1
|
Cechin CDF, Carvalho GG, Kabuki DY. Occurrence, genetic characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of Cronobacter spp. isolated from low water activity functional foods in Brazil. Food Microbiol 2024; 122:104570. [PMID: 38839229 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are bacterial pathogens isolated from a wide variety of foods. This study aims at evaluating the occurrence of Cronobacter spp. in low water activity functional food samples, detect the presence of virulence genes, and determine the antibiotic susceptibility of strains. From 105 samples, 38 (36.2%) were contaminated with Cronobacter spp. The species identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing analyses (rpoB and fusA genes, respectively) were C. sakazakii (60.3%), C. dublinensis (25.4%), C. turincensis (9.5%), and C. malonaticus (4.8%). Nineteen fusA alleles were identified, including four new alleles. The virulence genes were identified by PCR and all isolates were positive for ompX and sodA genes, 60.3% to cpa gene, and 58.7% to hly gene. Using the disk diffusion method, antibiotic susceptibility to twelve antibiotics was assessed twice, separated by a 19-month period. In the first test, the isolates showed diverse antibiotic susceptibility profiles, with nineteen isolates (30.2%) being multi-drug resistant (resistant to three or more antibiotic classes), in the second, the isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics. Cronobacter spp. in functional foods demonstrates the need for continued investigation of this pathogen in foods, and further research is needed to clarify the loss of resistance of Cronobacter strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine da Fonseca Cechin
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos e Nutrição, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Guimarães Carvalho
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos e Nutrição, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Dirce Yorika Kabuki
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos e Nutrição, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Samadpour M, Benoit L, Myoda S, Hans B, Nadala C, Kim SH, Themeli E, Cantera R, Nguyen T, Richter H. Microbiological survey and genomic analysis of Cronobacter sakazakii strains isolated from US households and retail foods. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0070024. [PMID: 38953659 PMCID: PMC11267904 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00700-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter species are opportunistic pathogens that are capable of causing morbidity and mortality, particularly in infants. Although the transmission dynamics involved in Cronobacter infections remain largely unknown, contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF) has been linked to 30% of Cronobacter sakazakii cases involving invasive illness in infants. As several lines of evidence have implicated the domestic environment in PIF contamination, we undertook a microbiological survey of homes (N = 263) across the US. Cronobacter spp. and C. sakazakii were isolated from 36.1% and 24.7% of US homes, respectively, with higher recovery rates observed for floor and kitchen surfaces. Multi-locus sequence typing indicated that the dominant strain was C. sakazakii ST4, the sequence type most commonly associated with neonatal meningitis. For comparison purposes, retail foods (N = 4,009) were also surveyed, with the highest contamination frequencies (10.1%-26.3%) seen for nut products, seeds, and grains/baked goods/flours. The sequence type profile of isolates recovered from homes mirrored that of isolates recovered from retail foods, with increased representation of ST1, ST4, ST13, ST17, and ST40. Analysis of 386 whole genomic sequences revealed significant diversity. Redundancies were only observed for isolates recovered from within the same domicile, and there were no identical matches with sequences archived at the NCBI pathogen database. Genes coding for putative virulence and antibiotic resistance factors did not segregate with clinically significant sequence types. Collectively, these findings support the possibility that contamination events occurring within the home should not be overlooked as a contributor to community-onset Cronobacter infections. IMPORTANCE Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in neonates. Its transmission dynamics are poorly understood, though powered infant formula (PIF) is thought to be the major transmission vehicle. How the PIF becomes contaminated remains unknown. Our survey shows that roughly 1/4 of US homes are contaminated with Cronobacter sakazakii, particularly in the kitchen setting. Our analyses suggest that the domestic environment may contribute to contamination of PIF and provides insights into mitigating the risk of transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Samadpour
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Lora Benoit
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Sam Myoda
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Bada Hans
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Cesar Nadala
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Seong Hong Kim
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Eni Themeli
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Ruth Cantera
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Truyen Nguyen
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| | - Hans Richter
- IEH Laboratories and Consulting Group Inc., Lake Forest Park, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ekundayo TC, Ijabadeniyi OA. Global and regional prevalence of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered milk and flour. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6865. [PMID: 38514864 PMCID: PMC10957878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii (Cz) infections linked with powdered milk/flour (PMF) are on the increase in recent times. The current study aimed at assessing worldwide and regional prevalence of Cz in PMF. Cz-PMF-directed data were conscientiously mined in four mega-databases via topic-field driven PRISMA protocol without any restriction. Bivariate analysis of datasets was conducted and then fitted to random-intercept logistic mixed-effects regressions with leave-one-study-out-cross-validation (LOSOCV). Small-study effects were assayed via Egger's regression tests. Contributing factors to Cz contamination/detection in PMF were determined using 1000-permutation-bootstrapped meta-regressions. A total of 3761 records were found out of which 68 studies were included. Sample-size showed considerable correlation with Cz positivity (r = 0.75, p = 2.5e-17), Milkprod2020 (r = 0.33, p = 1.820e-03), and SuDI (r = - 0.30, p = 4.11e-03). The global prevalence of Cz in PMF was 8.39% (95%CI 6.06-11.51, PI: 0.46-64.35) with LOSOCV value of 7.66% (6.39-9.15; PI: 3.10-17.70). Cz prevalence in PMF varies significantly (p < 0.05) with detection methods, DNA extraction method, across continents, WHO regions, and world bank regions. Nation, detection method, world bank region, WHO region, and sample size explained 53.88%, 19.62%, 19.03%, 15.63%, and 9.22% of the true differences in the Cz prevalence in PMF, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicated that national will power in the monitoring and surveillance of Cz in PMF matched with adequate sample size and appropriate detection methods will go a long way in preventing Cz contamination and infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Temitope C Ekundayo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Oluwatosin A Ijabadeniyi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song D, Jia A, Liu B, Liu S, Dong K, Man C, Yang X, Jiang Y. Whole-transcriptome analysis after the acquisition of antibiotic resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii: Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and virulence changes. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113664. [PMID: 37981356 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria led to the misuse of antibiotics, resulting in the emergence of more resistant bacteria and continuous improvement in their resistance ability. Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) has been considered a pathogen that harms infants. Incidents of C. sakazakii contamination have continued globally, several studies have indicated that C. sakazakii is increasingly resistant to antibiotics. A few studies have explored the mechanism of antibiotic resistance in C. sakazakii, and some have examined the antibiotic resistance and changes in virulence levels. We aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance mechanism and virulence differences in C. sakazakii. The level of virulence factors of C. sakazakii was modified after induction by antibiotics compared with the antibiotic-sensitive strains, and the XS001-Ofl group had the strongest capacity to produce enterotoxin (85.18 pg/mL) and hemolysin (1.47 ng/mL). The biofilm formation capacity after induction significantly improved. The number of bases and mapped reads in all groups accounted for more than 55 % and 70 %, as detected by transcriptomic analysis. The resistance mechanism of different antibiotics was more common in efflux pumps, cationic antimicrobial peptides, and biofilm formation pathways. The level of antibiotic resistance mainly affected the expression of virulence genes associated with flagella assembly and synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danliangmin Song
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Ai Jia
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Biqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Shiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Kai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Chaoxin Man
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Xinyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Parra-Flores J, Flores-Soto F, Flores-Balboa C, Alarcón-Lavín MP, Cabal-Rosel A, Daza-Prieto B, Springer B, Cruz-Córdova A, Leiva-Caro J, Forsythe S, Ruppitsch W. Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii and Cronobacter malonaticus Strains Isolated from Powdered Dairy Products Intended for Consumption by Adults and Older Adults. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2841. [PMID: 38137986 PMCID: PMC10745994 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize Cronobacter spp. and related organisms isolated from powder dairy products intended for consumption by adults and older adults using whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and to identify genes and traits that encode antibiotic resistance and virulence. Virulence (VGs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were detected with the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) platform, ResFinder, and MOB-suite tools. Susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion. Five presumptive strains of Cronobacter spp. were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and ribosomal MLST. Three C. sakazakii strains were of the clinical pathovar ST1, one was ST31, and the remaining isolate was C. malonaticus ST60. In addition, Franconibacter helveticus ST345 was identified. The C. sakazakii ST1 strains were further distinguished using core genome MLST based on 2831 loci. Moreover, 100% of the strains were resistant to cefalotin, 75% to ampicillin, and 50% to amikacin. The C. sakazakii ST1 strains were multiresistant (MDR) to four antibiotics. Additionally, all the strains adhered to the N1E-115 cell line, and two invaded it. Eighteen ARGs mainly involved in antibiotic target alteration and antibiotic efflux were detected. Thirty VGs were detected and clustered as flagellar proteins, outer membrane proteins, chemotaxis, hemolysins, and genes involved in metabolism and stress. The pESA3, pSP291-1, and pCMA1 plasmids were detected, and the prevalent mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were ISEsa1, ISEc52, and IS26. The isolates of C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus exhibited multiresistance to antibiotics, harbored genes encoding various antibiotic resistance proteins, and various virulence factors. Consequently, these contaminated powdered dairy products pose a risk to the health of hypersensitive adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Parra-Flores
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile;
| | - Fernanda Flores-Soto
- Nutrition and Dietetics School, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile; (F.F.-S.); (C.F.-B.)
| | - Carolina Flores-Balboa
- Nutrition and Dietetics School, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile; (F.F.-S.); (C.F.-B.)
| | - María P. Alarcón-Lavín
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile;
| | - Adriana Cabal-Rosel
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, 1220 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.-R.); (B.D.-P.); (B.S.); (W.R.)
| | - Beatriz Daza-Prieto
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, 1220 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.-R.); (B.D.-P.); (B.S.); (W.R.)
| | - Burkhard Springer
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, 1220 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.-R.); (B.D.-P.); (B.S.); (W.R.)
| | - Ariadnna Cruz-Córdova
- Intestinal Bacteriology Research Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - José Leiva-Caro
- Department of Nursing, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile;
| | - Stephen Forsythe
- FoodMicrobe.com Ltd., Adams Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GY, UK
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, 1220 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.-R.); (B.D.-P.); (B.S.); (W.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chauhan R, Tall BD, Gopinath G, Azmi W, Goel G. Environmental risk factors associated with the survival, persistence, and thermal tolerance of Cronobacter sakazakii during the manufacture of powdered infant formula. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12224-12239. [PMID: 35838158 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2099809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen of concern for foods having low water activity such as powdered infant formula (PIF). Its survival under desiccated stress can be attributed to its ability to adapt effectively to many different environmental stresses. Due to the high risk to neonates and its sporadic outbreaks in PIF, C. sakazakii received great attention among the scientific community, food industry and health care providers. There are many extrinsic and intrinsic factors that affect C. sakazakii survival in low-moisture foods. Moreover, short- or long-term pre-exposure to sub-lethal physiological stresses which are commonly encountered in food processing environments are reported to affect the thermal resistance of C. sakazakii. Additionally, acclimation to these stresses may render C. sakazakii resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents. This article reviews the factors and the strategies responsible for the survival and persistence of C. sakazakii in PIF. Particularly, studies focused on the influence of various factors on thermal resistance, antibiotic or antimicrobial resistance, virulence potential and stress-associated gene expression are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | | | - Gopal Gopinath
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Wamik Azmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | - Gunjan Goel
- Department of Microbiology, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahindra, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cechin CDF, Carvalho GG, Bastos CP, Kabuki DY. Cronobacter spp. in foods of plant origin: occurrence, contamination routes, and pathogenic potential. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12398-12412. [PMID: 35866516 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter is an emerging bacterial pathogen associated with infections such as necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and meningitis in neonates and infants, related to the consumption of powdered infant formula. In addition, this bacterium can also cause infections in adults by the ingestion of other foods. Thus, this review article aims to report the occurrence and prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in foods of plant origin, as well as the possible sources and routes of contamination in these products, and the presence of pathogenic strains in these foods. Cronobacter was present in a wide variety of cereal-based foods, vegetables, herbs, spices, ready-to-eat foods, and foods from other categories. This pathogen was also found in cultivation environments, such as soils, compost, animal feces, rice and vegetable crops, as well as food processing industries, and domestic environments, thus demonstrating possible contamination routes. Furthermore, sequence types (ST) involved in clinical cases and isolates resistant to antibiotics were found in Cronobacter strains isolated from food of plant origin. The identification of Cronobacter spp. in plant-based foods is of great importance to better elucidate the vehicles and routes of contamination in the primary production chain and processing facility, until the final consumption of the food, to prevent infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine da Fonseca Cechin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Guimarães Carvalho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Peixoto Bastos
- Center of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Dirce Yorika Kabuki
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li Q, Li C, Chen L, Cai Z, Wu S, Gu Q, Zhang Y, Wei X, Zhang J, Yang X, Zhang S, Ye Q, Wu Q. Cronobacter spp. Isolated from Quick-Frozen Foods in China: Incidence, Genetic Characteristics, and Antibiotic Resistance. Foods 2023; 12:3019. [PMID: 37628018 PMCID: PMC10453260 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are emerging foodborne pathogens that cause severe diseases. However, information on Cronobacter contamination in quick-frozen foods in China is limited. Therefore, we studied the prevalence, molecular characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Cronobacter in 576 quick-frozen food samples collected from 39 cities in China. Cronobacter spp. were found in 18.75% (108/576) of the samples, and the contamination degree of the total positive samples was 5.82 MPN/g. The contamination level of frozen flour product samples was high (44.34%). Among 154 isolates, 109 were C. sakazakii, and the main serotype was C. sakazakii O1 (44/154). Additionally, 11 serotypes existed among four species. Eighty-five sequence types (STs), including 22 novel ones, were assigned, indicating a relatively high genetic diversity of the Cronobacter in this food type. Pathogenic ST148, ST7, and ST1 were the main STs in this study. ST4, epidemiologically related to neonatal meningitis, was also identified. All strains were sensitive to cefepime, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem, in which the resistance to cephalothin was the highest (64.94%).Two isolates exhibited multidrug resistance to five and seven antimicrobial agents, respectively. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the comparatively high contamination level of Cronobacter spp. in quick-frozen foods is a potential risk warranting public attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qingping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (Q.L.); (C.L.); (L.C.); (Z.C.); (S.W.); (Q.G.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (X.Y.); (S.Z.); (Q.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mousavi ZE, Hunt K, Koolman L, Butler F, Fanning S. Cronobacter Species in the Built Food Production Environment: A Review on Persistence, Pathogenicity, Regulation and Detection Methods. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1379. [PMID: 37374881 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The powdered formula market is large and growing, with sales and manufacturing increasing by 120% between 2012 and 2021. With this growing market, there must come an increasing emphasis on maintaining a high standard of hygiene to ensure a safe product. In particular, Cronobacter species pose a risk to public health through their potential to cause severe illness in susceptible infants who consume contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). Assessment of this risk is dependent on determining prevalence in PIF-producing factories, which can be challenging to measure with the heterogeneity observed in the design of built process facilities. There is also a potential risk of bacterial growth occurring during rehydration, given the observed persistence of Cronobacter in desiccated conditions. In addition, novel detection methods are emerging to effectively track and monitor Cronobacter species across the food chain. This review will explore the different vehicles that lead to Cronobacter species' environmental persistence in the food production environment, as well as their pathogenicity, detection methods and the regulatory framework surrounding PIF manufacturing that ensures a safe product for the global consumer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculties of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 6719418314, Iran
| | - Kevin Hunt
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leonard Koolman
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francis Butler
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Virulent Listeria monocytogenes and Cronobacter sakazakii in Dairy Cattle, the Environment, and Dried Milk with the In Vitro Application of Natural Alternative Control. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081087. [PMID: 36009957 PMCID: PMC9405507 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to detect the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Cronobacter sakazakii in three dairy households and dried milk from different suppliers, and evaluate the antimicrobial effect of rose water, rose, and orange essential oils. In total, 360 samples were collected from cattle, the environment, and dried milk (n = 30). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated with twofold microtube dilution and the time-kill method. L. monocytogenes was identified in all households (13.3%) with a prevalence in the range of 5.8–17.5%, while C. sakazakii was identified in one household (5.3%). The former and latter pathogens were highly isolated from the feces at 20% and 2.5% and bedding at 12.5% and 1.6%, respectively. L. monocytogenes was isolated only from milk at 7.5%, but C. sakazakii was not detected in either milk or dried milk. L. monocytogenes strains were screened for virulence genes (iap, hylA, and actA). All strains were positive for the iap gene, while for hlyA and actA, the percentages were (35.4% 16.6%, respectively). L. monocytogenes strains showed high resistance against sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim (100%), followed by gentamicin, penicillin, and imipenem (95.8%, 95.8%, and 91.6%, respectively). All C. sakazakii strains were susceptible to all tested antibiotics. The bactericidal activity of orange oil was the strongest, appeared after 1 h for both pathogens, followed by rose oil and then rose water.
Collapse
|
11
|
Jaradat ZW, Al-Mousa WA, Elbetieha AM, Ababneh QO, Al-Nabulsi AA, Jang H, Gangiredla J, Patel IR, Gopinath GR, Tall BD. Virulence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and phylogenetic analysis of Cronobacter sakazakii isolates of food origins from Jordan. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:2528-2546. [PMID: 35858752 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS to characterize a collection of Cronobacter sakazakii isolates collected from various origins in Jordan. METHODS AND RESULTS the isolates were characterized using 16S rRNA sequencing, DNA microarray, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), O-serotyping, virulence gene identification, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. The identities and phylogenetic relatedness revealed that C. sakazakii sequence type 4 (ST4) and Csak O:1 serotype was the most prevalent STs and serovars among these C. sakazakii strains. PCR screening of putative virulence genes showed that the siderophore-interacting protein gene (sip) and iron acquisition gene clusters (eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA) were the most detected genes with noticeable variability in the type 6 secretion system (T6SS) and filamentous hemagglutinin/adhesion (FHA) gene loci. The antibiotic resistance profiles revealed that the majority of the isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics used despite harboring a class C β-lactamase resistance gene. CONCLUSIONS the results described in this report provide additional insights about the considerable genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity within C. sakazakii. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY the information reported in this study might be of great value in understanding the origins of C. sakazakii isolates, in addition to their diversity and variability, which might be helpful in preventing future outbreaks of this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, P. O Box 3030, 22110, Jordan
| | - Waseem A Al-Mousa
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, P. O Box 3030, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed M Elbetieha
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, P. O Box 3030, 22110, Jordan
| | - Qutaiba O Ababneh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, P. O Box 3030, 22110, Jordan
| | - Anas A Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O Box 3030, 22110, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hyein Jang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 20708, Laurel, MD
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 20708, Laurel, MD
| | - Isha R Patel
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 20708, Laurel, MD
| | - Gopal R Gopinath
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 20708, Laurel, MD
| | - Ben D Tall
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 20708, Laurel, MD
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang H, Xiang Y, He X, Li C, Lin F, Shao J, Li Y. Identification and antibiotic resistance of Cronobacter spp. isolated from dried edible mushrooms. J Food Sci 2022; 87:3588-3598. [PMID: 35836296 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. is an important foodborne pathogen that can cause life-threatening diseases in infants and immunocompromised adults. The present study was carried out to understand the prevalence and characterization of Cronobacter spp. in dried edible mushrooms in Jiangsu province, China. Cronobacter isolates were identified and genotyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST); the antimicrobial susceptibility of Cronobacter strains was determined by the disk diffusion method; the biofilm formation ability of Cronobacter spp. was assessed using the microtiter plate method. The overall prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in dried edible mushrooms was 14.8%, with the highest contamination rate of after 37.2% found in Auricularia auricular. The Cronobacter isolates were identified as C. sakazakii (n = 26), C. malonaticus (n = 2), C. dublinensis (n = 2) and C. turicensis (n = 1). The MLST scheme produced 20 sequence types (STs), two of which were newly identified. ST148 was the most prevalent ST (n = 5), followed by ST4 (n = 3), ST17 (n = 3), ST64 (n = 3), and ST540 (n = 2). One (3.2%) and 15 (48.4%) Cronobacter isolates were resistant to tetracycline and meropenem, respectively. In contrast, all of the tested isolates were susceptible to the remaining 14 antibiotics. Moreover, 20 (64.5%) Cronobacter isolates showed weak ability to produce biofilm, but no isolates showed strong or moderate biofilm-forming ability. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Our findings revealed a high genetic diversity of Cronobacter spp. in dried edible mushrooms and provided new epidemiological evidence for the widespread existence of Cronobacter spp. in such products. The presence of Cronobacter spp. in dried edible mushrooms may pose potential risks to human health and enhancing the hygiene of such products are necessary to ensure food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jiang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yue Xiang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan He
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chencheng Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fuxing Lin
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jihong Shao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuanhong Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jang H, Eshwar A, Lehner A, Gangiredla J, Patel IR, Beaubrun JJG, Chase HR, Negrete F, Finkelstein S, Weinstein LM, Ko K, Addy N, Ewing L, Woo J, Lee Y, Seo K, Jaradat Z, Srikumar S, Fanning S, Stephan R, Tall BD, Gopinath GR. Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Originating from Plant-Origin Foods Using Comparative Genomic Analyses and Zebrafish Infectivity Studies. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071396. [PMID: 35889115 PMCID: PMC9319161 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii continues to be isolated from ready-to-eat fresh and frozen produce, flours, dairy powders, cereals, nuts, and spices, in addition to the conventional sources of powdered infant formulae (PIF) and PIF production environments. To understand the sequence diversity, phylogenetic relationship, and virulence of C. sakazakii originating from plant-origin foods, comparative molecular and genomic analyses, and zebrafish infection (ZI) studies were applied to 88 strains. Whole genome sequences of the strains were generated for detailed bioinformatic analysis. PCR analysis showed that all strains possessed a pESA3-like virulence plasmid similar to reference C. sakazakii clinical strain BAA-894. Core genome analysis confirmed a shared genomic backbone with other C. sakazakii strains from food, clinical and environmental strains. Emerging nucleotide diversity in these plant-origin strains was highlighted using single nucleotide polymorphic alleles in 2000 core genes. DNA hybridization analyses using a pan-genomic microarray showed that these strains clustered according to sequence types (STs) identified by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). PHASTER analysis identified 185 intact prophage gene clusters encompassing 22 different prophages, including three intact Cronobacter prophages: ENT47670, ENT39118, and phiES15. AMRFinderPlus analysis identified the CSA family class C β-lactamase gene in all strains and a plasmid-borne mcr-9.1 gene was identified in three strains. ZI studies showed that some plant-origin C. sakazakii display virulence comparable to clinical strains. Finding virulent plant-origin C. sakazakii possessing significant genomic features of clinically relevant STs suggests that these foods can serve as potential transmission vehicles and supports widening the scope of continued surveillance for this important foodborne pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Jang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Athmanya Eshwar
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (A.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (A.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Isha R. Patel
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Junia Jean-Gilles Beaubrun
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hannah R. Chase
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Flavia Negrete
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Samantha Finkelstein
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Leah M. Weinstein
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Katie Ko
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Nicole Addy
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Laura Ewing
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jungha Woo
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Youyoung Lee
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kunho Seo
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Ziad Jaradat
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
| | - Shabarinath Srikumar
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin & WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, Belfield, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin & WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, Belfield, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (A.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Ben D. Tall
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.T.); (G.R.G.)
| | - Gopal R. Gopinath
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.T.); (G.R.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Csorba C, Pajić M, Blagojević B, Forsythe S, Radinović M, Velebit B. Prevalence, characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of Cronobacter spp. in a milk powder processing environment: The first reported case in Serbia. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:554-563. [PMID: 35154691 PMCID: PMC8825717 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are opportunistic foodborne pathogens that most often infect neonates and infants through contaminated powdered infant formula. No reports have been published in Serbia on the prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in powdered milk production environments. Consequently, this study aimed to determine the prevalence, molecular characterization, antimicrobial susceptibility, and biofilm-forming ability of Cronobacter spp. isolated from a milk powder plant. Hundred samples were collected from the production facility. Fifteen Cronobacter sakazakii strains were isolated and identified, giving a contamination rate of 15%. Using multi-locus sequence typing, the isolates were divided into five sequence types (STs). Cronobacter sakazakii ST4 (50%), ST1 (16.67%), and ST83 (16.67%) were the dominant STs isolated. A novel sequence type (ST759) was identified and registered in the Cronobacter MLST database. The results of the antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated that C. sakazakii strains were susceptible to piperacillin/tazobactam, ampicillin/sulbactam, and amoxicillin/clavulanate, especially to meropenem and cefotaxime. Most of the ST4 showed moderate-to-strong biofilm-forming ability. The presence of clinically relevant isolates (ST4, ST1, ST83, and ST8) revealed that the production plant is likely a potential concern for public health. Finally, finding new sequence types like the one detected in this study (ST759) underlines evolving genetic changes in C. sakazakii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Csorba
- Department of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of AgricultureUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | - Marija Pajić
- Department of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of AgricultureUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | - Bojan Blagojević
- Department of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of AgricultureUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | | | - Miodrag Radinović
- Department of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of AgricultureUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | - Branko Velebit
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular BiologyInstitute of Meat Hygiene and TechnologyBelgradeSerbia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Berthold-Pluta A, Garbowska M, Stefańska I, Stasiak-Różańska L, Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk T, Pluta A. Microbiological Quality of Nuts, Dried and Candied Fruits, Including the Prevalence of Cronobacter spp. Pathogens 2021; 10:900. [PMID: 34358048 PMCID: PMC8308658 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter genus bacteria are food-borne pathogens. Foods contaminated with Cronobacter spp. may pose a risk to infants or immunocompromised adults. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of nuts, seeds and dried fruits with special emphasis on the occurrence of Cronobacter spp. Analyses were carried out on 64 samples of commercial nuts (20 samples), dried fruits (24), candied fruits (8), seeds (4), and mixes of seeds, dried fruits and nuts (8). The samples were tested for the total plate count of bacteria (TPC), counts of yeasts and molds, and the occurrence of Cronobacter spp. Cronobacter isolates were identified and differentiated by PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragments Length Polymorphism) and RAPD-PCR (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA by PCR) analysis. TPC, and yeasts and molds were not detected in 0.1 g of 23.4%, 89.1%, and 32.8% of the analyzed samples. In the remaining samples, TPC were in the range of 1.2-5.3 log CFU g-1. The presence/absence of Cronobacter species was detected in 12 (18.8%) samples of: nuts (10 samples), and mixes (2 samples). The 12 strains of Cronobacter spp. included: C. sakazakii (3 strains), C. malonaticus (5), and C. turicensis (4). The results of this study contribute to the determination of the presence and species identification of Cronobacter spp. in products of plant origin intended for direct consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Berthold-Pluta
- Department of Technology and Food Assessment, Division of Milk Technology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (L.S.-R.); (A.P.)
| | - Monika Garbowska
- Department of Technology and Food Assessment, Division of Milk Technology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (L.S.-R.); (A.P.)
| | - Ilona Stefańska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Lidia Stasiak-Różańska
- Department of Technology and Food Assessment, Division of Milk Technology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (L.S.-R.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Antoni Pluta
- Department of Technology and Food Assessment, Division of Milk Technology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (L.S.-R.); (A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Arslan S, Ertürk HG. Occurrence, Virulence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Cronobacter spp. from Ready-to-Eat Foods. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3403-3416. [PMID: 34241669 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. can cause foodborne diseases in infants, but Cronobacter infections in healthy adults and vulnerable people have also been reported. These bacteria have ubiquitous nature and can contaminate various foods. Therefore, we assessed the presence of Cronobacter spp. in popularly consumed ready-to-eat (RTE) food products. In the present study, 51 (15%) of the 340 RTE food samples were contaminated with Cronobacter spp The highest contamination rates were found in spices (46.7%), meat-free cig koftes (44.4%), desserts (23.3%), cereals (23.1%), doners (12.2%), and ice cream (11.1%). Phenotypic and molecular methods, including 16S rRNA, gluA, rpoB, cgcA genes, and fusA allele sequencing were tested to identify Cronobacter species. Of the 51 contaminated samples, 54 isolates were identified as C. sakazakii (n = 43), C. malonaticus (n = 7), C. muytjensii (n = 3) and C. turicensis (n = 1) using fusA analysis. These isolates were assigned to 15 different fusA alleles, two of which (191 and 192) were new alleles. Putative virulence factors such as the ompA and zpx gene, biofilms, and siderophores were detected in most of the Cronobacter isolates (> 85%). Cronobacter isolates were resistant to cephalothin (85.2%), cefoxitin (33.3%), cefotaxime (14.8%), ampicillin (11.1%), cefepime (5.6%), aztreonam (5.6%), and piperacillin (1.9%). The multidrug resistance (against three or more classes of antimicrobial agents) was 7.4%. The results indicated presence of Cronobacter spp. in RTE foods, which may be a risk to human health. It is important to adopt rigorous hygiene and sanitization practices to ensure the microbiological safety of these foods consuming without any processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seza Arslan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy, 14030, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Hafize Gizem Ertürk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy, 14030, Bolu, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu D, Wang Y, Wang X, Ou D, Ling N, Zhang J, Wu Q, Ye Y. Role of the multiple efflux pump protein TolC on growth, morphology, and biofilm formation under nitric oxide stress in Cronobacter malonaticus. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:98-103. [PMID: 36339506 PMCID: PMC9623651 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2020-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a biological signal molecule that can control and prevent the growth of most pathogens. Cronobacter species are a group of gram-negative foodborne pathogens that cause severe diseases, including neonatal meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis, especially among newborns and infants consuming contaminated powdered infant formula. Cronobacter species might be tolerant to NO, resulting in severe infections. However, the specific mechanism of tolerance to NO in Cronobacter species is unclear. Here, we explore the effects of a key component, the protein TolC, of a multiple efflux pump on the growth, morphological changes, and biofilm formation of Cronobacter malonaticus under NO stress. We found that deletion of tolC resulted in a decreased growth rate under 100 mM sodium nitroprusside (NO donor) and led to more disruptive morphological injury to the bacterial cells. Furthermore, C. malonaticus lacking the TolC protein (ΔtolC mutant) showed weaker biofilm formation than the wild-type strain under normal or NO stress conditions. We have proved that TolC plays an important role in cell growth and biofilm formation of C. malonaticus. Therefore, our results may provide valuable theoretical basis for formulating clinical guidelines for treatment of disease caused by C. malonaticus and ensuring food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dengyu Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Dexin Ou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Na Ling
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yingwang Ye
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Costa PV, Vasconcellos L, Forsythe SJ, Brandão MLL. Diversity of Cronobacter genus isolated between 1970 and 2019 on the American continent and genotyped using multi-locus sequence typing. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6156629. [PMID: 33677554 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the Cronobacter spp. strains isolated on the American continent and characterized using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) available in the PubMLST database and current literature. From 465 Cronobacter spp. strains, the majority (n = 267, 57.4%) was from North America, mainly from USA (n = 234) and 198 (42.6%) were from South America, mainly from Brazil (n = 196). A total of 232 (49.9%) were isolated from foods, 102 (21.9%) from environmental, 87 (18.7%) from clinical, 27 (5.8%) from PIF, one from water (0.2%) and 16 (3.5%) from unknown sources. A total of five species were represented: Cronobacter sakazakii (374, 80.4%), Cronobacter malonaticus (41, 8.8%), Cronobacter dublinensis (29, 6.2%), Cronobacter turicensis (16, 3.5%) and Cronobacter muytjensii (5, 1.1%). The strains with complete MLST profile (n = 345) were assigned to 98 STs, a ratio of 3.5 strain by ST found and the calculated Simpson`s index was 0.93. The strains showed a high diversity and after eBURST analysis, 30 STs (n = 189) formed 12 single and/or double-locus variant clonal complexes (CC). A total of 38 STs (38.7%) were associated with clinical cases of infection, including well established C. sakazakii CC 1, 4, 8 and 83; C. malonaticus ST60, 307, 394 and 440; and C. sakazakii ST 12 and 494.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiza Vasconcellos
- Department of Quality Control, Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil n.º 4365, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Costa PV, de Siqueira RM, Rosa Guimarães AC, Vasconcellos L, Midlej V, Silva da Conceição GM, Forsythe SJ, Lima Brandão ML. Cytotoxicity profile of Cronobacter species isolated from food and clinical specimens in Brazil. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1758-1769. [PMID: 33090617 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of Cronobacter strains isolated from foods (n = 50) and clinical samples (n = 6) in Brazil and genotype selected strains (n = 18) using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) METHODS AND RESULTS: The cytotoxic activity of C. sakazakii (n = 29), C. dublinensis (n = 13), C. malonaticus (n = 6), C. turicensis (n = 6) and C. muytjensii (n = 2) was screened using Vero, RK13, Hep2c, NCTC clone 929 and BHK-21 cell lines. Selected Cronobacter strains were assigned to C. sakazakii ST 21, C. turicensis ST 252, C. sakazakii ST 647, and three newly assigned STs: C. turicensis STs 738-740. The maximum death caused by non-heat-treated filtrates was 20·4, 86·2, 47·0 and 84·0%, in Vero, RK13, Hep2c and NCTC clone 929 cells, respectively. These were caused by C. sakazakii strains C291 and C292 (ST 494) which had been isolated during neonatal Cronobacter meningitis infection, and C110 (ST 395) isolated from flaxseed flour. Thermal treatment (100°C/20 min) significantly reduced the cytotoxicity activity in NCTC clone 929 and Vero cells (P ≤ 2 × 10-6 ), but not in RK13 (P = 0·12) and Hep2c (P = 0·85), indicating the cytotoxin(s) were probably proteinaceous. Electron microscopy revealed that cytotoxic compounds from C. sakazakii induced several cell death characteristics, including loss of cell-cell contact, microvilli reduction and cellular lysis. Autophagic vacuoles and mitochondrial damage were the most common ultrastructural features observed. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that Cronobacter strains, especially C. sakazakii, could produce heat-labile cytotoxic compounds in cell filtrates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study providing insights into the pathogenesis of the Cronobacter genus. Cytotoxins were identified in excreted filtrates of C. sakazakii strains isolated from food and clinical specimens. The presence of Cronobacter strains that can produce cytotoxins in foods can be a potential threat to human health and highlight the need for high levels of hygiene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P V Costa
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Food and Sanitizes, INCQS/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R M de Siqueira
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccines, Biopharmaceutics, and Cell Culture, INCQS/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A C Rosa Guimarães
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccines, Biopharmaceutics, and Cell Culture, INCQS/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L Vasconcellos
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Food and Sanitizes, INCQS/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V Midlej
- Laboratory of Cellular Ultrastructure, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - S J Forsythe
- Foodmicrobe.com, Adams Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - M L Lima Brandão
- Laboratory of Microbiology Control, Biomanguinhos/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jang H, Chase HR, Gangiredla J, Grim CJ, Patel IR, Kothary MH, Jackson SA, Mammel MK, Carter L, Negrete F, Finkelstein S, Weinstein L, Yan Q, Iversen C, Pagotto F, Stephan R, Lehner A, Eshwar AK, Fanning S, Farber J, Gopinath GR, Tall BD, Pava-Ripoll M. Analysis of the Molecular Diversity Among Cronobacter Species Isolated From Filth Flies Using Targeted PCR, Pan Genomic DNA Microarray, and Whole Genome Sequencing Analyses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:561204. [PMID: 33101235 PMCID: PMC7545074 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.561204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter species are opportunistic pathogens capable of causing life-threatening infections in humans, with serious complications arising in neonates, infants, immuno-compromised individuals, and elderly adults. The genus is comprised of seven species: Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter universalis, and Cronobacter condimenti. Despite a multiplicity of genomic data for the genus, little is known about likely transmission vectors. Using DNA microarray analysis, in parallel with whole genome sequencing, and targeted PCR analyses, the total gene content of two C. malonaticus, three C. turicensis, and 14 C. sakazaki isolated from various filth flies was assessed. Phylogenetic relatedness among these and other strains obtained during surveillance and outbreak investigations were comparatively assessed. Specifically, microarray analysis (MA) demonstrated its utility to cluster strains according to species-specific and sequence type (ST) phylogenetic relatedness, and that the fly strains clustered among strains obtained from clinical, food and environmental sources from United States, Europe, and Southeast Asia. This combinatorial approach was useful in data mining for virulence factor genes, and phage genes and gene clusters. In addition, results of plasmidotyping were in agreement with the species identity for each strain as determined by species-specific PCR assays, MA, and whole genome sequencing. Microarray and BLAST analyses of Cronobacter fly sequence datasets were corroborative and showed that the presence and absence of virulence factors followed species and ST evolutionary lines even though such genes were orthologous. Additionally, zebrafish infectivity studies showed that these pathotypes were as virulent to zebrafish embryos as other clinical strains. In summary, these findings support a striking phylogeny amongst fly, clinical, and surveillance strains isolated during 2010–2015, suggesting that flies are capable vectors for transmission of virulent Cronobacter spp.; they continue to circulate among United States and European populations, environments, and that this “pattern of circulation” has continued over decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Jang
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Hannah R Chase
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Christopher J Grim
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Isha R Patel
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Mahendra H Kothary
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Scott A Jackson
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Mark K Mammel
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Laurenda Carter
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Flavia Negrete
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Samantha Finkelstein
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Leah Weinstein
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - QiongQiong Yan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carol Iversen
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Franco Pagotto
- Food Directorate, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Athmanya K Eshwar
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Seamus Fanning
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeffery Farber
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Gopal R Gopinath
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Ben D Tall
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Monica Pava-Ripoll
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sidari R, Martorana A, Zappia C, Mincione A, Giuffrè AM. Persistence and Effect of a Multistrain Starter Culture on Antioxidant and Rheological Properties of Novel Wheat Sourdoughs and Bread. Foods 2020; 9:E1258. [PMID: 32911696 PMCID: PMC7555968 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Food consumers make decisions primarily on the basis of a product's nutritional, functional, and sensorial aspects. In this context, this study evaluated the persistence in sourdough of a multistrain starter culture from laboratory to bakery plant production and the effect of the starter on antioxidant and rheological properties of sourdoughs and derived bread. Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis B450, Leuconostoc citreum B435, and Candida milleri L999 were used as a multispecies starter culture to produce a sourdough subsequently used to modify two traditional sourdoughs to make novel bread with improved health and rheological properties. Both these novel bakery sourdoughs showed the persistence of L. sanfranciscensis B450 and C. milleri L999, and showed a significantly different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) concentration from the traditional sourdoughs. The novel sourdough PF7 M had a higher phenolic content (170% increase) and DPPH (8% increase) than the traditional bakery sourdough PF7 F. The novel sourdough PF9 M exhibited an improvement in textural parameters. Further research would be useful on the bioavailability of bio-active compounds to obtain bread with improved characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Sidari
- Department of AGRARIA, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, loc. Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (A.M.); (C.Z.); (A.M.); (A.M.G.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Carvalho GG, Calarga AP, Teodoro JR, Queiroz MM, Astudillo-Trujillo CA, Levy CE, Brocchi M, Kabuki DY. Isolation, comparison of identification methods and antibiotic resistance of Cronobacter spp. in infant foods. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109643. [PMID: 33233222 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens that cause serious infections, especially in infants, elderly, and immunocompromised people. Dehydrated infant foods are the main vehicle associated with infections caused by these bacteria. Thus, this study aims to investigate the occurrence of Cronobacter spp. in 152 commercial samples of dehydrated infant formulas (77 samples) and dehydrated infant cereals (75 samples), as well as characterize the isolates. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) methods for isolate identification were used, and their results compared. Furthermore, the susceptibility to 11 antibiotics was tested, and DNA sequencing of one isolate with multi-drug resistance was analyzed. No contamination in the infant formula samples was found, whereas 17.33% (13/75) of the infant cereal samples presented contamination with Cronobacter sakazakii. The identification results by PCR and MALDI-TOF/MS were divergent for some isolates. The antimicrobial resistance results showed a high incidence of resistance to cefazolin (94.4%) besides resistance to amoxicillin (9.45%), cefpodoxime (5.55%), streptomycin (1.35%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (1.35%). Whole genome sequencing of one multi-drug resistant isolate showed six genes associated with antimicrobial resistance and an 82% possibility of being a human pathogen based on the presence of virulence factors. The presence of Cronobacter spp. in infant foods represents a risk for the infant's health. Moreover, the presence of a pathogenic multi-drug resistant isolate in infant's food reinforces the necessity of improving food safety policies to protect young children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Guimarães Carvalho
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Aline Parolin Calarga
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Josie Roberta Teodoro
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Murilo Mariz Queiroz
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Emilio Levy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Dirce Yorika Kabuki
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Costa PV, Vasconcellos L, da Silva IC, Medeiros VDM, Forsythe SJ, Brandão MLL. Multi-locus sequence typing and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Cronobacter sakazakii and Cronobacter malonaticus isolated from corn-based farinaceous foods commercialized in Brazil. Food Res Int 2020; 129:108805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
24
|
Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Hu Y, Hong C, Xie A, Wu Y, Shangguan Z, Zhou B, Fang L, Mei L. Prevalence and genetic characteristics of Cronobacter spp. from food and human clinical stool samples in Wenzhou, China 2008-2018. Food Microbiol 2020; 89:103432. [PMID: 32138990 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic Cronobacter species are responsible for life-threatening illness in neonates. A ten-year comprehensive survey was conducted to examine the population structure and antimicrobial resistant patterns of Cronobacter isolates from food (n = 78) and clinical (n = 12) sources in Wenzhou, China. A total of 90 (4.4%) isolates were recovered from 2051 collected samples. The occurrence of Cronobacter spp. was highest in spices with a rate of 22% (26/119), whereas the lowest contamination rate of 1% was found in powered infant and toddler formula (7/494), special medical infant formula (1/95) and human stool samples (12/1024). Cronobacter strains revealed a high degree of genetic diversity among the isolates tested. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) distinguished 75 clonal groups, and the biggest cluster consisted of four strains. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method displayed 43 sequence types (STs), of which ST1, ST4, ST8, ST64, ST148 and ST201 were most frequently identified. Meanwhile, two new sequence types were discovered and added to the PubMLST international database. Resistance to ceftriaxone, cefotaxiv, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefoxitin, tetracycline, streptomycin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, as well as multidrug resistance, was noted. Taken together, this large-scale surveillance study highlights the wide dissemination and diverse molecular features of Cronobacter spp. in Wenzhou China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leyi Zhang
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuqin Hu
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chengji Hong
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China
| | - Airong Xie
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuejin Wu
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Shangguan
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China
| | - Biao Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Lingling Mei
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
A sensitive electrochemical aptasensor based on MB-anchored GO for the rapid detection of Cronobacter sakazakii. J Solid State Electrochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-019-04426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
26
|
Vasconcellos L, Medeiros V, Rosas C, Forsythe S, Romão C, Brandão M. Occurrence of total coliforms,Escherichia coliandCronobacterspecies in commercially available 20 l bottled drinking water sold in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 69:431-437. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Vasconcellos
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Food and Sanitizes INCQS/Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - V.M. Medeiros
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Food and Sanitizes INCQS/Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - C.O. Rosas
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Food and Sanitizes INCQS/Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - S.J. Forsythe
- Foodmicrobe.com Adams Hill Keyworth Nottinghamshire UK
| | - C.M.C.P.A. Romão
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Food and Sanitizes INCQS/Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - M.L.L. Brandão
- Laboratory of Microbiology Control Bio‐Manguinhos/Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Identification and Characterization of Cronobacter Strains Isolated from Environmental Samples. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76:1467-1476. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
28
|
Examining the Presence of Cronobacter spp. in Ready-to-eat Edible Insects. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2019; 7:74-78. [PMID: 31998590 PMCID: PMC6977773 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.d-19-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible insects present a potential solution to increasing global food insecurity.
However, there is limited research on the microbial hazards they may pose. These include
opportunistic pathogens like Cronobacter spp. (formerly
Enterobacter sakazakii). In this study, nine types of ready-to-eat
edible insect products purchased in the UK were examined for their microbial load (total
aerobic count, total Enterobacteriaceae count), and screened for the
presence of Cronobacter sakazakii(C. sakazakii) by
selective enrichment and plating on chromogenic agar. While microbial load was generally
low, presumptive Cronobacter spp. were detected in five of the edible
insect products. Four of the isolates were identified as C. sakazakii,
using the Remel RapID ONE biochemical test kit. Genotypic characterisation of the isolates
by ITS-PCR, however, demonstrated that the isolates may be other species of
Cronobacter instead. Further studies into understanding microbial
hazards linked to edible insects for human consumption are required.
Collapse
|
29
|
Zeng H, Li C, He W, Zhang J, Chen M, Lei T, Wu H, Ling N, Cai S, Wang J, Ding Y, Wu Q. Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, and Cronobacter dublinensis Genotyping Based on CRISPR Locus Diversity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1989. [PMID: 31555228 PMCID: PMC6722223 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter strains harboring CRISPR-Cas systems are important foodborne pathogens that cause serious neonatal infections. CRISPR typing is a new molecular subtyping method to track the sources of pathogenic bacterial outbreaks and shows a promise in typing Cronobacter, however, this molecular typing procedure using routine PCR method has not been established. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish such methodology, 257 isolates of Cronobacter sakazakii, C. malonaticus, and C. dublinensis were used to verify the feasibility of the method. Results showed that 161 C. sakazakii strains could be divided into 129 CRISPR types (CTs), among which CT15 (n = 7) was the most prevalent CT followed by CT6 (n = 4). Further, 65 C. malonaticus strains were divided into 42 CTs and CT23 (n = 8) was the most prevalent followed by CT2, CT3, and CT13 (n = 4). Finally, 31 C. dublinensis strains belonged to 31 CTs. There was also a relationship among CT, sequence type (ST), food types, and serotype. Compared to multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), this new molecular method has greater power to distinguish similar strains and had better accordance with whole genome sequence typing (WGST). More importantly, some lineages were found to harbor conserved ancestral spacers ahead of their divergent specific spacer sequences; this can be exploited to infer the divergent evolution of Cronobacter and provide phylogenetic information reflecting common origins. Compared to WGST, CRISPR typing method is simpler and more affordable, it could be used to identify sources of Cronobacter food-borne outbreaks, from clinical cases to food sources and the production sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengsi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
The occurrence and distribution characteristics of Cronobacter in diverse cereal kernels, flour, and flour-based products. Food Microbiol 2019; 84:103269. [PMID: 31421791 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter was positive in cereals at a relatively high rate. In the present study, we investigated the occurrence and characteristics of this pathogen systematically in diverse cereals. All sampled food (N = 467) contained Cronobacter with a high positive rate of 54.0%. The enumeration experiment showed the concentration ranged from 0.3 to more than 110 MPN/100 g, and 87.9% of 127 samples were less than 10 MPN/100 g. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in positive rates for Cronobacter among cereal kernels (40.2%), cereal flour (66.7%), cereal products made from raw cereal flour (87.6%), and cereal products made from flour (ready-to-eat) (17.4%). The dominant Cronobacter species was C. sakazakii and C. dublinensis, followed by C. malonaticus and C. turicensis. Two interesting clusters with more than 90% similarities were identified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The C1 cluster (four isolates) indicated these strains were derived from a common source and persisted in the food production environment for an extended time. The C2 cluster (six isolates) indicated the pathogen could be transmitted via cereal processing. Our research provided baseline data for Cronobacter in diverse cereals and was helpful for understanding Cronobacter transmission. The results also indicate that additional control measures should be developed to reduce the risk of infection by these opportunistic pathogenic bacteria.
Collapse
|
31
|
Singh N, Kaur R, Singh BP, Rokana N, Goel G, Puniya AK, Panwar H. Impairment of Cronobacter sakazakii and Listeria monocytogenes biofilms by cell-free preparations of lactobacilli of goat milk origin. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 65:185-196. [PMID: 31218652 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-associated bacterial infections represent one of the major threats to modern medical treatments. Bacteria encased in biofilm matrix are more resistant towards antimicrobials and thus the capability of microbes to persist and nurture in a biofilm seems to be the foremost aspect of pathogenesis and therapeutic failure. Therefore, there is a pressing demand for new drugs active against microbial biofilms. In the current study, anti-biofilm potential of Lactobacillus spp. cell-free supernatants (CFSs) against Cronobacter sakazakii and Listeria monocytogenes was characterized using crystal violet staining and MTT assay. CFSs of goat milk origin lactobacilli not only prevented biofilm formation but also disrupted preformed biofilms. Neutralized and heat-treated preparations of Lactobacillus CFSs also inhibited biofilm formation by test pathogens. The results were quantitatively confirmed by light and fluorescent microscopy observations. Biofilms developed under static conditions displayed typical compact microcolonies with uniform distribution over the surface, while upon CFS challenge, biofilms were disrupted with presence of dead cells. These findings highlight the anti-biofilm potency of Lactobacillus spp. strains of goat milk origin and their potential application in food industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Singh
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Ravinder Kaur
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Brij Pal Singh
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Namita Rokana
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Gunjan Goel
- Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, 123031, India
| | - Anil Kumar Puniya
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Harsh Panwar
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lou X, Yu H, Wang X, Qi J, Zhang W, Wang H, Si G, Song S, Huang C, Liu T, Zheng W, Fang Z. Potential reservoirs and routes of Cronobacter transmission during cereal growing, processing and consumption. Food Microbiol 2019; 79:90-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
33
|
|
34
|
Wang Q, Forsythe SJ, Zhao XJ, Wang ZW, Li D, Ma D, Cao JY, Zeng J. Species identification and molecular characterization of Cronobacter spp. isolated from food imported over nine years into Beijing, China. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:11-19. [PMID: 31027763 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are associated with serious infections in neonates with the clinical presentations of necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteraemia and meningitis. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was used to identify 203 Cronobacter isolates from imported food during 2006-2015 with an optimized in-house database. The isolates were predominantly C. sakazakii (88.18%), followed by C. malonaticus (8.37%), C. muytjensii (1.48%), C. turicensis (0.99%) and C. dublinensis (0.99%). The result was totally consistent with that of fusA allele sequencing. 12.32% (25/203) of isolates gave inconsistent spectra following separate protein extractions. Sixty C. sakazakii isolates and 24 isolates from the other four species were chosen for multi-locus sequence type analyses (MLST) and PCR-serotyping. Thirty-one sequence types were identified. The common sequence types were ST1 (19/60) and ST4 (13/60) for C. sakazakii and ST7 (12/17) for C. malonaticus. The primary serotypes were Csak O:1 (30/60), Csak O:2 (25/60) and Cmal O:2 (16/17) for C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus isolates, respectively. In conclusion, appropriate in-house database could make MALDI-TOF MS method identifying Cronobacter spp. isolates to the species level. But the spectra data were not sufficiently consistent for subtyping, unlike MLST. The Cronobacter spp. isolates have a high diversity including recognized pathovars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Beijing Customs, Tianshuiyuan Street 6, Beijing, 100026, China.
| | | | - Xiao-Juan Zhao
- Beijing Customs, Tianshuiyuan Street 6, Beijing, 100026, China.
| | - Zi-Wei Wang
- Beijing Customs, Tianshuiyuan Street 6, Beijing, 100026, China.
| | - Dan Li
- Beijing Customs, Tianshuiyuan Street 6, Beijing, 100026, China.
| | - Dan Ma
- Beijing Customs, Tianshuiyuan Street 6, Beijing, 100026, China.
| | - Jia-Yue Cao
- Beijing Customs, Tianshuiyuan Street 6, Beijing, 100026, China.
| | - Jing Zeng
- Beijing Customs, Tianshuiyuan Street 6, Beijing, 100026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Silva JN, Vasconcellos L, Forsythe SJ, de Filippis I, Luiz Lima Brandão M. Molecular and phenotypical characterization ofCronobacterspecies isolated with high occurrence from oats and linseeds. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 366:5266300. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Nunes Silva
- Laboratory of Food and Sanitizes, INCQS/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365. Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil, CEP:21040-900
| | - Luiza Vasconcellos
- Laboratory of Food and Sanitizes, INCQS/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365. Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil, CEP:21040-900
| | | | - Ivano de Filippis
- Laboratory of Reference Microorganisms, INCQS/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365. Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil, CEP:21040-900
| | - Marcelo Luiz Lima Brandão
- Laboratory of Food and Sanitizes, INCQS/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365. Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil, CEP:21040-900
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Antibacterial activities of plant-derived compounds and essential oils against Cronobacter strains. Eur Food Res Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-018-3218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
37
|
Sun L, Jiang Y, Pan R, Li M, Wang R, Chen S, Fu S, Man C. A novel, simple and low-cost paper-based analytical device for colorimetric detection of Cronobacter spp. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1036:80-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
38
|
Liu M, Hu G, Shi Y, Liu H, Li J, Shan X, Hu J, Cui J, Liu L. Contamination of Cronobacter spp. in Chinese Retail Spices. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:637-644. [PMID: 30117756 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Crononbacter spp. is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that causes infections in neonates, infants, and immunocompromised adults. Although the contamination of spices with Cronobacter has been previously reported in some countries, there have been no studies on Cronobacter contamination in China. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in Chinese retail spices. Fifty-six packaged Chinese spices were collected from different markets, and 32 of these were found to be contaminated with Cronobacter. Five species were identified from the 54 isolates of the 32 positive samples: Cronobacter sakazakii (n = 35), Cronobacter muytjensii (n = 8), Cronobacter malonaticus (n = 6), Cronobacter turicensis (n = 3), and Cronobacter dublinensis (n = 2). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated high genetic diversity, as 53 PFGE profiles were revealed for the 54 isolates. Multilocus sequence typing analysis revealed 46 sequence types, and of these, 26 were newly identified. Most of the isolates were sensitive to antibiotics (n = 15), with the exception of cefazolin. This study revealed that the contamination of Chinese retail spices by Cronobacter spp. poses a potential risk to the consumer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- 1 Division of Bacteria Diseases, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan, China
| | - Guangchun Hu
- 1 Division of Bacteria Diseases, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- 1 Division of Bacteria Diseases, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan, China
| | - Hui Liu
- 1 Division of Bacteria Diseases, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan, China
| | - Jian Li
- 1 Division of Bacteria Diseases, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoying Shan
- 1 Division of Bacteria Diseases, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan, China
| | - Jinrui Hu
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Cui
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China .,3 Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics , Beijing, China
| | - Lanzheng Liu
- 1 Division of Bacteria Diseases, Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Guo Q, Yang J, Forsythe SJ, Jiang Y, Han W, He Y, Niu B. DNA sequence-based re-assessment of archived Cronobacter sakazakii strains isolated from dairy products imported into China between 2005 and 2006. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:506. [PMID: 29954347 PMCID: PMC6025729 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cronobacter species are associated with severe foodborne infections in neonates and infants, with particular pathovars associated with specific clinical presentations. However, before 2008 the genus was regarded as a single species named Enterobacter sakazakii which was subdivided into 8 phenotypes. This study re-analyzed, using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and whole genome sequence with single nucleotide polymorphism analysis (WGS-SNP), 52 strains which had been identified as Enterobacter sakazakii as according to the convention at the time of isolation. These strains had been isolated from dairy product imports into China from 9 countries between 2005 and 6. Bioinformatic analysis was then used to analyze the relatedness and global dissemination of these strains. RESULT FusA allele sequencing revealed that 49/52 strains were Cronobacter sakazakii, while the remaining 3 strains were Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and Franconibacter helveticus. The C. sakazakii strains comprised of 8 sequence types (STs) which included the neonatal pathovars ST1, ST4 and ST12. The predominant sequence type was ST13 (65.3%, 32/49) which had been isolated from dairy products imported from 6 countries. WGS-SNP analysis of the 32 C. sakazakii ST13 strains revealed 5 clusters and 5 unique strains which did not correlate with the country of product origin. CONCLUSION The mis-identification of E. coli, E. cloacae and F. helveticus as Cronobacter spp. reinforces the need to apply reliable methods to reduce the incidence of false positive and false negative results which may be of clinical significance. The WGS-SNP analysis demonstrated that indistinguishable Cronobacter strains within a sequence type can be unrelated, and may originate from multiple sources. The use of WGS-SNP analysis to distinguishing of strains within a sequence type has important relevance for tracing the source of outbreaks due to Cronobacter spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Guo
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 1208 Minsheng Road, Shanghai, 200135 People’s Republic of China
- foodmicrobe.com, Adams Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GY UK
| | - Jielin Yang
- Shanghai Customs (former Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau), 1208 Minsheng Road, Shanghai, 200135 People’s Republic of China
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 1208 Minsheng Road, Shanghai, 200135 People’s Republic of China
| | - S. J. Forsythe
- foodmicrobe.com, Adams Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GY UK
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Shanghai Customs (former Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau), 1208 Minsheng Road, Shanghai, 200135 People’s Republic of China
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 1208 Minsheng Road, Shanghai, 200135 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Han
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 1208 Minsheng Road, Shanghai, 200135 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuping He
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine, Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 1208 Minsheng Road, Shanghai, 200135 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Niu
- Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200135 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zeng H, Zhang J, Wu Q, He W, Wu H, Ye Y, Li C, Ling N, Chen M, Wang J, Cai S, Lei T, Ding Y, Xue L. Reconstituting the History of Cronobacter Evolution Driven by Differentiated CRISPR Activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e00267-18. [PMID: 29523551 PMCID: PMC5930372 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00267-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter strains harboring the CRISPR-Cas system are important foodborne pathogens causing serious neonatal infections. However, the specific role of the CRISPR-Cas system in bacterial evolution remains relatively unexplored. In this study, we investigated the impact of the CRISPR-Cas system on Cronobacter evolution and obtained 137 new whole-genome Cronobacter sequences by next-generation sequencing technology. Among the strains examined (n = 240), 90.6% (193/213) of prevalent species Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobactermalonaticus, and Cronobacterdublinensis strains had intact CRISPR-Cas systems. Two rare species, Cronobactercondimenti (n = 2) and Cronobacteruniversalis (n = 6), lacked and preserved the CRISPR-Cas system at a low frequency (1/6), respectively. These results suggest that the presence of one CRISPR-Cas system is important for a Cronobacter species to maintain genome homeostasis for survival. The Cronobacter ancestral strain is likely to have harbored both subtype I-E and I-F CRISPR-Cas systems; during the long evolutionary process, subtype I-E was retained while subtype I-F selectively degenerated in Cronobacter species and was even lost by the major Cronobacter pathovars. Moreover, significantly higher CRISPR activity was observed in the plant-associated species Cdublinensis than in the virulence-related species C. sakazakii and Cmalonaticus Similar spacers of CRISPR arrays were rarely found among species, suggesting intensive change through adaptive acquisition and loss. Differentiated CRISPR activity appears to be the product of environmental selective pressure and might contribute to the bidirectional divergence and speciation of CronobacterIMPORTANCE This study reports the evolutionary history of Cronobacter under the selective pressure of the CRISPR-Cas system. One CRISPR-Cas system in Cronobacter is important for maintaining genome homeostasis, whereas two types of systems may be redundant and not conducive to acquiring beneficial DNA for environmental adaptation and pathogenicity. Differentiated CRISPR activity has contributed to the bidirectional divergence and genetic diversity of Cronobacter This perspective makes a significant contribution to the literature by providing new insights into CRISPR-Cas systems in general, while further expanding the roles of CRISPR beyond conferring adaptive immunity and demonstrating a link to adaptation and species divergence in a genus. Moreover, our study provides new insights into the balance between genome homeostasis and the uptake of beneficial DNA related to CRISPR-based activity in the evolution of Cronobacter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zeng
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing He
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoming Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingwang Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Chengsi Li
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Ling
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhen Cai
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Lei
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Vasconcellos L, Carvalho CT, Tavares RO, de Mello Medeiros V, de Oliveira Rosas C, Silva JN, dos Reis Lopes SM, Forsythe SJ, Brandão MLL. Isolation, molecular and phenotypic characterization of Cronobacter spp. in ready-to-eat salads and foods from Japanese cuisine commercialized in Brazil. Food Res Int 2018; 107:353-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
42
|
Fei P, Jiang Y, Gong S, Li R, Jiang Y, Yuan X, Wang Z, Kang H, Ali MA. Occurrence, Genotyping, and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Cronobacter spp. in Drinking Water and Food Samples from Northeast China. J Food Prot 2018; 81:456-460. [PMID: 29474142 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter species (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) are emerging opportunistic bacterial pathogens that can infect both infants and adults. This study was conducted to isolate and genotype diverse Cronobacter species from drinking water, chilled fresh pork, powdered infant formula, instant noodles, cookies, fruits, vegetables, and dishes in Northeast China and to evaluate the antibiotic resistance and susceptibility of the isolates. Thirty-four Cronobacter strains were isolated and identified: 21 C. sakazakii isolates (61.8%), 10 C. malonaticus isolates (29.4%), 2 C. dublinensis isolates (5.9%), and 1 C. turicensis isolate (2.9%). These isolates were further divided into 15 sequence types (STs) by multilocus sequence typing. C. sakazakii ST4 (10 isolates, 29.4%), ST1 (3 isolates, 8.8%), and ST8 (3 isolates, 8.8%) and C. malonaticus ST7 (four isolates, 11.8%) were dominant. Antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated that all 34 Cronobacter isolates were susceptible to ampicillin-sulbactam, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, meropenem, tetracycline, piperacillin-tazobactam, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 88.2% were susceptible to chloramphenicol, and 67.6% were resistant to cephalothin. The results of this study enhance knowledge about genotyping and antibiotic resistance of these Cronobacter species and could be used to prevent potential hazards caused by these strains in drinking water and various food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fei
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichao Jiang
- Changbai Mountains Food and Drug Inspection Testing Center, Baishan 134511, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoying Gong
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Li
- Mars Food (China) Co. Ltd., Beijing 101407, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Jiang
- MuLing Food Inspection Testing Center, Department of Market Supervision and Management, Mudanjiang 157500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujuan Yuan
- Anda Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Anda 151400, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaibin Kang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, People's Republic of China
| | - Md Aslam Ali
- Department of Agro-Processing, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur-1706, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Holý O, Alsonosi A, Hochel I, Röderová M, Zatloukalová S, Mlynárčik P, Kolář M, Petrželová J, Alazraq A, Chmelař D, Forsythe S. Antibiotic Susceptibility of Cronobacter spp. Isolated from Clinical Samples. Pol J Microbiol 2018; 68:5-14. [PMID: 31050248 PMCID: PMC7256753 DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2019-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. have been recognized as causative agents of various severe infections in pre-term or full-term infants as well as elderly adults suffering from serious underlying disease or malignancy. A surveillance study was designed to identify antibiotic resistance among clinical Cronobacter spp. strains, which were isolated from patients of two hospitals between May 2007 and August 2013. Altogether, 52 Cronobacter spp. isolates were analyzed. Although MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry recognized all Cronobacter sakazakii and Cronobacter malonaticus strains, it could not identify Cronobacter muytjensii strain. Nevertheless, all strains were identified as Cronobacter spp. using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Strains were tested against 17 types of antibiotics, using the standard microdilution method according to the 2018 European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing criteria. Three Cronobacter species were identified as C. sakazakii (n = 33), C. malonaticus (n = 18), and C. muytjensii (n = 1); all isolates were susceptible to all tested antibiotics. All strains were PCR-negative for blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M β-lactamase genes, as well. Even though the results of this study showed that Cronobacter spp. isolates were pan-susceptible, continued antibiotic resistance surveillance is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Holý
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Abdlrhman Alsonosi
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Sabha University , Sabha , Libya
| | - Igor Hochel
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Röderová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Simona Zatloukalová
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Mlynárčik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kolář
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Jana Petrželová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Aiyda Alazraq
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sabha University , Sabha , Libya
| | - Dittmar Chmelař
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava , Ostrava , Czech Republic
| | - Stephen Forsythe
- foodmicrobe.com, Adams Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Brandão MLL, Umeda NS, Filippis ID. Cronobacter spp.: infecções, ocorrência e regulação em alimentos ‒ uma revisão no Brasil. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.7417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resumo Cronobacter é uma bactéria oportunista, associada a infecções em neonatos devido ao consumo de fórmulas infantis desidratadas. Atualmente, sabe-se que Cronobacter pode causar infecções em indivíduos de qualquer idade, sendo, em idosos, a sua maior prevalência, e a infecção urinária, a síndrome mais comum neste grupo. A identificação de fórmulas infantis desidratadas como veículo de contaminação em casos de meningite causada por Cronobacter em neonatos levou as agências de regulação a criarem medidas específicas para o controle destes patógenos nestes produtos. Uma revisão bibliográfica foi realizada sobre a epidemiologia das infecções por Cronobacter, a ocorrência do patógeno e a regulação na área de alimentos no Brasil. Constatou-se que casos de infecções foram reportados no país no período de 1997-2013, com maior ocorrência em neonatos. O número preciso de casos não pôde ser determinado e, em alguns dos relatos, a identificação fidedigna dos micro-organismos pode ser questionável. Na maioria dos casos relatados o veículo de contaminação não foi investigado ou não pôde ser determinado. Já ocorreram relatos da contaminação de amostras de fórmulas infantis desidratadas comercializadas no Brasil por Cronobacter, mas sua ocorrência parece ter sido reduzida após a adoção de medidas sanitárias mais rígidas pelos órgãos reguladores. Cronobacter também foi isolada de temperos e condimentos, farinhas, queijo e misturas de cereais para crianças; destas amostras, quatro espécies foram identificadas: C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. dublinensis e C. muytjensii. A presença do patógeno em diferentes classes de alimentos é preocupante pois pode representar um risco caso sejam consumidos por indivíduos pertencentes a algum grupo de risco (neonatos e idosos). O incentivo à realização de pesquisas sobre a epidemiologia do gênero Cronobacter é importante para identificar as classes de alimentos que podem atuar como veículo de contaminação e a real prevalência das infecções no Brasil.
Collapse
|
46
|
Li Y, Yu H, Jiang H, Jiao Y, Zhang Y, Shao J. Genetic Diversity, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Biofilm Formation of Cronobacter spp. Recovered from Spices and Cereals. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2567. [PMID: 29312246 PMCID: PMC5742210 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter species are important food-borne opportunistic pathogens which have been implicated in the cause of necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and meningitis in neonates and infants. However, these bacteria are routinely found in foodstuffs, clinical specimens, and environmental samples. This study investigated the genetic diversity, antimicrobial susceptibility, and biofilm formation of Cronobacter isolates (n = 40) recovered from spices and cereals in China during 2014–2015. Based on the fusA sequencing analysis, we found that the majority (23/40, 57.5%) of Cronobacter isolates in spices and cereals were C. sakazakii, while the remaining strains were C. dublinensis (6/40, 15.0%), C. malonaticus (5/40, 12.5%), C. turicensis (4/40, 10.0%), and C. universalis (2/40, 5.0%). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis produced 30 sequence types (STs) among the 40 Cronobacter isolates, with 5 STs (ST4, ST13, ST50, ST129, and ST158) related to neonatal meningitis. The pattern of the overall ST distribution was diverse; in particular, it was revealed that ST148 was the predominant ST, presenting 12.5% within the whole population. MLST assigned 12 isolates to 7 different clonal complexes (CCs), 4, 13, 16, 17, 72, 129, and 143, respectively. The results of O-antigen serotyping indicated that C. sakazakii serotype O1 and O2 were the most two prevalent serotypes. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the 40 Cronobacter isolates were susceptible to most of the antibiotics tested except for ceftriaxone, meropenem, and aztreona. Of the 40 Cronobacter strains tested, 13 (32.5%) were assessed as weak bioflim producers, one (2.5%) was a moderate biofilm producer, one (2.5%) was strong biofilm producer, and the others (62.5%) were non-biofilm producers. MLST and O-antigen serotyping have indicated that Cronobacter strains recovered from spices and cereals were genetically diverse. Isolates of clinical origin, particularly the C. sakazakii ST4 neonatal meningitic pathovar, have been identified from spices and cereals. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance of Cronobacter strains was observed, which may imply a potential public health risk. Therefore, the surveillance of Cronobacter spp. in spices and cereals should be strengthened to improve epidemiological understandings of Cronobacter infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Li
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jihong Shao
- School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Phenotypic characterization of Cronobacter spp. strains isolated from foods and clinical specimens in Brazil. Food Res Int 2017; 102:61-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
48
|
Fei P, Jiang Y, Jiang Y, Yuan X, Yang T, Chen J, Wang Z, Kang H, Forsythe SJ. Prevalence, Molecular Characterization, and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Cronobacter sakazakii Isolates from Powdered Infant Formula Collected from Chinese Retail Markets. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2026. [PMID: 29089940 PMCID: PMC5651101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes severe infections in neonates and infants through contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). Therefore, the aim of this study was a large-scale study on determine the prevalence, molecular characterization and antibiotic susceptibility of C. sakazakii isolates from PIF purchased from Chinese retail markets. Two thousand and twenty PIF samples were collected from different institutions. Fifty-six C. sakazakii strains were isolated, and identified using fusA sequencing analysis, giving a contamination rate of 2.8%. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was more discriminatory than other genotyping methods. The C. sakazakii isolates were divided into 14 sequence types (STs) by MLST, compared with only seven clusters by ompA and rpoB sequence analysis, and four C. sakazakii serotypes by PCR-based O-antigen serotyping. C. sakazakii ST4 (19/56, 33.9%), ST1 (12/56, 21.4%), and ST64 (11/56, 16.1%) were the dominant sequence types isolated. C. sakazakii serotype O2 (34/56, 60.7%) was the primary serotype, along with ompA6 and rpoB1 as the main allele profiles, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated that all C. sakazakii isolates were susceptible to ampicillin-sulbactam, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, tetracycline, piperacillin-tazobactam, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The majority of C. sakazakii strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol and gentamicin (87.5 and 92.9%, respectively). In contrast, 55.4% C. sakazakii strains were resistant to cephalothin. In conclusion, this large-scale study revealed the prevalence and characteristics of C. sakazakii from PIF in Chinese retail markets, demonstrating a potential risk for neonates and infants, and provide a guided to effective control the contamination of C. sakazakii in production process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fei
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yichao Jiang
- Changbai Mountains Food and Drug Inspection Testing Center, Baishan, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Market Supervision and Management, MuLing Food Inspection Testing Center, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Xiujuan Yuan
- Anda Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Anda, China
| | - Tongxiang Yang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Junliang Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Huaibin Kang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Phylogenetic Analysis and Antimicrobial Profiles of Cultured Emerging Opportunistic Pathogens (Phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria) Identified in Hot Springs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14091070. [PMID: 28914802 PMCID: PMC5615607 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14091070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hot spring water may harbour emerging waterborne opportunistic pathogens that can cause infections in humans. We have investigated the diversity and antimicrobial resistance of culturable emerging and opportunistic bacterial pathogens, in water and sediment of hot springs located in Limpopo, South Africa. Aerobic bacteria were cultured and identified using 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene sequencing. The presence of Legionella spp. was investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Isolates were tested for resistance to ten antibiotics representing six different classes: β-lactam (carbenicillin), aminoglycosides (gentamycin, kanamycin, streptomycin), tetracycline, amphenicols (chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone), sulphonamides (co-trimoxazole) and quinolones (nalidixic acid, norfloxacin). Gram-positive Kocuria sp. and Arthrobacter sp. and gram-negative Cupriavidus sp., Ralstonia sp., Cronobacter sp., Tepidimonas sp., Hafnia sp. and Sphingomonas sp. were isolated, all recognised as emerging food-borne pathogens. Legionella spp. was not detected throughout the study. Isolates of Kocuria, Arthrobacter and Hafnia and an unknown species of the class Gammaproteobacteria were resistant to two antibiotics in different combinations of carbenicillin, ceftriaxone, nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol. Cronobacter sp. was sensitive to all ten antibiotics. This study suggests that hot springs are potential reservoirs for emerging opportunistic pathogens, including multiple antibiotic resistant strains, and highlights the presence of unknown populations of emerging and potential waterborne opportunistic pathogens in the environment.
Collapse
|
50
|
Molecular Surveillance of Cronobacter spp. Isolated from a Wide Variety of Foods from 44 Different Countries by Sequence Typing of 16S rRNA, rpoB and O-Antigen Genes. Foods 2017; 6:foods6050036. [PMID: 28492472 PMCID: PMC5447912 DOI: 10.3390/foods6050036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are emerging infectious bacteria that can cause acute meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal and immunocompromised individuals. Although this opportunistic human-pathogenic microorganism has been isolated from a wide variety of food and environmental samples, it has been primarily linked to foodborne outbreaks associated with powdered infant formula. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration use the presence of these microbes as one of the criteria to assess food adulteration and to implement regulatory actions. In this study, we have examined 195 aliquots of enrichments from the nine major categories of foods (including baby and medical food, dairy products, dried food, frozen food, pet food, produce, ready-to-eat snacks, seafood, and spices) from 44 countries using conventional microbiological and molecular techniques. The typical colonies of Cronobacter were then identified by VITEK2 and real-time PCR. Subsequently, sequence typing was performed on the 51 recovered Cronobacter isolates at the 16S rRNA, rpoB and seven O-antigen loci for species identification in order to accomplish an effective surveillance program for the control and prevention of foodborne illnesses.
Collapse
|