1
|
Cheng Y, Liu Z, Yang J, Zhao H, Chao Z. Metabolomics analysis of physicochemical properties associated with quality deterioration in insect-infested hawthorn berries. Food Chem 2024; 459:140374. [PMID: 38981382 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The sliced and dried hawthorn berries are easily infested by insects during storage. This study aimed to determine the effect of insect infestation on the quality of hawthorn berries and assess the change at metabolite level by analyzing physicochemical property and metabolomics profiling. A total of 184 shared differential metabolites were obtained, mainly including flavonoids, fatty acids, carboxylic acids and derivatives, and nitrogenous compounds. Through receiver operating characteristic curve assessment, 9 significant differential markers were screened out to distinguish insect infestation of hawthorn berries. Correlation analysis showed that the color, total organic acids, total phenolics, and total flavonoids were effective indicators for quality evaluation of insect infestation, and uric acid and hippuric acid can serve as biomarkers for the quality deterioration of hawthorn berries during storage. This study demonstrated that insect infestation could decrease the quality of hawthorn berries from macro and micro perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhenying Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs,National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Haiyu Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhimao Chao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cheng Y, Han L, Shao L, Wang H, Guo Z, Li G. Comparative investigation on the aroma profiles of edible citrus flowers in the main organs and different developmental stages. Food Chem X 2024; 23:101568. [PMID: 39022788 PMCID: PMC467083 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Pomelo flowers emit a strong fragrance and give aromatic odors. Volatile compounds from pomelo flowers were analyzed at three developmental stages and in the main organs by molecular sensory science. A total of 134 volatiles including 25 odorants, were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/pulsed flame photometric detector (GC-MS/PFPD) and multidimensional GC-MS/olfactory (MDGC-MS/O). The total volatile content varied among pomelo flowers at different developmental stages (stage-III > stage-II > stage-I) and among different organs of pomelo flowers (petal > pistil > stamen). Linalool was an important odorant with a high OAV, and floral/fruity comprised the predominant aroma profile. Four odorants, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, linalool, β-myrcene, and 2-butenal, were selected based on variable importance in projection (VIP) values and contributed mainly to the discrimination of pomelo flowers at three different developmental stages. Linalool, β-myrcene, d-limonene, and ethyl hexanoate were potential markers for evaluating flavor differences in pomelo floral organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Cheng
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Leng Han
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Linzi Shao
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Guijie Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song L, Yang BQ, Xie WJ, Gao Y, Shan CX, Peng GP, Xie XY, Gao XL, Zheng YF. An efficient method for rapid screening of triterpenoid saponins in three Glycyrrhiza species using rapid resolution liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with mass defect filtering. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 246:116213. [PMID: 38754155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins, a major bioactive component of liquorice, possess high hydrophilicity and often co-occur with other impurities of similar polarity. Additionally, subtle structural differences of some triterpenoid saponins bring challenges to comprehensive characterisation. In this study, triterpenoid saponins of three Glycyrrhiza species were systematically analysed using rapid resolution liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS) coupled with mass defect filtering (MDF). Firstly, comprehensive date acquisition was achieved using RRLC-Q-TOF-MS. Secondly, a polygonal MDF method was established by summarizing known and speculated substituents and modifications based on the core structure to rapidly screen potential triterpenoid saponins. Thirdly, based on the fragmentation patterns of reference compounds, an identification strategy for characterisation of triterpenoid saponins was proposed. The strategy divided triterpenoid saponins into three distinct classes. By this strategy, 98 triterpenoid saponins including 10 potential new ones were tentatively characterised. Finally, triterpenoid saponins of three Glycyrrhiza species were further analysed using principle component analysis (PCA) and orthogonality partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Among these, 18 compounds with variable importance in projections (VIP) > 1.0 and P values < 0.05 were selected to distinguish three Glycyrrhiza species. Overall, our study provided a reference for quality control and rational use of the three species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bao-Qing Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ye Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chen-Xiao Shan
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guo-Ping Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222001, China
| | - Xiang-Yun Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Active Components and Drug Release Technology of Natural Drugs, Urumqi 830011, China; Engineering Research Center of Xinjiang and Central Asian Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xiao-Li Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Active Components and Drug Release Technology of Natural Drugs, Urumqi 830011, China; Engineering Research Center of Xinjiang and Central Asian Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yun-Feng Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu J, Zheng C, Xue S, Gao Y, Chen G, Shan C, Ding N, Peng G, Li C, Zheng Y. Comprehensive Comparison of Three Different Medicinal Parts of Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. Using the RRLC-Q-TOF-MS-Based Metabolic Profile and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Molecules 2024; 29:3551. [PMID: 39124956 PMCID: PMC11313985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. (EL) is a traditional Chinese herb known for its phlegm-reducing, cough-relieving and asthma-calming properties. It is widely used for treating cough and bronchitis. However, preliminary experiments have revealed wide variations in the composition of its different medicinal parts (flowers, leaves and stems), and the composition and efficacy of its different medicinal parts remain largely underexplored at present. In this study, non-targeted rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with a quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS)-based metabolomics approach was developed to investigate the differences in the chemical composition of different medicinal parts of EL. We identified or tentatively identified 9 alkaloids, 11 flavonoids, 14 sesquiterpene lactones, 3 diterpenoids and 24 phenolic acids. In addition, heatmap visualization, quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-PDA) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) showed particularly high levels of sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids and phenolic acids in the flowers, such as eupalinolide A and B and chlorogenic acid, among others. The leaves also contained some flavonoid sesquiterpene lactones and phenolic acids, while the stems were almost absent. The findings of in vitro activity studies indicated that the flowers exhibited a notable inhibitory effect on the release of the inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6, surpassing the anti-inflammatory efficacy observed in the leaves. Conversely, the stems demonstrated negligible anti-inflammatory activity. The variations in anti-inflammatory activity among the flowers, leaves and stems of EL can primarily be attributed to the presence of flavonoids, phenolic acids and sesquiterpene lactones in both the flowers and leaves. Additionally, the flowers contain a higher concentration of these active components compared to the leaves. These compounds mediate their anti-inflammatory effects through distinct biochemical pathways. The results of this study are anticipated to provide a scientific basis for the rational and effective utilization of EL resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; (J.L.); (C.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.G.); (G.C.); (C.S.); (N.D.); (G.P.)
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Chengbo Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; (J.L.); (C.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.G.); (G.C.); (C.S.); (N.D.); (G.P.)
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Simin Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; (J.L.); (C.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.G.); (G.C.); (C.S.); (N.D.); (G.P.)
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Ye Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; (J.L.); (C.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.G.); (G.C.); (C.S.); (N.D.); (G.P.)
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Guijin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; (J.L.); (C.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.G.); (G.C.); (C.S.); (N.D.); (G.P.)
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Chenxiao Shan
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; (J.L.); (C.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.G.); (G.C.); (C.S.); (N.D.); (G.P.)
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing 211100, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; (J.L.); (C.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.G.); (G.C.); (C.S.); (N.D.); (G.P.)
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing 211100, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guoping Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; (J.L.); (C.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.G.); (G.C.); (C.S.); (N.D.); (G.P.)
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing 211100, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cunyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; (J.L.); (C.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.G.); (G.C.); (C.S.); (N.D.); (G.P.)
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing 211100, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunfeng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China; (J.L.); (C.Z.); (S.X.); (Y.G.); (G.C.); (C.S.); (N.D.); (G.P.)
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing 211100, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han L, Li G, Wang X, Yu B, Zhang T, Cheng Y. Characterization of volatile compounds from healthy and citrus black spot-infected Valencia orange juice and essential oil by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101374. [PMID: 38681230 PMCID: PMC11052904 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus black spot (Phyllosticta citricarpa, CBS) is an important fungal disease that causes rind blemishes and affects quality of citrus fruits. The response of citrus to CBS in terms of volatiles was evaluated using molecular sensory science approaches. Fifty and twenty-one volatiles were identified in the orange juice and essential oil samples, respectively, via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total volatile content in the samples increased after CBS infection, especially in the severe-infection group (SEG) juice and moderate-infection group (MOG) essential oil, which reached the highest levels. CBS enhanced floral, fruity, and off-flavor aromas and decreased the green aroma in citrus juice. Citrusy, floral, and green aromas increased in the CBS-infected essential oil. Six/five potential markers were screened in citrus juice/essential oil, respectively using the orthogonal partial least-square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model. The changes in aroma profile and the difference in infection levels in citrus were attributed to these odorants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leng Han
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Guijie Li
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Xuting Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Sichuan Dan Orange Modern Fruit Industry Co., Ltd., Sichuan 620200, China
| | - Tenghui Zhang
- Chongqing Centre Testing International Group Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yujiao Cheng
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu P, Wu P, Bi J, Jiang Y, Gao R, Gao L, Li Y, Zhao T, Zhang X, Zhang C, Wang Y. Development of an analytic method for organosulfur compounds in Welsh onion and its use for nutritional quality analysis of five typical varieties in China. Food Chem 2024; 441:138237. [PMID: 38176137 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A reliable, simple, and sensitive method capable of quantifying six organosulfur compounds (OSCs) was established. The samples were extracted by water containing 3 % formic acid with a simple vortex, ultrasound, and centrifugation step, and the solutions were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography separation system coupled with a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC - MS/MS). Then the method was applied for the analysis of six OSCs in five varieties of two types Welsh onions in China, and the moisture content, reducing sugar, total polyphenols, and 21 free amino acids were also analyzed to study the characters of these Welsh onions intensively. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to investigate the differences in OSCs and free amino acids profiles among the samples. This study showed that enzymatic inhibition method combined with UHPLC - MS/MS is an effective technique to analyze OSCs in Welsh onion, and could be valuable for the routine quantitation of OSCs in other foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingxiang Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056107, China
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yuying Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yonghua Li
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056107, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Q, Xiang J, Fan Q, Wu P, Wang Q, Xiao X, Wu A, Rong L, Wang Y, Zhang C. Preliminary investigation on the analysis of the whole components of Pogejiuxin decoction and its formulation pattern based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9727. [PMID: 38469960 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
RATIONAL Pogejiuxin decoction (PGJXD) is one of the most important formulas for the treatment of heart failure. However, there is a great lack of research on the material basis of this formula, especially research on its compatibility laws, which restricts its clinical use. Studying the complete ingredients and compatibility rules of PGJXD has great significance for guiding clinical medication. METHODS The entire formula, the major single herbs, the drug pairs and the disassembled formula were analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTOFMS/MS), matching the chemical composition database and global natural product social molecular networking to explain the chemical composition as well as the combination pattern of PGJXD. RESULTS A total of 1048 chemical constituents were fully analyzed from the major single herbs, the drug pairs and the disassembled formula and 188 chemical constituents, including 13 potential novel compounds, were firstly identified from the whole formula. We found that the chemical compositions were reduced after the single herbs were matched to the other herbs, especially the significant reduction of highly toxic diester alkaloids after compatibility, indicating that the medicines of PGJXD were interdependent and controlled by each other. CONCLUSION This study innovatively researches and compares the compositional differences between the entire formula of PGJXD, the single, paired and separated formulas, greatly extending our understanding of the chemical substance basis of these compounds, and preliminarily explores the compatibility laws of PGJXD, providing some theoretical guidance for clinical medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Pharmacy Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Fan
- Guangdong Yifang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Pingping Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiji Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aizhi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Rong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yumei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuixian Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu DX, Guo S, Zhang X, Yan H, Mao SW, Wang JM, Zhou JQ, Yang J, Yuan YW, Duan JA. Combining stable isotope, multielement and untargeted metabolomics with chemometrics to discriminate the geographical origins of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Food Chem 2023; 426:136577. [PMID: 37301043 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a high-value food and herb worldwide. The quality of ginger is often related to its production regions. In this study, stable isotopes, multiple elements, and metabolites were investigated together to realize ginger origin traceability. Chemometrics showed that ginger samples could be preliminarily separated, and 4 isotopes (δ13C, δ2H, δ18O, and δ34S), 12 mineral elements (Rb, Mn, V, Na, Sm, K, Ga, Cd, Al, Ti, Mg, and Li), 1 bioelement (%C), and 143 metabolites were the most important variables for discrimination. Furthermore, three algorithms were introduced, and the fused dataset based on VIP features led to the highest accuracies for origin classification, with predictive rates of 98% for K-nearest neighbor and 100% for support vector machine and random forest. The results demonstrated that isotopic, elemental, and metabolic fingerprints were useful indicators for the geographical origins of Chinese ginger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Xin Yu
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sheng Guo
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xia Zhang
- College of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Yan
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Su-Wan Mao
- College of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie-Mei Wang
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhou
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs Breeding Base, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yu-Wei Yuan
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang WW, Liu ZW, Sun YZ, Liu LF. Comparison of Semen Aesculi species from different geographical origins and horse chestnut based on metabolomics and chemometrics analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2023; 34:830-841. [PMID: 36843182 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semen Aesculi, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has a long history of use for treating chest and abdominal pain with distension. In addition, the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) is another species of Aesculus in Europe and has notable clinical significance in alleviating chronic venous insufficiency, hemorrhoids, and postoperative edema. Thus, highlighting the comparative study of Semen Aesculi and horse chestnut may broaden clinical applications. OBJECTIVES To conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis on the chemical profiling of these two varieties and determine whether they have equivalent clinical efficacy by integrating plant metabolomics and multivariate statistical methods. METHODS Initially, a comprehensive characterisation was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) platform, and in total 44 active ingredients were identified. Then, untargeted metabolomics combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied for the discrimination of a German species and three official Chinese species. Next, 24 marker compounds responsible for the discrimination of different species were screened out and used to predict the species of unknown samples by genetic algorithm-optimised support vector machine (GA-SVM) with a high prediction accuracy. Finally, a heatmap visualisation was employed for clarifying the distribution of the identified active ingredients. RESULTS The three species of Chinese Semen Aesculi showed distinct separation from each other, while European horse chestnut and Aesculus chinensis Bunge were similar in chemical composition. CONCLUSIONS This work provided experimental evidence for further expanding the clinical application of Chinese Semen Aesculi and promoted the species identification and quality control of Semen Aesculi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Zhe Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cheng Y, Han L, Huang L, Tan X, Wu H, Li G. Association between flavor composition and sensory profile in thermally processed mandarin juices by multidimensional gas chromatography and multivariate statistical analysis. Food Chem 2023; 419:136026. [PMID: 37030207 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Thermal pasteurization decreases the sensory quality of mandarin juice. Flavor composition was determined in four fresh-squeezed and heat-processed mandarin juice varieties using molecular sensory science approaches. The relationships between odorants and sensory profiles were analyzed, and markers for flavor deterioration were screened by multivariate statistical analysis. Seventy-four volatiles were identified, among which 36 odorants with flavor dilution factors ranging from 2 to 128 were detected by multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry (MDGC-MS/O) coupled with aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). Higher intensities of cooked and off-flavor notes were observed in the heated mandarin juice, which was related to the concentration changes of the methional, methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, and carbon disulfide by partial least squares (PLS) analysis. Ten potential markers (methional, methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, β-damascenone, camphene, trans-β-ionone, decanal, d-limonene, and α-pinene) were responsible for the sensory discrimination of fresh-squeezed and heated mandarin juices.
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu Z, Cheng Y, Chao Z. A Comprehensive Quality Analysis of Different Colors of Medicinal and Edible Honeysuckle. Foods 2023; 12:3126. [PMID: 37628125 PMCID: PMC10453482 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Honeysuckle (the dried flower bud or opening flower of Lonicera japonica Thunb.), a medicinal and edible substance, has is greatly popular among consumers for its remarkable health effects, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, due to the influences of processing methods, storage conditions, and other factors, honeysuckles show different colors which can directly reflect the quality and the price on the market. In order to comprehensively compare the quality of different colors, 55 batches of honeysuckle samples were collected and analyzed. Their color parameters, chlorophyll content (chl), total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity (AA), main active compounds, and metabolites were measured. As a result, the initial green-white (GW) samples, a kind of highest-quality honeysuckle, had the smallest a* value, largest h*, chl, TPC, TFC, and AA values, and highest content of chlorogenic acid and cynaroside. There was a significant difference between GW samples and a series of discolored samples. As the color darkened or lightened, the quality gradually decreased. The yellow-brown (YB) samples were of the worst quality and were no longer available for clinical and health purposes. A series of differential metabolites, such as quercetin-7-O-glucoside and secologanoside, could be used as important references to evaluate the quality of differently colored samples. The metabolic profile of honeysuckle provided new insights into the process of color change and laid a foundation for further honeysuckle quality control. The correlation results showed that the a* and h* values significantly affect the abovementioned quality indicators and the 10 main active compounds. In other words, the color difference could directly reflect the quality and clinical efficacy. Multiple regression analysis was carried out using combined L*, a*, and b* values to predict the quality of honeysuckle. This is the first time the quality of different color honeysuckle samples on the post-harvest link has been systematically compared and a demonstration of medicinal and edible substances with different colors has been provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhimao Chao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (Z.L.); (Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pang S, Piao X, Zhang X, Chen X, Zhang H, Jin Y, Li Z, Wang Y. Discrimination for geographical origin of Panax quinquefolius L. using UPLC Q-Orbitrap MS-based metabolomics approach. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:4843-4852. [PMID: 37576031 PMCID: PMC10420767 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L., is an important medicinal plant with multiple pharmacological effects and high nutritional value. American ginseng from different geographical origins varies in quality and price. However, there was no approach for discriminating American ginseng from different geographical origins to date. In this study, a metabolomic method based on the UPLC-Orbitrap fusion platform was established to comprehensively determine and analyze metabolites of American ginseng from America and Canada, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and Shandong provinces in China. A total of 382 metabolites were detected, including 230 saponins, 30 amino acids and derivatives, 27 organic acids and derivatives, 25 lipids, 17 carbohydrates and derivatives, 10 phenols, 8 nucleotides, and derivatives, as well as 35 other metabolites. Metabolite differences between North America and Asia producing areas were more obvious than within Asia. Twenty metabolites, contributed most to the differentiation of producing areas, were identified as potential markers with prediction accuracy higher than 91%. The results provide new insights into the metabolite composition of American ginseng from different origins, which will help discriminate origins and promote quality control of American ginseng.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Pang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Cultivation and PropagationChangchunChina
| | - Xiangmin Piao
- State‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and ApplicationJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xiaohao Zhang
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Ginseng Antler Office of Jilin Province (TCM Development Center of Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Jilin Province)ChangchunChina
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Cultivation and PropagationChangchunChina
| | - Yinping Jin
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Cultivation and PropagationChangchunChina
| | - Zheng Li
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Cultivation and PropagationChangchunChina
| | - Yingping Wang
- State‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and ApplicationJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hao TY, Lin QB, Wu XF, Wu SL, Zhong HN, Dong B, Chen ZF, Ye ZK, Wang ZW, Xu X. Authentication of recycled and virgin polyethylene terephthalate based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS using non-volatile organic compounds and chemometrics. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1114-1130. [PMID: 37410927 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2227732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Plastic packaging waste, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has increased significantly in recent decades, arousing a considerable and serious public concern regarding the environment, economy, and policy. Plastic recycling is a useful tool to mitigate this issue. Here, a feasible study was performed to investigate the potential of a novel method for identifying virgin and recycled PET. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was combined with various chemometrics, as a simple and reliable method that achieved a high discrimination rate for 105 batches of virgin PET (v-PET) and recycled PET (r-PET) based on 202 non-volatile organic compounds (NVOCs). Making use of orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) together with non-parametric tests, 26 marker compounds (i.e. 12 intentionally added substances (IAS) and 14 non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) as well as 31 marker compounds (i.e. 11 IAS and 20 NIAS) obtained from positive and combination of positive and negative ionization modes of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, respectively, were successfully identified. Moreover, 100% accuracy was obtained using a decision tree (DT). Cross-discrimination based on misclassified samples using various chemometrics allowed the prediction accuracy to be improved and to identify a large sample set, thus greatly enhancing the application scope of this method. The possible origins of these detected compounds can be the plastic itself, as well as contamination from food, medicine, pesticides, industry-related substances, and degradation and polymerization products. As many of these compounds are toxic, especially those pesticide related, this indicates an urgent requirement for closed loop recycling. Overall, this analytical method provides a quick, accurate, and robust way to distinguish virgin from recycled PET and thus addresses the issue of potential virgin PET adulteration thereby detecting fraud in the area of PET recycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ying Hao
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Qin-Bao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xue-Feng Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Si-Liang Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huai-Ning Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ben Dong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhi-Kang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Guo M, Shen Q, Wu Y, Li L, Zhang L, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhuang P, Guo H. Multivariate analysis of original identification and chemical markers exploration of Chinese ginger. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:911-920. [PMID: 37123069 PMCID: PMC10130292 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the most widely consumed dietary supplements. However, the content of active ingredients varied greatly from place to place. In this study, we first identified and compared the compositions of ginger samples from six different origins. Then, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of different samples in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The results indicated that highly variable in chemical composition and activity for ginger from different origin. Further, correlation analysis showed that isoborneol, terpineol, α-curcumene, germacrene D, α-elemol and 8-shogaol exhibited a strong correlation with inflammatory factors, which could be used as potential chemical markers to evaluate quality and distinguish source of ginger. Finally, comprehensive evaluation found that the ginger from Sichuan exerts stronger anti-inflammatory properties. This study will help to select ginger varieties with excellent characteristics, provide theoretical basis for the development and utilization of ginger. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-022-01229-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 China
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 China
| | - Qian Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 China
| | - Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 China
| | - Lili Li
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 China
| | - Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617 China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
He L, Duan H, Chen X, Chen Y, Mo Q, Huang J, Zhao H, Yao X, Chen J, Yao Z. Quality assessment of commercial dried ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) based on targeted and non-targeted chemical profiles and anti-inflammatory activity. Food Res Int 2023; 166:112589. [PMID: 36914321 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Dried ginger, a well-known medicine and food homologous production, has been widely circulated in China with high health benefits and economic value. Currently, there is still a lack of quality assessment on whether dried ginger in China exhibits chemically and biologically distinct properties, which creates a barrier to its quality control in commercial circulation. In this study, the chemical characteristics of 34 batches of common dried ginger samples in China were first explored using non-targeted chemometrics based on the UPLC-Q/TOF-MS analysis, leading to the identification of 35 chemicals that contributed to clustering into two categories, with sulfonated conjugates being the key chemically distinct components. By comparing the samples before and after sulfur-containing treatment and the further synthesis of a key differentiating component of [6]-gingesulfonic acid, it was then demonstrated that sulfur-containing treatment was the primary cause of the formation of sulfonated conjugates, as opposed to regional or environmental factors. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory efficacy of dried ginger with high presence of sulfonated conjugates was significantly decreased. Consequently, for the first time, UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS was used to develop a targeted quantification method for 10 characteristic chemicals in dried ginger, allowing researchers to quickly determine whether dried ginger has been processed with sulfur and quantitatively evaluate the quality of dried ginger. These results provided an insight into the quality of commercial dried ginger in China and a suggested method for its quality supervision as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang He
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huifang Duan
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xintong Chen
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuanshan Chen
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qingmei Mo
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Junqing Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huinan Zhao
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhihong Yao
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research/Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Song L, Xie XY, Sun J, Huang SH, Li XL, Peng GP, Gao XL, Zheng YF. Structural identification and comprehensive comparison of saponin-related impurities present in the three different compound glycyrrhizin tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 229:115287. [PMID: 36940647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Compound Glycyrrhizin Tablet (CGT) is a glycyrrhizin-containing (monoammonium glycyrrhizate, MAG) preparation, which has been widely used in clinical treatment of chronic liver diseases, eczema, atopic dermatitis and other conditions. However, the impurity profile of CGT has not yet been completely elucidated. In this study, eight main saponin-related impurity compounds were initially isolated and identified. Thereafter, based on the characteristic MS/MS fragmentation pathways analysis of the isolated compounds, a novel strategy for characterization and identification of saponin-related impurities was proposed. Then, a total of 41 saponin-related impurities were identified or tentatively characterized in CGTs. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA), Wayne diagram and heatmap analysis revealed that the process-related impurity profile in CGTs from three different manufacturers was significantly different. Overall, our findings provided additional technological support for evaluating saponin-related impurities, thereby laying a solid foundation to develop strategies for future product quality improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiang-Yun Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shen-Hui Huang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin-Liang Li
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guo-Ping Peng
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Li Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Active Components and Drug Release Technology of Natural Drugs, Urumqi 830011, China; Engineering Research Center of Xinjiang and Central Asian Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Yun-Feng Zheng
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Long W, Wang S, Hai C, Chen H, Gu HW, Yin XL, Yang J, Fu H. UHPLC-QTOF-MS-based untargeted metabolomics revealing the differential chemical constituents and its application on the geographical origins traceability of lily bulbs. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
18
|
Chen J, Ning S, Lu X, Xiang W, Zhou X, Bu Y, Li L, Huang R. Variation in flavonoid and antioxidant activities of Pyrrosia petiolosa (Christ) Ching from different geographic origins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1173489. [PMID: 37123848 PMCID: PMC10140315 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1173489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrosia petiolosa (Christ) Ching has both medicinal and health benefits in China. The potential antioxidant activities of P. petiolosa, which are mainly attributed to its flavonoids, have attracted much attention in recent years. The present study aimed to determine the concentration of flavonoid components and evaluate the relative antioxidant activities of P. petiolosa from different geographic origins using a UPLC-MRM-MS-based metabolomics approach. In total, 97 flavonoid components were identified, and their concentrations in the samples from different geographic locations showed significant variation. Thirteen flavonoid components were identified as potential biomarkers for distinguishing between the two major regions, Guizhou (GZ) and Guangxi (GX). The GZ group showed higher total flavonoid content, free radical scavenging activities, and ferric reducing antioxidant power. The well positive correlations were found between the antioxidant capacities and some flavonoid markers. The ecogeographic factors, namely altitude and longitude, play a crucial role in the difference of antioxidant activities and flavonoids concentration. These results indicate that P. petiolosa is rich in flavonoid compounds and is a promising source of natural antioxidants, providing a basis for the quality control of P. petiolosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine Resources, Education Department of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Shan Ning
- Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China
| | - Xuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine Resources, Education Department of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yuanyuan Bu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Liangbo Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine Resources, Education Department of Guangxi, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Liangbo Li, ; Rongshao Huang,
| | - Rongshao Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine Resources, Education Department of Guangxi, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Liangbo Li, ; Rongshao Huang,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang Y, He Y, Liu Y, Wang D. Analyzing Volatile Compounds of Young and Mature Docynia delavayi Fruit by HS-SPME-GC-MS and rOAV. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010059. [PMID: 36613274 PMCID: PMC9818226 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the examination of the volatile compounds and fragrance properties of the young and mature fruit of Docynia delavayi. Headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was applied for identifying 42 volatile compounds, with young and mature fruit containing 36 and 42 compounds, respectively. Heat map cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and independent sample t-testing were used to analyze sample differences. Based on a variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1 and p < 0.05, 23 key volatile compounds such as octanal, geranylacetone, butyl acetate, and dihydro-β-ionone were screened. β-Ionone and phenethyl acetate made the largest contribution to the aroma of D. delavayi after analyzing the relative odor activity value (rOAV) of the key volatile compounds and their aroma descriptors. Young D. delavayi fruit exhibited a prominent woody scent, while mature D. delavayi fruit had more intense floral and rosy aromas. The findings may lay a foundation for comprehensively developing and utilizing D. delavayi fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Forest Resources Exploitation and Utilization Engineering Research Center for Grand Health of Yunnan Provincial Universities, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yuheng He
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Forest Resources Exploitation and Utilization Engineering Research Center for Grand Health of Yunnan Provincial Universities, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Forest Resources Exploitation and Utilization Engineering Research Center for Grand Health of Yunnan Provincial Universities, Kunming 650224, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (D.W.); Tel.: +86-137-5943-1211 (Y.L.); +86-138-8891-5161 (D.W.)
| | - Dawei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (D.W.); Tel.: +86-137-5943-1211 (Y.L.); +86-138-8891-5161 (D.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yu DX, Zhang X, Guo S, Yan H, Wang JM, Zhou JQ, Yang J, Duan JA. Headspace GC/MS and fast GC e-nose combined with chemometric analysis to identify the varieties and geographical origins of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Food Chem 2022; 396:133672. [PMID: 35872496 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Food authenticity regarding different varieties and geographical origins is increasingly becoming a concern for consumers. In this study, headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) and fast gas chromatography electronic nose (fast GC e-nose) were used to successfully distinguish the varieties and geographical origins of dried gingers from seven major production areas in China. By chemometric analysis, a distinct separation between the two varieties of ginger was achieved based on HS-GC-MS. Furthermore, flavor information extracted by fast GC e-nose realized the discrimination of geographical origins, and some potential flavor components were selected as important factors for origin certification. Moreover, several pattern recognition algorithms were compared in varietal and regional identification, and random forest (RF) led to the highest accuracies for discrimination. Overall, a rapid and precise method combining multivariate chemometrics and algorithms was developed to determine varieties and geographical origins of ginger, and it could also be applied to other agricultural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Xin Yu
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- College of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sheng Guo
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hui Yan
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie-Mei Wang
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhou
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs Breeding Base, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang YC, Lin QB, Zhong HN, Zeng Y. Identification and source analysis of volatile flavor compounds in paper packaged yogurt by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
22
|
Rivera-Pérez A, García-Pérez P, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A, Lucini L. An untargeted strategy based on UHPLC-QTOF-HRMS metabolomics to identify markers revealing the terroir and processing effect on thyme phenolic profiling. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
23
|
Rivera-Pérez A, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Fingerprinting based on gas chromatography-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry and chemometrics to reveal geographical origin, processing, and volatile markers for thyme authentication. Food Chem 2022; 393:133377. [PMID: 35691070 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyme is an aromatic herb traditionally used for food purposes due to its organoleptic characteristics and medicinal properties, which is highly susceptible to food fraud. In this study, GC-HRMS-based fingerprinting was applied for the first time to determine the geographical traceability of thyme based on different origins (Spain, Poland, and Morocco), as well as to assess its processing by comparing sterilized vs. non-sterilized thyme. Unsupervised chemometric methods (PCA and HCA) revealed a predominant influence of the geographical origin on thyme fingerprints rather than processing effects. Supervised PLS-DA and OPLS-DA were used for discrimination purposes, revealing high predictive ability for further samples (100%), and allowing the identification of differential compounds (markers). A total of 24 markers were putatively identified (13 metabolites were confirmed) belonging to different classes: monoterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, alkenylbenzenes, and other miscellaneous compounds. This study outlines the potential of combining untargeted analysis by GC-HRMS with chemometrics for thyme authenticity and traceability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Rivera-Pérez
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almeria, Spain.
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almeria, Spain.
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almeria, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang X, Yu M, Zhu X, Liu R, Lu Q. Metabolomics reveals that phenolamides are the main chemical components contributing to the anti-tyrosinase activity of bee pollen. Food Chem 2022; 389:133071. [PMID: 35483300 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Bee pollen, which is known as a "full-nutrient food", has outstanding anti-tyrosinase activity. However, the chemical components contributing to this activity remain unknown. To comprehensively elucidate the chemical components of bee pollen inhibiting tyrosinase, we performed the anti-tyrosinase activity evaluation of bee pollen extract (BPE) of eight species, metabolomic analysis of chemical composition, multivariate statistical analysis and correlation analysis. The results revealed that the anti-tyrosinase activity of eight BPEs was significantly different (p < 0.05), with IC50 value ranging from 10.08 to 408.81 μg/mL. A total of 725 metabolites were detected from these BPEs, and 40 differential metabolites were identified, all of which were phenolamides. All these phenolamides were positively correlated with the anti-tyrosinase activity, among which 26 phenolamides (21 spermidine derivatives and five spermine derivatives) showed particularly high correlations (r > 0.7). This is the first report to reveal the main contributor to the anti-tyrosinase activity of bee pollen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Wuhan Engineering Research Center of Bee Products on Quality and Safety Control, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meihua Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Wuhan Engineering Research Center of Bee Products on Quality and Safety Control, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhu
- Hubei Provincial Institute for Food Supervision and Test, 430070, PR China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Wuhan Engineering Research Center of Bee Products on Quality and Safety Control, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qun Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Wuhan Engineering Research Center of Bee Products on Quality and Safety Control, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xue G, Su S, Yan P, Shang J, Wang J, Yan C, Li J, Wang Q, Xiong X, Xu H. Integrative analyses of widely targeted metabolomic profiling and derivatization-based LC-MS/MS reveals metabolic changes of Zingiberis Rhizoma and its processed products. Food Chem 2022; 389:133068. [PMID: 35490521 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zingiberis Rhizoma (ZR) has nutritional value and application potentiality, while Zingiberis Rhizoma Praeparatum (ZRP) and Carbonised Ginger (CG) are two main processed products of ZR based on different methods. Here, we performed a widely targeted metabolomics method with Sequential Windowed Acquisition of all Theoretical fragment ions (SWATH) mode to analyze differential metabolites in ZR, ZRP and CG. Additionally, the chemical derivatization was applied to characterize different submetabolomes and improve the separation effect and MS response of metabolites. In total, 369 metabolites were identified and divided into 14 categories, 104 of which were differential metabolites. Our results suggest that carbohydrates, nucleotides, organic acids, vitamins, lipids, indoles, alkaloids, and terpenes contributed to a downward trend after processing, but the maximum content of flavanones, phenylpropanes and polyphenols appeared in ZRP, and that of alcohols appeared in CG. These findings serve as promising perspectives for developing functional food in ZR, ZRP and CG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiren Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Shanshan Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Pengfei Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Jiawei Shang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Chengye Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Jiaxi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Xue Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Huijun Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Esquivel-Alvarado D, Zhang S, Hu C, Zhao Y, Sang S. Using Metabolomics to Identify the Exposure and Functional Biomarkers of Ginger. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12029-12040. [PMID: 36099064 PMCID: PMC9699694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics has become an important tool to increase our understanding of how diet affects human health. However, public and commercial mass spectral libraries of dietary metabolites are limited, resulting in the greatest challenge in converting mass spectrometry data into biological insights. In this study, we constructed an LC-MS/MS ginger library as an example to demonstrate the importance of dietary libraries for discovering food biomarkers. The functional and exposure biomarkers of ginger were investigated using plasma samples from mice treated with control and ginger extract diets. Our results showed clear discrimination between the metabolome of mice on normal and ginger extract diets. Using the in-house ginger library, we identified 20 ginger metabolites that can be used as exposure biomarkers of ginger. However, without the LC-MS/MS ginger library, none of the ginger metabolites could be accurately identified based on online mass databases. In addition, ginger treatment significantly impacts the endogenous metabolome, especially the purine metabolism and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis. Overall, we demonstrated that the construction of LC-MS/MS spectra dietary libraries would enhance the ability to identify potential dietary biomarkers and correlate potential health benefits associated with food consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Esquivel-Alvarado
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Changling Hu
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Yantao Zhao
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang X, Zheng Y, Zhou R, Ma M. Comprehensive identification of molecular profiles related to sensory and nutritional changes in Mongolian cheese during storage by untargeted metabolomics coupled with quantification of free amino acids. Food Chem 2022; 386:132740. [PMID: 35339083 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Non-targeted metabolomics was used to study metabolites with low molecular weight which may contribute to quality deterioration of Mongolian cheese during storage. Microbiological analysis, pH, FAAs (free amino acids), volatile compounds, and sensory evaluation of the cheese during storage were also studied. A total of 278 metabolites were identified in Mongolian cheese, of which 51 metabolites were used as differential metabolites, including amino acids, peptides, organic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Bitter amino acids, bitter peptide (Phe-Ile), and organic acids (sinapic acid, butyric acid) increased during storage. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that differential metabolites were mainly related to amino acid metabolism, such as β-alanine metabolism and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. Moreover, accompanied with the increased contents of short-chain fatty acids, 2-undecanone and ethyl esters, strength of odor and unpleasant smell increased but overall acceptability decreased during Mongolian cheese storage. This research provides suitable strategies for quality control of Mongolian cheese during shelf life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanrong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Cold Storage and Refrigeration Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Luca SV, Trifan A, Zengin G, Sinan KI, Uba AI, Korona-Glowniak I, Skalicka-Woźniak K. Evaluating the phyto-complexity and poly-pharmacology of spices: The case of Aframomum melegueta K. Schum (Zingiberaceae). FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
29
|
Chen J, Zheng Q, Zheng Z, Li Y, Liao H, Zhao H, Guo D, Ma Y. Analysis of the differences in the chemical composition of monascus rice and highland barley monascus. Food Funct 2022; 13:7000-7019. [PMID: 35723016 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00402j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monascus rice (MR) and highland barley monascus (HBM), the monascus fermented products, are applied in food and medicine to reduce cholesterol and promote digestion. Due to the fermentation substrates, their compositions are different. However, the exact differences have not been reported to date. By UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS analysis, multiple components of twenty batches of MR and HBM samples were identified. In total, 100 components were confirmed (e.g., monacolins, pigments, decalin derivatives, amino acids). Then, principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to filter the components of MR and HBM. In the PCA model, 88.1% of the total variance was uncovered. The OPLS-DA model showed better discrimination between MR and HBM, and the values of R2X, R2Y, and Q2 were 0.837, 0.996, and 0.956, respectively. Based on the value of the variable importance in projection (VIP) and the result of the t-test, 424 components (VIP > 1, p < 0.05) were acquired. Finally, 11 differential components were selected as the characteristic compounds to discriminate between MR and HBM: the content of 9 monacolins (3-hydroxy-3,5-dihydrodehydromonacolin K, monacolin K, dehydromonacolin K, dehydromonacolin J hydroxy acid, monacophenyl, dihydromonacolin J hydroxy acid, monacolin L, dehydromonacolin J, and monacolin R) in HBM was higher than the content in MR, but the content of 2 pigments (ankaflavin and monascin) was lower in HBM and higher in MR. The findings revealed the similarities and differences in the chemical composition between MR and HBM, which is expected to provide a basis for quality control of HBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenxing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yirou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hailang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- National United Engineering Research Center for Tibetan Plateau Microbiology, Tibet, China
| | - Dale Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuntong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li Y, Huang S, Sun J, Duan W, Li C, Peng G, Zheng Y. RRLC-QTOF/MS-Based Metabolomics Reveal the Mechanism of Chemical Variations and Transformations of Astragali Radix as a Result of the Roasting Process. Front Chem 2022; 10:903168. [PMID: 35601547 PMCID: PMC9117700 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.903168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragali Radix (AR), which is extensively used as a healthy food supplement and medicinal herb, contains two forms of products corresponding to raw Astragalus Radix (RAR) and processed Astragali Radix (PAR), which was obtained by roasting. In this study, a non-targeted rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q/TOF-MS) based metabolomics approach was developed to investigate the chemical changes of AR due to roasting. A total of 63 compounds were identified or tentatively identified. Among them, 23 isoflavonoids (composed of 12 isoflavones, eight pterocarpans, and three isoflavans) and six cycloastragenols were characterized as differential metabolites. Heatmap visualization and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array and evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC–PDA-ELSD) quantitative analysis revealed that malonyl isoflavonoids or cycloastragenols were at higher levels in RAR. These might be converted to corresponding acetyl isoflavonoids and cycloastragenols and related isoflavonoid glycosides during roasting. To prove this prediction, chemical conversion experiments on malonyl isoflavonoids and cycloastragenols were performed to confirm and clarify the chemical transformation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shenhui Huang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiping Duan
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Cunyu Li
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoping Peng
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunfeng Zheng
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Classical Prescription, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yunfeng Zheng,
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Safriani N, Zakaria FR, Prangdimurti E, Suwarti, Verpoorte R, Yuliana ND. Using metabolomics to discover the immunomodulator activity of food plants. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09507. [PMID: 35647332 PMCID: PMC9136347 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Many edible plants exhibit immunomodulator activities that have beneficial effects on human health. These activities include the ability to activate, multiply, or suppress elements of the immune response. Some of these plants promote health by strengthening host defences against different diseases. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the constituents of several edible plants, their immunomodulatory activity, and mechanism of actions for Carica papaya, Coffea sp, Asparagus cochinchinensis, Dioscorea alata, beans, mushrooms, herbs, spices, and several vegetables. The studies reported here are pre-clinical (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical studies (limited in number). The bioactive compounds responsible for the immunomodulator activity of these plants were yet to be identified. This is because the plant is naturally a complex mixture, whilst the immune system is also an intricate system involving many cells and cytokines/chemokines. Metabolomics is a key tool for conducting global profiling of metabolites in a complex system. Therefore, it offers the ability to identify the presence of compounds in plant extracts associated with their immunomodulation effects. Likewise, metabolomics can also be used to detect any changes to metabolites in the cell as a response to treatment. Therefore, affected metabolic pathways that lead to the activation of certain immune responses can be determined from one single experiment. However, we found in this review that the use of a metabolomics approach is not yet fully developed for an immunomodulator study of food plants. This is important for the direction of future research in this field because unlike medicinal plants, food plants are consumed on a regular basis in small amounts with more obvious effects on the immune system. Information about possible bioactive compounds, their interactions (synergism, antagonism), and how the human body responds to them should be studied in a more holistic way.
Collapse
|
32
|
Kang C, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Qi J, Zhao W, Gu J, Guo W, Li Y. Screening of specific quantitative peptides of beef by LC-MS/MS coupled with OPLS-DA. Food Chem 2022; 387:132932. [PMID: 35421655 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, simple, and efficient analysis methodology for screening specific quantitative peptides of beef was established based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) coupled with orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The OPLS-DA model was built to select species-specific peptides that make a significant contribution to classification. Peptides with statistical significance were selected based on the variable importance in the projection (VIP) values and univariate P values. After the workflow of the statistical process, three specific quantitative peptides were identified by using homemade products with different beef contents. A quantification method for selected specific quantitative peptides was established by using LC-MS/MS. The quantitative results were applied to commercialized beef products. The developed method has high sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability. The results of this study proved that the integration of LC-MS/MS coupled with OPLS-DA is an efficient method for screening specific quantitative peptides and identification of the authenticity of meat products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaodi Kang
- China Meat Research Center, 100068 Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Jing Qi
- China Meat Research Center, 100068 Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Zhao
- China Meat Research Center, 100068 Beijing, China
| | - Jin Gu
- China Meat Research Center, 100068 Beijing, China
| | - Wenping Guo
- China Meat Research Center, 100068 Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Li
- China Meat Research Center, 100068 Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zheng X, Yin M, Chu S, Yang M, Yang Z, Zhu Y, Huang L, Peng H. Comparative Elucidation of Age, Diameter, and "Pockmarks" in Roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Shaoyao) by Qualitative and Quantitative Methods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:802196. [PMID: 35154191 PMCID: PMC8826210 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.802196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Paeonia lactiflora Pall. is a world-famous ornamental plant, whose roots have been used as an important traditional Chinese medicine, Shaoyao, to treat diseases for more than 1,000 years. Because of the excellent curative effect of Shaoyao, its quality has attracted wide attention, however, there is a lack of comprehensive research on the different influencing factors of quality of Shaoyao. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) were utilized to systematically analyze the Shaoyao of different ages, diameters and roots with "pockmarks." 60 metabolites were detected and identified from Shaoyao using the UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, of which 20 potential quality markers of dissected roots with and without "pockmarks" were selected for the first time using the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and the variable importance for projection (VIP) plot. Then, a selective and accurate HPLC-DAD quantitative assay has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 11 bioactive components in Shaoyao. The results showed that the total content of five monoterpene glycosides including oxypaeoniflorin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, lactiflorin, and benzoylpaeoniflorin and six phenols including gallic acid, catechin, methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, apiopaeonoside and benzoic acid in the 3-year-old Shaoyao was higher than that of 4-year-old and 5-year-old Shaoyao. In Shaoyao of the same age, the total content of five monoterpene glycosides and six phenols decreased with an increase in diameter. In addition, regardless of whether it is a whole or a divided root, the contents of five monoterpene glycosides and six phenols in Shaoyao with "pockmarks" were higher than those of Shaoyao without "pockmarks." In summary, this work has explored several factors that might affect the quality of Shaoyao, and provide a guide for more comprehensive quality evaluation in its further production, processing, and rational utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Minzhen Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Mei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengyang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | | | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huasheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Research Unit of DAO-DI Herbs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU57, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hu W, Liu Z, Fu B, Zhang X, Qi Y, Hu Y, Wang C, Li D, Xu N. Metabolites of the Soy Sauce
Koji
Making with
Aspergillus niger
and
Aspergillus oryzae. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenkang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology Hubei University of Technology Wuhan Hubei 430068 China
| | - Zeping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology Hubei University of Technology Wuhan Hubei 430068 China
| | - Bin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology Hubei University of Technology Wuhan Hubei 430068 China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology Hubei University of Technology Wuhan Hubei 430068 China
| | - Yonggang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology Hubei University of Technology Wuhan Hubei 430068 China
| | - Yong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology Hubei University of Technology Wuhan Hubei 430068 China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology Hubei University of Technology Wuhan Hubei 430068 China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology Hubei University of Technology Wuhan Hubei 430068 China
| | - Ning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology Hubei University of Technology Wuhan Hubei 430068 China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zheng Z, Hu H, Zeng L, Yang H, Yang T, Wang D, Zhang C, Deng Y, Zhang M, Guo D, Deng F. Analysis of the characteristic compounds of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus from different geographical origins. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:72-82. [PMID: 34114292 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus (CSF) is widely used as a food ingredient and a traditional Chinese medicine. In China, CSF is cultivated in many places, including Sichuan, Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Fujian provinces. The types and chemical contents of CSF from different origins may vary greatly due to the difference in climate and environmental conditions. Therefore, comparing the chemical composition of CSF from various places is vital. OBJECTIVE To rapidly select potential characteristic compounds for differentiating CSF from different origins. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-one batches of CSF samples from different regions were analysed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Thereafter, chemometric methods, including principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA), were employed to find differential metabolites among the CSF samples from various origins. RESULTS PCA revealed 77.9% of the total variance and divided all CSF samples into three categories corresponding to their origins. OPLS-DA displayed better discrimination of CSF from different sources, with R2 X, R2 Y, and Q2 of 0.801, 0.985, and 0.849, respectively. Finally, 203 differential metabolites were obtained from CSF from different origins using the variable importance in projection of the OPLS-DA model, 30 of which were identified, and five coumarin compounds were selected as marker compounds discriminating CSF from different origins. CONCLUSION This work provides a practical strategy for classifying CSF from different origins and offers a research foundation for the quality control of CSF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanwen Hu
- Yuechi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guang'an, China
| | - Li Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianlong Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuanyang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dale Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rivera-Pérez A, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Application of an innovative metabolomics approach to discriminate geographical origin and processing of black pepper by untargeted UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS analysis and mid-level data fusion. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110722. [PMID: 34865751 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An untargeted metabolomics approach based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) fingerprinting was applied to investigate the metabolic differences of black pepper among three geographical origins (Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and Brazil) and two post-harvest processing (sterilized and non-sterilized spice). Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to assess the overall clustering of samples, whereas supervised orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was effectively used for discrimination purposes. OPLS-DA models were fully validated (R2Y and Q2 values > 0.5) and the variable importance in projection (VIP) approach was employed to provide valuable data about differential metabolites with high discrimination potential (8 markers were putatively identified). For origin differentiation, three markers were highlighted with VIP values > 1.5 (i.e. reynosin, artabsinolide D, and tatridin B). Fatty acid derivates were the most frequent markers within the metabolites annotated for processing discrimination (e.g. 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid and 9-hydroperoxy-10E-octadecenoic acid). Additionally, different combinations of mid-level data fusion of chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques (UHPLC and gas chromatography coupled to HRMS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) were evaluated for the first time for geographical and processing discrimination of black pepper. The NMR-UHPLC-GC mid-level fused model was preferred among the tested fusion approaches since good sample clustering and no misclassification were achieved. Enhanced correct classification rate was achieved by mid-level data fusion compared with the findings obtained for one of the individual techniques (1H NMR fingerprinting) (from 92% to 100% of samples correctly classified). This study opens the path to new metabolomics approaches for black pepper authentication and quality control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Rivera-Pérez
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almeria, Spain.
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almeria, Spain.
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almeria, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Identification of recycled polyethylene and virgin polyethylene based on untargeted migrants. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
38
|
Osae R, Apaliya MT, Kwaw E, Chisepo MTR, Aforo Antiri E, Phyllis Naa Yarley O, Alolga RN. Antioxidant activities, anti‐inflammatory, cytotoxic effects, quality attributes, and bioactive compounds of Ghanaian ginger under varied dehydration conditions. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Osae
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology School of Applied Science and Technology Cape Coast Technical University Cape Coast Ghana
| | - Maurice T. Apaliya
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology School of Applied Science and Technology Cape Coast Technical University Cape Coast Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Kwaw
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology School of Applied Science and Technology Cape Coast Technical University Cape Coast Ghana
| | - Michelle T. R. Chisepo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmacognosy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Eric Aforo Antiri
- Department of Applied Science Agogo Presbyterian Women's College of Education Agogo Ghana
| | - Otu Phyllis Naa Yarley
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology Faculty of Applied Sciences Accra Technical University Accra Ghana
| | - Raphael N. Alolga
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmacognosy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Alolga RN, Osae R, Apaliya MT, Ibrahim TS, Ahmed MSA, Kwaw E, Antiri EA. Vacuum pressure combined with osmosonication as an innovative pre-drying technique for Ghanaian ginger: Evidence from the metabolome and quality characteristics of the dried product. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 80:105841. [PMID: 34826726 PMCID: PMC8633365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the impact of selected pretreatment techniques, thus, vacuum-assisted osmotic dehydration (VOD), vacuum-assisted sonication (VSON) and vacuum-assisted osmosonication (VOS) on the metabolomes and quality characteristics of infrared-dried ginger slices. We found marked metabolome differences between the pretreated ginger samples, evidenced by differential amounts of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activities. We also found distinct differences in the drying kinetics and sensory characteristics of the pretreated samples. Generally, VOS pretreatment gave the best outcomes. The VOS-pretreated samples contained the highest contents of the marker compounds, TPC, TFC and gave the best antioxidant activity. The VOS-pretreated samples also recorded the shortest drying time and exhibited the best sensory attributes. Overall, the general order observed was, VOS > VSON > VOD > control for all quality parameters examined. VOS pretreatment of ginger before drying therefore holds a great potential for large-scale industrial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael N Alolga
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, China, Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Richard Osae
- Cape Coast Technical University, School of Applied Science and Technology, Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Maurice T Apaliya
- Cape Coast Technical University, School of Applied Science and Technology, Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Traore S Ibrahim
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, China, Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Mohammed S A Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, China, Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Emmanuel Kwaw
- Cape Coast Technical University, School of Applied Science and Technology, Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Eric A Antiri
- Agogo Presbyterian Women's College of Education, Department of Applied Science, Agogo- Ashanti Region, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang S, Li C, Gu W, Qiu R, Chao J, Pei L, Ma L, Guo Y, Tian R. Metabolomics analysis of dandelions from different geographical regions in China. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:899-906. [PMID: 33641186 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.) is a perennial herb with diverse pharmacological effects. The development and utilization of dandelion have attracted much attention. OBJECTIVES Our aims were to provide a reference basis for the identification of the origin of dandelions and to study the influence of their origin on their quality. Methods High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to analyze metabolites from dandelions from four different geographical regions in China, namely Gansu, Henan, Shanxi, and Jiangsu. Metabolite analysis was performed using orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis, and to identify potential metabolic pathways, MBRole was used to perform Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. RESULTS Principal component analysis revealed that the chemical components of dandelions sampled from the four regions showed noticeable differences. Twenty-six, six, six, eight, eight, and fifteen differentially produced metabolites were identified upon comparison between Gansu and Jiangsu, Gansu and Shanxi, Gansu and Henan, Henan and Shanxi, Henan and Jiangsu, and Shanxi and Jiangsu, respectively. These differentially produced metabolites were mainly phenolic compounds. Further, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the main metabolic pathways involved were biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids. CONCLUSION The methods reported herein can be used to identify the origin of dandelions; moreover, our results can serve as a reference basis for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songbao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Jumpcan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Baotawan, Daqing West Road, Taizhou, 25441, P. R. China
| | - Wei Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Rongli Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Chao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Lingfeng Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Lijie Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yangfang Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Rong Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Discrimination and Recognition of Bentong Ginger Based on Multi-elemental Fingerprints and Chemometrics. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
42
|
Salem MA, Zayed A, Alseekh S, Fernie AR, Giavalisco P. The integration of MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis allows for improved quality assessment of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112843. [PMID: 34311278 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is consumed for health-promoting effects and as a food condiment. Comprehensive phytochemical analysis, other than gingerols and shogaols, has not yet been deeply investigated. Hence, the current research aimed to establish a non-targeted metabolomics approach for the discrimination between fresh ginger rhizome samples collected from four different producing countries, i.e., China, India, Pakistan, and Peru. In addition, lab-dried samples were analyzed to trace drying-induced metabolites. A comprehensive extraction procedure was carried out resulting in production of polar and non-polar fractions. The polar fraction was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Fourier transform tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-C18-FT-MS/MS) and gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) post derivatization. UPLC-C8-FT-MS/MS was used for analysis of non-polar fraction. Results revealed for identification of a total of 253 metabolites. In addition, multivariate data analysis (MVDA), including principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated clustering of Asian specimens. Several metabolites with a characteristic pattern for the origin revealing the highest contents of bioactive metabolites in the Peruvian product. Moreover, chemical markers identified, including [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol discriminating between fresh and dried samples. Furthermore, abundances of some primary metabolites, including amino acids and cinnamic acid, have confirmed the biosynthetic pathway of gingerols and their transformation upon drying to shogaols. The proposed approach can be applied as a potential candidate for quality assessment of ginger and other medicinal plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Salem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Gamal Abd El Nasr St., Shibin Elkom, 32511, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Zayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Elguish Street, Medical Campus, 31527, Tanta, Egypt; Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 49, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph Stelzmann Str. 9b, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chang X, Li J, Ju M, Yu H, Zha L, Peng H, Wang J, Peng D, Gui S. Untargeted metabolomics approach reveals the tissue-specific markers of balloon flower root (Platycodi Radix) using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
44
|
Wu X, Long H, Li F, Wu W, Zhou J, Liu C, Hou J, Wu W, Guo D. Comprehensive feature-based molecular networking and metabolomics approaches to reveal the differences components in Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum verum. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3810-3821. [PMID: 34415684 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamon was been a widely used plant in medicinal and spices for a long time and has spread all over the world. However, the differences in the components of the bark from Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum verum, the two most common types of cinnamon, have not been thoroughly investigated. In the present experiment, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography LTQ-Orbitrap Velos Pro hybrid mass spectrometer-based metabolomics coupled with chemometrics and feature-based molecular networking were employed to dramatically distinguish and annotate Cinnamomum cassia Bark and Cinnamomum verum bark. As a consequence, principal component analysis, orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminates analysis, and heat map analysis demonstrated clear discrimination between the profiles of metabolites in cinnamon. Besides, as the known compounds, proanthocyanidins (cinnamtannin B1 and procyanidin B2) and alkaloids (norboldine, norisoboldine) with variable importance in the projection scores >6, and an unknown alkaloid (formula C24 H33 NO6 ) were selected as the best markers to discriminate cinnamon. Furthermore, large numbers of proanthocyanidins and alkaloids components were identified through feature-based molecular networking for the first time. Our investigation provides new ideas for the discovery of quality markers and identification of unknown components in natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingdong Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Rd 501, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Huali Long
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Rd 501, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Rd 501, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenyong Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Rd 501, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Rd 501, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Chen Liu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Rd 501, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jinjun Hou
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Rd 501, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wanying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Rd 501, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dean Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Rd 501, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Rd, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Selection of appropriate post-harvest processing methods based on the metabolomics analysis of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Food Res Int 2021; 144:110366. [PMID: 34053559 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-harvest processing is a leading cause of metabolic changes and quality loss in food products. An untargeted metabolomics approach based on UHPLC-QTOF-MS was conducted to explain metabolic changes during post-harvest processing of Salvia miltiorrhiza. A rapid identification method was established for comprehensive characterization of 56 phenolic acids and 45 tanshinones. Enzymatic browning was found to be the primary factor impacting the metabolic profile. A decreasing in free phenolic acids along with increasing in bound polyphenols was observed correlated with the deepening of browning degree. The various substructures of bound polyphenols were explored to interpret the composition of browning-associated products. It has also been found that the steaming process and control of the moisture content during slicing can effectively reduce the influence of enzymatic browning. This metabolomics study will contribute to select the optimal post-harvest processing methods for S. miltiorrhiza and provide information for post-harvest processing of similar products.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abdo MT, El-Ahmady SH, Gad HA. Quality control and long-term stability study of ginger from different geographical origins using chemometrics. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3429-3438. [PMID: 33289094 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) is a well-known spice and medicinal plant that is widely used in the Egyptian market as a spice, flavor and medicinal herb for different diseases. Since it is not cultivated as rhizomes in Egypt, ginger is imported from other countries, which may impact its quality. In this study, UV spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were applied as efficient available techniques for the discrimination and quality control of ginger collected from different geographical origins in combination with chemometrics. In addition, HPLC was applied to investigate the stability of ginger samples upon storage for 3 years to trace the changes in their main active constituents. RESULTS Data obtained from both UV and HPLC in combination with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) displayed proper discrimination of the samples according to their geographical origins. Regarding the stability study, ginger samples showed a significant decrease in quality after storage for 3 years, in which significant variation in the main pungent principles (6-, 8-, 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol) were observed. PCA failed to discriminate between ginger samples after long-time storage, so the applied model could discriminate between ginger samples before and after storage. CONCLUSION UV and HPLC in combination with chemometrics can be applied as a successful tool for the study of quality, stability and geographical discrimination of ginger. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai T Abdo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherweit H El-Ahmady
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haidy A Gad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, South Sinai, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rivera-Pérez A, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Feasibility of Applying Untargeted Metabolomics with GC-Orbitrap-HRMS and Chemometrics for Authentication of Black Pepper ( Piper nigrum L.) and Identification of Geographical and Processing Markers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5547-5558. [PMID: 33957048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black pepper is one of the most consumed spices all over the world. Due to its high demand and nutritional value, a metabolomics approach based on GC-Orbitrap-HRMS fingerprinting and chemometrics was applied to assess its geographical traceability and processing authenticity. GC-HRMS-based fingerprints were obtained using a simple ultrasound-assisted extraction method, which may be easily implemented in routine activities of quality control. Unsupervised methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA), were performed for sample overview according to the investigated origins (Brazil, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka) and processing (sterilized vs nonsterilized samples). Further orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models were validated by cross- and external validation, providing satisfactory performance for geographical and processing authentication, as well as excellent predictive ability for further samples. Furthermore, reliable putative identification of 12 key metabolites (markers) was performed, highlighting the feasibility of combining untargeted GC-HRMS analysis with chemometrics for quality control of black pepper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Rivera-Pérez
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almeria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang YK, Zhou ZM, Dai MY, Ma XF, Xiao XR, Zhang SW, Liu HN, Li F. Discovery and validation of quality markers of Fructus Aurantii against acetylcholinesterase using metabolomics and bioactivity assays. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2189-2205. [PMID: 33784419 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fructus Aurantii is a traditional medicated diet in East Asia. To determine the underlying chemical markers responsible for the quality and efficacy of Fructus Aurantii, a sensitive metabolomic method was applied to distinguish Fructus Aurantii in Jiangxi Province from other two geographical locations (Hunan Province and Chongqing City) in China. In the present study, multivariate analyses were adopted to compare chemical compositions in 21 batches of Fructus Aurantii samples. Among three geographical origins, 23 differential compounds were structurally identified. Serum pharmacochemistry exhibited that 22 components could be detected in rat serum. Six differential and absorbed components were selected as six potential markers. Statistical analysis revealed that the content of six markers varied widely in three origins of Fructus Aurantii. Six differential and absorbed components were evaluated further by biological activity. Neohesperidin, naringin, and meranzin showed inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase that regulates gastrointestinal motility in vitro and in silico, suggesting that these three components may be determined as the active biomarkers of Fructus Aurantii. These findings demonstrate the potential of biomarkers for identification and quality control of Fructus Aurantii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Meng Zhou
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Man-Yun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Fang Ma
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Shou-Wen Zhang
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ning Liu
- Academician Workstation, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Metabolomics and Drug-induced Liver Injury, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yan H, Li PH, Zhou GS, Wang YJ, Bao BH, Wu QN, Huang SL. Rapid and practical qualitative and quantitative evaluation of non-fumigated ginger and sulfur-fumigated ginger via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometric methods. Food Chem 2021; 341:128241. [PMID: 33038774 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A strategy was developed to distinguish and quantitate nonfumigated ginger (NS-ginger) and sulfur-fumigated ginger (S-ginger), based on Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) and chemometrics. FT-NIR provided a reliable method to qualitatively assess ginger samples and batches of S-ginger (41) and NS-ginger (39) were discriminated using principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis of FT-NIR data. To generate quantitative methods based on partial least squares (PLS) and counter propagation artificial neural network (CP-ANN) from the FT-NIR, major gingerols were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the data used as a reference. Finally, PLS and CP-ANN were deployed to predict concentrations of target compounds in S- and NS-ginger. The results indicated that FT-NIR can provide an alternative to HPLC for prediction of active components in ginger samples and was able to work directly on solid samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resource Industrialization/Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Recycling Utilization of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Peng-Hui Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resource Industrialization/Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Recycling Utilization of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Gui-Sheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resource Industrialization/Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Recycling Utilization of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ying-Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resource Industrialization/Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Recycling Utilization of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Bei-Hua Bao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resource Industrialization/Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Recycling Utilization of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qi-Nan Wu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resource Industrialization/Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Recycling Utilization of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Shen-Liang Huang
- Jiangsu Rongyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 211804, Jiangsu, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liao W, Jin Q, Liu J, Ruan Y, Li X, Shen Y, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Wu S, Zhang J, Kang L, Wu C. Mahuang Decoction Antagonizes Acute Liver Failure via Modulating Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Amino Acids Metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:599180. [PMID: 33859560 PMCID: PMC8043081 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.599180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a serious clinical disorder with high fatality rates. Mahuang decoction (MHD), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, has multiple pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammation, anti-allergy, anti-asthma, and anti-hyperglycemia. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of MHD against ALF. In the lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced ALF mouse model, the elevated activities of the serum alanine and aspartate transaminases as well as the liver pathological damage were markedly alleviated by MHD. Subsequently, a metabolomics study based on the ultrahigh performance liquid chromatograph coupled with Q Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry was carried to clarify the therapeutic mechanisms of MHD against ALF. A total of 36 metabolites contributing to LPS/D-GalN-induced ALF were identified in the serum samples, among which the abnormalities of 27 metabolites were ameliorated by MHD. The analysis of metabolic pathways revealed that the therapeutic effects of MHD are likely due to the modulation of the metabolic disorders of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, retinol metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan synthesis, as well as cysteine and methionine metabolism. This study demonstrated for the first time that MHD exerted an obvious protective effect against ALF mainly through the regulation of TCA cycle and amino acid metabolism, highlighting the importance of metabolomics to investigate the drug-targeted metabolic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiwen Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junning Liu
- Institute of Forensic Science, Nanjing Municipal Public Security Bureau, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiling Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinran Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yueyue Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Nanjing Municipal Public Security Bureau, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Nanjing Municipal Public Security Bureau, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengming Wu
- Nanjing Liuhe District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lifeng Kang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chunyong Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|