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Kos J, Radić B, Lešić T, Anić M, Jovanov P, Šarić B, Pleadin J. Climate Change and Mycotoxins Trends in Serbia and Croatia: A 15-Year Review. Foods 2024; 13:1391. [PMID: 38731762 PMCID: PMC11083470 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review examines the 15-year presence of mycotoxins in food from Serbia and Croatia to provide a comprehensive overview of trends. Encompassing the timeframe from 2009 to 2023, this study integrates data from both countries and investigates climate change patterns. The results from Serbia focus primarily on maize and milk and show a strong dependence of contamination on weather conditions. However, there is limited data on mycotoxins in cereals other than maize, as well as in other food categories. Conversely, Croatia has a broader spectrum of studies, with significant attention given to milk and maize, along with more research on other cereals, meat, and meat products compared to Serbia. Over the investigated 15-year period, both Serbia and Croatia have experienced notable shifts in climate, including fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, and humidity levels. These changes have significantly influenced agriculture, consequently affecting the occurrence of mycotoxins in various food products. The results summarized in this 15-year review indicate the urgent need for further research and action to address mycotoxins contamination in Serbian and Croatian food supply chains. This urgency is further emphasized by the changing climatic conditions and their potential to exacerbate public health and food safety risks associated with mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Kos
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (B.R.); (P.J.); (B.Š.)
| | - Bojana Radić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (B.R.); (P.J.); (B.Š.)
| | - Tina Lešić
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Mislav Anić
- Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Ravnice 48, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Pavle Jovanov
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (B.R.); (P.J.); (B.Š.)
| | - Bojana Šarić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (B.R.); (P.J.); (B.Š.)
| | - Jelka Pleadin
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.L.); (J.P.)
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Pleadin J, Kos J, Radić B, Vulić A, Kudumija N, Radović R, Janić Hajnal E, Mandić A, Anić M. Aflatoxins in Maize from Serbia and Croatia: Implications of Climate Change. Foods 2023; 12:548. [PMID: 36766076 PMCID: PMC9914011 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) represent the most important mycotoxin group, whose presence in food and feed poses significant global health and economic issues. The occurrence of AFs in maize is a burning problem worldwide, mainly attributed to droughts. In recent years, Serbia and Croatia faced climate changes followed by a warming trend. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to estimate the influence of weather on AFs occurrence in maize from Serbia and Croatia in the 2018-2021 period. The results indicate that hot and dry weather witnessed in the year 2021 resulted in the highest prevalence of AFs in maize samples in both Serbia (84%) and Croatia (40%). In maize harvested in 2018-2020, AFs occurred in less than, or around, 10% of Serbian and 20% of Croatian samples. In order to conduct a comprehensive study on the implications of climate change for the occurrence of AFs in maize grown in these two countries, the results of available studies performed in the last thirteen years were searched for and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelka Pleadin
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jovana Kos
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojana Radić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ana Vulić
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nina Kudumija
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Radmila Radović
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Elizabet Janić Hajnal
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Anamarija Mandić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mislav Anić
- Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Ravnice 48, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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ERGİN EĞRİTAĞ H, VAROL K. Determination of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Some Honamli Goat Herds in Burdur Province. MEHMET AKIF ERSOY ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI ENSTITÜSÜ DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.24998/maeusabed.1200417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels were determined from the milk serum of 90 lactating Honamlı goats aged 2-6 years in 12 herds breeding Honamlı goats in Burdur Province in spring and April in 2021. A statistically significant difference was found between flock 1 and flock 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 and between flock 3 and flock 9 and 11 (p
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Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Camel, and Yak Milk in China in 2016. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120870. [PMID: 36548766 PMCID: PMC9784103 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this present study, 195 cow milk, 100 goat milk, 50 buffalo milk, 50 camel milk, and 50 yak milk samples were collected in China in May and October 2016. The presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. For all cow milk samples, 128 samples (65.7%) contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.191 µg/L, and 6 samples (3.1%) from Sichuan province in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L (EU limit). For all goat milk samples, 76.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.135 µg/L, and 9 samples (9.0%) from Shanxi province in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L. For all buffalo milk samples, 24 samples (48.0%) contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.089 µg/L, and 2 samples collected in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L. Furthermore, 28.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.007 µg/L in camel milk samples, and 18.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.007 µg/L in yak milk samples. Our survey study has expanded the current knowledge of the occurrence of AFM1 in milk from five dairy species in China, in particular the minor dairy species.
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Xiong J, Chen F, Zhang J, Ao W, Zhou X, Yang H, Wu Z, Wu L, Wang C, Qiu Y. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Three Types of Milk from Xinjiang, China, and the Risk of Exposure for Milk Consumers in Different Age-Sex Groups. Foods 2022; 11:3922. [PMID: 36496730 PMCID: PMC9738243 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a group 1 carcinogen, is a risk factor to be monitored in milk. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of AFM1 in milk in Xinjiang, China, and to assess the risk of exposure for milk consumers in different age-sex groups. A total of 259 milk samples including pasteurized milk (93 samples), extended-shelf-life (ESL) milk (96), and raw donkey milk (70) were collected in Xinjiang from January to March in 2022. The AFM1 content of the milk samples was detected using a validated ELISA method. Of the 259 total samples analyzed for AFM1, 84 (32.4%) samples were contaminated at levels greater than the detection limit of 5 ng/L, with the maximum level of 16.5 ng/L. The positive rates of AFM1 in pasteurized milk and ESL milk were 43.0% (n = 40) and 45.8% (n = 44), respectively, and AFM1 was undetectable in donkey milk. The estimated daily intakes of AFM1 in each age group were lower than the hazard limits and were similar between male and female milk consumers. Therefore, the AFM1 contamination of milk in Xinjiang is low but still needs to be continuously monitored considering that children are susceptible to AFM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Fangyuan Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Weiping Ao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alaer 843300, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alaer 843300, China
| | - Hua Yang
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Lingying Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Chong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yinsheng Qiu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
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Chen J, Ye J, Li L, Wu Y, Liu H, Xuan Z, Chen M, Wang S. One-step automatic sample pretreatment for rapid, simple, sensitive, and efficient determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk by immunomagnetic beads coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bilandžić N, Varga I, Varenina I, Solomun Kolanović B, Božić Luburić Đ, Đokić M, Sedak M, Cvetnić L, Cvetnić Ž. Seasonal Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk during a Five-Year Period in Croatia: Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment. Foods 2022; 11:1959. [PMID: 35804774 PMCID: PMC9265853 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study's objective was to estimate the seasonal occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in cow's milk between winter 2016 and winter 2022 and to assess dietary exposure and risk assessment for the adult Croatian population. In total, 5817 cow milk samples were screened for AFM1 concentrations using the enzyme immunoassay assay (ELISA). For confirmation purposes of AFM1 concentration above the European Union maximum permitted level (MRL), ultra high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was performed. In 94.7% of milk samples, AFM1 levels were below the detection limit (LOD) of the ELISA test. For 3.47% of samples, the AFM1 was between the LOD and MRL values. Only 1.87% of all samples exceeded the MRL. The mean value of elevated AFM1 in different seasons ranged between 59.2 ng/kg (autumn 2017) and 387.8 ng/kg (autumn 2021). The highest incidences of positive AFM1 were determined in autumn and winter and the maximum (6.4%) was in winter 2019/2020. The largest percentage of positive samples (69.7%) was found in central Croatia. The estimated daily intakes for positive samples ranged between 0.17 and 2.82 ng/kg body weight/day. Risk assessment indicated a high level of concern during autumn and winter, especially for consumers of large amounts of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bilandžić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (Đ.B.L.); (M.Đ.); (M.S.)
| | - Ines Varga
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (Đ.B.L.); (M.Đ.); (M.S.)
| | - Ivana Varenina
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (Đ.B.L.); (M.Đ.); (M.S.)
| | - Božica Solomun Kolanović
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (Đ.B.L.); (M.Đ.); (M.S.)
| | - Đurđica Božić Luburić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (Đ.B.L.); (M.Đ.); (M.S.)
| | - Maja Đokić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (Đ.B.L.); (M.Đ.); (M.S.)
| | - Marija Sedak
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.V.); (I.V.); (B.S.K.); (Đ.B.L.); (M.Đ.); (M.S.)
| | - Luka Cvetnić
- Laboratory for Mastitis and Raw Milk Quality, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska Cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Željko Cvetnić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Institute Križevci, Zakmardijeva 10, 48260 Križevci, Croatia;
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Cha M, Wang E, Hao Y, Ji S, Huang S, Zhao L, Wang W, Shao W, Wang Y, Li S. Adsorbents Reduce Aflatoxin M 1 Residue in Milk of Healthy Dairy Cow Exposed to Moderate Level Aflatoxin B 1 in Diet and Its Exposure Risk for Humans. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090665. [PMID: 34564669 PMCID: PMC8470591 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of moderate risk level (8 µg/kg) AFB1 in diet supplemented with or without adsorbents on lactation performance, serum parameters, milk AFM1 content of healthy lactating cows and the AFM1 residue exposure risk in different human age groups. Forty late healthy lactating Holstein cows (270 ± 22 d in milk; daily milk yield 21 ± 3.1 kg/d) were randomly assigned to four treatments: control diet without AFB1 and adsorbents (CON), CON with 8 μg/kg AFB1 (dry matter basis, AF), AF + 15 g/d adsorbent 1 (AD1), AF + 15 g/d adsorbent 2 (AD2). The experiment lasted for 19 days, including an AFB1-challenge phase (day 1 to 14) and an AFB1-withdraw phase (day 15 to 19). Results showed that both AFB1 and adsorbents treatments had no significant effects on the DMI, milk yield, 3.5% FCM yield, milk components and serum parameters. Compared with the AF, AD1 and AD2 had significantly lower milk AFM1 concentrations (93 ng/L vs. 46 ng/L vs. 51 ng/L) and transfer rates of dietary AFB1 into milk AFM1 (1.16% vs. 0.57% vs. 0.63%) (p < 0.05). Children aged 2–4 years old had the highest exposure risk to AFM1 in milk in AF, with an EDI of 1.02 ng/kg bw/day and a HI of 5.11 (HI > 1 indicates a potential risk for liver cancer). Both AD1 and AD2 had obviously reductions in EDI and HI for all population groups, whereas, the EDI (≥0.25 ng/kg bw/day) and HI (≥1.23) of children aged 2–11 years old were still higher than the suggested tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.20 ng/kg bw/day and 1.00 (HI). In conclusion, moderate risk level AFB1 in the diet of healthy lactating cows could cause a public health hazard and adding adsorbents in the dairy diet is an effective measure to remit AFM1 residue in milk and its exposure risk for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqian Cha
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (M.C.); (W.S.)
| | - Erdan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yangyi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shoukun Ji
- College of Animal Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China;
| | - Shuai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Wei Shao
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (M.C.); (W.S.)
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shengli Li
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (M.C.); (W.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (E.W.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (L.Z.); (W.W.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6273-1254
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Bervis N, Lorán S, Juan T, Carramiñana JJ, Herrera A, Ariño A, Herrera M. Field Monitoring of Aflatoxins in Feed and Milk of High-Yielding Dairy Cows under Two Feeding Systems. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:201. [PMID: 33799569 PMCID: PMC7999403 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) that can be excreted in milk of cows after consuming contaminated feed. The aim of this study consisted of a field monitoring to assess the contamination levels of AFB1 in 60 feed samples from two feeding systems for high-yielding dairy cows and of AFM1 in the corresponding raw milk samples. The aflatoxins were analyzed by in-house validated methods based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. AFB1 was detected in 55% of feed samples (mean 0.61 μg/kg, with 2 samples exceeding the European Union (EU) maximum level set at 5 μg/kg), with greater incidence and concentration in compound feed than in unifeed rations (p < 0.05). AFM1 was detected in 38.3% milk samples (mean 12.6 ng/kg, with 5 samples exceeding the EU maximum level set at 50 ng/kg), with a higher occurrence in milk of cows fed compound feed, as well as in spring milk compared to that produced in winter. The overall transfer ratio of aflatoxins from feed to milk was 3.22%, being higher in cows fed with compound feed and in spring milkings. In a selection of positive matched samples (n = 22), the ratio AFM1/AFB1 exceeded the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) estimated 6% threshold for high-yielding dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Bervis
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Facultad de Veterinaria, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (N.B.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.J.C.); (A.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Susana Lorán
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Facultad de Veterinaria, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (N.B.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.J.C.); (A.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Teresa Juan
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Facultad de Veterinaria, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (N.B.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.J.C.); (A.H.); (M.H.)
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan José Carramiñana
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Facultad de Veterinaria, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (N.B.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.J.C.); (A.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Antonio Herrera
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Facultad de Veterinaria, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (N.B.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.J.C.); (A.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Agustín Ariño
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Facultad de Veterinaria, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (N.B.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.J.C.); (A.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Marta Herrera
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Facultad de Veterinaria, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (N.B.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.J.C.); (A.H.); (M.H.)
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de Matos CJ, Schabo DC, do Nascimento YM, Tavares JF, Lima EDO, da Cruz PO, de Souza EL, Magnani M, Magalhães HIF. Aflatoxin M 1 in Brazilian goat milk and health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:415-422. [PMID: 33657979 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1892434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of goat milk with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a public health concern. This study investigated filamentous fungi in goat feed and quantified AFM1 in milk samples (n = 108) from goat fed forage and concentrate. Based on the detected AFM1 concentration, risk assessment analyses were performed concerning the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) for one-year-old children and adults. Filamentous fungi were found in goat feed samples in a range of 3.1 ± 1.9 to 4.2 ± 0.2 log CFU/g. Five genera were identified, to cite Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Rhizopus and Acremonium. Aspergillus species comprised A. flavus, A. niger, and A. ochraceus. All goat milk samples were contaminated with AFM1 (5.60-48.20 ng/L; mean 21.90 ± 10.28 ng/L) in amounts below the limits imposed by regulatory agencies. However, EDI values for AFM1 through goat milk estimated for one-year-old children were above the Tolerable Daily Intake. The calculated Hazard Index for one-year-old children indicated potential risk of liver cancer due to goat milk consumption. The Margin of Exposure values to AFM1 in one-year-old children and adults consuming goat milk as the unique milk source indicated increased health risk. Therefore, contamination of goat milk with AFM1 should be considered a high priority for Brazil's risk management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse J de Matos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Danieli C Schabo
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia, Colorado do Oeste, Brazil
| | - Yuri M do Nascimento
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Josean F Tavares
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Edeltrudes de O Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Paloma O da Cruz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Marciane Magnani
- Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Hemerson I F Magalhães
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Rapid, on-site, and sensitive detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk products by using time-resolved fluorescence microsphere test strip. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Altafini A, Tassinari M, Guerrini A, Roncada P. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1) in Donkey Milk Collected in Northern Italy. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E176. [PMID: 33198076 PMCID: PMC7711885 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a well-known mycotoxin that can be found in the milk of animals that have ingested feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). In Italy, the development of donkey farms is mainly due to growing request of donkey milk, which is considered an incomparable substitute for human mother's milk for its chemical composition and organoleptic characteristics. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of AFM1 in donkey milk produced in a farm in Northern Italy, also in view of the few data available about the presence of this mycotoxin in this type of milk. Therefore, 63 milk samples were collected and analyzed using a fast and sensitive HPLC and fluorescence detection (FLD) method previously optimized and validated. None of the milk samples collected were found to be contaminated at a level above the limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.0125 ng/mL), while only one sample showed traces of the mycotoxin at a concentration between the limit of detection (LOD) and LOQ (0.0044 ng/mL), well below the legal limit established for infant milk and follow-on milk (0.025 ng/mL). These results are in line with those of the few similar surveys carried out on donkey milk and seem to indicate a low risk of AFM1 contamination for this food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (Bologna), Italy; (A.A.); (M.T.); (A.G.)
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15
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The challenges of global occurrence of aflatoxin M1 contamination and the reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk over the past decade. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Worldwide from 1988 to 2020: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J FOOD QUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8862738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Aflatoxins are found in various types of food and animal feed. Food contamination with aflatoxin toxin is of particular importance today. Various studies have reported different prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in animal milk. Therefore, due to the importance of this toxin, its role in health, and lack of general statistics about it worldwide, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in milk worldwide with a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Methods. In this review study, national and international databases were extracted from SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IranDoc, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (ISI) between January 1988 and February 2020. A random effects model was used for analysis, and heterogeneity of studies with an I2 index was investigated. Data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (version 2). Results. The prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in milk worldwide from January 1988 to February 2020 in 122 articles with a sample size of 18921 was 79.1% (95% CI: 75.5–82.3%). Regarding the heterogeneity based on metaregression, there was a significant difference between the effect of the year of study (p≤0.001) and sample size (p≤0.001) with the prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in animal milk. Conclusion. The results of this study show that the prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in milk is high worldwide. Therefore, considering the importance of the milk group and its products, special measures should be taken to protect the ration from aflatoxin molds and milk quality.
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17
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Grout L, Baker MG, French N, Hales S. A Review of Potential Public Health Impacts Associated With the Global Dairy Sector. GEOHEALTH 2020; 4:e2019GH000213. [PMID: 32159049 PMCID: PMC7017588 DOI: 10.1029/2019gh000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Strong demand for dairy products has led to a global increase in dairy production. In many parts of the world, dairy systems are undergoing rapid intensification. While increased production may contribute to food security, higher dairy stocking rates in some regions have resulted in increased pressure on natural resources with the potential to affect public health and wellbeing. The aim of this review was to identify and describe the potential health harms and benefits associated with dairy production and consumption. Electronic databases Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched for published literature that investigated human health impacts of dairy production and consumption. Occupational hazards, environmental health impacts, ecosystem health impacts, foodborne hazards, and diet-related chronic diseases were identified as potential public health hazards. Some impacts, notably climate change, extend beyond directly exposed populations. Dairy production and consumption are also associated with important health benefits through the provision of nutrients and economic opportunities. As the global dairy sector increases production, exposure to a range of hazards must be weighed with these benefits. The review of impacts presented here can provide an input into decision making about optimal levels of dairy production and consumption, local land use, and identification and management of specific hazards from this sector. Future research should consider multiple exposure routes, socioeconomic implications, and environmental factors, particularly in regions heavily dependent on dairy farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Grout
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Michael G. Baker
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Nigel French
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research InstituteMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Simon Hales
- Department of Public HealthUniversity of OtagoWellingtonNew Zealand
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18
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Rapid detection of mycotoxins on foods and beverages with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2020. [DOI: 10.15586/qas2019.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Ghaffarian Bahraman A, Mohammadi S, Jafari A, Ghani-Dehkordid J, Arabnezhad MR, Rahmdel S, Hosseini Teshnizi S. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milks of Five Animal Species in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1669164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghaffarian Bahraman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Salman Mohammadi
- Nutrition research center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Department of Occupational Health and Neurophysiology Research Center School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Jallil Ghani-Dehkordid
- Deputy of Research and Technology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Arabnezhad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samane Rahmdel
- Nutrition research center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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20
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Akbar N, Nasir M, Naeem N, Ahmad MUD, Iqbal S, Rashid A, Imran M, Aslam Gondal T, Atif M, Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad J, Martorell M, Cho WC. Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M 1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100574. [PMID: 31581702 PMCID: PMC6832913 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The manifestation of aflatoxins in feed and food is a major issue in the world as its presence leads to some health problems. This study investigates the incidence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in raw milk samples which were collected from Punjab, Pakistan. The Cluster Random Sampling technique was used to collect 960 milk samples from five different regions, and samples were collected every month. The AFM1 level in raw milk was analyzed by the ELISA technique. The findings demonstrate that 70% of samples exceeded the United States permissible maximum residue limits (MRL 0.50 µg/L), with an overall AFM1 level that ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 µg/L. AFM1 contamination varied with the season: The highest average contamination was detected in winter (0.875 µg/L), followed by autumn (0.751 µg/L), spring (0.654 µg/L), and summer (0.455 µg/L). The Eastern region exhibited the highest average AFM1 contamination (0.705 µg/L). Milk samples from the Northern region were found to be widely contaminated, as 86.9% samples exceeded the US MRL, followed by the Eastern region, with 72.3% samples being contaminated with >0.5 µg/L AFM1. The study indicated that the raw milk supply chain was heavily contaminated. Recommendations and remedial measures need to be developed by regulatory authorities to improve the raw milk quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Akbar
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Nasir
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Naureen Naeem
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Mansur-Ud-Din Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Sanaullah Iqbal
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Anjum Rashid
- Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Imran
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Tanweer Aslam Gondal
- School of Exercise and Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Canberra 2600, Australia.
| | - Muhammad Atif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 75471, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran.
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61615-585, Iran.
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepcion 4030000, Chile.
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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21
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Conte F, Panebianco A. Potential Hazards Associated with Raw Donkey Milk Consumption: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2019; 2019:5782974. [PMID: 31275956 PMCID: PMC6582899 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5782974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Donkey milk can be used as a substitute for infants and children who suffer from cow milk proteins intolerance and multiple food hypersensitivity. Up to date, this is one of the main reasons why donkey milk has become a substantial area for reasearch, with an increase over the the last fifteen years. In donkey milk chain, risk analysis should be the object of particular attention because children are the main consumers of this food. In fact, this process is one of the main tool to achieve a high level of protection of human health and life; thus, the most important safety hazards should be monitored in order to attain this goal. This review focuses on the main hazards possibly present in raw donkey milk, including bacteria, fungal toxins, parasites, and chemical pollutants. Literature data have been considered, including some information that is not provided in the international literature. In the authors' opinion, the current scientific knowledge should be improved, with the aim of allowing a suitable risk assessment along the whole donkey milk chain. However, in the meantime, the competent authorithies must carry out more stringent official controls, with particular attention given to the level of primary production. The issue of a traceability system in donkey milk chain should be considered of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Conte
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - A. Panebianco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
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22
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de Almeida JSFD, Cavalcante SFDA, Dolezal R, Kuca K, Musilek K, Jun D, França TCC. Surface screening, molecular modeling and in vitro studies on the interactions of aflatoxin M1 and human enzymes acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:113-119. [PMID: 31100275 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus fungi and found in contaminated milk, breastfeed and dairy products, being highly toxic and carcinogenic to humans and other mammalian species. It is also produced in the human body as a metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), one of the most toxic natural products known. Previous studies have shown that AFM1 is a potential inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and therefore, a potential neurotoxic agent. In this work, surface screening (SS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation on human acetylcholinesterase AChE (HssAChE) were performed to corroborate literature data regarding preferential binding sites and type of inhibition. Also, an inedited theoretical study on the interactions of AFM1 with human butyrylcholinesterase (HssBChE) was performed. In vitro inhibition tests on both enzymes were done to support theoretical results. MD simulations suggested the catalytic anionic site of HssAChE as the preferential binding site for AFM1 and also that this metabolite is not a good inhibitor of HssBChE, corroborating previous studies. In vitro assays also corroborated molecular modeling studies by showing that AFM1 did not inhibit BChE and was able to inhibit AChE, although not as much as AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce S F D de Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMDQB) Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho, 62, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Samir F de A Cavalcante
- Brazilian Army Institute of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (IDQBRN), Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho, 62, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Faculty of Informatics and Management, Center for Basic and Applied Research, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho, 62, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho, 62, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho, 62, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Military Healthy Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tanos C C França
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMDQB) Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho, 62, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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23
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Gross M, Ploetz CP, Gottschalk C. Immunochemical detection of mycotoxins in donkey milk. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 35:83-87. [PMID: 30343381 PMCID: PMC6331496 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN) to analyse these toxins in donkey milk (Equus asinus) was studied. For AFM1 and OTA analysis, milk could be analysed by EIA without sample pretreatment. For ZEN, heat treatment at 78 °C for 30 min prior EIA analysis was required to avoid false positives. To include detection of phase II metabolites of ZEN, samples were additionally treated with glucuronidase/sulfatase for this EIA. Detection limits were 5 ng/kg (AFM1), 9 ng/kg (OTA) and 600 ng/kg (ZEN). All donkey milk samples were negative for all three toxins. Satisfactory quantitation was achieved for spiked samples. Analysis of some cereal-containing donkey feed components (pellets, oats) by EIA revealed absence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1, < 3 μg/kg) and OTA (< 4 μg/kg), while ZEN was found in pellets (180 μg/kg) and in oats (7 μg/kg). This is the first one study on multitoxin determination in donkey milk by antibody-based test systems. In general, the results confirm that EIAs are convenient tools for mycotoxin detection in donkey milk. However, false-positive results may occur, possibly due to the high lysozyme content of donkey milk, which may exert inhibitory activity in some competitive EIA systems. Therefore, specific validation of each EIA for this specific matrix is required, and re-analysis after heat treatment of EIA-positive donkey milk is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Gross
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Junior Professorship of Veterinary Food Diagnostics, Justus-Liebig-University, Ludwigstr. 21, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Christian Puck Ploetz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Junior Professorship of Veterinary Food Diagnostics, Justus-Liebig-University, Ludwigstr. 21, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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24
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Xiong J, Wang Y, Zhou H, Liu J. Effects of dietary adsorbent on milk aflatoxin M1 content and the health of lactating dairy cows exposed to long-term aflatoxin B1 challenge. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8944-8953. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Camaj A, Meyer K, Berisha B, Arbneshi T, Haziri A. Aflatoxin M 1 contamination of raw cow's milk in five regions of Kosovo during 2016. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34:205-209. [PMID: 29671195 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During February and August 2016 (winter and summer season), 192 samples of raw bulk tank milk have been collected from small dairy farms in five different regions of Kosova (Prishtina, Prizren, Peja, Mitrovica, and Gjilan). These samples were analyzed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination level by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The limit of quantification for AFM1 was 0.02 μg/L and recovery at 0.1-0.5 μg/L was 90-95% (coefficient of variation 15-25%). A total of 74 milk samples (38%) were found to be contaminated with AFM1 and 11 samples (5.7%) slightly exceeded the European Union maximum level of 0.05 μg/L. The maximum AFM1 level was at 0.082 μg/L. There was no relevant difference between summer and winter with regard to AFM1 frequency and levels. Although the frequency of AFM1-positive samples varied between regions, from 7% (Prishtina) to 53% (Prizren), only minor regional differences were observed with regard to average and maximum toxin levels. The high percentage of milk samples which were non-compliant with AFM1 maximum levels indicates that efforts to reduce the contamination levels of aflatoxin B1 in cows feed in Kosovo are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arieta Camaj
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Institute of Animal Hygiene, Technical University of Mȕnchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Bajram Berisha
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo.,Institute of Animal Hygiene, Technical University of Mȕnchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Tahir Arbneshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Arben Haziri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo.
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26
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Detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk using spectroscopy and multivariate analyses. Food Chem 2018; 238:209-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Bilandžić N, Varenina I, Solomun Kolanović B, Božić Luburić Đ, Varga I, Želježić B, Cvetnić L, Benić M, Tanković S, Cvetnić Ž. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw cow, goat and sheep milk during spring and autumn in Croatia during 2016. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1306785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bilandžić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Ivana Varenina
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Božica Solomun Kolanović
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Đurđica Božić Luburić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Ines Varga
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Blaženka Želježić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Luka Cvetnić
- Laboratory for Mastitis and Raw Milk Quality, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Miroslav Benić
- Laboratory for Mastitis and Raw Milk Quality, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Sanin Tanković
- State Veterinary Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and
| | - Željko Cvetnić
- Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonoses and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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28
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Milićević DR, Spirić D, Radičević T, Velebit B, Stefanović S, Milojević L, Janković S. A review of the current situation of aflatoxin M 1 in cow's milk in Serbia: risk assessment and regulatory aspects. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1617-1631. [PMID: 28782987 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1363414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review is to provide information regarding the incidence and levels of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw and heat processed cow's milk in Serbia during 2015-16 and to compare these with collected data on the occurrence of AFM1 in raw milk and dairy products during the last decade in our region. Estimation of dietary exposure (EDI) and hazard index (HI) calculations for different age groups of the population were also carried out, based on the AFM1 content of milk samples and on available food consumption data in Serbia. AFM1 was detected in 69.9% (984/1408) of raw milk samples in 2015 versus 84.9% (3094/3646) in 2016, while in heat-processed milk, AFM1 was detected in 77.8% (364/468) in 2015 versus 98.5% (753/765) in 2016. On the basis of the obtained results, 450 (9%) of raw and 14 (1.1%) of heat-processed milk samples were contaminated with AFM1 levels above the maximum permitted level in Serbia (0.25 μg kg-1). However, a large percentage of raw and heat processed milk in Serbia (30.1% and 17.3%, respectively) was contaminated with AFM1 levels above the maximum permitted level regulated in the European Union (0.05 μg kg-1). Therefore, in order to protect consumer health, it is extremely important to further control the level of aflatoxins in milk, and this should be considered as a high priority for risk management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan R Milićević
- a Adviser to Director for Scientific Research , Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Danka Spirić
- b Department for Testing Residues , Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Tatjana Radičević
- b Department for Testing Residues , Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Branko Velebit
- c Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biological Research , Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Srdjan Stefanović
- b Department for Testing Residues , Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Lazar Milojević
- d Department of Sensory and Physical Testing and Parasitology , Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Saša Janković
- b Department for Testing Residues , Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology , Belgrade , Serbia
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29
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Kang’ethe EK, Sirma AJ, Murithi G, Mburugu-Mosoti CK, Ouko EO, Korhonen HJ, Nduhiu GJ, Mungatu JK, Joutsjoki V, Lindfors E, Ramo S. Occurrence of mycotoxins in food, feed, and milk in two counties from different agro-ecological zones and with historical outbreak of aflatoxins and fumonisins poisonings in Kenya. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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30
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Malissiova E, Manouras A. Monitoring aflatoxin M1 levels in donkey milk produced in Greece, intended for human consumption. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Donkey milk is considered as a precious food on nutritional and microbiological grounds. Nevertheless, there is lack of evidence on the issue of chemical contaminants present in donkey milk. Aflatoxin M1 is a contaminant with serious health hazards, that is frequently present in other types of milk. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the levels of aflatoxin M1 in donkey milk in Greece, intended for human consumption. Thirty-six donkey milk samples were collected over a period of a year from 12 donkey farms, representing 80% of the donkey farms. Samples were analysed with ELISA and analytical results were statistically associated with seasonality and type of feeds used in donkey rearing. Aflatoxin M1 was found in 5 out of 36 samples (13.9%), with a range of 5-26.5 ng/l, while in no sample the toxin was found at a concentration above the EU limit (50 ng/l). There was no statistical difference found among seasons or different types of feed used in donkey farming (P>0.05). Donkey milk in Greece presents very low levels of aflatoxin M1, possibly due to the type of feeds used for donkeys rearing and also due to the very low carryover of aflatoxin B1 to M1 that has been reported for donkeys. Donkey milk is considered as safe with relation to aflatoxin M1, but constant monitoring is advised, as aflatoxin levels in plants for feed are affected by many factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Malissiova
- Food Technology Department, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Terma Temponera, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - A. Manouras
- Food Technology Department, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Terma Temponera, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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31
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Ismail A, Riaz M, Akhtar S, Yoo S, Park S, Abid M, Aziz M, Ahmad Z. Seasonal variation of aflatoxin B 1 content in dairy feed. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/69008/2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Ketney O, Santini A, Oancea S. Recent aflatoxin survey data in milk and milk products: A review. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Otto Ketney
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Food Industry and Environmental Protection; ‘Lucian Blaga’ University of Sibiu; Bulevardul Victoriei 10 Sibiu 550024 Romania
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Napoli Federico II; Via D. Montesano 49 - 80131 Napoli Italy
| | - Simona Oancea
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Food Industry and Environmental Protection; ‘Lucian Blaga’ University of Sibiu; Bulevardul Victoriei 10 Sibiu 550024 Romania
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33
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Shuib NS, Makahleh A, Salhimi SM, Saad B. Natural occurrence of aflatoxin M 1 in fresh cow milk and human milk in Penang, Malaysia. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Danilović B, Potić V, Stamenković S, Savić D. A review of the presence of some food contaminants on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5937/savteh1702084d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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35
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Dall'Asta C. Mycotoxins and Nuclear Receptors: A Still Underexplored Issue. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.11131/2016/101204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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36
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Campagnollo FB, Ganev KC, Khaneghah AM, Portela JB, Cruz AG, Granato D, Corassin CH, Oliveira CAF, Sant'Ana AS. The occurrence and effect of unit operations for dairy products processing on the fate of aflatoxin M1: A review. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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38
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Hashemi M. A survey of aflatoxin M1 in cow milk in Southern Iran. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:888-893. [PMID: 28911629 PMCID: PMC9337278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique was used to evaluate aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels in 168 samples of raw milk (135 samples and 33 samples from bulk tanks of farms and milk collection centers, respectively) and 12 samples of pasteurized milk in Fars province, Southern Iran. AFM1 was found in 55.56% of the samples with a mean concentration of 21.31 ng/L. The concentration of AFM1 in raw milk samples from farms was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that in samples from collection centers and pasteurized milk. The concentration of AFM1 was not influenced by season, location, or type of farm. The concentrations of AFM1 in all samples were lower than the Iranian national standard limit (100 ng/L), but in 30% of raw cow milk samples they were higher than the maximum tolerance limit accepted by the European Union (50 ng/L); therefore, more effort is needed to control AFM1 levels in milk produced in Southern Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Hashemi
- Corresponding author. Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Shiraz Branch, P.O. Box 71955-367, Shiraz, Iran. E-mail address:
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39
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Bilandžić N, Tanković S, Jelušić V, Varenina I, Solomun Kolanović B, Luburić ĐB, Cvetnić Ž. Aflatoxin M1 in raw and UHT cow milk collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Production of a monoclonal antibody against aflatoxin M1 and its application for detection of aflatoxin M1 in fortified milk. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:780-787. [PMID: 28911616 PMCID: PMC9337297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a toxic metabolite of the fungal product aflatoxin found in milk. For food safety concern, maximum residual limits of AFM1 in milk and dairy products have been differently enforced in many countries. A suitable detection method is required to screen a large number of product samples for the AFM1 contamination. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against AFM1 were generated using a conventional somatic cell fusion technique. After screening, five MAbs (AFM1–1, AFM1–3, AFM1–9, AFM1–11, and AFM1–17) were obtained that showed cross-reactivity with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) but with no other tested compounds. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a partially purified MAb and antigen-coated plates yielded the best sensitivity with the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) and the limit of detection (LOD) values of 0.13 ng/mL and 0.04 ng/mL, respectively. This indirect competitive ELISA was used to quantify the amount of fortified AFM1 in raw milk. The precision and accuracy in terms of % coefficient of variation (CV) and % recovery of the detection was investigated for both intra- (n = 6) and inter- (n = 12) variation assays. The % CV was found in the range of 3.50–15.8% and 1.32–7.98%, respectively, while the % recovery was in the range of 92–104% and 100–103%, respectively. In addition, the indirect ELISA was also used to detect AFM1 fortified in processed milk samples. The % CV and % recovery values were in the ranges of 0.1–33.0% and 91–109%, respectively. Comparison analysis between the indirect ELISA and high performance liquid chromatography was also performed and showed a good correlation with the R2 of 0.992 for the concentration of 0.2–5.0 ng/mL. These results indicated that the developed MAb and ELISA could be used for detection of AFM1 in milk samples.
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41
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Iqbal S, Jinap S, Pirouz A, Ahmad Faizal A. Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and recent challenges: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Tomašević I, Petrović J, Jovetić M, Raičević S, Milojević M, Miočinović J. Two year survey on the occurrence and seasonal variation of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products in Serbia. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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43
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Torović L. Aflatoxin M1 in processed milk and infant formulae and corresponding exposure of adult population in Serbia in 2013-2014. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2015; 8:235-44. [PMID: 26125414 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1063094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) occurrence was analysed in 80 samples of milk and 21 samples of infant formulae on the Serbian market, using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. All milk samples collected in 2013 showed AFM1 contamination in the range 0.02-0.32 μg kg(-1), with a mean level of 0.13 μg kg(-1). The EU maximum level for AFM1 in milk (0.05 μg kg(-1)) was exceeded in 75% of the samples. In 2014, AFM1 was found in 83%, 70%, 80% and 58% of the samples collected in April, July, September and December, respectively, exceeding the limit in 5% of the samples taken in July. The additional number of liver cancer cases per year associated with exposure to AFM1 was estimated to be 0.004 in the adult population. Regarding infant formulae, AFM1 was found in only one sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljilja Torović
- a Center for Hygiene and Human Ecology , Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina , Novi Sad , Serbia.,b Faculty of Medicine , Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
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44
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Bilandžić N, Varenina I, Kolanović BS, Božić Đ, Đokić M, Sedak M, Tanković S, Potočnjak D, Cvetnić Ž. Monitoring of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk during four seasons in Croatia. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Quantification of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk by a core-shell column on a conventional HPLC with large volume injection and step gradient elution. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Ismail A, Akhtar S, Levin RE, Ismail T, Riaz M, Amir M. Aflatoxin M1: Prevalence and decontamination strategies in milk and milk products. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:418-27. [PMID: 25853494 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.958051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk is among the most carcinogenic compounds, relatively high levels being consumed, especially by the most vulnerable age groups, i.e. infants and the elderly. Reports on its prevalence are constantly being received from various parts of the world compelling nations to establish their own standard limits for AFM1. Global review of the literature indicates the existence of methods of partial decontamination of AFM1, however; evidence based studies do not suggest that any single strategy as a coherent and complete solution to the issue. Microbial decontamination of AFM1 has emerged as the most suitable method up to now but the stability of toxin-microbial cell complexes still remains questionable. This review discusses the chemical nature, established maximum permissible limits and prevalence of AFM1 in various countries from 2009 to 2014. Moreover, the possible mechanisms for AFM1 reduction mainly the microbial decontamination and the stability and bioaccessibility of microbial-AFM1 complexes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ismail
- a Department of Food Science and Technology , Bahauddin Zakariya University, Food Science and Technology , Multan , Pakistan and
| | - Saeed Akhtar
- a Department of Food Science and Technology , Bahauddin Zakariya University, Food Science and Technology , Multan , Pakistan and
| | - Robert E Levin
- b Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Tariq Ismail
- a Department of Food Science and Technology , Bahauddin Zakariya University, Food Science and Technology , Multan , Pakistan and
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- a Department of Food Science and Technology , Bahauddin Zakariya University, Food Science and Technology , Multan , Pakistan and
| | - Mamoona Amir
- a Department of Food Science and Technology , Bahauddin Zakariya University, Food Science and Technology , Multan , Pakistan and
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Pleadin J, Vulić A, Perši N, Škrivanko M, Capek B, Cvetnić Ž. Annual and regional variations of aflatoxin B1 levels seen in grains and feed coming from Croatian dairy farms over a 5-year period. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Fernandes PJ, Barros N, Santo JL, Câmara JS. High-Throughput Analytical Strategy Based on Modified QuEChERS Extraction and Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction Clean-up Followed by Liquid Chromatography-Triple-Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Quantification of Multiclass Mycotoxins in Cereals. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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