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Song S, Jin D, Huang Y, Xie L, Muhoza B, Sun M, Feng T, Qiang W, Huang X, Liu Q. Unraveling chemical changes associated with the sensory quality of Chinese steamed bread as altered by wheat flour type. Food Res Int 2024; 190:114661. [PMID: 38945592 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Chinese steamed bread (CSB) is an important staple of the Chinese people, and its flavor profile is mostly affected by wheat varieties among others. This study selected wheat flour made from three different wheat varieties and investigated their contribution to the CSB flavor profile in terms of metabolism. Thirteen aroma-active compounds identified by GC-O were determined as the main contributors to the different aroma profiles of three CSBs. 350 sensory trait-related metabolites were obtained from five key modules via weighted gene co-expression network analysis. It was found that the sensory characteristics of CSBs made of different wheat flour were significantly different. The higher abundance of lipids in Yongliang No.4 (YL04) wheat flour was converted to large number of fatty acids in fermented dough, which led to the bitterness of CSB. Besides, the abundance in organic acids and fatty acids contributed to the sour, milky, wetness and roughness attributes of YL04-CSB. More fatty amides and flavonoids in Jiangsu Red Durum wheat flour contributed to the fermented and winey attributes of CSB. Carbohydrates with higher abundance in Canadian wheat flour was involved in sugar-amine reaction and glucose conversion, which enhanced the sweetness of CSB. In addition, fatty acids, organic acids, amino acids, and glucose were crucial metabolites which can further formed into various characteristic compounds such as hexanal, hexanol, 2,3-butanediol, acetoin, and 2,3-butanedione and thus contributed to the winey, fresh sweet, and green aroma properties. This study is conductive to better understand the evolution of the compounds that affect the quality and aroma of CSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Song
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Danning Jin
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Yaling Huang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Ling Xie
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Bertrand Muhoza
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Min Sun
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Wanli Qiang
- Nutrition & Health Research Institute, COFCO Corporation, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Xu Huang
- Nutrition & Health Research Institute, COFCO Corporation, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China.
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2
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Lin Y, Huang Y, Zhou S, Li X, Tao Y, Pan Y, Feng X, Guo H, Chen P, Chu Q. A newly-discovered tea population variety processed Bai Mu Dan white tea: Flavor characteristics and chemical basis. Food Chem 2024; 446:138851. [PMID: 38428080 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The quality of white tea (WT) is impacted by selected tea cultivars. To explore the organoleptic quality of a recently-discovered WT ("Caicha", CC), HS-SPME/GC-MS and UPLC were employed to identify volatile and non-volatile compounds in tea samples. Multiple statistical methods demonstrated the distinctions between CC and four mainstream WT varieties from main producing areas. CC exhibited abundant volatile alcohol, terpenoids, ketone, aldehyde and ester, as well as non-volatile lignans and coumarins, phenolic acids and low-molecular carbohydrates. These substances combinedly contributed to the flavor attributes of CC, characterized by an intense herbal/citrus-like cleanness and flower/fruit-like sweetness, scarce in existing commercial WT varieties. Sensory evaluation corroborated these findings. In conclusion, we have processed a new tea variety (CC) with WT manufacturing technology, and discovered the unique cleanness and sweetness of it. This study enriches the raw material database for WT production and blending, and boosts the development of more premium WT varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Lin
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China
| | - Yibiao Huang
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China
| | - Su Zhou
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yike Tao
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yani Pan
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinyu Feng
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haowei Guo
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Qiang Chu
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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3
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Liu W, Zhang L, Karrar E, Wu D, Chen C, Zhang Z, Li J. A cooperative combination of non-targeted metabolomics and electronic tongue evaluation reveals the dynamic changes in metabolites and sensory quality of radish during pickling. Food Chem 2024; 446:138886. [PMID: 38422641 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Pickled radish is a traditional fermented food with a unique flavor after long-term preservation. This study analyzed the organoleptic and chemical characteristics of pickled radish from different years to investigate quality changes during pickling. The results showed that the sourness, saltiness, and aftertaste-bitterness increased after pickling, and bitterness and astringency decreased. The levels of free amino acids, soluble sugars, total phenols, and total flavonoids initially decreased during pickling but increased with prolonged pickling. The diversity of organic acids also increased over time. Through non-targeted metabolomics analysis, 349 differential metabolites causing metabolic changes were identified to affect the quality formation of pickled radish mainly through amino acid metabolism, phenylpropane biosynthesis and lipid metabolism. Correlation analysis showed that L*, soluble sugars, lactic acid, and acetic acid were strongly associated with taste quality. These findings provide a theoretical basis for standardizing and scaling up traditional pickled radish production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Liu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Emad Karrar
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Daren Wu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chaoxiang Chen
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zhengxiao Zhang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China.
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4
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Chen H, Liu Y, Zhang X, Chu J, Pu S, Wang W, Wen S, Jiang R, Ouyang J, Xiong L, Huang J, Liu Z. "Age" of tea: The impact of long-term storage on the aroma of Tuo tea and age prediction. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114316. [PMID: 38763629 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the dynamic changes in the aroma profile of Tuo tea during long-term storage, a process not well understood yet critical to the formation of aged tea's unique characteristics. Aroma profiling of Tuo tea samples stored for 2 to 25 years was conducted using sensory evaluation and the HS-SPME/GC × GC-QTOFMS technique, revealing a progressive transition from fresh, fruity, and floral scents to more stale, woody, and herbal notes. Among 275 identified volatiles, 55 were correlated with storage duration (|r| > 0.8, p < 0.05), and 49 differential compounds (VIP > 1, FC > 1.2, FC < 0.833, p < 0.05) were identified across three storage stages (2-4, 5-10, and 13-25 years). Furthermore, theaspirane, eucalyptol, o-xylene, and 1-ethylidene-1H-indene were selected as potential markers of Tuo tea aging, incorporating the implementation of a Random Forest (RF) model. Additionally, our model exhibited high accuracy in predicting the age of Tuo tea within a prediction error range of -2.51 to 2.84 years. This research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the impact of storage time on tea aroma and aids in the precise identification of tea age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jiuyun Chu
- Yunnan Xiaguan Tuo Tea (Group) Co. Ltd, Dali 671000, China
| | - Songtao Pu
- Yunnan Xiaguan Tuo Tea (Group) Co. Ltd, Dali 671000, China
| | - Weitao Wang
- Yunnan Xiaguan Tuo Tea (Group) Co. Ltd, Dali 671000, China
| | - Shuai Wen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ronggang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jian Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ligui Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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5
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Dong X, Li W, Li C, Akan OD, Liao C, Cao J, Zhang L. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed the mechanism of catechin biosynthesis in response to lead stress in tung tree (Vernicia fordii). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172796. [PMID: 38692325 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) affects gene transcription, metabolite biosynthesis and growth in plants. The tung tree (Vernicia fordii) is highly adaptive to adversity, whereas the mechanisms underlying its response to Pb remain uncertain. In this work, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were employed to study tung trees under Pb stress. The results showed that the biomass of tung seedlings decreased with increasing Pb doses, and excessive Pb doses resulted in leaf wilting, root rot, and disruption of Pb homeostasis. Under non-excessive Pb stress, a significant change in the expression patterns of flavonoid biosynthesis genes was observed in the roots of tung seedlings, leading to changes in the accumulation of flavonoids in the roots, especially the upregulation of catechins, which can chelate Pb and reduce its toxicity in plants. In addition, Pb-stressed roots showed a large accumulation of VfWRKY55, VfWRKY75, and VfLRR1 transcripts, which were shown to be involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway by gene module analysis. Overexpression of VfWRKY55, VfWRKY75, and VfLRR1 significantly increased catechin concentrations in tung roots, respectively. These data indicate that Pb stress-induced changes in the expression patterns of those genes regulate the accumulation of catechins. Our findings will help to clarify the molecular mechanism of Pb response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Wenying Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, Hubei 438000, China
| | - Changzhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Otobong Donald Akan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; Faculty of Biological Science, Akwa-Ibom State University, Akwa-Ibom State, Uyo 1167, Nigeria
| | - Chancan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
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6
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Xiao H, Tian Y, Yang H, Zeng Y, Yang Y, Yuan Z, Zhou H. Are there any differences in the quality of high-mountain green tea before and after the first new leaves unfold? A comprehensive study based on E-sensors, whole metabolomics and sensory evaluation. Food Chem 2024; 457:140119. [PMID: 38936125 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
High-mountain green tea, where the first new leaf hasn't yet unfurled, is prized for perceived superior quality, but this hasn't yet been verified by experimentation. Electronic sensors, whole metabolomics and sensory evaluation were employed to assess the quality of yymj (tea buds with a newly unfurled leaf) and qymj (tea buds without new leaves). The qymj proved to have significant advantages in aroma, color and shape, but still had some shortcomings in umami, bitterness and sourness. Differences in the content of volatile organic compounds (including alcohols, hydrocarbons and lipids) and nonvolatile organic compounds (flavonoids, amino acids, sugars, and phenolic acids) quality of high-mountain green teas with different maturity levels and provides well explained these quality differences. This study establishes a systematic approach to study the quality of high-mountain green tea at different maturity levels, and provides important reference information for consumers, governments and tea farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshi Xiao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Yajuan Zeng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Zhihui Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425199, China.
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410000, China.
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7
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Wang Z, Gao C, Zhao J, Zhang J, Zheng Z, Huang Y, Sun W. The metabolic mechanism of flavonoid glycosides and their contribution to the flavor evolution of white tea during prolonged withering. Food Chem 2024; 439:138133. [PMID: 38064841 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
This study was the first to comprehensively investigate the metabolic mechanism of flavonoid glycosides (FGs) and their contribution to flavor evolution during white tea processing using quantitative descriptive analysis, metabolomics, dose-over-threshold factors and pseudo-first-order kinetics. A total of 223 flavonoids were identified. Total FGs decreased from 7.02 mg/g to 4.35 mg/g during processing, compared to fresh leaves. A total of 86 FGs had a significant impact on the flavor evolution and 9 key flavor FGs were identified. The FG biosynthesis pathway was inhibited during withering, while the degradation pathway was enhanced. This promoted the degradation of 9 key flavor FGs following pseudo-first-order kinetics during withering. The degradation of the FGs contributed to increase the taste acceptance of white tea from -4.18 to 1.32. These results demonstrated that water loss stress during withering induces the degradation of key flavor FGs, contributing to the formation of the unique flavor of white tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chenxi Gao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiamin Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou 362406, China
| | - Weijiang Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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8
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Lei J, Zhang W, Yu F, Ni M, Liu Z, Wang C, Li J, Song J, Wang S. Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome Reveals Differential Responses to Alternaria brassicicola Infection in Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:545. [PMID: 38790174 PMCID: PMC11121261 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Black spot, caused by Alternaria brassicicola (Ab), poses a serious threat to crucifer production, and knowledge of how plants respond to Ab infection is essential for black spot management. In the current study, combined transcriptomic and metabolic analysis was employed to investigate the response to Ab infection in two cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) genotypes, Bo257 (resistant to Ab) and Bo190 (susceptible to Ab). A total of 1100 and 7490 differentially expressed genes were identified in Bo257 (R_mock vs. R_Ab) and Bo190 (S_mock vs. S_Ab), respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that "metabolic pathways", "biosynthesis of secondary metabolites", and "glucosinolate biosynthesis" were the top three enriched KEGG pathways in Bo257, while "metabolic pathways", "biosynthesis of secondary metabolites", and "carbon metabolism" were the top three enriched KEGG pathways in Bo190. Further analysis showed that genes involved in extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, jasmonic acid signaling pathway, and indolic glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway were differentially expressed in response to Ab infection. Notably, when infected with Ab, genes involved in extracellular ROS production were largely unchanged in Bo257, whereas most of these genes were upregulated in Bo190. Metabolic profiling revealed 24 and 56 differentially accumulated metabolites in Bo257 and Bo190, respectively, with the majority being primary metabolites. Further analysis revealed that dramatic accumulation of succinate was observed in Bo257 and Bo190, which may provide energy for resistance responses against Ab infection via the tricarboxylic acid cycle pathway. Collectively, this study provides comprehensive insights into the Ab-cabbage interactions and helps uncover targets for breeding Ab-resistant varieties in cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhou Lei
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (W.Z.); (F.Y.); (M.N.); (J.L.)
| | - Fangwei Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (W.Z.); (F.Y.); (M.N.); (J.L.)
| | - Meng Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (W.Z.); (F.Y.); (M.N.); (J.L.)
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables of Hubei Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China;
| | - Jianbin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (W.Z.); (F.Y.); (M.N.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianghua Song
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (J.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Shenyun Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (J.L.); (Z.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (W.Z.); (F.Y.); (M.N.); (J.L.)
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9
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Wang H, Feng X, Blank I, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Ni L, Lin CC, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Differences of Typical Wuyi Rock Tea in Taste and Nonvolatiles Profile Revealed by Multisensory Analysis and LC-MS-Based Metabolomics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8715-8730. [PMID: 38564531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Wuyi Rock tea, specifically Shuixian and Rougui, exhibits distinct sensory characteristics. In this study, we investigated the sensory and metabolite differences between Shuixian and Rougui. Quantitative description analysis revealed that Rougui exhibited higher intensity in bitter, thick, harsh, and numb tastes, while Shuixian had stronger salty and umami tastes. Nontargeted metabolomics identified 151 compounds with 66 compounds identified as key differential metabolites responsible for metabolic discrimination. Most of the catechins and flavonoids were enriched in Rougui tea, while epigallocatechin-3,3'-di-O-gallate, epigallocatechin-3,5-di-O-gallate, gallocatechin-3,5-di-O-gallate, isovitexin, and theaflavanoside I were enriched in Shuixian tea. Catechins, kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin derivatives were positively correlated with bitter taste and numb sensation. Sour taste was positively correlated to organic acids. Amino acids potentially contributed to salty and umami tastes. These results provide further insights into the taste characteristics and the relationship between taste attributes and specific metabolites in Wuyi Rock tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoli Wang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Feng
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Imre Blank
- IBK Food & Beverage Consultancy Sàrl, 1073 Savigny, Switzerland
| | - Yiwen Zhu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhibin Liu
- Institute of Food Science &Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Li Ni
- Institute of Food Science &Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Chih-Cheng Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30015, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Lab of Meat Processing of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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10
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Batinić P, Jovanović A, Stojković D, Zengin G, Cvijetić I, Gašić U, Čutović N, Pešić MB, Milinčić DD, Carević T, Marinković A, Bugarski B, Marković T. Phytochemical Analysis, Biological Activities, and Molecular Docking Studies of Root Extracts from Paeonia Species in Serbia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:518. [PMID: 38675478 PMCID: PMC11054981 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Without being aware of their chemical composition, many cultures have used herbaceous peony roots for medicinal purposes. Modern phytopreparations intended for use in human therapy require specific knowledge about the chemistry of peony roots and their biological activities. In this study, ethanol-water extracts were prepared by maceration and microwave- and ultrasound-assisted extractions (MAE and UAE, respectively) in order to obtain bioactive molecules from the roots of Paeonia tenuifolia L., Paeonia peregrina Mill., and Paeonia officinalis L. wild growing in Serbia. Chemical characterization; polyphenol and flavonoid content; antioxidant, multianti-enzymatic, and antibacterial activities of extracts; and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (GID) of hot water extracts were performed. The strongest anti-cholinesterase activity was observed in PT extracts. The highest anti-ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical potential was observed in PP extracts, whereas against DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals), the best results were achieved with PO extracts. Regarding antibacterial activity, extracts were strongly potent against Bacillus cereus. A molecular docking simulation was conducted to gather insights into the binding affinity and interactions of polyphenols and other Paeonia-specific molecules in the active sites of tested enzymes. In vitro GID of Paeonia teas showed a different recovery and behavior of the individual bioactives, with an increased recovery of methyl gallate and digallate and a decreased recovery of paeoniflorin and its derivatives. PT (Gulenovci) and PP (Pirot) extracts obtained by UAE and M were more efficient in the majority of the bioactivity assays. This study represents an initial step toward the possible application of Paeonia root extracts in pharmacy, medicine, and food technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Batinić
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.Č.); (T.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Jovanović
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, Zemun, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Dejan Stojković
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.S.); (U.G.); (T.C.)
| | - Gökhan Zengin
- Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42130 Konya, Turkey;
| | - Ilija Cvijetić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Students Square 10-13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Uroš Gašić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.S.); (U.G.); (T.C.)
| | - Natalija Čutović
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.Č.); (T.M.)
| | - Mirjana B. Pešić
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Food Technology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Zemun, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.P.); (D.D.M.)
| | - Danijel D. Milinčić
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Food Technology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Zemun, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.P.); (D.D.M.)
| | - Tamara Carević
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.S.); (U.G.); (T.C.)
| | - Aleksandar Marinković
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Branko Bugarski
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Tatjana Marković
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr Josif Pančić”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.Č.); (T.M.)
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11
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Chen Z, Dai W, Xiong M, Gao J, Zhou H, Chen D, Li Y. Metabolomics investigation of the chemical variations in white teas with different producing areas and storage durations. Food Chem X 2024; 21:101127. [PMID: 38292681 PMCID: PMC10825419 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we employed nontargeted metabolomics and quantitative analysis to explore the variations in metabolites among white teas from different production areas and with varying storage durations. A total of 83 compounds exhibited differential levels between Zhenghe and Fuding white tea, 89 between Zhenghe and Jinggu, and 75 between Fuding and Jinggu white tea. Concerning the storage of white tea, the concentrations of flavanols, dimeric catechins, and amino acids decreased over time, while N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone-substituted flavanols (EPSFs), caffeine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and adenosine increased. Galloylated flavanols showed a higher propensity to form EPSFs with theanine compared to nongalloylated flavanols during storage. Theanine and epigallocatechin gallate were more inclined to generate S-configuration EPSFs during storage in Fuding and Jinggu white tea samples, while R-configuration EPSFs were more readily formed in Zhenghe white tea samples. This study offers a comprehensive understanding of the changes in metabolites during the storage of white tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Chen
- College of Tea, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Weidong Dai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, China
| | - Mengfan Xiong
- College of Tea, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Jianjian Gao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, China
| | - Hongjie Zhou
- College of Tea, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, China
| | - Yali Li
- College of Tea, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
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12
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Zhang W, Bai B, Du H, Hao Q, Zhang L, Chen Z, Mao J, Zhu C, Yan M, Qin H, Abd El-Aty A. Co-expression of metabolites and sensory attributes through weighted correlation network analysis to explore flavor-contributing factors in various Pyrus spp. Cultivars. Food Chem X 2024; 21:101189. [PMID: 38357376 PMCID: PMC10865235 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavor profiles of various Pyrus spp. cultivars exhibit significant variations, yet the underlying flavor-contributing factors remain elusive. In this investigation, a comprehensive approach encompassing metabolomics analysis, volatile fingerprint analysis, and descriptive sensory analysis was employed to elucidate the flavor disparities among Nanguoli, Korla fragrant pear, and Qiuyueli cultivars and uncover potential flavor contributor. The study comprehensively characterized the categories and concentrations of nonvolatile and volatile metabolites, and 925 metabolites were identified. Flavonoids and esters dominated the highest cumulative response, respectively. Utilizing weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), seven highly correlated modules were identified, yielding 407 pivotal metabolites. Further correlation analysis of the differential substances provided potential flavor constituents strongly associated with various sensory attributes; taste factors had a certain association with olfactory characteristics. Our findings demonstrated the manifestation of flavor was a result of the synergistic effect of various compounds; evaluation olfactory flavor necessitated a comprehensive consideration of taste substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Bo Bai
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Hongxia Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Qian Hao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zilei Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Jiangsheng Mao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Mengmeng Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Hongwei Qin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - A.M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
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13
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Zou D, Yin XL, Gu HW, Peng ZX, Ding B, Li Z, Hu XC, Long W, Fu H, She Y. Insight into the effect of cultivar and altitude on the identification of EnshiYulu tea grade in untargeted metabolomics analysis. Food Chem 2024; 436:137768. [PMID: 37862999 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The accurate identification of tea grade is crucial to the quality control of tea. However, existing methods lack sufficient generalization ability in identifying tea grades due to the effect of temporal and spatial factors. In this study, we analyzed the effect of cultivar and altitude on EnshiYulu (ESYL) tea grades and established a robust model to evaluate their quality. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that differences in variety and elevation can mask grade differences. Orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used for grade identification of samples from different altitudes. For ESYL tea samples above and below 800 m altitude, 75 and 35 grade differentiated metabolites were discovered, with 14 common differentiated metabolites. Based on reconstructed OPLS-DA models, the grades of multi-altitude sources ESYL were discriminated with a rate > 85%. These results demonstrate the potential of a grade discrimination model based on common differential metabolites, which exhibits generalization ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zou
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiao-Li Yin
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Hui-Wen Gu
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Peng
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Baomiao Ding
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Zhenshun Li
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xian-Chun Hu
- College of Life Sciences, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Wanjun Long
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yuanbin She
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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14
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Wei L, Hu Q, He L, Li G, Zhang J, Chen Y. Diversity in storage age enables discrepancy in quality attributes and metabolic profile of Citrus grandis "Tomentosa" in China. J Food Sci 2024; 89:1454-1472. [PMID: 38258880 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The folk proverb "the older, the better" is usually used to describe the quality of Citrus grandis "Tomentosa" (CGT) in China. In this study, CGT aged for 6-, 12-, 16-, and 19-years were collected for the investigation of infusion color, main bioactive components, antioxidant activity, metabolic composition, and pathway. The results found that infusion color, the total phenolic and flavonoid, and antioxidant activity of CGT were obviously changed by aging process. Through untargeted metabolomics, 55 critical metabolites were identified to in discrimination of CGT with different storage ages, mainly including phenylpropanoids, lipids, and organic oxygen compounds. Twenty compounds that showed good linear relationships with storage ages could be used for year prediction of CGT. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment pathway analysis uncovered important metabolic pathways related to the accumulation of naringin, kaempferol, and choline as well as the degradation of benzenoids, thus supporting that aged CGT might be more beneficial to health. Correlation analysis provided that some key metabolites with bitter taste and biological activity were involved in the darkening and reddening of CGT infusion during aging, and total phenolic and flavonoid were more strongly associated with the antioxidant activity of CGT. This study systematically revealed the quality changes and key metabolic pathways during CGT aging at first time. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study reveals the differences in quality attributes and metabolic profile between CGT with different storage ages, providing guidance for consumers' consumption, and also providing more scientific basis for the quality evaluation and improvement of CGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Wei
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Hu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei He
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Li
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiukai Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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15
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Feng X, Ma R, Wang Y, Tong L, Wen W, Mu T, Tian J, Yu B, Gu Y, Zhang J. Non-targeted metabolomics identifies biomarkers in milk with high and low milk fat percentage. Food Res Int 2024; 179:113989. [PMID: 38342531 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Milk is widely recognized as an important food source with health benefits. Different consumer groups have different requirements for the content and proportion of milk fat; therefore, it is necessary to investigate the differential metabolites and their regulatory mechanisms in milk with high and low milk fat percentages (MFP). In this study, untargeted metabolomics was performed on milk samples from 13 cows with high milk fat percentage (HF) and 13 cows with low milk fat percentage (LF) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Forty-eight potential differentially labeled compounds were screened using the orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) combined with the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) method. Amino acid metabolism was the key metabolic pathway with significant enrichment of L-histidine, 5-oxoproline, L-aspartic acid, and L-glutamic acid. The negative correlation with MFP differentiated the HF and LF groups. To further determine the potential regulatory role of these amino acids on milk fat metabolism, the expression levels of marker genes in the milk fat synthesis pathway were explored. It was noticed that L-histidine reduced milk fat concentration primarily by inhibiting the triglycerides (TAG) synthesis pathway. L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid inhibited milk fat synthesis through the fatty acid de novo and TAG synthesis pathways. This study provides new insights into the mechanism underlying milk fat synthesis and milk quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Ruoshuang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Lijia Tong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Wan Wen
- Animal Husbandry Extension Station, Yinchuan, China
| | - Tong Mu
- School of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yanan 716000, China
| | - Jia Tian
- Animal Husbandry Extension Station, Yinchuan, China
| | - Baojun Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yaling Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
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16
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Wen X, Han S, Wang J, Zhang Y, Tan L, Chen C, Han B, Wang M. The Flavor Characteristics, Antioxidant Capability, and Storage Year Discrimination Based on Backpropagation Neural Network of Organic Green Tea ( Camellia sinensis) during Long-Term Storage. Foods 2024; 13:753. [PMID: 38472869 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The storage period of tea is a major factor affecting tea quality. However, the effect of storage years on the non-volatile major functional components and quality of green tea remains largely unknown. In this study, a comparative analysis of organic green teas with varying storage years (1-16 years) was conducted by quantifying 47 functional components, using electronic tongue and chromatic aberration technology, alongside an evaluation of antioxidative capacity. The results indicated a significant negative correlation between the storage years and levels of tea polyphenols, total amino acids, soluble sugars, two phenolic acids, four flavonols, three tea pigments, umami amino acids, and sweet amino acids. The multivariate statistical analysis revealed that 10 functional components were identified as effective in distinguishing organic green teas with different storage years. Electronic tongue technology categorized organic green teas with different storage years into three classes. The backpropagation neural network (BPNN) analysis demonstrated that the classification predictive ability of the model based on the electronic tongue was superior to the one based on color difference values and 10 functional components. The combined analysis of antioxidative activity and functional components suggested that organic green teas with shorter storage periods exhibited stronger abilities to suppress superoxide anion radicals and hydroxyl radicals and reduce iron ions due to the higher content of eight components. Long-term-stored organic green teas, with a higher content of substances like L-serine and theabrownins, demonstrated stronger antioxidative capabilities in clearing both lipid-soluble and water-soluble free radicals. Therefore, this study provided a theoretical basis for the quality assessment of green tea and prediction of green tea storage periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shanjie Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Hangzhou Tea & Chrysanthemum Technology, Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lining Tan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Baoyu Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Mengxin Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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17
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Wang T, Li RY, Liu KY, Chen QY, Bo NG, Wang Q, Xiao YQ, Sha G, Chen SQ, Lei X, Lu Y, Ma Y, Zhao M. Changes in sensory characteristics, chemical composition and microbial succession during fermentation of ancient plants Pu-erh tea. Food Chem X 2023; 20:101003. [PMID: 38144832 PMCID: PMC10739768 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
"Ancient tea plants" are defined as tea trees > 100 years old, or with a trunk diameter > 25 cm; their leaves are manufactured to high - quality, valuable ancient plants pu-erh tea (APPT). In this study, a fermentation of APPT were developed, and outstanding sweetness of APPT infusion was observed. During fermentation, the content of soluble sugars, theabrownins (p < 0.05), as well as 41 metabolites were increased [Variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1.0; p < 0.05 and Fold-change (FC) FC > 2]; While relative levels of 72 metabolites were decreased (VIP > 1.0, p < 0.05 and FC < 0.5. Staphylococcus, Achromobacter, Sphingomonas, Thermomyces, Rasamsonia, Blastobotrys, Aspergillus and Cladosporium were identified as dominant genera, and their relative levels were correlated with contents of characteristic components (p < 0.05). Together, changes in sensory characteristics, chemical composition and microbial succession during APPT fermentation were investigated, and advanced the formation mechanism of its unique quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ruo-yu Li
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Kun-yi Liu
- College of Wuliangye Technology and Food Engineering & College of Modern Agriculture, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin 644003, China
| | - Qiu-yue Chen
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Nian-guo Bo
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Yan-qin Xiao
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Gen Sha
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Si-qin Chen
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Xin Lei
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Menghai Dazhuo Tea Co., Ltd., Xishuangbanna, Yunnan 666100, China
| | - Yan Ma
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
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18
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Li C, Lin J, Hu Q, Sun Y, Wu L. An integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals the dynamic changes of key metabolites and flavor formation over Tieguanyin oolong tea production. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100952. [PMID: 37920364 PMCID: PMC10618703 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To interpret the formation characteristic flavor during oolong tea manufacturing process, the dynamic changes of key flavor components in samples from various processing steps of Tieguanyin oolong tea production were investigated using widely-targeted metabolomic and the transcriptomic approaches. As a result, a total of 1078 metabolites were determined, of which 62 compounds were identified as biomarkers significantly changed over the manufacturing process. Quantitative determination of the total 50,343 transcripts showed 7480 of them were co-expressed different genes. Glutamic acid served as a critical metabolism hub and a signaling molecule for diverse stress responses. Additionally, the targeted quantification results showed that the contents of catechins and xanthine alkaloids in dried tea were dramatically decreased by 20.19% and 7.15% respectively than those in fresh leaves, which potentially contributed to the alleviation of astringent or bitter palates, promoting the characteristic mellow and rich flavor of Tieguanyin oolong tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxue Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Lin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingcai Hu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangyu Wu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Wang XP, Shan RY, Li ZL, Kong XR, Hou RT, Wu HN, Chen CS. Metabolic improvements of novel microbial fermentation on black tea by Eurotium cristatum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1287802. [PMID: 38149271 PMCID: PMC10750952 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1287802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its traditional fermentation, there are obvious limits on the quality improvements in black tea. However, microbial fermentation can provide an abundance of metabolites and improve the flavor of tea. The "golden flower" fungi are widely used in the microbial fermentation of tea and has unique uses in healthcare. To further explore the improvements in black tea quality achieved via microbial fermentation, we used widely targeted metabolomics and metagenomics analyses to investigate the changes in and effects of metabolites and other microorganisms during the interaction between the "golden flower" fungi and black tea. Five key flavor metabolites were detected, the levels of catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin gallate were decreased by different degrees after the inoculation of the "golden flower" fungus, whereas the levels of caffeine and (+)-gallocatechin increased. Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes, Aspergillaceae, Trichocomaceae, and Lecanoromycetes play a positive role in the black tea fermentation process after inoculation with the "golden flower" fungi. D-Ribose can prevent hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cardiac cells, and it shows a strong correlation with Botryosphaeriaceae and Botryosphaeriales. The interaction between microorganisms and metabolites is manifested in tryptophan metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. In conclusion, the changes in metabolites observed during the fermentation of black tea by "golden flower" fungi are beneficial to human health. This conclusion extends the knowledge of the interaction between the "golden flower" fungi and black tea, and it provides important information for improving the quality of black tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-ping Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rui-yang Shan
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhao-long Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiang-rui Kong
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ruo-ting Hou
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui-ni Wu
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chang-song Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
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20
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Zhang M, Zhou C, Zhang C, Xu K, Lu L, Huang L, Zhang L, Li H, Zhu X, Lai Z, Guo Y. Analysis of Characteristics in the Macro-Composition and Volatile Compounds of Understory Xiaobai White Tea. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4102. [PMID: 38140429 PMCID: PMC10747399 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Understory planting affects the growth environment of tea plants, regulating the tea plant growth and the formation of secondary metabolites, which in turn affects the flavor of Xiaobai white tea. The present research adopted biochemical composition determination, widely targeted volatilities (WTV) analysis, multivariate statistical analysis, and odor activity value (OAV) analysis to analyze the characteristics in the macro-composition and volatile compounds of understory white tea. The sensory evaluation results indicated that understory Xiaobai white tea (LWTs) was stronger than ordinary Xiaobai white tea (PWTs) in terms of the taste of smoothness, sweetness, and thickness as well as the aromas of the flower and sweet. Understory planting reduced light intensity and air temperature, increased air humidity, organic matter, total nitrogen, and available nitrogen contents, which improved the growth environment of tea plants. The phytochemical analysis showed that the water-extractable substances, caffeine, flavonoids, and soluble sugar contents of understory tea fresh-leaf (LF) were higher than those of ordinary fresh-leaf (PF). The phytochemical analysis showed that the free amino acids, theaflavins, thearubigins, water-extractable substances, and tea polyphenols contents of LWTs were significantly higher than those of PWTs, which may explain the higher smoothness, sweetness, and thickness scores of LWTs than those of PWTs. The 2-heptanol, 2-decane, damasone, and cedar alcohol contents were significantly higher in LWTs than in PWTs, which may result in stronger flowery and sweet aromas in LWTs than in PWTs. These results provide a firm experimental basis for the observed differences in the flavor of LWTs and PWTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengcong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Chengzhe Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Kai Xu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Li Lu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Linjie Huang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Lixuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Huang Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xuefang Zhu
- Nanping Jianyang District Tea Development Center, Nanping 353000, China;
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.); (C.Z.); (K.X.); (L.L.); (L.H.); (L.Z.); (H.L.); (Z.L.)
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuqiong Guo
- Anxi College of Tea Science (College of Digital Economy), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou 362400, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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21
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Zhou X, Obel HO, Liu S, Yang Y, Liu J, Zhuang Y. Comparative Analysis of Metabolic Variation in Eggplant Fruit of Different Varieties Reveals Metabolites Important for Quality Traits. Foods 2023; 12:4383. [PMID: 38137187 PMCID: PMC10742729 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggplant is one of the most important vegetable crops worldwide and has been considered to have great antioxidant activity. However, little information is available about the primary metabolic composition of the nutritional values of eggplant. Using a widely targeted metabolome approach, the current study investigated primary metabolic variation in 13 eggplant varieties with different morphologies. A total of 503 primary metabolites (amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, organic acids, vitamin, saccharides, and alcohols) and 170 phenolic acids were detected, among which 211 metabolites were differently accumulated. Metabolic pathway analysis of the differential metabolites revealed the significant enrichment of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, arginine biosynthesis, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism. The higher levels of amino acids and lipids were related to the umami, soft, and waxy taste of eggplant fruit. The present work substantially contributes to the knowledge of primary metabolite compositions regarding fruit-eating quality and provides useful information for the future breeding of eggplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhou
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.Z.); (H.O.O.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Hesbon Ochieng Obel
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.Z.); (H.O.O.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Songyu Liu
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.Z.); (H.O.O.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.Z.); (H.O.O.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.Z.); (H.O.O.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yong Zhuang
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.Z.); (H.O.O.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
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22
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Sun A, Liu G, Sun L, Li C, Wu Q, Gao J, Xia Y, Geng Y. Study on the Dynamic Changes in Non-Volatile Metabolites of Rizhao Green Tea Based on Metabolomics. Molecules 2023; 28:7447. [PMID: 37959866 PMCID: PMC10650644 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The processing of tea leaves plays a crucial role in the formation of the taste of the resulting tea. In order to study the compositions of and changes in taste-related substances during the processing of Rizhao green tea, non-targeted metabolomics was used, based on UHPLC-Q Exactive MS. Totals of 529, 349, and 206 non-volatile metabolites were identified using three different detection modes, of which 112 secondary metabolites were significantly changed. Significant variations in secondary metabolites were observed during processing, especially during the drying stage, and the conversion intensity levels of non-volatile metabolites were consistent with the law of "Drying > Fixation > Rolling". The DOT method was used to screen tea-quality-related compounds that contributed significantly to the taste of Rizhao green tea, including (-)-epicatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin gallate, gallic acid, L-theanine, and L-leucine, which make important contributions to taste profiles, such as umami and bitterness. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that purine metabolism, caffeine metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism perform key roles in the processing of Rizhao green tea in different processing stages. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for tea processing and practical advice for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of SDNU, Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (A.S.); (G.L.); (L.S.); (C.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Guolong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of SDNU, Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (A.S.); (G.L.); (L.S.); (C.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Luyan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of SDNU, Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (A.S.); (G.L.); (L.S.); (C.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of SDNU, Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (A.S.); (G.L.); (L.S.); (C.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qiu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of SDNU, Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (A.S.); (G.L.); (L.S.); (C.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Jianhua Gao
- Shandong Rizhao Shenggushan Tea Farm Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276827, China
| | - Yuanzhi Xia
- Jinan Three Thousand Tea Grower Co., Ltd., Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yue Geng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of SDNU, Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (A.S.); (G.L.); (L.S.); (C.L.); (Q.W.)
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23
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Shang H, Zhu C, Sun W. Widely targeted metabolomics analysis of different Wuyi Shuixian teas and association with taste attributes. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18891. [PMID: 37588613 PMCID: PMC10425894 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There are two major types of Wuyi Shuixian teas with distinct flavor properties in the market: regular Shuixian, and Laocong Shuixian that is produced from old tea plants with higher sale price. However, the chemical composition difference between these two types of Shuixian teas is still unclear. In this study, the widely targeted metabonomics and sensory evaluation were carried out to investigate the metabolite profiles and the flavor properties of Laocong and regular Shuixian tea samples. The results of organoleptic evaluation showed the Laocong Shuixian teas achieved dramatically higher total scores of sensory quality than that of regular Shuixian, and the sour palate of Laocong Shuixian tea was much lower than that of regular Shuxian. A total of 692 metabolites were identified by using metabolic determination, 43 of which were different metabolites in Laocong Shuixian teas discriminated from regular Shuixian. The contents of caffeic acid, kaemperfin, genistin, quercetin 3-glycosides and p-coumaric acid-O-glycoside were abundantly present in regular Shuixian tea. The analysis on different metabolites and taste attributes showed that phenolic acidic compounds were the major contributors to the sour taste of regular Shuixian. This study interpreted the chemicals underlying the different taste properties of Laocong and regular Shuixian teas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Shang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Chensong Zhu
- Fujian Xi Ming Tea Industry Co. Ltd, Shangwen Road, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Weijiang Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, PR China
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24
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Xia T, Xiong Z, Sun X, Chen J, Wang C, Chen Y, Zheng D. Metabolomic profiles and health-promoting functions of Camellia drupifera mature-seeds were revealed relate to their geographical origins using comparative metabolomic analysis and network pharmacology approach. Food Chem 2023; 426:136619. [PMID: 37329789 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
To insight into the chemical components and their health-promoting function of Camellia drupifera mature-seeds (CMS) in Hainan and Liangguang, UPLC-MS/MS- and HS-SPME/GC-MS-based metabolomic analyses and network pharmacology approaches were combined preformed to Camellia drupifera mature-seeds samples (CMSSs). Totally, 1057 metabolites were identified, of which 76 and 99 metabolites were annotated as key active ingredients in Traditional Chinese Medicines and the active pharmaceutical ingredients for seven human disease-resistance, respectively. Comparative analysis revealed different metabolomic profiles of CMSSs from Hainan and Liangguang. KEGG annotation and enrichment analysis showed secondary metabolic pathways, especially "flavone and flavonol biosynthesis", were played important roles. Finally, 22 metabolites that only detected in CMSSs from Hainan or Liangguang were explored as potential indicators to separate CMS from Hainan out of Liangguang. Our findings enhanced the understanding of chemical compositions of CMS and provided valuable information for the healthy development of oil-tea Camellia industry in Hainan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Tropic Special Economic Plant Innovation and Utilization, National Germplasm Resource Chengmai Observation and Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Horticulture Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China; Sanya Institute of Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Zijun Xiong
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xiuxiu Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Tropic Special Economic Plant Innovation and Utilization, National Germplasm Resource Chengmai Observation and Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Horticulture Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Tropic Special Economic Plant Innovation and Utilization, National Germplasm Resource Chengmai Observation and Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Horticulture Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Tropic Special Economic Plant Innovation and Utilization, National Germplasm Resource Chengmai Observation and Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Horticulture Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Yeguang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Tropic Special Economic Plant Innovation and Utilization, National Germplasm Resource Chengmai Observation and Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Horticulture Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China; Sanya Institute of Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Daojun Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Tropic Special Economic Plant Innovation and Utilization, National Germplasm Resource Chengmai Observation and Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Horticulture Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China; Sanya Institute of Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572025, China.
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25
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Yan Z, Liu H, Li J, Wang Y. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of Lanmaoa asiatica in different storage years based on FT-NIR combined with chemometrics. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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26
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Cui HN, Gu HW, Li ZQ, Sun W, Ding B, Li Z, Chen Y, Long W, Yin XL, Fu H. Integration of lipidomics and metabolomics approaches for the discrimination of harvest time of green tea in spring season by using UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS coupled with chemometrics. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1119314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The production season is one of the judgment standards of the green tea quality and spring tea is generally considered of higher quality. Moreover, early spring tea is usually more precious and sells for a higher price. Therefore, a multifaceted strategy that integrates lipidomics and metabolomics, based on UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS coupled with chemometrics, was developed to discriminate early spring green tea (ET) and late spring green tea (LT). Twenty-six lipids and forty-five metabolites were identified as characteristic components. As for characteristic lipids, most of glycerophospholipids and acylglycerolipids have higher contents in ET. By contrast, glycoglycerolipids, sphingolipids and hydroxypheophytin a were shown higher levels in LT samples. Most of the differential metabolites identified were more abundant in ET samples. LT samples have much higher catechin, procyanidin B2, and 3',8-dimethoxyapigenin 7-glucoside contents. Based on the integration of differential lipids and metabolites, the reconstructed orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model displayed 100% correct classification rates for harvest time discrimination of green tea samples. These results demonstrated that the integration of lipidomics and metabolomics approaches is a promising method for the discrimination of tea quality.
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27
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Hou Y, Mao H, Lu F, Ma C, Zhu S, Li G, Huang S, Zhang Y, Lv C, Xiao R. Widely targeted metabolomics and HPLC analysis elaborated the quality formation of Yunnan pickled tea during the whole process at an industrial scale. Food Chem 2023; 422:135716. [PMID: 37156017 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Yunnan pickled tea is produced from fresh tea-leaves through fixation, rolling, anaerobic fermentation and sun-drying. In this study, widely targeted metabolomics using UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS and HPLC analysis were carried out to elaborate its quality formation during the whole process. Results confirmed the contribution of preliminary treatments and anaerobic fermentation to the quality formation. A total of 568 differential metabolites (VIP > 1.0, P < 0.05, FC > 1.50 or < 0.67) were screened through OPLS-DA. (-)-Epigallocatechin and (-)-epicatechin significantly (P < 0.05) increased from the hydrolyzation of ester catechins, such as (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and (-)-epicatechin gallate in anaerobic fermentation. Additionally, the anaerobic fermentation promoted vast accumulations of seven essential amino acids, four phenolic acids, three flavones and flavone glycosides, pelargonidin and pelargonidin glycosides, flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides (i.e. kaempferol, quercetin, taxifolin, apigenin, myricetin, luteolin and their glycosides) through relevant N-methylation, O-methylation, hydrolyzation, glycosylation and oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hou
- College of Tea, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.
| | - Honglin Mao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Fengmei Lu
- Yunnan Defeng Tea Co., Ltd, Mangshi 678400, Yunnan, China
| | - Cunqiang Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaoxian Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Guoyou Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Siqi Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Yunnan Defeng Tea Co., Ltd, Mangshi 678400, Yunnan, China
| | - Caiyou Lv
- College of Tea, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.
| | - Rong Xiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.
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Zhou S, Zhang J, Ma S, Ou C, Feng X, Pan Y, Gong S, Fan F, Chen P, Chu Q. Recent advances on white tea: Manufacturing, compositions, aging characteristics and bioactivities. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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Xiao H, Yong J, Xie Y, Zhou H. The molecular mechanisms of quality difference for Alpine Qingming green tea and Guyu green tea by integrating multi-omics. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1079325. [PMID: 36687681 PMCID: PMC9854344 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1079325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Harvest time represents one of the crucial factors concerning the quality of alpine green tea. At present, the mechanisms of the tea quality changing with harvest time have been unrevealed. Methods In the current study, fresh tea leaves (qmlc and gylc) and processed leaves (qmgc and gygc) picked during Qingming Festival and Guyu Festival were analyzed by means of sensory evaluation, metabolomics, transcriptomic analysis, and high-throughput sequencing, as well as their endophytic bacteria (qm16s and gy16s). Results The results indicated qmgc possessed higher sensory quality than gygc which reflected from higher relative contents of amino acids, and soluble sugars but lower relative contents of catechins, theaflavins, and flavonols. These differential metabolites created features of light green color, prominent freshness, sweet aftertaste, and mild bitterness for qmgc. Discussion Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism were uncovered as the key pathways to differentiate the quality of qmgc and gygc. Endophytic bacteria in leaves further influence the quality by regulating the growth of tea trees and enhancing their disease resistance. Our findings threw some new clues on the tea leaves picking to pursue the balance when facing the conflicts of product quality and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshi Xiao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China,Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Hefeng County, Hefeng, China
| | - Jie Yong
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yijie Xie
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Haiyan Zhou,
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Chen T, Pubu D, Zhang W, Meng S, Yu C, Yin X, Liu J, Zhang Y. Optimization of the extraction process and metabonomics analysis of uric acid-reducing active substances from Gymnadenia R.Br. and its protective effect on hyperuricemia zebrafish. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1054294. [PMID: 36545468 PMCID: PMC9760756 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1054294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As Gymnadenia R.Br. (Gym) has an obvious uric acid-lowering effect, but its specific bioactive substances and mechanism are still unclear. The key metabolites and pathways used by Gym to reduce uric acid (UA) were identify. Methods An optimized extraction process for urate-lowering active substances from Gym was firstly been carried out based on the xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibition model in vitro; then, the Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and Q-Exactive mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS) based on non-targeted metabolomics analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine were performed for comparison of Gym with ethanol concentration of 95% (low extraction rate but high XOD inhibition rate) and 75% (high extraction rate but low XOD inhibition rate), respectively; finally, the protective effect of ethanolic extract of Gym on zebrafish with Hyperuricemia (referred to as HUA zebrafish) was explored. Results We found that the inhibition rate of Gym extract with 95% ethanol concentration on XOD was 84.02%, and the extraction rate was 4.32%. Interestingly, when the other conditions were the same, the XOD inhibition rate of the Gym extract with 75% ethanol concentration was 76.84%, and the extraction rate was 14.68%. A total of 539 metabolites were identified, among them, 162 different metabolites were screened, of which 123 were up-regulated and 39 were down-regulated. Besides significantly reducing the contents of UA, BUN, CRE, ROS, MDA, and XOD activity in HUA zebrafish by Gym and acutely reduce the activity of SOD. Conclusion Along with the flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenylpropanoids, the ethanolic extract of Gym may be related to reduce the UA level of Gym.
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Identification of markers for tea authenticity assessment: Non-targeted metabolomics of highly similar oolong tea cultivars (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis). Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang C, Zhou C, Xu K, Tian C, Zhang M, Lu L, Zhu C, Lai Z, Guo Y. A Comprehensive Investigation of Macro-Composition and Volatile Compounds in Spring-Picked and Autumn-Picked White Tea. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223628. [PMID: 36429222 PMCID: PMC9688969 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavour of white tea can be influenced by the season in which the fresh leaves are picked. In this study, the sensory evaluation results indicated that spring-picked white tea (SPWT) was stronger than autumn-picked white tea (APWT) in terms of the taste of umami, smoothness, astringency, and thickness as well as the aromas of flower and fresh. To explore key factors of sensory differences, a combination of biochemical composition determination, widely targeted volatilomics (WTV) analysis, multivariate statistical analysis, and odour activity value (OAV) analysis was employed. The phytochemical analysis showed that the free amino acid, tea polyphenol, and caffeine contents of SPWTs were significantly higher than those of APWTs, which may explain the higher umami, smoothness, thickness, and astringency scores of SPWTs than those of APWTs. The sabinene, (2E, 4E)-2, 4-octadienal, (-)-cis-rose oxide, caramel furanone, trans-rose oxide, and rose oxide contents were significantly higher in SPWTs than in APWTs, which may result in stronger flowery, fresh, and sweet aromas in SPWTs than in APWTs. Among these, (2E,4E)-2,4-octadienal and (-)-cis-rose oxide can be identified as key volatiles. This study provides an objective and accurate basis for classifying SPWTs and APWTs at the metabolite level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chengzhe Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Kai Xu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Caiyun Tian
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mengcong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Li Lu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuqiong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence:
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Geographical origin identification of Chinese white teas, and their differences in tastes, chemical compositions and antioxidant activities among three production regions. Food Chem X 2022; 16:100504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Xue G, Su S, Yan P, Shang J, Wang J, Yan C, Li J, Wang Q, Xiong X, Xu H. Integrative analyses of widely targeted metabolomic profiling and derivatization-based LC-MS/MS reveals metabolic changes of Zingiberis Rhizoma and its processed products. Food Chem 2022; 389:133068. [PMID: 35490521 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zingiberis Rhizoma (ZR) has nutritional value and application potentiality, while Zingiberis Rhizoma Praeparatum (ZRP) and Carbonised Ginger (CG) are two main processed products of ZR based on different methods. Here, we performed a widely targeted metabolomics method with Sequential Windowed Acquisition of all Theoretical fragment ions (SWATH) mode to analyze differential metabolites in ZR, ZRP and CG. Additionally, the chemical derivatization was applied to characterize different submetabolomes and improve the separation effect and MS response of metabolites. In total, 369 metabolites were identified and divided into 14 categories, 104 of which were differential metabolites. Our results suggest that carbohydrates, nucleotides, organic acids, vitamins, lipids, indoles, alkaloids, and terpenes contributed to a downward trend after processing, but the maximum content of flavanones, phenylpropanes and polyphenols appeared in ZRP, and that of alcohols appeared in CG. These findings serve as promising perspectives for developing functional food in ZR, ZRP and CG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiren Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Shanshan Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Pengfei Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Jiawei Shang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Chengye Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Jiaxi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Xue Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Huijun Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China.
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Li R, Liu K, Liang Z, Luo H, Wang T, An J, Wang Q, Li X, Guan Y, Xiao Y, Lv C, Zhao M. Unpruning improvement the quality of tea through increasing the levels of amino acids and reducing contents of flavonoids and caffeine. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1017693. [PMID: 36245481 PMCID: PMC9558131 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1017693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea tree [Camellia sinensis var. sinensis or assamica (L.) O. Kuntze], an important crop worldwide, is usually pruned to heights of 70 to 80 cm, forming pruned tea tree (PTT) plantations. Currently, PTTs are transformed into unpruned tea tree (UPTT) plantations in Yunnan, China. This has improved the quality of tea products, but the underlying reasons have not been evaluated scientifically. Here, 12 samples of sun-dried green teas were manufactured using fresh leaves from an UPTT and the corresponding PTT. Using sensory evaluation, it was found that the change reduced the bitterness and astringency, while increasing sweetness and umami. Using high performance liquid chromatography detection showed that the contents of free amino acids (theanine, histidine, isoleucine and phenylalanine) and catechin gallate increased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas the content of alanine decreased significantly (P < 0.05). A liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis showed that the transformation to UPTT significantly decreased the relative levels of the majority of flavonols and tannins (P < 0.05), as well as γ-aminobutyric acid, caffeine and catechin (epigallocatechin, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate), while it significantly increased the relative contents of catechins (gallocatechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate and catechin gallate), phenolic acids and some amino acids (serine, oxidized glutathione, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamine, lysine, tryptophan, tyramine, pipecolic acid, and theanine) (P < 0.05). In summary, after transforming to UPTT, levels of amino acids, such as theanine increased significantly (P < 0.05), which enhanced the umami and sweetness of tea infusions, while the flavonoids (such as kaempferol, myricetin and glycosylated quercetin), and caffeine contents decreased significantly (P < 0.05), resulting in a reduction in the bitterness and astringency of tea infusions and an increase in tea quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Li
- College of Tea Science and College of Food Science and Technology and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province and National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Kunyi Liu
- College of Tea Science and College of Food Science and Technology and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province and National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- College of Wuliangye Technology and Food Engineering, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, China
| | - Zhengwei Liang
- College of Tea Science and College of Food Science and Technology and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province and National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Luo
- College of Tea Science and College of Food Science and Technology and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province and National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Teng Wang
- College of Tea Science and College of Food Science and Technology and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province and National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiangshan An
- College of Tea Science and College of Food Science and Technology and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province and National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Tea Science and College of Food Science and Technology and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province and National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuedan Li
- College of Tea Science and College of Food Science and Technology and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yanhui Guan
- College of Tea Science and College of Food Science and Technology and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province and National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yanqin Xiao
- College of Tea Science and College of Food Science and Technology and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province and National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Caiyou Lv
- College of Tea Science and College of Food Science and Technology and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Caiyou Lv,
| | - Ming Zhao
- College of Tea Science and College of Food Science and Technology and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province and National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Ming Zhao,
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An Improved Method of Theabrownins Extraction and Detection in Six Major Types of Tea (Camellia sinensis). J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8581515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea pigments consisting of theabrownins (TBs), theaflavins (TFs), and thearubigins (TRs) affect the color and taste of tea. TBs include a variety of water-soluble compounds, but do not dissolve in n-butanol and ethyl acetate. Previously, the traditional method of TB extraction only mixed tea with n-butanol, and TBs were retained in the water phase. However, without ethyl acetate extraction, TFs and TRs remained in the water phase and affected the detection of TB content. Although an improved method had been devised by adding an ethyl acetate extraction step between tea production and n-butanol extraction, the proportional equation for calculating TB content (%) was not yet developed. In this study, we compared the absorbance at 380 nm (A380) of TB solutions from six major types of tea (green, yellow, oolong, white, black, and dark teas) extracted by improved and traditional methods from the same tea samples. Significantly lower A380 values were obtained from TB solutions via the improved method compared to the traditional method for six major types of tea, and the highest and lowest slops in TB concentrations from A380 analyses were from dark tea and green tea, respectively. Moreover, newly developed equations for TB content in those six tea types extracted by the improved methods were also established.
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Impact of harvest season on bioactive compounds, amino acids and in vitro antioxidant capacity of white tea through multivariate statistical analysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Xiao Y, Liu H, Du P, Liang X, Li H, Lu Q, Li S, Liu H, Hong Y, Varshney RK, Chen X. Impact of different cooking methods on the chemical profile of high-oleic acid peanut seeds. Food Chem 2022; 379:131970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Directed Accumulation of Nitrogen Metabolites through Processing Endows Wuyi Rock Tea with Singular Qualities. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103264. [PMID: 35630739 PMCID: PMC9147623 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The execution of specific processing protocols endows Wuyi rock tea with distinctive qualities produced through signature metabolic processes. In this work, tea leaves were collected before and after each of three processing stages for both targeted and untargeted metabolomic analysis. Metabolic profiles of processing stages through each processing stage of rotation, pan-firing and roasting were studied. Overall, 614 metabolites were significantly altered, predominantly through nitrogen- enriching (N) pathways. Roasting led to the enrichment of 342 N metabolites, including 34 lipids, 17 organic acids, 32 alkaloids and 25 amino acids, as well as secondary derivatives beneficial for tea quality. This distinctive shift towards enrichment of N metabolites strongly supports concluding that this directed accumulation of N metabolites is how each of the three processing stages endows Wuyi rock tea with singular quality.
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Liu Y, Meng F, Tang P, Huang D, Li Q, Lin M. Widely Targeted Metabolomics Analysis of the Changes to Key Non-volatile Taste Components in Stropharia rugosoannulata Under Different Drying Methods. Front Nutr 2022; 9:884400. [PMID: 35662941 PMCID: PMC9161365 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.884400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stropharia rugosoannulata is an extremely perishable edible fungi product, and drying can delay its deterioration, however, drying will affect its flavor, especially the non-volatile taste substances dominated by amino acids, nucleotides, organic acids and carbohydrates. Currently, which drying method is the most suitable for the drying of S. rugosoannulata remains unknown, we need to fully consider the economic efficiency of the method and the impact on flavor. But we have limited comprehensive knowledge of the changed non-volatile taste metabolites as caused by drying processes. Here, an LC-MS/MS-based widely targeted metabolome analysis was conducted to investigate the transformation mechanism of S. rugosoannulata non-volatile taste components after undergoing hot air drying (HAD), vacuum freeze drying (VFD), and microwave vacuum drying (MVD). A total of 826 metabolites were identified, 89 of which—48 amino acids, 25 nucleotides, 8 organic acids, and 8 carbohydrates—were related to non-volatile taste. The drying method used and the parts of S. rugosoannulata (stipe and pileus) influenced the differences found in these metabolites. The possible mechanisms responsible for such chemical alterations by different drying methods were also investigated by a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Amino acid metabolism (alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; arginine and proline metabolism; valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis) was the main metabolic pathway involved. Pathway enrichment analysis also identified differences in non-volatile taste components among three drying methods that may be closely related to the applied drying temperature. Altogether, the results indicated that as an economical and convenient drying method, HAD is conducive to improving the flavor of S. rugosoannulata and thus it harbors promising potential for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Vocational College of Foodstuff Engineering, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Characteristic Food Technology Co., Ltd, Guiyang, China
| | - Fangbo Meng
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Pengyu Tang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Daomei Huang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Qixing Li
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Mao Lin
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Characteristic Food Technology Co., Ltd, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Mao Lin,
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Hua J, Wang H, Yuan H, Yin P, Wang J, Guo G, Jiang Y. New insights into the effect of fermentation temperature and duration on catechins conversion and formation of tea pigments and theasinensins in black tea. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:2750-2760. [PMID: 34719036 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenol oxidative pathway during fermentation remains unclear. To elucidate the effect of fermentation on phenol conversion, we investigated the effects of fermentation temperature and duration on the conversion of catechins and the formation of theasinensins (TSs), theaflavins (TFs), thearubigins (TRs), and theabrownins (TBs). RESULTS During fermentation, TSs formation increased initially and then decreased. Long fermentation durations were unfavorable for liquor brightness (LB) and resulted in the production of large amounts of TRs and TBs. Low fermentation temperatures (20 °C and 25 °C) favored the maintenance of polyphenol oxidase activity and the continuous formation of TFs, TSs, and TRSI (a TRs fraction), resulting in better LB and liquor color. Higher temperatures (30 °C, 35 °C, and 40 °C) resulted in higher peroxidase activity, higher oxidative depletion rates of catechins, and excessive production of TRSII (a TRs fraction) and TBs. Analysis of the conversion pathway of polyphenolic compounds during fermentation showed that, during early fermentation, large amounts of catechins were oxidized and converted to TFs and theasinensin B. As fermentation progressed, considerable amounts of theaflavin-3'-gallate, theasinensin A, theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3,3'-digallate, and theasinensin C were produced and then converted to TRSI; in the final stage, TRSII and TBs were converted continuously. CONCLUSION Different fermentation temperature and duration combinations directly affected the type and composition of phenolic compounds. The key conditions for controlling phenolic compound conversion and fermentation direction were 60 or 90 min and 25 or 30 °C. Our study provides insights into the regulation of phenolic compound conversion during black tea fermentation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Hua
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huajie Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Yuan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Yin
- Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Comprehensive Utilization in South Henan, Xinyang, China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guiyi Guo
- Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Comprehensive Utilization in South Henan, Xinyang, China
| | - Yongwen Jiang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Ye JH, Ye Y, Yin JF, Jin J, Liang YR, Liu RY, Tang P, Xu YQ. Bitterness and astringency of tea leaves and products: Formation mechanism and reducing strategies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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43
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Hu H, Fei X, He B, Luo Y, Qi Y, Wei A. Integrated Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Data for Uncovering Flavonoid Components of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. Leaves Under Drought Stress. Front Nutr 2022; 8:801244. [PMID: 35187022 PMCID: PMC8855068 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.801244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. leaves (ZBLs) are rich in flavonoids and have become popular in nutrition, foods and medicine. However, the flavonoid components in ZBLs and the mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis under drought stress have received little attention. Here, we performed an integrative analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome of ZBLs from HJ (Z. bungeanum cv. “Hanjiao”) and FJ (Z. bungeanum cv. “Fengjiao”) at four drought stages. A total of 231 individual flavonoids divided into nine classes were identified and flavones and flavonols were considered the most abundant flavonoid components in ZBLs. The total flavonoid content of ZBLs was higher in FJ; it increased in FJ under drought stress but decreased in HJ. Nine-quadrant analysis identified five and eight differentially abundant flavonoids in FJ and HJ leaves, respectively, under drought stress. Weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) identified nine structural genes and eight transcription factor genes involved in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. Moreover, qRT-PCR results verified the accuracy of the transcriptome data and the reliability of the candidate genes. Taken together, our results reveal the flavonoid components of ZBLs and document changes in flavonoid metabolism under drought stress, providing valuable information for nutrition value and food utilization of ZBLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Hu
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Xitong Fei
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Beibei He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yingli Luo
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Yichen Qi
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
| | - Anzhi Wei
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Xianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Anzhi Wei
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Muguruma Y, Nunome M, Inoue K. A Review on the Foodomics Based on Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:12-18. [PMID: 34980727 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the globalization of food production and distribution, the food chain has become increasingly complex, making it more difficult to evaluate unexpected food changes. Therefore, establishing sensitive, robust, and cost-effective analytical platforms to efficiently extract and analyze the food-chemicals in complex food matrices is essential, however, challenging. LC/MS-based metabolomics is the key to obtain a broad overview of human metabolism and understand novel food science. Various metabolomics approaches (e.g., targeted and/or untargeted) and sample preparation techniques in food analysis have their own advantages and limitations. Selecting an analytical platform that matches the characteristics of the analytes is important for food analysis. This review highlighted the recent trends and applications of metabolomics based on "foodomics" by LC-MS and provides the perspectives and insights into the methodology and various sample preparation techniques in food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Muguruma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Mari Nunome
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Koichi Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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Zhang P, Lu S, Liu Z, Zheng T, Dong T, Jin H, Jia H, Fang J. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Profiling Reveals the Effect of LED Light Quality on Fruit Ripening and Anthocyanin Accumulation in Cabernet Sauvignon Grape. Front Nutr 2022; 8:790697. [PMID: 34970581 PMCID: PMC8713590 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.790697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different light qualities have various impacts on the formation of fruit quality. The present study explored the influence of different visible light spectra (red, green, blue, and white) on the formation of quality traits and their metabolic pathways in grape berries. We found that blue light and red light had different effects on the berries. Compared with white light, blue light significantly increased the anthocyanins (malvidin-3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-O-glucoside), volatile substances (alcohols and phenols), and soluble sugars (glucose and fructose), reduced the organic acids (citric acid and malic acid), whereas red light achieved the opposite effect. Transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses revealed that 2707, 2547, 2145, and 2583 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and (221, 19), (254, 22), (189, 17), and (234, 80) significantly changed metabolites (SCMs) were filtered in the dark vs. blue light, green light, red light, and white light, respectively. According to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, most of the DEGs identified were involved in photosynthesis and biosynthesis of flavonoids and flavonols. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of 23410 highly expressed genes, two modules significantly related to anthocyanins and soluble sugars were screened out. The anthocyanins accumulation is significantly associated with increased expression of transcription factors (VvHY5, VvMYB90, VvMYB86) and anthocyanin structural genes (VvC4H, Vv4CL, VvCHS3, VvCHI1, VvCHI2, VvDFR), while significantly negatively correlated with VvPIF4. VvISA1, VvISA2, VvAMY1, VvCWINV, VvβGLU12, and VvFK12 were all related to starch and sucrose metabolism. These findings help elucidate the characteristics of different light qualities on the formation of plant traits and can inform the use of supplemental light in the field and after harvest to improve the overall quality of fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Suwen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanchun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingggui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, Horticultural College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Liu K, Wang L, Jiang B, An J, Nian B, Wang D, Chen L, Ma Y, Wang X, Fan J, Luo H, Pan Y, Zhao M. Effect of inoculation with Penicillium chrysogenum on chemical components and fungal communities in fermentation of Pu-erh tea. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110748. [PMID: 34865766 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Developing an effective method to improve the quality of Pu-erh tea is of great scientific and commercial interest. In this work, Penicillium chrysogenum P1 isolated from Pu-erh tea was inoculated in sterilized or unsterilized sun-dreid green tea leaves to develop pure-culture fermentation (PF) and enhanced fermentation (EF) of Pu-erh tea. Spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography determined that contents of free amino acids (FAA), total tea polyphenols and eight polyphenolic compounds in PF were significantly lower than these in non-inoculation control test (CK) (P < 0.05), whereas the contents of soluble sugars and theabrownins (TB) in PF were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in CK. A total of 416 volatile compounds were detected by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Comparison to CK, 124 compounds in PF were degraded or decreased significantly [Variable importance in projection [(VIP) > 1.0, P < 0.05, fold change (FC) < 0.5], whereas 110 compounds in PF were formed or increased significantly (VIP > 1.0, P < 0.05, FC > 2). Compared with normal fermentation (NF), the levels of gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and 64 volatile compounds in EF were significantly lower (VIP > 1.0, P < 0.05, FC < 0.5), whereas the levels of FAA and 39 volatile compounds were significantly higher (VIP > 1.0, P < 0.05, FC > 2). Amplicon sequencing of fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) revealed that P. chrysogenum P1 didn't become the dominant fungus in EF; while the fungal communities in EF were different from those in NF, in that the relative abundances of Blastobotrys bambusae and P. chrysogenum in EF were higher, and the relative abundances of Aspergillus niger and Kluyveromyces marxianus in EF were lower. Overall, inoculation of P. chrysogenum in unsterilized sun-dreid green tea leaves changed the the fungal communities in fermentation of Pu-erh tea, and chemical compounds in fermented tea leaves, i.e., the levels of TB and the compounds responsible for the stale flavor, e.g., 2-amino-4-methoxybenzothiazole were increased, resulting in improvement of the sensory quality, including mellower taste and stronger stale flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyi Liu
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; College of Wuliangye Technology and Food Engineering & College of Modern Agriculture, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, Sichuan 644003, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; College of Wuliangye Technology and Food Engineering & College of Modern Agriculture, Yibin Vocational and Technical College, Yibin, Sichuan 644003, China
| | - Jiangshan An
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Bo Nian
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Daoping Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lijiao Chen
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Yan Ma
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- Tea Science Research Institute of Pu-erh City, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China
| | - Jiakun Fan
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Hui Luo
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Yinghong Pan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Ming Zhao
- College of Tea Science & College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan & The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province & National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
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Widely Targeted Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Great Changes in Nonvolatile Metabolites of Oolong Teas during Long-Term Storage. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237278. [PMID: 34885857 PMCID: PMC8658923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a semifermented tea, oolong is exceedingly popular worldwide for its elegant, flowery aroma and mellow, rich taste. However, recent marketing trends for old oolong teas and their chemical quality largely remain unexplored. In this study, we applied widely targeted metabolomics using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) combined with multivariate analysis to investigate the chemical change of oolong teas in the aging process. With the increasing of store time, most nongalloylated catechins; tannins, including TFs and proanthocyanidins; flavonols and glycosylated flavonols; amino acids and their derivatives; nucleotides and their derivatives; and lots of alkaloids and phospholipids declined, while most fatty acids and organic acids increased, and galloylated catechins, GA, and caffeine were almost stable. The result also suggested that approximately seven years (but not an infinite extension) was a special period for oolong tea storage, which brings about excellent taste.
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Tang H, Tang J, Liu J, Zhou B, Chen Y. Metabolomics analyses reveal anthocyanins-rich accumulation in naturally mutated purple-leaf tea (Camellia sinensis L.). ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1968509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinchi Tang
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiyong Chen
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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