Systematic evaluation of phenolic compounds and protective capacity of a new mulberry cultivar J33 against palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity using a simulated digestion method

Construction of blackberry polysaccharide nano-selenium particles: Structure features and regulation effects of glucose/lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells

In this study, blackberry polysaccharide-selenium nanoparticles (BBP-24-3Se) were first prepared via Na2SeO3/Vc redox reaction, followed by coating with red blood cell membrane (RBC) to form core-shell structure polysaccharide-selenium nanoparticles (RBC@BBP-24-3Se). The particle size of BBP-24-3Se (167.1 nm) was increased to 239.8 nm (RBC@BBP-24-3Se) with an obvious core-shell structure after coating with RBC. FT-IR and XPS results indicated that the interaction between BBP-24-3 and SeNPs formed a new C-O···Se bond with valence state of Se0. Bioassays indicated that RBC coating markedly enhanced both the biocompatibility and bioabsorbability of RBC@BBP-24-3Se, and the absorption rate of RBC@BBP-24-3Se in HepG2 cells was 4.99 times higher than that of BBP-24-3Se at a concentration of 10 μg/mL. Compared with BBP-24-3Se, RBC@BBP-24-3Se possessed significantly heightened protective efficacy against oxidative damage and better regulation of glucose/lipid metabolism disorder induced by palmitic acid in HepG2 cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that RBC@BBP-24-3Se could effectively improve PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to promote glucose metabolism, inhibit the expression of lipid synthesis genes and up-regulate the expression of lipid-decomposing genes through AMPK signaling pathway to improve lipid metabolism. These results provided a theoretical basis for developing a new type of selenium supplement for the treatment of insulin resistance.

The characterization of the pectin/alginate nanoparticle for encapsulation of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-complexed naringin and its effects on cellular uptake and oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells

Naringin (NR) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) can form a water-soluble complex, but it is unstable. This study aimed to investigate the characterization of the pectin/alginate hydrogel nanoparticles (HNPs) loading HPCD-complexed naringin. The encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of the HNPs for NR were found to be 79.23 % ± 1.31 % and 23.79 % ± 0.67 %, respectively. HNPs had an average diameter of 409.5 ± 8.5 nm, a PDI of 0.237 ± 0.014, and a zeta-potential of -33.5 ± 0.2. FTIR, XRD, and DSC analysis confirmed that the NR-HPCD complex was embedded into the HNPs. In simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the HNPs exhibited a lower cumulative release rate compared to free NR. In Caco-2 cells, the HNPs were more efficiently transported into the cells. Consequently, the HNPs resulted in a greater decrease in ROS levels, more recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential and higher content of glutathione. This study provided a carrier for encapsulating NR, making it possible for use in food or functional food.

Biological activity of optimized phenolic extracts of quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) parts before and after simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion

In this study, the phenolic extracts of Eşme quince parts (pulp, peel, seed, juice, and leaf) were obtained under optimized extraction conditions. Then, the total phenolic content (TPC), the quantities of main phenolic compounds, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity and the change in bioactivity properties (TPC, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity on the same sixteen microorganisms) after in vitro digestion of each quince part were evaluated. The order of TPC and antioxidant activity was determined as leaf > peel > juice > pulp > seed. After in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, a decrease was observed for the TPC (average 5-fold reduction) and antioxidant activity (more than 2.5-fold reduction) in all quince parts except quince seed than their extract forms. The quince leaf extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity. Overall, this study exhibited that the quince leaf was considered a promising, cheap, and natural source for nutritional or pharmaceutical applications with biological activity properties.

Ultrasonic effects on the degradation kinetics, structural characteristics and protective effects on hepatocyte lipotoxicity induced by palmitic acid of Pueraria Lobata polysaccharides

In this study, a high-molecular-weight Pueraria lobata polysaccharide (PLP) with a molecular weight of 273.54 kDa was degraded by ultrasound, and the ultrasonic degradation kinetics, structural characteristics and hepatoprotective activity of ultrasonic degraded PLP fractions (PLPs) were evaluated. The results showed that the ultrasonic treatment significantly reduced the Mw and particle size of PLP, and the kinetic equation of ultrasonic degradation of PLP followed to the midpoint fracture model (the fist-order model). The monosaccharide composition analysis, FT-IR, triple helix structure and XRD analysis all indicated that the ultrasound degradation did not destroy the primary structure of PLP, but the thermal stability of degraded fractions improved. Additionally, the scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that the surface morphology of PLP was altered from smooth, flat, compact large flaky structure to a sparse rod-like structure with sparse crosslinking (PLP-7). The degraded PLP fractions (0.5 mg/mL) with lower Mw exhibited better antioxidant activities and protective effects against palmitic acid-induced hepatic lipotoxicity, which may be due to the increased exposure of active groups such as hydroxyl groups of PLP after ultrasound. Further investigation showed that PLPs not only increased Nrf2 phosphorylation and its nuclear translocation, thereby activating Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway, but also enhanced HO-1, NQO-1, γ-GCL gene expressions and promoted superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, which protected hepatocytes against PA-induced oxidative stress and lipotoxicity. Overall, our research might provide an in-depth insight into P. Lobata polysaccharide in ameliorating lipid metabolic disorders, and the results revealed that ultrasonic irradiation could be a promising degradation method to produce value-added polysaccharide for use in functional food.

Emulsion-Based Delivery Systems to Enhance the Functionality of Bioactive Compounds: Towards the Use of Ingredients from Natural, Sustainable Sources

In recent years, the trend in the population towards consuming more natural and sustainable foods has increased significantly. This claim has led to the search for new sources of bioactive compounds and extraction methods that have less impact on the environment. Moreover, the formulation of systems to protect these compounds is also focusing on the use of ingredients of natural origin. This article reviews novel, natural alternative sources of bioactive compounds with a positive impact on sustainability. In addition, it also contains information on the most recent studies based on the use of natural (especially from plants) emulsifiers in the design of emulsion-based delivery systems to protect bioactive compounds. The properties of these natural-based emulsion-delivery systems, as well as their functionality, including in vitro and in vivo studies, are also discussed. This review provides relevant information on the latest advances in the development of emulsion delivery systems based on ingredients from sustainable natural sources.

Mulberry plant as a source of functional food with therapeutic and nutritional applications: A review

Medicinal plants from the family Moraceae have diverse applications in agriculture, cosmetics, food, and the pharmaceutical industry. Their extensive spectrum of pharmacological activity for treating numerous inflammatory illnesses, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and gastrointestinal problems reflects their biological and therapeutic value. This article summarizes the molecular mechanisms related to the biological implications of mulberry extracts, fractions, and isolated bioactive compounds from different parts in various health-related ailments. Additionally, the food industry and animal nutrition applications are summarized. Phytochemicals such as steroids, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds including terpenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins are found in this medicinal plant. The aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts, as well as bioactive compounds, have anti-oxidative, hypoglycemic, nephroprotective, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, anti-mutagenic, hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, immune-modulatory, cardioprotective, and skin protecting activities. Mulberry supplementation in food products improves the stability of phenolics, sensory properties, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties. Mulberry leaves in animal feed increase the nutrient digestibility, growth parameters, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This review summarized the in vivo and in vitro biological activities of the mulberry and isolated constituents in various health conditions. In addition, the food uses such as antioxidant potential, antimicrobial, and physicochemical properties were discussed. Furthermore, in vivo studies revealed mulberry as a significant protein source and its flavonoids as potential animal foliage.

Phytochemical characterization of Morus nigra fruit ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extract for its cardioprotective potential

The current work investigated the phytochemical profile of ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extract of Morus nigra (M. nigra) fruit. FTIR analysis of M. nigra fruit extract revealed the presence of alcohols (O-H), alkanes (C-H stretch), alkenes (C=C), and alkynes (C≡C). The HPLC analysis quantified the quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, cinnamic acid, sinapic acid, and kaempferol. Furthermore, the cardioprotective activity of ethanolic extract of M. nigra fruit was investigated. Cholesterol supplementation (2%) in the daily diet and exposure to cigarette smoke (2 cigarettes twice a day) were to induce hypertension in rats. The experimental animals were categorized into four groups: G0 (negative control), G1 (positive control), G2 (standard drug), and G3 (M. nigra fruit). The fruit extract administration at 300 mg/kg BW/day orally for 2 months significantly (p < .001) enhanced the activities of serum and cardiac tissue antioxidants in hypertensive rats. Meanwhile, the fruit extract reduced the elevated serum lipid profile while significantly increasing the high-density lipoproteins in G3 than G1 and G2. The increase in blood pressure, liver transaminases, and serum lactate dehydrogenase also reduced significantly in M. nigra fruit extract-treated rats. Histopathological findings revealed mild normalization of cardiac myocytes with central nuclei, branching, and cross-striations. Consequently, the M. nigra fruit extract exerted the cardioprotective potential via increasing the antioxidant enzymes and reducing the lipids, lactate dehydrogenase, liver transaminases, and blood pressure. The therapeutic potential of M. nigra fruit can be due to flavonols and phenolic acids. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The present work quantified the Morus nigra fruit phytochemicals and its significant role in reducing lipid markers and blood pressure and improving antioxidant status in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and exposed to cigarette smoke. Conclusively, the inclusion of M. nigra fruit in daily diet could improve the cardiac health of the individuals. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of M. nigra fruit and its isolated constituents in modulating the gene expression against cardiac problems can explore after clinical trials and standardization in higher animals.

Mulberry Anthocyanins Ameliorate DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis by Improving Intestinal Barrier Function and Modulating Gut Microbiota

Mulberry has attracted wide attention due to its substantial nutritional values. This work first studied the protective effect of mulberry anthocyanins (MAS) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. The mice experiment was designed as four groups including normal mice (Control), dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-fed mice, and DSS plus 100 mg/kg·bw MAS-fed mice (LMAS-DSS) or DSS plus 200 mg/kg·bw MAS-fed mice (HMAS-DSS). Mice were given MAS by gavage for 1 week, and then DSS was added to the drinking water for 7 days. MAS was administered for a total of 17 days. The results showed that oral gavage of MAS reduced the disease activity index (DAI), prevented colon shortening, attenuated colon tissue damage and inflammatory response, suppressed colonic oxidative stress and restored the protein expression of intestinal tight junction (TJ) protein (ZO-1, occludin and claudin-3) in mice with DSS-induced colitis. In addition, analysis of 16S rRNA amplicon sequences showed that MAS reduced the DSS-induced intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, including a reduction in Escherichia-Shigella, an increase in Akkermansia, Muribaculaceae and Allobaculum. Collectively, MAS alleviates DSS-induced colitis by maintaining the intestinal barrier, modulating inflammatory cytokines, and improving the microbial community.

Antioxidant and anti-obesity effects of in vitro digesta of germinated buckwheat

Buckwheat germinated on days of 3, 5, and 7 was digested in vitro, and the antioxidant and anti-obesity effects of the digesta were evaluated. In vitro digesta of 5 days germinated buckwheat (GBD5) showed significantly higher antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and ferric reducing antioxidant power by 5.3, 1.3, 2.0, 3.2, and 2.8-fold, respectively than in vitro digesta of non-germinated buckwheat. GBD5 exerted inhibitory effect on total lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocyte in a dose-dependent manner, with over 25% reduction at 400 µg/mL. Additionally, GBD5 significantly downregulated genes related to adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation. GBD5 possessed different metabolite profiles compared to others such as higher content of γ-aminobutyric acid and succinic acid. Therefore, GBD5 has potent antioxidant effects and suppresses fat accumulation-related genes and proteins expression, which could act as a new functional substance.

Antiosteoporosis Studies of 20 Medicine Food Homology Plants Containing Quercetin, Rutin, and Kaempferol: TCM Characteristics, In Vivo and In Vitro Activities, Potential Mechanisms, and Food Functions

Dietary nutraceutical compounds have been evidenced as backbone for bone health in recent years. It is reported that medicine food homology (MFH) plants have multiple nutraceutical compounds. Based on our literature research, 20 MFH plants caught our attention because they contain three popular antiosteoporosis compounds simultaneously: quercetin, rutin, and kaempferol. According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), their characteristics including natures, flavors, attributive to meridian tropism, and efficacies were listed. The relationships between TCM efficacies, such as “heat clearing,” “tonic,” and “the interior warming,” and antiosteoporosis pharmacological actions such as antioxidant and immune regulation were discussed. The in vivo antiosteoporosis effects of the 20 MFH plants were summarized. The in vitro antiosteoporosis activities and related mechanisms of the 20 plants and quercetin, rutin, kaempferol were detailed. The TGF-β-Smad signaling, fibroblast growth factor, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling on bone formation and the RANKL signaling, NF-κB signaling, and macrophage-colony-stimulating factor on bone resorption were identified. From food point, these 20 MFH plants could be classified as condiment, vegetable, fruit, tea and related products, beverage, etc. Based on the above discussion, these 20 MFH plants could be used as daily food supplements for the prevention and treatment against osteoporosis.

Pelargonidin-3-O-Glucoside Encapsulated Pectin-Chitosan-Nanoliposomes Recovers Palmitic Acid-Induced Hepatocytes Injury

Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside (Pg) is a well-known anthocyanin derivative possessing potential biological activity. Nonetheless, the bioactivity of Pg is limited due to instability in the physiological environment. Functionalized nanoliposomes using chitosan and/or pectin coating is an excellent carrier system for nanoencapsulation of food bioactive compounds such as Pg. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Pg-loaded pectin–chitosan coated nanoliposomes against palmitic acid (PA)-induced hepatocytes injury in L02 cells. Firstly, Pg-loaded pectin–chitosan coated nanoliposomes were characterized using the DLS, HPLC, TEM, and cellular uptake study in L02 cells. Thereafter, we assayed the protective effect against PA-induced lipotoxicity, ROS and O₂^•− generation, mitochondrial dysfunction (MMP), and GSH depletion. Results showed that Pg-loaded nanoliposomes significantly reduced the PA-induced L02 cells toxicity via suppressing ROS production, O₂^•− generation, MMP collapse, and GSH reduction, whereas the free-Pg samples were not effective. On the contrary, the chitosan and/or pectin coated nanoliposomes showed higher results compared to coating-free nanoliposomes. Altogether, the results of our study ensured that Pg-loaded pectin–chitosan coated nanoliposomes was capable of reducing PA-induced hepatocytes injury. Thus, pectin–chitosan coated nanoliposomes can be useful for hepatocellular delivery of hydrophilic compounds with greater biological activity.

The effect of ultra-high pretreatment on free, esterified and insoluble-bound phenolics from mango leaves and their antioxidant and cytoprotective activities

Ultra-high pressure (UHP) is a novel non-thermal pretreatment method in food processing for improving the extraction yield of polyphenols and functional properties. The present work investigated the phenolic profiles, antioxidant activities, and cytoprotective effects of the free, esterified, and insoluble-bound phenolic fractions from mango leaves before and after ultra-high pressure (UHP) treatment. UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS analysis resulted in the identification of 42 phenolic compounds in the different phenolic forms. UHP pretreatment could significantly influence the contents of total phenols, total flavonoids and individual compounds in the different phenolic fractions (p < 0.05). After UHP pretreatment, these phenolic fractions exhibited greater antioxidant activity, and inhibited reactive oxygen species production and cell apoptosis (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, IBP were the most potential antioxidative and cytoprotective ingredients. Therefore, UHP pretreated mango leaves with enhanced bioactivity could be used as biological agents in the health food industry to improve its application and economic values.

Arachidonic Acid in Follicular Fluid of PCOS Induces Oxidative Stress in a Human Ovarian Granulosa Tumor Cell Line (KGN) and Upregulates GDF15 Expression as a Response

Polycystic ovarian ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the main cause of ovulatory infertility and a common reproductive endocrine disease of women in reproductive age. In addition, nearly half of PCOS patients are associated with obesity, and their total free fatty acids tend to increase. Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid. Oxidation products of AA reacting with various enzymes[cyclooxygenases (COX), lipoxygenases (LOX), cytochrome P450s (CYP)] can change cellular mitochondrial distribution and calcium ion concentration, and increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In this study, we analyzed the follicular fluid fatty acids and found higher levels of C20:4n6 (AA) in PCOS patients than in normal control subjects. Also, to determine whether AA induces oxidative stress (OS) in the human ovarian granulosa tumor cell line (KGN) and affects its function, we treated KGN cells with or without reduced glutathione (GSH) and then stimulated them with AA. The results showed that AA significantly reduced the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and activity of antioxidant enzymes and increased the malondialdehyde (MDA), ROS and superoxide anion(O_2-)levels in KGN cells. In addition, AA was also found to impair the secretory and mitochondrial functions of KGN cells and induce their apoptosis. We further investigated the downstream genes affected by AA in KGN cells and its mechanism of action. We found that AA upregulated the expression of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), which had a protective effect on inflammation and tissue damage. Therefore, we investigated whether AA-induced OS in KGN cells upregulates GDF15 expression as an OS response.Through silencing of GDF15 and supplementation with recombinant GDF15 (rGDF15), we found that GDF15, expressed as an OS response, protected KGN cells against AA-induced OS effects, such as impairment of secretory and mitochondrial functions and apoptosis. Therefore, this study suggested that AA might induce OS in KGN cells and upregulate the expression of GDF15 as a response to OS.

Innovative Delivery Systems Loaded with Plant Bioactive Ingredients: Formulation Approaches and Applications

Plants constitute a rich source of diverse classes of valuable phytochemicals (e.g., phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, alkaloids) with proven biological activity (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, etc.). However, factors such as low stability, poor solubility and bioavailability limit their food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications. In this regard, a wide range of delivery systems have been developed to increase the stability of plant-derived bioactive compounds upon processing, storage or under gastrointestinal digestion conditions, to enhance their solubility, to mask undesirable flavors as well as to efficiently deliver them to the target tissues where they can exert their biological activity and promote human health. In the present review, the latest advances regarding the design of innovative delivery systems for pure plant bioactive compounds, extracts or essential oils, in order to overcome the above-mentioned challenges, are presented. Moreover, a broad spectrum of applications along with future trends are critically discussed.

New function of polysaccharide from Rubus chingii Hu: protective effect against ethyl carbamate induced cytotoxicity

BACKGROUND

Rubus chingii Hu is a widely cultivated fruit in China and has declared multiple bioactivities including antioxidative activity. Ethyl carbamate (EC), mostly found in fermented food and alcoholic beverages, is a recognized human carcinogen, and researchers have proposed the correlation between oxidative stress and its toxicity. This study acquired the polysaccharide from R. chingii (RP) and explored its effect on EC-induced cytotoxicity using Caco-2 cells as the cell model.

RESULTS

Results showed that RP exhibited protection against EC-induced toxicity by repairing redox imbalance as indicative of mitigated mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, attenuated reactive oxygen species overproduction, and impeded glutathione depletion. Moreover, the structural features of RP were characterized and revealed that it was mainly constituted by galacturonic acid and arabinose, with an average molecular weight of 7.039 × 10⁵  g mol^-1 .

CONCLUSION

Overall, our results provided a new approach dealing with the toxicity caused by EC from the perspective of oxidative stress and described a new potential healthy value of R. chingii Hu, which could contribute to the development of a promising dietary supplement and functional food. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Phenolic profile of jujube fruit subjected to gut microbiota fermentation and its antioxidant potential against ethyl carbamate-induced oxidative damage

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the composition of bioactive substances and the antioxidant effects of jujube fruit under gut microbiota fermentation (GMF), and the inhibitory effect on cytotoxicity caused by ethyl carbamate (EC).

METHODS

Changes in the contents of flavonoids, polyphenols, total sugars, and reducing sugars of jujube fruit after GMF (0, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h) were determined. The oxidation resistance of fermented jujube fruits (from 0 to 48 h fermentation) was evaluated using in vitro 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Inhibitory effects of 48 h-fermented jujube fruit at various concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 mg/mL) on EC-treated toxicity and DNA damage of Caco-2 cells were estimated using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and nuclear staining assays, respectively. Effects of different concentrations of jujube fruit on EC-treated Caco-2 cells' intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) levels, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were also evaluated.

RESULTS

Jujube fruit has rich bioactive components after GMF and shows strong antioxidant capacity. Fermented jujube fruit can inhibit the cytotoxicity and DNA damage of Caco-2 cells caused by EC and reduce intracellular ROS generation, as well as restoring GSH and MMP.

CONCLUSIONS

Fermented jujube fruit extracts produced by GMF still contain biologically active substances which retain biological activity and antioxidation capabilities.

Suppression of palmitic acid-induced hepatic oxidative injury by neohesperidin-loaded pectin-chitosan decorated nanoliposomes

The biological activity of neohesperidin (NH, a flavanone glycoside) is limited due to instability in the physiological environment. Thus, the current study aimed to explore the protective effect of NH-loaded pectin-chitosan decorated liposomes (P-CH-NH-NL) against palmitic acid (PA)-induced hepatic oxidative injury in L02 cells. The particles were characterized using DLS, TEM, HPLC, DSC, and cellular uptake study. Then, the protective effect of NH-loaded liposomal systems (NH-NLs) against PA-induced oxidative injury was evaluated in terms of cell viability study, intracellular ROS, superoxide ions (O₂^-), MMP, and cellular GSH determination. Our results exhibited that NH-NLs significantly lessened the PA-induced hepatic oxidative injury in L02 cells via decreasing ROS and O₂^- generation, reducing MMP collapse, and attenuating GSH reduction, whereas the free NH samples were ineffective. Furthermore, the coated NH-NLs were more effective than that of uncoated nanoliposome. Overall, our study confirmed that P-CH-NH-NL was capable of reducing PA-induced hepatic oxidative injury. Therefore, the pectin-chitosan decorated nanoliposome can be considered as an efficient delivery system for enhancing cellular uptake of lipophilic compound with controlled release and greater biological activity.

Malvidin-3-O-Glucoside from Blueberry Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating Transcription Factor EB-Mediated Lysosomal Function and Activating the Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a universal health issue, whereas there is still a lack of widely accepted therapy until now. Clinical research studies have shown that blueberry could effectively regulate the lipid metabolism, thereby improving obesity-related metabolic syndromes; however, the specific active substances and mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, the effects of the major 10 kinds of anthocyanins from blueberry against NAFLD were investigated using an free fatty acid (FFA)-induced cell model. Among these anthocyanins, malvidin-3-O-glucoside (M3G) and malvidin-3-O-galactoside (M3Ga) could remarkably ameliorate FFA-induced lipid accumulation. Besides, M3G and M3Ga also inhibited oxidative stress via suppressing reactive oxygen species and superoxide anion overproduction, increasing glutathione levels, and enhancing activities of antioxidant enzymes. Further studies unveiled that the representative anthocyanin M3G-upregulated transcription factor EB (TFEB)-mediated lysosomal function possibly interacted with TFEB and activated the Nrf2/ARE (antioxidant responsive element) signaling pathway. Overall, this study enriched the knowledge about the health-promoting effects of blueberry anthocyanins against NAFLD and provided ideas for the development of functional foods of blueberry anthocyanins.

Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation by Soybean and Soy-Derived Compounds

Environmental factors, particularly diet, are considered central to the pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. In particular, the Westernization of diet, characterized by high intake of animal protein, saturated fat, and refined carbohydrates, has been shown to contribute to the development and progression of IBD. During the last decade, soybean, as well as soy-derived bioactive compounds (e.g., isoflavones, phytosterols, Bowman-Birk inhibitors) have been increasingly investigated because of their anti-inflammatory properties in animal models of IBD. Herein we provide a scoping review of the most studied disease mechanisms associated with disease induction and progression in IBD rodent models after feeding of either the whole food or a bioactive present in soybean.

Delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside: a novel xanthine oxidase inhibitor identified from natural anthocyanins

Objectives

This study was conducted to investigate the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activities of 18 monomeric anthocyanins from berry fruits and roselle, and to illustrate the underlying mechanism of the most active anthocyanin delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside.

Materials and Methods

Eighteen monomeric anthocyanins were prepared and purified in our laboratory. The inhibitory properties of anthocyanins were investigated by in vitro inhibitory activity studies and fluorescence quenching studies; the inhibitory mechanism was explored through kinetic studies, fluorescence quenching studies, circular dichroism analysis and computational docking simulations.

Results

XO inhibitory activities of anthocyanins were related to the structures of B rings and glycosides. Among all the tested anthocyanins, delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside showed the most potent inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 17.1 μM, which was comparable to the positive control allopurinol. Spectroscopic results revealed that delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside could spontaneously interact with XO and induce conformational changes. Computational docking study indicated that delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside could bind to XO with a proper orientation, stably formed π–π interactions and hydrogen bonds with key residues, thus preventing the substrate from entering the active pocket.

Conclusions

In brief, our study identified delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside as a potent XO inhibitor from natural anthocyanins, which is potentially applicable for prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia.

pH-Responsive Core-Shell Microparticles Prepared by a Microfluidic Chip for the Encapsulation and Controlled Release of Procyanidins

The purpose of this study was to construct a delivery system using a microfluidic chip to protect procyanidins (PCs) and to achieve their pH-controlled release in simulated gastrointestinal fluid. The microfluidic chip was designed and fabricated to generate water-in-water-in-oil (W/W/O) templates for the preparation of sodium alginate/chitosan microparticles with a uniform size and core-shell structure, using an internal-external gelation method. Compared with free PCs, the stability of PCs embedded in microparticles was improved and a pH stimulus-responsive release of PCs from microparticles was observed under neutral pH conditions. The delivery system of microparticles was nontoxic and showed an inhibitory effect on the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential in Caco-2 cells caused by H₂O₂ and acrylamide. This work provided a method for fabricating compact microfluidic chips to prepare a pH stimulus-responsive PCs delivery system with improved stability, which may have potential applications in the delivery of other nutrients.

Optimization of Porphyran Extraction from Pyropia yezoensis by Response Surface Methodology and Its Lipid-Lowering Effects

Macroalgae polysaccharides are phytochemicals that are beneficial to human health. In this study, response surface methodology was applied to optimize the extraction procedure of Pyropia yezoensis porphyran (PYP). The optimum extraction parameters were: 100 °C (temperature), 120 min (time), and 29.32 mL/g (liquid-solid ratio), and the maximum yield of PYP was 22.15 ± 0.55%. The physicochemical characteristics of PPYP, purified from PYP, were analyzed, along with its lipid-lowering effect, using HepG2 cells and Drosophila melanogaster larvae. PPYP was a β-type sulfated hetero-rhamno-galactan-pyranose with a molecular weight of 151.6 kDa and a rhamnose-to-galactose molar ratio of 1:5.3. The results demonstrated that PPYP significantly reduced the triglyceride content in palmitic acid (PA)-induced HepG2 cells and high-sucrose-fed D. melanogaster larvae by regulating the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes, reducing lipogenesis and increasing fatty acid β-oxidation. To summarize, PPYP can lower lipid levels in HepG2 cells and larval fat body (the functional homolog tissue of the human liver), suggesting that PPYP may be administered as a potential marine lipid-lowering drug.

The Associated Regulatory Mechanisms of Zinc Lactate in Redox Balance and Mitochondrial Function of Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells

Zinc lactate (ZnLA) is a new organic zinc salt which has antioxidant properties in mammals and can improve intestinal function. This study explored the effects of ZnLA and ZnSO₄ on cell proliferation, Zn transport, antioxidant capacity, mitochondrial function, and their underlying molecular mechanisms in intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). The results showed that addition of ZnLA promoted cell proliferation, inhibited cell apoptosis and IL-6 secretion, and upregulated the mRNA expression and concentration of MT-2B, ZNT-1, and CRIP, as well as affected the gene expression and activity of oxidation or antioxidant enzymes (e.g., CuZnSOD, CAT, and Gpx1, GSH-PX, LDH, and MDA), compared to ZnSO₄ or control. Compared with the control, ZnLA treatment had no significant effect on mitochondrial membrane potential, whereas it markedly increased the mitochondrial basal OCR, nonmitochondrial respiratory capacity, and mitochondrial proton leakage and reduced spare respiratory capacity and mitochondrial reactive oxygen (ROS) production in IPEC-J2 cells. Furthermore, ZnLA treatment increased the protein expression of Nrf2 and phosphorylated AMPK, but reduced Keap1 and p62 protein expression and autophagy-related genes LC3B-1 and Beclin mRNA abundance. Under H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress conditions, ZnLA supplementation markedly reduced cell apoptosis and mitochondrial ROS levels in IPEC-J2 cells. Moreover, ZnLA administration increased the protein expression of Nrf2 and decreased the protein expression of caspase-3, Keap1, and p62 in H₂O₂-induced IPEC-J2 cells. In addition, when the activity of AMPK was inhibited by Compound C, ZnLA supplementation did not increase the protein expression of nuclear Nrf2, but when Compound C was removed, the activities of AMPK and Nfr2 were both increased by ZnLA treatment. Our results indicated that ZnLA could improve the antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial function in IPEC-J2 cells by activating the AMPK-Nrf2-p62 pathway under normal or oxidative stress conditions. Our novel finding also suggested that ZnLA, as a new feed additive for piglets, has the potential to be an alternative for ZnSO₄.

Malvidin-3-O-arabinoside ameliorates ethyl carbamate-induced oxidative damage by stimulating AMPK-mediated autophagy

Ethyl carbamate (EC) is an environmental toxin, commonly present in various fermented foods and beverages, as well as tobacco and polluted ambient air. However, studies on the effects of EC-induced toxicity on the intestines and potential protection methods are limited. In this study, we show that EC could cause severe toxicity in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) triggering the induction of decreased cell viability, ROS accumulation and glutathione (GSH) depletion in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, we established an EC-treated IEC model to screen the potential protective effects of 12 kinds of anthocyanins extracted from blueberry. Interestingly, we found that malvidin-3-O-arabinoside (M3A) significantly reversed the oxidative damage caused by EC exposure by stimulating autophagy flux, which was determined by the LC3-II level and GFP-RFP-LC3 transfection experiment. Enhancement of autophagy was mainly ascribed to the regulation of lysosomes. M3A pretreatment remarkably upregulated LAMP-1 expression, which indicated elevated lysosomal mass. Besides, M3A also successfully restored lysosomal acidity and subsequently strengthened lysosomal functions. Furthermore, M3A stimulated phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of autophagy. Furthermore, our study indicated the possibility of EC-caused oxidative damage to the intestines and unveiled the remarkably protective benefits of M3A-induced AMPK-mediated autophagy against this toxicity.

Polysaccharide from Mulberry Fruit (Morus alba L.) Protects against Palmitic-Acid-Induced Hepatocyte Lipotoxicity by Activating the Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway

This study was aimed to investigate the protective effects of three different mulberry fruit polysaccharide fractions (MFP-I, MFP-II, and MFP-III) against palmitic acid (PA)-induced hepatocyte lipotoxicity and characterize the functional polysaccharide fraction using gel permeation chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. MFP-I, MFP-II, and MFP-III were isolated from mulberry fruit by stepwise precipitation with 30, 60, and 90% ethanol, respectively. MFP-II at 0.1 and 0.2 mg/mL dramatically attenuated PA-induced hepatic lipotoxicity, while MFP-I and MFP-III showed weak protection. It was demonstrated that MFP-II not only increased nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) phosphorylation and its nuclear translocation, thereby activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, but also enhanced heme oxygenase 1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, and γ-glutamate cysteine ligase gene expressions and promoted catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, which protected hepatocytes against PA-induced oxidative stress and lipotoxicity. Further investigation indicated that the molecular weight of MFP-II was 115.0 kDa, and MFP-II mainly consisted of galactose (30.5%), arabinose (26.2%), and rhamnose (23.1%). Overall, our research might provide in-depth insight into mulberry fruit polysaccharide in ameliorating lipid metabolic disorders.

Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside Derived from Wild Raspberry Exerts Antihyperglycemic Effect by Inducing Autophagy and Modulating Gut Microbiota

Increasing evidence indicates that anthocyanins exert beneficial effects on type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Herein, the hyperglycemia-lowering effect of Pg3G derived from wild raspberry was investigated on high-glucose/high-fat (HG+HF)-induced hepatocytes and db/db diabetic mice. Our results indicated that Pg3G promoted glucose uptake in HG+HF-induced hepatocytes. Moreover, Pg3G induced autophagy, whereas autophagy inhibitors blocked the hypoglycemic effect of Pg3G. Transcriptional factor EB (TFEB) was found to be linked to Pg3G-induced autophagy. In vivo study showed that Pg3G treatment contributed to the improvement of glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and induction of autophagy. Furthermore, Pg3G not only modified the gut microbiota composition, as indicated by an increased abundance of Prevotella, and elevated Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, but also strengthened the intestinal barrier integrity. This study unveils a novel mechanism that Pg3G attenuates hyperglycemia through inducing autophagy and modulating gut microbiota, which implicates a potential nutritional intervention strategy for T2D.

Glycosylation of anthocyanins enhances the apoptosis of colon cancer cells by handicapping energy metabolism

BACKGROUND

While anthocyanins are proven to be effective in inhibiting tumour cell proliferation, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This research aims to explore the glycosylation of anthocyanins in the tumour inhibitory effects and the potential mechanism.

METHODS

The tumour inhibitory effect on mouse colon cancer cells (MC38) was examined by MTT and flow cytometric analyses. The inhibitory pathway of anthocyanin was explored by assessment of tumour cell mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), the caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity, as well as the cell energy metabolism in terms of the glucose uptake, the NAD+/NADH ratio and the ATP level.

RESULTS

We found that 500 μM bilberry anthocyanins extract (BAE) induced 48.1% mitochondrial damage, activated the downstream caspase cascade to form apoptotic bodies (caspase-3 activity increased by 169%, caspase-9 activity increased by 186%), and inhibited cell proliferation (survival rate: 55.97%, 24 h). In contrast, the same concentration of anthocyanidin (cyanidin) led to marginal mitochondrial damage (only 9.85%) and resulted in little inhibition of MC38 cells (survival rate: 86.84%, 24 h). For cells incubated with 500 μM BAE, reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased by 53.8%, but the ratio of NAD+/NADH increased to 3.67, demonstrating that the mitochondrial damage was induced by blocking energy metabolism. Furthermore, cell energy metabolism is related to glucose uptake since the presence of 200 μM GLUT1 inhibitor substantially enhanced the inhibitory effects of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy-3-Glu) at 500 μM (survival rate: 51.08%, 24 h).

CONCLUSIONS

The study suggested that the glycosides of anthocyanins might handicap glucose transport and inhibit energy metabolism, which, in turn, led to mitochondrial damage and apoptosis of tumour cells.

1-Deoxynojirimycin from mulberry leaves changes gut digestion and microbiota composition in geese

This study was aimed to investigate whether 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) affects the digestion system of young geese and assess whether mulberry leaf, which contains this substance, has disadvantages that compromise its value as poultry feed. One hundred and twenty-eight 12-day-old male Wanxi white geese were randomly assigned into 4 treatment groups. The control group was fed an ordinary diet without DNJ. The other groups namely L-DNJ, M-DNJ, and H-DNJ had their basic diets supplemented with 0.05 mg/g, 0.1 mg/g, and 0.15 mg/g DNJ, respectively. The geese were fed for 6 wk, and the apparent digestibility test was conducted in the last week. Intestinal parameters, digestive organs, and enzymes were determined. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was conducted for cecal flora composition. The results revealed that DNJ decreased body and liver weight and increased feed conversion ratio in comparison with the control (P < 0.05); however, it did not influence the weight and length of the intestine or the pancreas weight. The utilization of organic matter, metabolizable energy, ether extract, acid detergent fiber, and calcium in feed were reduced in the M-DNJ and L-DNJ groups compared with those in the control (P < 0.05); however, the utilization of crude protein was increased in all DNJ-treated groups (P < 0.01). In the H-DNJ group, the usage of soluble phosphorus was also increased (P < 0.05). High-dose DNJ increased the activity of trypsin in the pancreas but reduced those of amylase (P < 0.05) and lipase (P > 0.05) in the pancreas and duodenum. The intestinal villi were short, even impaired, in DNJ-treated groups. High-throughput sequencing data revealed that DNJ supplement reduced the α-diversity indices of the cecal microbiota. The principal component analysis further suggested a difference in community structure between the DNJ treatment groups and control. High-dose DNJ increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Escherichia-Shigella, and Butyricicoccus but reduced that of unclassified Ruminococcaceae compared with the control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, changes in the digestive system caused by DNJ seriously affected the metabolism of nutrients in geese and reduced their growth performance. Attention should be paid to the adverse effects of DNJ when using mulberry leaves as poultry feed.

Lysosomal Reacidification Ameliorates Vinyl Carbamate-Induced Toxicity and Disruption on Lysosomal pH

Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a carcinogen toxicant, commonly found in fermented foods and beverages. The carcinogenic and toxic possibility of EC is thought to be related to its metabolite vinyl carbamate (VC). However, we found interesting mechanisms underlying VC-induced toxicity in this study, which were greatly different from EC. We first conducted a simple synthesis procedure for VC and found that VC possessed higher toxicity but failed to regulate levels of reactive oxygen species, glutathione, and autophagy. Notably, VC treatment resulted in upregulation of lysosomal pH, which was responsible for its cytotoxicity. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pretreatment could enhance restoration of lysosomal acidity and ameliorate VC-induced damage. Inhibition of protein kinase A and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator can block cAMP-induced cytoprotection. Together, our results provided the evidence for novel mechanisms of toxicity and possible protection method under VC exposure, which might give new perspectives on the study of EC-induced toxicity.

Different Phenolic Extracts of Oil Palm Fruits and Caffeic Acid Prevent Palmitic Acid-Induced Lipotoxicity in HepG2 Cells via Improving Mitochondrial Function

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) fruits are rich in antioxidative phenolic compounds, which exert various health improving effects. This study aimed to comparatively study the protective effects of different phenolic fractions from the fruits treated with or without ultrahigh pressure (UHP) and their most abundant phenolic substance, caffeic acid, against the palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity in HepG2 cells and to clarify the potential mechanisms. Results showed that the TG accumulation, intracellular reactive oxygen species content, cell apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization were relieved by the administration of those phenolic fractions and caffeic acid. The protection of insoluble-bound (IB) phenolic fraction was the best, and UHP treatment significantly enhanced its protective effect on lipotoxicity. The lipotoxicity preventive effect may be achieved by alleviating intracellular oxidative stress, downregulating the expression of P-P38, COX-2, and iNOS to relieve inflammation, and downregulating Bax and cytochrome C and upregulating Bcl-2 to suppress the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Therefore, the oil palm fruits phenolic fractions, especially the IB phenolic fraction, might be utilized as dietary antioxidants to relieve the adverse effects of a high-fat diet on the body, and UHP treatment is a potential method to increase this bioactivity.

UHPLC-ESI-HRMS/MS analysis on phenolic compositions of different E Se tea extracts and their antioxidant and cytoprotective activities

E Se tea, prepared from the leaves of Malus toringoides (Rehd.) Hughes, is a traditional beverage, but there is little known about its chemical substances. This paper is aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, and cytoprotective activities of the extract and fractions from E Se tea. Sixteen compounds were characterized by UHPLC-ESI-HRMS/MS. Phloridzin was the main compound, especially in ethyl acetate fraction (EAF). Moreover, EAF had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents with 197.54 ± 7.52 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract and 85.94 ± 5.39 mg rutin equivalents/g extract, respectively, and exhibited the strongest antioxidant capacity (DPPH: IC₅₀ = 54.91 ± 3.38 μg/mL; ABTS: IC₅₀ = 98.08 ± 6.92 μg/mL). Different fractions of E Se tea, especially EAF, significantly inhibited intracellular ROS generation, reduced cell apoptosis, and decreased oxidative stress damage in H₂O₂-induced HepG-2 cells. Therefore, the obtained results highlight that E Se tea is a promising source for functional beverage or nutritional foods.

Efficient Biosynthesis of (2S)-Naringenin from p-Coumaric Acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

(2S)-Naringenin, a (2S)-flavanone, is widely used in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries because of its diverse physiological activities. The production of (2S)-naringenin in microorganisms provides an ideal source that reduces the cost of the flavonoid. To achieve efficient production of (2S)-naringenin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), we constructed a biosynthetic pathway from p-coumaric acid, a cost-effective and more efficient precursor. The (2S)-naringenin synthesis pathway genes were integrated into the yeast genome to obtain a (2S)-naringenin production strain. After gene dosage experiments, the genes negatively regulating the shikimate pathway and inefficient chalcone synthase activity were verified as factors limiting (2S)-naringenin biosynthesis. With fed-batch process optimization of the engineered strain, the titer of (2S)-naringenin reached 648.63 mg/L from 2.5 g/L p-coumaric acid. Our results indicate that the constitutive production of (2S)-naringenin from p-coumaric acid in S. cerevisiae is highly promising.

Structure-based design of human pancreatic amylase inhibitors from the natural anthocyanin database for type 2 diabetes

Malvidin 3-O-arabinoside is identified as a novel human pancreatic amylase inhibitor from the natural anthocyanin database with a structure-based design approach.

Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Mulberries

Mulberries are consumed either freshly or as processed fruits and are traditionally used to tackle several diseases, especially type II diabetes. Here, we investigated the metabolite compositions of ripe fruits of both white (Morus alba) and black (Morus nigra) mulberries, using reversed-phase HPLC coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and related these to their in vitro antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Based on accurate masses, fragmentation data, UV/Vis light absorbance spectra and retention times, 35 metabolites, mainly comprising phenolic compounds and amino sugar acids, were identified. While the antioxidant activity was highest in M. nigra, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were similar between species. Both bioactivities were mostly resistant to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. To identify the bioactive compounds, we combined LC-MS with 96-well-format fractionation followed by testing the individual fractions for α-glucosidase inhibition, while compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity were identified using HPLC with an online antioxidant detection system. We thus determined iminosugars and phenolic compounds in both M. alba and M. nigra, and anthocyanins in M. nigra as being the key α-glucosidase inhibitors, while anthocyanins in M. nigra and both phenylpropanoids and flavonols in M. alba were identified as key antioxidants in their ripe berries.

Characterizing the phenolic constituents of baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit shell by LC-MS/QTOF and their in vitro biological activities

Baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit is a part of the baobab tree, a revered multi-purpose tree native to Africa with a myriad of potentials in providing shelter, food, medicine, clothing and as a valuable source of natural antioxidants. A massive quantity of baobab fruit shells (BFS) is generated as a waste from the baobab fruit processing representing significant economic and environmental challenges at the same time an opportunity for its valorization and commercial utilization. The present study explored the potentials of BFS as a source of phenolic compounds. For this purpose, the phenolic constituents of BFS were identified by LC-MS/QTOF analysis. Also, the Total Phenolic Chromatographic Index (TPCI), TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacity were compared with the baobab seeds and pulp. The antidiabetic potential through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities was also compared with that of acarbose. The LC-MS/QTOF analysis led to the identification of 45 compounds, including quercetin, kaempferol, proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids and their derivatives, several of which had never been reported in baobab fruit. Moreover, the BFS showed higher TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacity than the baobab seeds and pulp and inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes activities with much higher potency than acarbose. This research demonstrated the promising potentials of BFS as a good source of phenolic compounds that can further be utilized for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Chemo-Preventive Potential of Falcarindiol-Enriched Fraction from Oplopanax elatus on Colorectal Cancer Interfered by Human Gut Microbiota

Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai is an oriental herb, the polyyne-enriched fraction of which (PEFO) showed anticolorectal cancer (anti-CRC) effects. Other concomitant components, which are inevitably bio-transformed by gut microbiota after oral administration, might be interfere with the pharmacodynamics of polyynes. However, the influence of human gut microbiota on molecules from O. elatus possessing anticancer activity are yet unknown. In this study, the compounds in PEFO and PEFO incubated with human gut microbiota were analyzed and tentatively identified by HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS. Two main polyynes ((3[Formula: see text]8[Formula: see text]-falcarindiol and oplopandiol) were not significantly decomposed, but some new unknown molecules were discovered during incubation. However, the antiproliferative effects of PEFO incubated with human gut microbiota for 72 h (PEFO I) were much lower than that of PEFO on HCT-116, SW-480, and HT-29 cells. Furthermore, PEFO possessed better anti-CRC activity in vivo, and significantly induced apoptosis of the CRC cells, which was associated with activation of caspase-3 according to the Western-blot results ([Formula: see text]). These results suggest anticolorectal cancer activity of polyynes might be antagonized by some bio-converted metabolites after incubation with human gut microbiota. Therefore, it might be better for CRC prevention if the polyynes could be orally administrated as purified compounds.

Changes in the profiling of bioactive components with the roasting process in Lycium chinense leaves and the anti-obesity effect of its bioaccessible fractions

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to investigate the profiles of bioactive components in roasted Lycium chinense leaves (LCLs) and its in vitro anti-obesity activity after digestion processes.

RESULTS

Chlorogenic acid, kaempferol-3-sophoroside-7-glucoside, kaempferol-3-sophoroside, and kaempferol-3-glucoside were discovered as bioactive components in various ratios of ethanol (EtOH) extract in LCLs by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrophotometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). The roasting process followed by a 30% EtOH extraction tended to decrease the content of chlorogenic acid and kaempferol-3-glucoside, and enhanced the content of kaempferol-3-sophoroside-7-glucoside. It effectively inhibited pancreatic lipase activity by 62.50 ± 4.81%, which was approximately 1.71 percentage points higher than that of the dried-nonroasted LCL extract (60.79 ± 3.75%). Its bioaccessible fraction obtained from in vitro digestion significantly and dose dependently reduced intracellular lipid accumulation by adipocyte 3T3-L1 compared with a 30% EtOH extraction. At a concentration of 200 μg mL^-1 , it inhibited lipid accumulation up to 29.55% in 3T3-L1 cells, which indicated that human digestive enzymes converted kaempferol-3-sophoroside-7-glucoside to kaempferol metabolites that have anti-obesity effects.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that the profiling of bioactive components by processing methods and a bioaccessible fraction could be crucial to improve the bioactivity of LCLs, and potentially be a natural anti-obesity ingredient after oral intake. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Combination of Mulberry Extracts and Silk Amino Acids Alleviated High Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Hepatic Steatosis by Improving Hepatic Insulin Signaling and Normalizing Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Rats

Mulberry water extracts (MB) and silk amino acids (SA) are reported to improve oxidative stress and inflammation, respectively. We hypothesized whether the mixture of mulberry water extracts and silk amino acids can alleviate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by high fat diets. Male Sprague Dawley rats were orally provided with high fat diets containing different ratios of MB and SA (1:3, MS1:3, or 1:5, MS1:5) or cellulose (the disease-control) for 12 weeks. Rats had 200 or 600 mg/kg bw of MS1:3 and MS1:5 (MS1:3-L, MS1:3-H; MS1:5-L, and MS1:5-H). Rats in the normal-control group were fed the 20% fat diet with cellulose. Disease-control rats exhibited much greater triglyceride (TG) deposition in the liver than the normal-control rats along with increased body weight gain, visceral fat mass, serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), and insulin resistance. Disease-control rats also had liver damage with increased oxidative stress and inflammation compared to the normal-control rats. MS1:3-H and MS1:5-H were found to have greater hepatic glycogen accumulation and decreased hepatic TG, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, with MS1:5-H being similar to the normal-control. MS1:3-H alleviated oxidative stress with lower hepatic lipid peroxide compared to MS1:5-H whereas MS1:5-H ameliorated inflammation and hepatocyte damage better than MS1:3-H. Both MS1:3-H and MS1:5-H potentiated hepatic insulin signaling (pAkt⟶pACC) and reduced the mRNA expression of TG synthesis genes mRNA (FAS and SREBP-1c). In the gut microbiome MS1:3-H elevated the ratio of Bacteroidales to Clostridiales in the cecum better than MS1:5-H but MS1:5-H reduced the proinflammatory Turicibacterales. In conclusion, both MS1:3-H and MS1:5-H prevented liver damage induced by high fat diets, mainly by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, respectively. MS1:3 and MS1:5 might be used as therapeutic agent for NAFLD.

Encapsulated Mulberry Fruit Extract Alleviates Changes in an Animal Model of Menopause with Metabolic Syndrome

Currently, the therapeutic strategy against metabolic syndrome and its complications is required due to the increasing prevalence and its impact. Due to the benefits of both mulberry fruit extract and encapsulation technology, we hypothesized that encapsulated mulberry fruit extract (MME) could improve metabolic parameters and its complication risk in postmenopausal metabolic syndrome. To test this hypothesis, female Wistar rats were induced experimental menopause with metabolic syndrome by bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) and high-carbohydrate high-fat (HCHF) diet. Then, they were orally given MME at doses of 10, 50, and 250 mg/kg BW for 8 weeks and the parameters, such as percentage of body weight gain, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, atherogenic index, fasting blood glucose, plasma glucose area under the curve, serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), oxidative stress status, histology, and protein expression of PPAR-γ, TNF-α, and NF-κB in adipose tissues were determined. MME improved body weight gain, adiposity index, glucose intolerance, lipid profiles, atherogenic index, ACE, oxidative stress status, and protein expression of TNF-α and NF-κB. Moreover, MME attenuated adipocyte hypertrophy and enhanced PPAR-γ expression. Taken altogether, MME decreased metabolic syndrome and its complication via the increased PPAR-γ expression. Therefore, MME is the potential candidate for improving metabolic syndrome and its related complications. However, further research in clinical trial is still necessary.