedied insulin resistance by altering the IR/PI3K and AMPK signaling pathways, and they attenuated type 2 diabetes by improving the antioxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M Abdou
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Fatma A Hamaad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Esraa Y Ali
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Mamdooh H Ghoneum
- Department of Surgery, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1621 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Li W, Li G, Yuan Z, Li M, Deng X, Tan M, Ma Y, Chen J, Xu J. Illustration of the variation in the content of flavanone rutinosides in various citrus germplasms from genetic and enzymatic perspectives. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:6510704. [PMID: 35040975 PMCID: PMC8788359 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In citrus, 1,6-rhamnosytransferase (1,6RhaT) and 1,2-rhamnosytransferase (1,2RhaT) catalyze flavanone-7-O-glucosides to form nonbitter flavanone rutinosides (FRs) and bitter flavanone neohesperidosides (FNs), respectively. As revealed in this study of fruit peels from 36 citrus accessions, FRs varied from undetectable levels in pummelo and kumquat to being the dominant flavonoids in sweet orange and loose-skin mandarins. Furthermore, a previously annotated full-length 1,6RhaT-like gene was identified as another 1,6RhaT-encoding gene by in vitro experiments. In total, 28 alleles of full-length 1,6RhaTs were isolated and classified into A, B and C types with only type A alleles encoding a functional protein. Coincidently, only the accessions that contained FRs harbored type A alleles, as was further verified in two F1 hybrid populations. Moreover, the inferior substrate conversion efficiency of 1,6RhaTs in comparison with that of 1,2RhaT in vitro might partly explain the lower proportions of FRs to total flavanone disaccharides in citrus hybrids harboring both functional rhamnosyltransferases. Our findings provide a better understanding of FR content variations among citrus and are meaningful for a mechanistic illustration of citrus flavonoid metabolism and fruit quality improvement practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street,
Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
- Guizhou Fruit Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.1 Jinnong Road, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Gu Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street,
Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ziyu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street,
Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street,
Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street,
Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meilian Tan
- The Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Xudong Second Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yuhua Ma
- Guizhou Fruit Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.1 Jinnong Road, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street,
Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street,
Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
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Visvanathan R, Williamson G. Citrus polyphenols and risk of type 2 diabetes: Evidence from mechanistic studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2178-2202. [PMID: 34496701 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1971945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Citrus fruits are a rich source of (poly)phenols, a group of dietary bioactive compounds that protect against developing type 2 diabetes. Our review critically evaluates how experimental in vitro and animal models have elucidated some of the underlying mechanisms on how citrus (poly)phenols affect the markers of type 2 diabetes. According to animal studies, the beneficial effects derived from consuming citrus compounds appear to be related to long-term effects, rather than acute. There are some notable effects from citrus (poly)phenol metabolites on post-absorptive processes, such as modulation of hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in target tissues, but with a more modest effect on digestion and sugar absorption within the gut. Experimental studies on cells and other systems in vitro have indicated some of the possible mechanisms involved, but ∼70% of the studies utilized unrealistically high concentrations and forms of the compounds, compromising physiological relevance. Future studies should discuss the relevance of concentration used in in vitro experiments, relative to the proposed site of action, and also examine the role of catabolites produced by the gut microbiota. Finally, it is important to examine the relationship between the gut microbiota and bioavailability on the action of citrus (poly)phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizliya Visvanathan
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, BASE Facility, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, BASE Facility, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
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9
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Visvanathan R, Williamson G. Effect of citrus fruit and juice consumption on risk of developing type 2 diabetes: Evidence on polyphenols from epidemiological and intervention studies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Naringin and Hesperidin Counteract Diclofenac-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Wistar Rats via Their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Activities. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9990091. [PMID: 34422219 PMCID: PMC8376442 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9990091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed at evaluating the preventive effect and at suggesting the mode of actions of naringin and hesperidin and their combination in diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity. Male Wistar rats, intraperitoneally injected with diclofenac sodium (3 mg/kg b.wt/day), were orally treated with naringin (20 mg/kg b.wt/day) and hesperidin (20 mg/kg b.wt/day) and their combination for 4 weeks. The administrations of naringin and hesperidin to diclofenac-injected rats led to a significant decrease in the elevated serum ALT, AST, LDH, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin, TNF-α, and IL-17 levels as well as liver lipid peroxidation and liver p53 and caspase-3 mRNA expressions. In contrast, serum IL-4 level, liver GSH content, and liver GPx and SOD activities increased. In association, diclofenac-induced deleterious histological alterations including hydropic degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolization, apoptosis, and focal hepatic necrosis of hepatocytes associated with inflammatory cells' infiltration were remarkably improved by treatments with naringin and hesperidin. In conclusion, naringin, hesperidin, and their combination, which was the most potent, counteract diclofenac-induced liver injury via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic actions. Thus, this study recommends the use of naringin and hesperidin or their combination to resolve the side effects of drugs like diclofenac on the liver.
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11
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Hassan RA, Hozayen WG, Abo Sree HT, Al-Muzafar HM, Amin KA, Ahmed OM. Naringin and Hesperidin Counteract Diclofenac-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Wistar Rats via Their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Activities. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:1-14. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1155/2021/9990091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed at evaluating the preventive effect and at suggesting the mode of actions of naringin and hesperidin and their combination in diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity. Male Wistar rats, intraperitoneally injected with diclofenac sodium (3 mg/kg b.wt/day), were orally treated with naringin (20 mg/kg b.wt/day) and hesperidin (20 mg/kg b.wt/day) and their combination for 4 weeks. The administrations of naringin and hesperidin to diclofenac-injected rats led to a significant decrease in the elevated serum ALT, AST, LDH, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin, TNF-α, and IL-17 levels as well as liver lipid peroxidation and liver p53 and caspase-3 mRNA expressions. In contrast, serum IL-4 level, liver GSH content, and liver GPx and SOD activities increased. In association, diclofenac-induced deleterious histological alterations including hydropic degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolization, apoptosis, and focal hepatic necrosis of hepatocytes associated with inflammatory cells’ infiltration were remarkably improved by treatments with naringin and hesperidin. In conclusion, naringin, hesperidin, and their combination, which was the most potent, counteract diclofenac-induced liver injury via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic actions. Thus, this study recommends the use of naringin and hesperidin or their combination to resolve the side effects of drugs like diclofenac on the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A. Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Walaa G. Hozayen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Haidy T. Abo Sree
- Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hessah M. Al-Muzafar
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamal A. Amin
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama M. Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, P.O. Box 62521, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Dayarathne LA, Ranaweera SS, Natraj P, Rajan P, Lee YJ, Han CH. Restoration of the adipogenic gene expression by naringenin and naringin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e55. [PMID: 34313040 PMCID: PMC8318791 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Naringenin and its glycoside naringin are well known citrus flavonoids with several therapeutic benefits. Although the anti-adipogenic effects of naringenin and naringin have been reported previously, the detailed mechanism underlying their anti-adipogenesis effects is poorly understood. Objectives This study examined the anti-adipogenic effects of naringenin and naringin by determining differential gene expression patterns in these flavonoids-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Methods Lipid accumulation and triglyceride (TG) content were determined by Oil red O staining and TG assay. Glucose uptake was measured using a 2-[N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose fluorescent d-glucose analog. The phosphorylation levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl Co-A carboxylase (ACC) were observed via Western blot analysis. Differential gene expressions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were evaluated via RNA sequencing analysis. Results Naringenin and naringin inhibited both lipid accumulation and TG content, increased phosphorylation levels of both AMPK and ACC and decreased the expression level of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCR) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that 32 up-regulated (> 2-fold) and 17 down-regulated (< 0.6-fold) genes related to lipid metabolism, including Acaca, Fasn, Scd1, Mogat1, Dgat, Lipin1, Cpt1a, and Lepr, were normalized to the control level in naringenin-treated adipocytes. In addition, 25 up-regulated (> 2-fold) and 25 down-regulated (< 0.6-fold) genes related to lipid metabolism, including Acaca, Fasn, Fabp5, Scd1, Srebf1, Hmgcs1, Cpt1c, Lepr, and Lrp1, were normalized to the control level by naringin. Conclusions The results indicate that naringenin and naringin have anti-adipogenic potentials that are achieved by normalizing the expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes that were perturbed in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Premkumar Natraj
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Priyanka Rajan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Young Jae Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
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Naeini F, Namkhah Z, Ostadrahimi A, Tutunchi H, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ. A Comprehensive Systematic Review of the Effects of Naringenin, a Citrus-Derived Flavonoid, on Risk Factors for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:413-428. [PMID: 32879962 PMCID: PMC8009752 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common cause of liver dysfunction worldwide. Recently, some natural compounds have attracted growing interest in the treatment of NAFLD. In this context, most attention has been paid to natural products derived from fruits, vegetables, and medicinal herbs. Naringenin, a natural flavanone, has been revealed to have pharmacological effects in the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders such as NAFLD. The aim of this study was to examine the therapeutic effects of naringenin and its possible mechanisms of action in the management of NAFLD and related risk factors. The current systematic review was performed according to the guidelines of the 2015 PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) statements. We searched PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases up until February 2020. Of 1217 full-text articles assessed, 36 studies met the inclusion criteria. The evidence reviewed in the present study indicates that naringenin modulates several biological processes related to NAFLD including energy balance, lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress by different mechanisms. Overall, the favorable effects of naringenin along with its more potency and efficacy, compared with other antioxidants, indicate that naringenin may be a promising therapeutic approach for the management of NAFLD and associated complications. However, due to the lack of clinical trials, future robust human randomized clinical trials that address the effects of naringenin on NAFLD and other liver-related diseases are crucial. Further careful human pharmacokinetic studies are also needed to establish dosage ranges, as well as addressing preliminary safety and tolerability of naringenin, before proceeding to larger-scale endpoint trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Naeini
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Namkhah
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Farag MA, Abib B, Ayad L, Khattab AR. Sweet and bitter oranges: An updated comparative review of their bioactives, nutrition, food quality, therapeutic merits and biowaste valorization practices. Food Chem 2020; 331:127306. [PMID: 32593794 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sweet and bitter oranges are two of the most commercially-important fruit with a total world production of 75.4 Mt, well-recognized for their unique sensory characters in addition to multiple nutritive and therapeutic attributes due to their highly-valued bioactive ingredients. Hence, their differential qualitative/quantitative phytochemical make-ups are presented for better utilization as therapeutic agents. Sweet orange exhibits therapeutic applications as being effective anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and hypocholesterolemic agents. Whereas, for anti-osteoporotic products and intestinal dysbiosis treatment, bitter orange is more preferred. Moreover, the review recapitulates on different valorization practices of citrus bio-wastes and utilization of their bioactives as therapeutic agents and in functional food industry. Sweet orange waste functions as a fat replacer and preservative to increase food shelf life with better organoleptic attributes than bitter orange. The detailed action mechanism and safety of Citrus bioactives, as well as processing technologies to further improve its effects are posed as future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562 Cairo, Egypt; Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
| | - Bishoy Abib
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Laila Ayad
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Amira R Khattab
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt
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Ali AM, Gabbar MA, Abdel-Twab SM, Fahmy EM, Ebaid H, Alhazza IM, Ahmed OM. Antidiabetic Potency, Antioxidant Effects, and Mode of Actions of Citrus reticulata Fruit Peel Hydroethanolic Extract, Hesperidin, and Quercetin in Nicotinamide/Streptozotocin-Induced Wistar Diabetic Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1730492. [PMID: 32655759 PMCID: PMC7327566 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1730492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed at assessing the antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects of Citrus reticulata (C. reticulata) fruit peel hydroethanolic extract and two flavonoids, hesperidin and quercetin, in nicotinamide (NA)/streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced type 2 diabetic rats. In addition, GC-MS and HPLC-MS analyses of the extract were performed and the results indicated the presence of multiple flavonoids including hesperidin, quercetin, naringin, and polymethoxylated flavones (nobiletin and tangeretin). To achieve the aim of the study, diabetic rats with NA/STZ-induced T2DM were orally treated with C. reticulata fruit peel hydroethanolic extract, hesperidin, and quercetin at a dose of 100 mg/kg b.w./day for four weeks. The treatments with C. reticulata fruit peel extract, hesperidin, and quercetin significantly ameliorated the impaired oral glucose tolerance; the elevated serum fructosamine level; the diminished serum insulin and C-peptide levels; the altered HOMA-IR, HOMA-IS, and HOMA-β cell function; the decreased liver glycogen content; the increased liver glucose-6-phosphatase and glycogen phosphorylase activities; the deleteriously affected serum lipid profile; the elevated serum AST and ALT activities; and the raised serum creatinine and urea levels in the diabetic rats. The treatments also produced remarkable improvement in the antioxidant defense system manifested by a decrease in the elevated liver lipid peroxidation and an increase in the lowered glutathione content and GPx, GST, and SOD activities. Furthermore, the three treatments enhanced the mRNA expression of GLUT-4 and the insulin receptor β-subunit, but only quercetin produced a significant increase in the expression of adiponectin in adipose tissue of diabetic rats. In conclusion, C. reticulata fruit peel hydroethanolic extract, hesperidin, and quercetin have potent antidiabetic effects which may be mediated through their insulinotropic effects and insulin-sensitizing actions. In addition, the alleviation of the antioxidant defense system by the extract, hesperidin, and naringin may have an important action to enhance the antidiabetic actions and to improve liver and kidney functions in NA/STZ-induced diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M. Ali
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, P. O. Box 62521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdel Gabbar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, P. O. Box 62521, Egypt
| | - Sanaa M. Abdel-Twab
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, P. O. Box 62521, Egypt
| | - Eman M. Fahmy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Egypt
| | - Hossam Ebaid
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 62521, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, El-Minia University, P.O. Box 61519, Minya, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M. Alhazza
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 62521, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama M. Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, P. O. Box 62521, Egypt
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Bizerra PFV, Guimarães ARJS, Miranda CA, Constantin RP, Utsunomiya KS, Gilglioni EH, Constantin J, Ishii-Iwamoto EL, Maioli MA, Mingatto FE. Enhanced cytotoxicity of imidacloprid by biotransformation in isolated hepatocytes and perfused rat liver. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 164:183-190. [PMID: 32284125 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid (IMD) is a neonicotinoid insecticide widely used in crops, pets, and on farm animals for pest control, which can cause hepatotoxicity in animals and humans. In a previous study using isolated rat liver mitochondria, we observed that IMD inhibited the activity of FoF1-ATP synthase. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of IMD on rat isolated hepatocytes and perfused rat liver, besides the influence of its biotransformation on the toxicological potential. For the latter goal, rats were pretreated with dexamethasone or phenobarbital, two classical cytochrome P-450 stimulators, before hepatocytes isolation or liver perfusion. IMD (150 and 200 μM) reduced state 3 mitochondrial respiration in digitonin-permeabilized cells that were energized with glutamate plus malate but did not dissipate the mitochondrial membrane potential. In intact (non-permeabilized) hepatocytes, the intracellular ATP concentration and cell viability were reduced when high IMD concentrations were used (1.5-3.0 mM), and only in cells isolated from dexamethasone-pretreated rats, revealing that IMD biotransformation increases its toxicity and that IMD itself affects isolated mitochondria or mitochondria in permeabilized hepatocytes in concentrations that do not affect mitochondrial function in intact hepatocytes. Coherently, in the prefused liver, IMD (150 and 250 μM) inhibited gluconeogenesis from alanine, but without affecting oxygen consumption and urea production, indicating that such effect was not of mitochondrial origin. The gluconeogenesis inhibition was incomplete and occurred only when the rats were pretreated with phenobarbital, signs that IMD biotransformation was involved in the observed effect. Our findings reveal that changes in hepatic energy metabolism may be acutely implicated in the hepatotoxicity of IMD only when animals and humans are exposed to high levels of this compound, and that IMD metabolites seem to be the main cause for its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo F V Bizerra
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Dracena, SP, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Maringá State University (UEM), Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Anilda R J S Guimarães
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila A Miranda
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Karina S Utsunomiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Maringá State University (UEM), Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Eduardo H Gilglioni
- Department of Biochemistry, Maringá State University (UEM), Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Jorgete Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Maringá State University (UEM), Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Emy L Ishii-Iwamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Maringá State University (UEM), Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcos A Maioli
- School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio E Mingatto
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Dracena, SP, Brazil.
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Li X, Wang YX, Shi P, Liu YP, Li T, Liu SQ, Wang CJ, Wang LX, Cao Y. Icariin treatment reduces blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic rats and protects pancreatic function. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:2690-2696. [PMID: 32256750 PMCID: PMC7086278 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Icariin, a flavonoid isolated from traditional oriental herbal medicines, has been demonstrated to exhibit several health benefits in animal models and in humans. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Icariin on hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rats. A model of diabetes was established in 50 Sprague Dawley rats using a high-sugar and high-fat diet and peritoneal injection of streptozotocin. Diabetic rats were divided into five groups: Diabetic control; metformin; and rats treated with three different doses of Icariin, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg. Body weight and blood glucose levels were measured, and serum adiponectin levels, expression of phospho-AMP mediated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and glucose transporter isoform 4 (GLUT-4) were measured using ELISA, Realtime PCR and western blotting, respectively. Diabetic rats without drug treatment exhibited reduced body weight, increased blood glucose levels and decreased the number of islets. In T2DM rats treated with 10 or 20 mg/kg Icariin, the blood glucose levels were reduced, whereas serum adiponectin levels were not affected. Additionally, the mRNA and protein expression levels of p-AMPK and GLUT-4 protein were increased in the T2DM rats treated with Icariin. In conclusion, in the diabetes rat model, Icariin alleviated the severity of diabetes, and the effects may be associated with reduction of hyperglycemia by activating an AMPK/GLUT-4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Office of Drug Clinical Trial Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Xiao Wang
- Office of Drug Clinical Trial Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Ping Shi
- Office of Drug Clinical Trial Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ping Liu
- Office of Drug Clinical Trial Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Ting Li
- Office of Drug Clinical Trial Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Qin Liu
- Office of Drug Clinical Trial Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Jing Wang
- Office of Drug Clinical Trial Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Le-Xin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia
| | - Yu Cao
- Office of Drug Clinical Trial Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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18
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Ainehchi N, Khaki A, Ouladsahebmadarek E, Hammadeh M, Farzadi L, Farshbaf-Khalili A, Asnaashari S, Khamnei HJ, Khaki AA, Shokoohi M. The effect of clomiphene citrate, herbal mixture, and herbal mixture along with clomiphene citrate on clinical and para-clinical parameters in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:1304-1318. [PMID: 33224329 PMCID: PMC7667414 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.93271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To evaluate the effect of a herbal mixture (i.e., Mentha spicata, Zingiber officinale, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Citrus sinensis) alone and in combination with clomiphene citrate (CC) compared to CC on the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). MATERIAL AND METHODS This single-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 60 infertile participants with PCOS who were randomly divided into three groups. After spontaneous or progestin-induced withdrawal bleeding, group 1 (n = 20) received routine treatment with CC (50-150 mg) for three menstrual cycles from the 3rd to 5th day of menstruation for 5 days while group 2 (n = 20) and group 3 (n = 20) received herbal mixture capsules 700 mg/day and the herbal mixture along with CC for 3 months, respectively. Finally, several related parameters were measured, including the level of sex steroids, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile (primary outcomes), thyroid hormones, and clinical features. The analysis was based on intention-to-treat analysis. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of socio-demographic characteristics. However, after adjustment for baseline, luteinizing hormone (aMD = 4.9; 95% CI: 3.7-6.2), luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone (aMD = 0.9; 95% CI: 0.7-1.2), total testosterone (aMD = -0.12; 95% CI: -0.2 to -0.01) in group 2 and free testosterone (aMD = -6.0; 95% CI: -9.7 to -2.3) in group 3 revealed a significant difference compared to group 1. In addition, HOMA-IR in group 2 (aMD = -1.3; 95% CI: -2.4 to -0.2) decreased significantly compared to group 1. Further, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly in group 2 (aMD = -21.8; 95% CI: -31.5 to -12.1; aMD = -29.9; 95% CI: -47.9 to -12.0; aMD = -21.2; 95% CI: -31.3 to -11.1; aMD = -5.1; 95% CI: -7.5 to -2.7) and group 3 (aMD = -18.3; 95% CI: -27.4 to -9.2; aMD = -26.9; 95% CI: -43.8 to -9.9; aMD = -21.4; 95% CI: -31.1 to -11.7; aMD = -5.9; 95% CI: -8.3 to -3.6) compared to group 1, respectively. However, high-density lipoproteins cholesterol in group 2 (aMD = 6.8; 95% CI: 2.9-10.7) and group 3 (aMD = 10.7; 95% CI: 7.2-14.7) increased remarkably compared to group 1. Overall, clinical outcomes improved significantly in all groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In general, the herbal mixture along with CC was found to improve free testosterone, HOMA-IR, lipid profile, and clinical features of PCOS women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nava Ainehchi
- Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arash Khaki
- Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Ouladsahebmadarek
- Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohamad Hammadeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Laya Farzadi
- Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azizeh Farshbaf-Khalili
- Aging Research Institute, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Solmaz Asnaashari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Amir Afshin Khaki
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Shokoohi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Ávila F, Jiménez-Aspee F, Cruz N, Gómez C, González MA, Ravello N. Additive effect of maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) and lemon (Citrus x limon) juice in the postprandial glycemic responses after the intake of high glycemic index meals in healthy men. NFS JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Pla-Pagà L, Companys J, Calderón-Pérez L, Llauradó E, Solà R, Valls RM, Pedret A. Effects of hesperidin consumption on cardiovascular risk biomarkers: a systematic review of animal studies and human randomized clinical trials. Nutr Rev 2019; 77:845-864. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Context
The cardioprotective effects of the flavonoid hesperidin, which is present in citrus products, are controversial and unclear. This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2015 guidelines.
Objective
To evaluate the current evidence from animal and human clinical studies and thus determine whether the consumption of hesperidin exerts beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors.
Data sources
PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study Design) criteria defined the research question. Searches of the PubMed and Cochrane Plus databases were conducted and studies that met the inclusion criteria and were published in English in the last 15 years were included.
Data extraction
The first author, year of publication, study design, characteristics of animals and humans, intervention groups, dose of hesperidin, route of administration, duration of the intervention, cardiovascular risk biomarkers assessed, and results observed were extracted from the included articles.
Results
A total of 12 animal studies and 11 randomized clinical trials met the inclusion criteria. In the animal studies, the glucose, total and LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels decreased with chronic flavonoid consumption. In the human studies, endothelial function improved with flavonoid consumption, whereas no conclusive results were observed for the other biomarkers.
Conclusions
Animal studies have revealed that hesperidin and hesperetin consumption reduces glucose levels and various lipid profile parameters. However, a definitive conclusion cannot be drawn from the existing human clinical trials. Further research is needed to confirm whether the findings observed in animal models can also be observed in humans.
Systematic Review Registration
Prospero registration number CRD42018088942.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pla-Pagà
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Reus, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Disease Group (NFOC-SALUT), Reus, Spain
- Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Reus, Spain
| | - J Companys
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Reus, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Disease Group (NFOC-SALUT), Reus, Spain
| | - L Calderón-Pérez
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Reus, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Disease Group (NFOC-SALUT), Reus, Spain
| | - E Llauradó
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Reus, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Disease Group (NFOC-SALUT), Reus, Spain
| | - R Solà
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Reus, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Disease Group (NFOC-SALUT), Reus, Spain
- Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Reus, Spain
| | - R M Valls
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Reus, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Disease Group (NFOC-SALUT), Reus, Spain
| | - A Pedret
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Reus, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Disease Group (NFOC-SALUT), Reus, Spain
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Therapeutic potential of naringin in neurological disorders. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 132:110646. [PMID: 31252025 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurological illnesses are multifactorial incurable debilitating disorders that may cause neurodegeneration. These diseases influence approximately 30 million people around the world. Despite several therapies, effective management of such disorders remains a global challenge. Thus, natural products might offer an alternative therapy for the treatment of various neurological disorders. Polyphenols, such as curcumin, resveratrol, myricetin, mangiferin and naringin (NRG) have been shown to possess promising potential in the treatment of neurogenerative illness. In this review, we have targeted the therapeutic potential of naringin as a neuroprotective agent. The overall neuroprotective effects and different possible underlying mechanisms related to NRG are discussed. In light of the strong evidence for the neuropharmacological efficacy of NRG in various experimental paradigms, it is concluded that this molecule should be further considered and studied as a potential candidate for neurotherapeutics, focusing on mechanistic and clinical trials to ascertain its efficacy.
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The Effectiveness of Herbal Mixture Supplements with and without Clomiphene Citrate in Comparison to Clomiphene Citrate on Serum Antioxidants and Glycemic Biomarkers in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Willing to be Pregnant: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060215. [PMID: 31163689 PMCID: PMC6628289 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to evaluate the effect of herbal mixture (Mentha spicata, Zingiber officinale, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Citrus sinensis) only and along with clomiphene citrate (CC) compared to CC on serum antioxidants, glycemic status, menstrual regulation, and rate of pregnancy. This single-blind randomized clinical trial was carried out on 60 infertile participants with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) willing to be pregnant. They were randomly allocated into group 1 (n = 20) who received routine dose of CC pills (50-150 mg) for three menstrual cycles from the fifth day of menstruation for five days; group 2 (n = 20) who consumed herbal mixture daily (700 mg); and group 3 (n = 20) who used up herbal mixture along with CC for 3 months. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured in their blood samples. No statistically significant differences were observed between the three groups in terms of socio-demographic characteristics. After intervention, however, the levels of CAT in group 2 (adjusted mean difference (aMD): = 9.0; confidence interval (CI) 95% = 1.1-16.9) and group 3 (aMD = 12.2; CI 95% = 4.5-19.9), GPx in group 2 (aMD = 986.1; CI 95% = 141.1-1831.1) and group 3 (aMD = 1781.2; CI 95% = 960.7-2601.8), and SOD in group 2 (aMD = 55.1; CI 95% = 26.0-84.2) increased. While FBS in group 3 (aMD = -8.7; CI 95% = -14.7 to -2.7), insulin in group 2 (aMD = -5.6; CI 95% = -10.8 to -0.4), and HOMA-IR in group 2 (aMD = -1.3; CI 95% = -2.4 to -0.2) significantly decreased compared to the group 1. To summarize, herbal mixture supplements along with CC have beneficial effects on serum antioxidant levels, as well as glycemic biomarkers of infertile PCOS, menstrual regulation, and pregnancy rate.
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Antidiabetic Properties of Naringenin: A Citrus Fruit Polyphenol. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9030099. [PMID: 30871083 PMCID: PMC6468535 DOI: 10.3390/biom9030099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia and is associated with personal health and global economic burdens. Current strategies/approaches of insulin resistance and T2DM prevention and treatment are lacking in efficacy resulting in the need for new preventative and targeted therapies. In recent years, epidemiological studies have suggested that diets rich in vegetables and fruits are associated with health benefits including protection against insulin resistance and T2DM. Naringenin, a citrus flavanone, has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, immunomodulatory and antidiabetic properties. The current review summarizes the existing in vitro and in vivo animal studies examining the anti-diabetic effects of naringenin.
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Joshi R, Kulkarni YA, Wairkar S. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and formulations aspects of Naringenin: An update. Life Sci 2018; 215:43-56. [PMID: 30391464 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds constitute one of the important classes of secondary metabolites in the plants. Flavonoids are primary phenolic compounds found in natural drugs. Naringenin is a flavanone, aglycone of Naringin, predominantly found in citrus fruits with various pharmacological activities. Large number of scientific papers has been published on Naringenin describing its structure, physicochemical properties and its therapeutic use in different diseases. This review provides highlights of Naringenin with respect to its distribution, pharmacokinetic and its use in conditions like oxidative stress, inflammation, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. Furthermore, the review also focuses on molecular level mechanisms of Naringenin for its therapeutic effect. Various attempts have been made to formulate advanced dosage forms to address issue of solubility of Naringenin. Systematic review of data published on formulation aspects of Naringenin has also been presented in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthvika Joshi
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L.Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L.Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Sarika Wairkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L.Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India.
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25
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Samie A, Sedaghat R, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Hesperetin, a citrus flavonoid, attenuates testicular damage in diabetic rats via inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Life Sci 2018; 210:132-139. [PMID: 30179627 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study was designed to assess the beneficial effect of hesperetin on diabetes-associated testicular injury in the rat. MAIN METHODS Oral treatment with hesperetin started 10 days after diabetes induction by streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p.) for 46 days. Testicular damage was evaluated by histological evaluation of seminiferous tubules in addition to assessment of epididymal sperm count, motility, and viability. In addition, testicular biomarkers of apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress were also determined. KEY FINDINGS Hesperetin treatment of diabetic group prevented body weight loss and reduced serum glucose in addition to improvement of serum testosterone. Additionally, hesperetin-treated diabetic group had lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), protein carbonyl, DNA fragmentation, and caspase 3 activity as specific biomarkers of oxidative stress and/or apoptosis. Furthermore, hesperetin augmented testicular antioxidant system as shown by higher levels of glutathione (GSH), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in addition to improvement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Moreover, hesperetin administration to diabetic rats attenuated testicular indices of inflammation consisting of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 17 (IL-17) and prevented damage of seminiferous tubules as revealed by higher levels of sperm count, motility, and viability in diabetic rats. SIGNIFICANCE Collectively, hesperetin could alleviate testicular damage in DM, at least through inhibition of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in addition to its up-regulation of endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Sedaghat
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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26
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Phenolic profiling and quantitative determination of common sage (Salvia plebeia R. Br.) by UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS. Eur Food Res Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-018-3076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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27
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The acute effects of citrus flavanones on the metabolism of glycogen and monosaccharides in the isolated perfused rat liver. Toxicol Lett 2018; 291:158-172. [PMID: 29626522 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Citrus flavanones are often linked to their antihyperglycemic properties. This effect may be in part due to the inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis through different mechanisms. One of the possible mechanisms appears to be impairment of oxidative phosphorylation, which may also interfere with glycogen metabolism. Based on these facts, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of three citrus flavanones on glycogenolysis in the isolated perfused rat liver. Hesperidin, hesperetin, and naringenin stimulated glycogenolysis and glycolysis from glycogen with concomitant changes in oxygen uptake. At higher concentrations (300 μM), hesperetin and naringenin clearly altered fructose and glucose metabolism, whereas hesperidin exerted little to no effects. In subcellular fractions hesperetin and naringenin inhibited the activity of glucose 6-phosphatase and glucokinase and the mitochondrial respiration linked to ADP phosphorylation. Hesperetin and naringenin also inhibited the transport of glucose into the cell. At a concentration of 300 μM, the glucose influx rate inhibition was 83% and 43% for hesperetin and naringenin, respectively. Hesperidin was the less active among the assayed citrus flavanones, indicating that the rutinoside moiety noticeably decrease the activity of these compounds. The effects on glycogenolysis and fructolysis were mainly consequence of an impairment on mitochondrial energy metabolism. The increased glucose release, due to the higher glycogenolysis, together with glucose transport inhibition is the opposite of what is expected for antihyperglycemic agents.
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Na RS, Ma C, Liu QR, Wu LM, Zheng XL, Liu ZW. Itraconazole attenuates hepatic gluconeogenesis and promotes glucose uptake by regulating AMPK pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:2165-2171. [PMID: 29434820 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The primarily metabolic abnormality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the defect in gluconeogenesis and glucose uptake. Itraconazole (ITCZ) is a traditional azole drug with anti-fungal and anticancer properties. However, limited attention has been directed towards the contribution of ITCZ to hepatic gluconeogenesis and glucose uptake in T2DM. The present study aimed to investigate the potential effects of ITCZ on hepatic gluconeogenesis and glucose uptake as well as the underlying mechanisms. No obvious change in cell viability was detected by MTT assay in HepG2 cells with ITCZ treatment at gradually increasing concentrations. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the phosphorylation level of 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was significantly elevated by ITCZ treatment at ≥5 µg/ml (P<0.05). Moreover, ITCZ repressed the gluconeogenesis of HepG2 cells, as evidenced by the dose-dependently increased glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation level and a notably decreased glucose production rate (P<0.05). Simultaneously, the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) in HepG2 cells was reduced by ITCZ in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.001). Furthermore, a 2-deoxyglucose uptake assay revealed that the glucose uptake of HepG2 cells was notably enhanced, accompanied by the ITCZ dose-dependent upregulation of glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) (P<0.05). Conversely, silencing of AMPK by small interfering RNA resulted in an increase of ITCZ-reduced gluconeogenesis and inhibition of ITCZ-induced glucose uptake with relative upregulation of PEPCK and G6Pase and downregulation of GLUT4 in the presence of 50 µg/ml ITCZ (P<0.05). Overall, the results indicated that AMPK has an important role in regulating ITCZ-induced glucose uptake by stimulating GLUT4 in HepG2 cells. Therefore, ITCZ may become a promising candidate for T2DM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri-Su Na
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Cong Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Qiao-Rui Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ming Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Lei Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Wen Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
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Jayaraman R, Subramani S, Sheik Abdullah SH, Udaiyar M. Antihyperglycemic effect of hesperetin, a citrus flavonoid, extenuates hyperglycemia and exploring the potential role in antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:98-106. [PMID: 29080465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is the major health problem in modern civilization which occurs due to inadequate metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid could cause tremendous changes in the metabolic activities of liver. In this study, we investigated the antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effects of hesperetin, a citrus flavonoid against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced experimental rats. To stimulate diabetes mellitus, rats were injected with STZ intraperitoneally at a single dose of 45mg/kg. STZ induced rats showed marked increase in the level of plasma glucose and significant reduction in the level of plasma insulin. The activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes, hepatic glycogen, lipid profiles, enzymic antioxidants in circulatory system and pancreas, hepatic and renal functional markers were explored. Supplementation with hesperetin (40mg/kg b.w) to STZ-induced experimental rats for 45days established a significant decline in plasma glucose and a marked improvement in plasma insulin and glycogen levels in STZ-induced rats. The altered activities of hepatic glucose metabolic enzymes, lipid profiles, enzymic antioxidants and serum biomarkers of liver and kidney toxicity were restored to almost normal. The acquired outcome were compared with glibenclamide (1mg/kg b.w), a standard oral hypoglycemic drug. Hesperetin treatment was found to be efficient in protecting the normal histological manifestation of hepatic, renal and insulin positive β-cells in STZ induced rats. On the basis of current experimental findings, we concluded that administration of hesperetin attenuates the hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia through ameliorating antioxidant competence in STZ-induced experimental rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Jayaraman
- Research and Development Centre, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Srinivasan Subramani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India; Postgraduate and Research Department of Biochemistry, Government Arts College for Women, Krishnagiri 635 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Shahul Hameed Sheik Abdullah
- Research and Development Centre, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India; Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Sastra University, Srinivasa Ramanujan Centre, Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Muruganathan Udaiyar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India
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Navel orange peel hydroethanolic extract, naringin and naringenin have anti-diabetic potentials in type 2 diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:197-205. [PMID: 28759757 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapy of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) stays a challenging issue. During the last decade, there has been an interest in the expansion of anti-diabetic drugs especially those of natural sources. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the anti-hyperglycemic and the anti-hyperlipidemic effects as well as the anti-oxidant activities of navel orange hydroethanolic extract and its constituting flavonoids naringin and naringenin on nicotineamide (NA)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetic rats. To induce T2DM, 16h-fasted rats were intraperitoneally injected with STZ at dose of 50mg/kg body weight (b. w.), 15min after the intraperitoneal administration of NA (120mg/kg b. w.). The NA/STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats were orally treated with navel orange peel hydroethanolic extract, naringin and narengenin at dose level of 100mg/kg b. w./day for 4 weeks. The treatments with navel orange peel hydroethanolic extract, naringin and narengenin potentially alleviated the lowered serum insulin and C-peptide levels, the depleted liver glycogen content, the elevated liver glucose-6-phosphatase and glycogen phosphorylase activities, the deteriorated serum lipid profile, and the suppressed liver antioxidant defense system of NA/STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats. The treatments also enhanced the mRNA expression of insulin receptor β-subunit, GLUT4 and adiponectin in adipose tissue of STZ/NA-induced type 2 diabetic rats. In conclusion, the navel orange peel hydroethanolic extract, naringin and naringenin have potent anti-diabetic effects in NA/STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats via their insulinotropic effects and insulin improving action which in turn may be mediated through enhancing insulin receptor, GLUT4 and adiponectin expression in adipose tissue.
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Zareei S, Boojar MMA, Amanlou M. Inhibition of liver alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase by hesperidin and its aglycone hesperetin: An in vitro and in silico study. Life Sci 2017; 178:49-55. [PMID: 28385612 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of two natural flavonoids, hesperetin (HT) and hesperidin (HD), on two gluconeogenesis enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities and their possible mechanisms of action. MAIN METHODS Rat liver incubated with different concentrations of HT and HD was used to measure enzyme activities spectrophotometrically, based on monitoring the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ at 340nm. Molecular docking simulation was also applied to reveal the molecular mechanism of the inhibition caused by HT and HD. KEY FINDINGS Both flavonoids demonstrated inhibitory effects against the enzyme activities, with IC50 values of 153.9 and 68.88μM for HT-ALT and HD-ALT treatment respectively. Likewise, the IC50 values of 85.29μM for HT-AST and 110.3μM for HD-AST were obtained from spectrophotometric results. CONCLUSION The docking simulation revealed that HT and HD block the enzyme entrance channel and prevent the substrates from accessing the enzyme active sites. Having prevented production of pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, and the oxaloacetate, these two compounds inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis and consequently, hinder the progression of diabetes. SIGNIFICANCE This study suggests that HT and HD may be considered as leading compounds for designing safe and effective drugs in management of increased ALT and AST-related disorders specially diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zareei
- Department of Biochemistry, Kharazmi University, Mofateh Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud M A Boojar
- Department of Biochemistry, Kharazmi University, Mofateh Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Amanlou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 16 Azar Ave., Tehran, Iran.
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32
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Panda S, Kar A. Antithyroid effects of naringin, hesperidin and rutin in l-T4 induced hyperthyroid rats: Possible mediation through 5′DI activity. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:1092-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kapoor R, Kakkar P. Naringenin accords hepatoprotection from streptozotocin induced diabetes in vivo by modulating mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic signaling cascade. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:569-581. [PMID: 28962270 PMCID: PMC5598533 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic complications cause noticeable liver damage, which finally progresses to diabetic hepatopathy. Nutritive antioxidants not only reduce the liver damage, but also prevent it by modulating the release of various proteins involved in apoptotic signaling cascades. This study explores the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetes-induced liver damage and its modulation by naringenin. Antioxidant status, liver & kidney biomarker enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential, expression of apoptotic proteins like Bax (bcl-2 associated X), Bcl-2 (b-cell Lymhoma-2), Caspase-3, Caspase-9, AIF (Apoptosis inducing factor) and Endo-G (Endonuclease-G) were studied in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Significant hyperglycemia, disturbed antioxidant status, altered carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, increased ROS and lipid peroxidation; decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and enhanced release of AIF and Endo-G were observed. Hyperglycemia also affected apoptosis and its related genes at both transcriptional and translational level (Caspase-3 & 9, Bax and Bcl-2) in the liver of diabetic rats. Naringenin, a flavonone, exerted anti-hyperglycemic effect and was able to prevent oxidative stress and resultant apoptotic events caused due to diabetes-induced hepatotoxicity. Thus, our study shows, a protective effect of naringenin against diabetes induced liver damage and redox imbalance, which could further be exploited for the management of diabetic hepatopathy.
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Key Words
- AGE, advanced glycated end products
- AIF, apoptosis inducing factor
- Apoptosis
- Bax, bcl-2 associated X
- Bcl-2, b-cell Lymhoma-2
- CAT, catalase
- CoN, diabetic rats co-treated with naringenin during streptozotocin induction
- CtN, control rats treated with naringenin
- Ctrl, control rats
- DCF, dichlorofluorescein
- DCFH-DA, 2′7′dichlorofluorescein diacetate
- DNA,COX-II, cyclo-oxygenase-II
- Diab, diabetic rats
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- Endo-G, endonuclease-G
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- Glib, diabetic rats treated with standard drug glybenclamide
- Glibenclamide (PubChem CID: 3488)
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- JC-1, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazol-carbocyanine iodide
- Liver damage
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- NADPH (PubChem CID: 12598259)
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced
- NBT, nitroblue tetrazolium
- Naringenin
- Naringenin (PubChem CID: 932)
- Nicotinamide (PubChem CID: 936)
- Oxidative stress
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PKC, protein kinase-C
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- PoN, diabetic rats treated with naringenin after diabetes induction
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT-PCR, reverse transciptase polymerase chain reaction
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Sil, diabetic rats treated with silymarin
- Silymarin (PubChem CID: 1548894)
- Sodium dodecyl sulphate (PubChem CID: 3423265)
- Streptozotocin (PubChem CID: 29327)
- Streptozotocin induced diabetes
- Thiobarbituric acid (PubChem CID: 3081198)
- TriChloroacetic acid (PubChem CID: 6421)
- cDNA, complementary
- d-glucose (PubChem CID: 5793)
- p-NA, p-nitro aniline
- ΨΔm, mitochondrial membrane potential
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poonam Kakkar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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da Silva ARH, Moreira LDR, Brum EDS, de Freitas ML, Boligon AA, Athayde ML, Roman SS, Mazzanti CM, Brandão R. Biochemical and hematological effects of acute and sub-acute administration to ethyl acetate fraction from the stem bark Scutia buxifolia Reissek in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:908-916. [PMID: 24704489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Scutia buxifolia is a native tree of Southern Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, which is popularly known as "coronilha" and it is used as a cardiotonic, antihypertensive and diuretic substance. The aim of this study was to assess the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the ethyl acetate fraction from the stem bark Scutia buxifolia in male and female mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The toxicity studies were based on the guidelines of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD-guidelines 423 and 407). In an acute study, a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of Scutia buxifolia was administered orally to male and female mice. Mortality, behavioral changes, and biochemical and hematological parameters were evaluated. In the sub-acute study, Scutia buxifolia was administered orally to male and female mice at doses of 100, 200, and 400mg/kg/day for 28 days. Behavioral changes and biochemical, hematological, and histological analysis were evaluated. RESULTS The acute administration of Scutia buxifolia did not cause changes in behavior or mortality. Male and female mice presented decreased levels of platelets. Female mice presented decreased levels of leukocytes. On the other hand, in a sub-acute toxicity study, we observed no behavioral changes in male or female mice. Our results demonstrated a reduction in glucose levels in male mice treated to 200 and 400mg/kg of Scutia buxifolia. Aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) activity was increased by Scutia buxifolia at 400mg/kg in male mice. In relation to the hematological parameters, male mice presented a reduction in hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT) when treated to 400mg/kg of plant fraction. Female mice showed no change in these parameters. Histopathological examination of liver tissue showed slight abnormalities that were consistent with the biochemical variations observed. CONCLUSION Scutia buxifolia, after acute administration, may be classified as safe (category 5), according to the OECD guide. However, the alterations observed, after sub-acute administration with high doses of ethyl acetate fraction from the stem bark Scutia buxifolia, suggest that repeated administration of this fraction plant can cause adverse hepatic, renal, and hematological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia R H da Silva
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Laís da R Moreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Evelyne da S Brum
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mayara L de Freitas
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline A Boligon
- Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Laboratório de Pesquisa Fitoquímica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Margareth L Athayde
- Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Laboratório de Pesquisa Fitoquímica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvane S Roman
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Campus de Erechim, Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | - Cinthia M Mazzanti
- Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Brandão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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