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Guan B, Hong H, Kim M, Lu J, Moore MD. Evaluating the Potential of Ozone Microbubbles for Inactivation of Tulane Virus, a Human Norovirus Surrogate. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23184-23192. [PMID: 38854534 PMCID: PMC11154720 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficacy of low-dose ozone microbubble solution and conventional aqueous ozone as inactivation agents against Tulane virus samples in water over a short period of time. Noroviruses are the primary cause of foodborne illnesses in the US, and the development of effective inactivation agents is crucial. Ozone has a high oxidizing ability and naturally decomposes to oxygen, but it has limitations due to its low dissolution rate, solubility, and stability. Ozone microbubbles have been promising in enhancing inactivation, but little research has been done on their efficacy against noroviruses. The study examined the influence of the dissolved ozone concentration, inactivation duration, and presence of organic matter during inactivation. The results showed that ozone microbubbles had a longer half-life (14 ± 0.81 min) than aqueous ozone (3 ± 0.35 min). After 2, 10, and 20 min postgeneration, the ozone concentration of microbubbles naturally decreased from 4 ppm to 3.2 ± 0.2, 2.26 ± 0.19, and 1.49 ± 0.23 ppm and resulted in 1.43 ± 0.44, 0.88 ± 0.5, and 0.68 ± 0.53 log10 viral reductions, respectively, while the ozone concentration of aqueous ozone decreased from 4 ppm to 2.52 ± 0.07, 0.43 ± 0.05, and 0.09 ± 0.01 ppm and produced 0.8 ± 0.28, 0.29 ± 0.41, and 0.16 ± 0.21 log10 reductions against Tulane virus, respectively (p = 0.0526), suggesting that structuring of ozone in the bubbles over the applied treatment conditions did not have a significant effect, though future study with continuous generation of ozone microbubbles is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhong Guan
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Haknyeong Hong
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jiakai Lu
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Matthew D. Moore
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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2
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Tadeu AD, Duarte J, Trindade D, Costa P, Venâncio C, Lopes I, Oliveira V, Gomes NCM, Almeida A, Pereira C. Bacteriophages to control Vibrio alginolyticus in live feeds prior to their administration in larviculture. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae115. [PMID: 38710582 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of two phages [VB_VaC_TDDLMA (phage TDD) and VB_VaC_SRILMA (phage SRI)] alone and in a cocktail to control Vibrio alginolyticus in brine shrimp before their administration in larviculture. METHODS AND RESULTS Phages were isolated from seawater samples and characterized by host spectrum, growth parameters, adsorption rate, genomic analysis, and inactivation efficiency. Both phages belong to the Caudoviricetes class and lack known virulence or antibiotic-resistance genes. They exhibit specificity, infecting only their host, V. alginolyticus CECT 521. Preliminary experiments in a culture medium showed that phage TDD (reduction of 5.8 log CFU ml-1 after 10 h) outperformed phage SRI (reduction of 4.6 log CFU ml-1 after 6 h) and the cocktail TDD/SRI (reduction of 5.2 log CFU ml-1 after 8 h). In artificial marine water experiments with Artemia franciscana, both single phage suspensions and the phage cocktail, effectively inactivated V. alginolyticus in culture water (reduction of 4.3, 2.1, and 1.9 log CFU ml-1 for phages TDD, SRI, and the phage cocktail, respectively, after 12 h) and in A. franciscana (reduction of 51.6%, 87.3%, and 85.3% for phages TDD, SRI, and the phage cocktail, respectively, after 24 h). The two phages and the phage cocktail did not affect A. franciscana natural microbiota or other Vibrio species in the brine shrimp. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that phages can safely and effectively control V. alginolyticus in A. franciscana prior to its administration in larviculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Dias Tadeu
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Duarte
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - David Trindade
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Costa
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Venâncio
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Lopes
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Oliveira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Newton C M Gomes
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Pereira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Carral L, Lamas-Galdo MI, Buenhombre JLM, Barros JJC, Naya S, Tarrio-Saavedra J. Application of residuals from purification of bivalve molluscs in Galician to facilitate marine ecosystem resiliency through artificial reefs with shells - One generation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159095. [PMID: 36181815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The seas and oceans of the planet provide a wide range of essential resources. However, marine ecosystems are undergoing severe degradation due to the unsustainable exploitation and consumption patterns of the linear economy. On the other hand, many economic activities linked to the sea generate a large amount of waste, leading to negative impacts, such as the cost of treating or disposing of this waste. A case in point is bivalve mollusc production: a purification process is needed to avoid the risk of diseases through faecal contamination. The present work proposes an innovative procedure to convert this waste, calcium carbonate as calcite and aragonite allotropic types, into by-products. These by-products can be used to manufacture green artificial reefs, partially replacing concrete aggregates with a sustainable alternative to the geological sources of CaCO3. By installing these reefs, marine ecosystems could be created in a sustainable way and an innovative approach based on the circular economy could be taken towards protecting them. To this end, different concrete mixtures with bivalve shells are proposed. Although this study had been carried out for Galicia (NW Spain), the methodology followed could also be valid for other regions. A physicochemical characterisation of the waste from purifying the bivalves, including oysters, mussels, clams and scallops, was performed. Statistical and multi-criteria analyses were done in order to select the best dosage. Both have provided justification for using a mixture of shells with a predominance of calcite (oyster, scallop) instead of shells with a predominance of aragonite. The multi-criteria analysis served to identify the two best alternatives with dosages in which the medium aggregates were substituted with shells mainly from oysters, with a predominance of calcite. Finally, the statistical analysis played a role in estimating the compressive strength and water absorption of each mixture from the design parameter values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carral
- Escuela Politécnica de Ingeniería de Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, Spain.
| | | | | | | | - Salvador Naya
- Escuela Politécnica de Ingeniería de Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, Spain
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Campbell VM, Chouljenko A, Hall SG. Depuration of live oysters to reduce Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus: A review of ecology and processing parameters. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3480-3506. [PMID: 35638353 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of raw oysters, whether wild-caught or aquacultured, may increase health risks for humans. Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are two potentially pathogenic bacteria that can be concentrated in oysters during filter feeding. As Vibrio abundance increases in coastal waters worldwide, ingesting raw oysters contaminated with V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus can possibly result in human illness and death in susceptible individuals. Depuration is a postharvest processing method that maintains oyster viability while they filter clean salt water that either continuously flows through a holding tank or is recirculated and replenished periodically. This process can reduce endogenous bacteria, including coliforms, thus providing a safer, live oyster product for human consumption; however, depuration of Vibrios has presented challenges. When considering the difficulty of removing endogenous Vibrios in oysters, a more standardized framework of effective depuration parameters is needed. Understanding Vibrio ecology and its relation to certain depuration parameters could help optimize the process for the reduction of Vibrio. In the past, researchers have manipulated key depuration parameters like depuration processing time, water salinity, water temperature, and water flow rate and explored the use of processing additives to enhance disinfection in oysters. In summation, depuration processing from 4 to 6 days, low temperature, high salinity, and flowing water effectively reduced V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus in live oysters. This review aims to emphasize trends among the results of these past works and provide suggestions for future oyster depuration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vashti M Campbell
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander Chouljenko
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven G Hall
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Kim G, Park G, Kang S, Lee S, Park J, Ha J, Park K, Kang M, Cho M, Shin H. Applicability Evaluation of Male-Specific Coliphage-Based Detection Methods for Microbial Contamination Tracking. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1709-1715. [PMID: 34675140 PMCID: PMC9705999 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2110.10003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of food poisoning due to the consumption of norovirus-contaminated shellfish continue to occur. Male-specific (F+) coliphage has been suggested as an indicator of viral species due to the association with animal and human wastes. Here, we compared two methods, the double agar overlay and the quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR)-based method, for evaluating the applicability of F+ coliphage-based detection technique in microbial contamination tracking of shellfish samples. The RT-PCR-based method showed 1.6-39 times higher coliphage PFU values from spiked shellfish samples, in relation to the double agar overlay method. These differences indicated that the RT-PCR-based technique can detect both intact viruses and non-particle-protected viral DNA/RNA, suggesting that the RT-PCR based method could be a more efficient tool for tracking microbial contamination in shellfish. However, the virome information on F+ coliphage-contaminated oyster samples revealed that the high specificity of the RT-PCR- based method has a limitation in microbial contamination tracking due to the genomic diversity of F+ coliphages. Further research on the development of appropriate primer sets for microbial contamination tracking is therefore necessary. This study provides preliminary insight that should be examined in the search for suitable microbial contamination tracking methods to control the sanitation of shellfish and related seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyungcheon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwoncheol Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Ha
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunbawui Park
- Food Safety and Processing Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Kang
- Division of Biotechnology, SELS Center, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cho
- Division of Biotechnology, SELS Center, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors M. Cho Phone: +82-63-850-0845 Fax: +82-63-850-0834 E-mail:
| | - Hakdong Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea,
H. Shin Phone: +82-2-6935-2525 Fax: +82-2-3408-4319 E-mail:
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Lattos A, Chaligiannis I, Papadopoulos D, Giantsis IA, Petridou EI, Vafeas G, Staikou A, Michaelidis B. How Safe to Eat Are Raw Bivalves? Host Pathogenic and Public Health Concern Microbes within Mussels, Oysters, and Clams in Greek Markets. Foods 2021; 10:2793. [PMID: 34829074 PMCID: PMC8623680 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw-bivalves consumption is a wide trend in Mediterranean countries. Despite the unambiguous nutritional value of seafood, raw consumption of bivalves may involve risks that could pose a significant threat to consumers' health. Their filter-feeding behavior is responsible for the potential hosting of a wide variety of microorganisms, either pathogenic for the bivalves or public health threats. Under this prism, the current study was conducted in an effort to evaluate the risk of eating raw bivalves originating from the two biggest seafood markets in Thessaloniki, the largest production area of bivalves in Greece. Both microbiological and molecular methodologies were applied in order to assess the presence of various harmful microbes, including noroviruses, Bonamia, Marteilia, Esherichia coli, Salmonella, and Vibrio. Results indicated the presence of several Vibrio strains in the analyzed samples, of which the halophilic Vibrio harveyi was verified by 16S rRNA sequencing; other than this, no enteropathogenic Vibrio spp. was detected. Furthermore, although Esherichia coli was detected in several samples, it was mostly below the European Union (EU) legislation thresholds. Interestingly, the non-target Photobacterium damselae was also detected, which is associated with both wound infections in human and aquatic animals. Regarding host pathogenic microorganisms, apart from Vibrio harveyi, the protozoan parasite Marteilia refrigens was identified in oysters, highlighting the continuous infection of this bivalve in Greece. In conclusion, bivalves can be generally characterized as a safe-to-eat raw food, hosting more bivalve pathogenic microbes than those of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Lattos
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ilias Chaligiannis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioannis A. Giantsis
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece
| | - Evanthia I. Petridou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - George Vafeas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece;
| | - Alexandra Staikou
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.C.); (D.P.); (B.M.)
- Environmental Control and Research Laboratory, Region of Central Macedonia, 54625 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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Battistini R, Masotti C, Listorti V, Suffredini E, Maurella C, Garcia-Vozmediano A, Costa E, Iacona F, Orlandi M, Ercolini C, Serracca L. Norovirus Persistence in Oysters to Prolonged Commercial Purification. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080944. [PMID: 34451408 PMCID: PMC8401112 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Depuration is generally the main treatment employed for bivalve mollusks harvested from contaminated sites. Commercial depuration has demonstrated to be effective for removal of bacterial pathogens, although it probably provides only limited efficacy against human enteric viruses. We evaluated the quantitative reduction of norovirus (NoV) genogroups I and II in naturally contaminated oysters after 1, 4, and 9 days of depuration. The process was conducted in an authorized depuration plant, and NoV concentration was determined by RT-qPCR according to ISO 15216-1:2017 method. Regardless of the NoV genogroup, our results showed no significant reduction in NoV concentration after 1 day of depuration. Higher mean reduction (68%) was obtained after 4 days of treatment, while no further increase was observed after 9 days. Overall, reduction was highly variable, and none of the trials showed statistically significant reduction in NoV RNA concentration at the end of each depuration period. Indeed, NoV concentration remained high in 70% of samples even after 9 days of depuration, with values ranging between 4.0 × 102 and 2.3 × 104 g.c./g. These results indicate that an extension of commercial depuration time does not appear to be effective for reducing or eliminating NoV in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Battistini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (C.M.); (V.L.); (C.M.); (A.G.-V.); (C.E.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Chiara Masotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (C.M.); (V.L.); (C.M.); (A.G.-V.); (C.E.); (L.S.)
| | - Valeria Listorti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (C.M.); (V.L.); (C.M.); (A.G.-V.); (C.E.); (L.S.)
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristiana Maurella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (C.M.); (V.L.); (C.M.); (A.G.-V.); (C.E.); (L.S.)
| | - Aitor Garcia-Vozmediano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (C.M.); (V.L.); (C.M.); (A.G.-V.); (C.E.); (L.S.)
| | - Erica Costa
- Liguria Local Health Unit-ASL 5, Complex Unit of Hygiene of Foods and Animal Origin, 19122 La Spezia, Italy; (E.C.); (F.I.); (M.O.)
| | - Francesco Iacona
- Liguria Local Health Unit-ASL 5, Complex Unit of Hygiene of Foods and Animal Origin, 19122 La Spezia, Italy; (E.C.); (F.I.); (M.O.)
| | - Mino Orlandi
- Liguria Local Health Unit-ASL 5, Complex Unit of Hygiene of Foods and Animal Origin, 19122 La Spezia, Italy; (E.C.); (F.I.); (M.O.)
| | - Carlo Ercolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (C.M.); (V.L.); (C.M.); (A.G.-V.); (C.E.); (L.S.)
| | - Laura Serracca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (C.M.); (V.L.); (C.M.); (A.G.-V.); (C.E.); (L.S.)
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Yang M, Zhao F, Tong L, Wang S, Zhou D. Contamination, bioaccumulation mechanism, detection, and control of human norovirus in bivalve shellfish: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8972-8985. [PMID: 34184956 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1937510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a major foodborne pathogen that causes acute viral gastroenteritis, and bivalve shellfish are one of the main carriers of HuNoV transmission. A comprehensive understanding of bivalve shellfish-related HuNoV outbreaks focusing on contamination factors, bioaccumulation mechanisms, and pre- and post-harvest interventions is essential for the development of effective strategies to prevent contamination of shellfish. This review comprehensively surveys the current knowledge on global contamination and non-thermal treatment of HuNoV in bivalve shellfish. HuNoV contamination in bivalve shellfish is significantly related to the season and water. While evaluating the water quality of shellfish-inhabited waters is a key intervention, the development of non-heat treatment technology to effectively inactivate the HuNoV in bivalve shellfish while maintaining the flavor and nutrition of the shellfish is also an important direction for further research. Additionally, this review explores the bioaccumulation mechanisms of HuNoV in bivalve shellfish, especially the mechanism underlying the binding of histo-blood group antigen-like molecules and HuNoV. The detection methods for infectious HuNoV are also discussed. The establishment of effective methods to rapidly detect infectious HuNoV and development of biological components to inactivate or prevent HuNoV contamination in shellfish also need to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lihui Tong
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Deqing Zhou
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Duarte J, Pereira C, Costa P, Almeida A. Bacteriophages with Potential to Inactivate Aeromonas hydrophila in Cockles: In Vitro and In Vivo Preliminary Studies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060710. [PMID: 34204770 PMCID: PMC8231581 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The recurrent emergence of infection outbreaks associated with shellfish consumption is of extreme importance for public health. The present study investigated the potential application of phages AH-1, AH-4, and AH-5 to inactivate Aeromonas hydrophila, a causative agent of infections in humans associated with bivalve shellfish consumption. The inactivation of A. hydrophila was assessed in vitro, using a liquid culture medium, and in vivo, using artificially contaminated cockles with A. hydrophila ATCC 7966. In the in vitro experiments, all phages were effective against A. hydrophila, but phage AH-1 (with a maximum reduction of 7.7 log colonies forming units CFU/mL) was more effective than phages AH-4 and AH-5 (with reductions of 4.9 and 4.5 log CFU/mL, respectively). The cocktails AH-1/AH-4, AH-1/AH-5, AH-4/AH-5, and AH-1/AH-4/AH-5 were slightly more effective than the single phage suspensions. The phages presented a low emergence rate of phage-resistant mutants. When artificially contaminated cockles were treated in static seawater with phage AH-1, around 44% of the added A. hydrophila (1.0 log CFU/g) was inactivated. The results of this study suggest that phage therapy can be an effective alternative to control human pathogenic bacteria during depuration.
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Rupnik A, Doré W, Devilly L, Fahy J, Fitzpatrick A, Schmidt W, Hunt K, Butler F, Keaveney S. Evaluation of Norovirus Reduction in Environmentally Contaminated Pacific Oysters During Laboratory Controlled and Commercial Depuration. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:229-240. [PMID: 33649884 PMCID: PMC8116253 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus contamination of oysters is the lead cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis and a significant food safety concern for the oyster industry. Here, norovirus reduction from Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), contaminated in the marine environment, was studied in laboratory depuration trials and in two commercial settings. Norovirus concentrations were measured in oyster digestive tissue before, during and post-depuration using the ISO 15216-1 quantitative real-time RT-PCR method. Results of the laboratory-based studies demonstrate that statistically significant reductions of up to 74% of the initial norovirus GII concentration was achieved after 3 days at 17-21 °C and after 4 days at 11-15 °C, compared to 44% reduction at 7-9 °C. In many trials norovirus GII concentrations were reduced to levels below 100 genome copies per gram (gcg-1; limit of quantitation; LOQ). Virus reduction was also assessed in commercial depuration systems, routinely used by two Irish oyster producers. Up to 68% reduction was recorded for norovirus GI and up to 90% for norovirus GII reducing the geometric mean virus concentration close to or below the LOQ. In both commercial settings there was a significant difference between the levels of reduction of norovirus GI compared to GII (p < 0.05). Additionally, the ability to reduce the norovirus concentration in oysters to < LOQ differed when contaminated with concentrations below and above 1000 gcg-1. These results indicate that depuration, carried out at elevated (> 11 °C) water temperatures for at least 3 days, can reduce the concentration of norovirus in oysters and therefore consumer exposure providing a practical risk management tool for the shellfish industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James Fahy
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Ireland
| | | | | | - Kevin Hunt
- Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francis Butler
- Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Sharp JH, Clements K, Diggens M, McDonald JE, Malham SK, Jones DL. E. coli Is a Poor End-Product Criterion for Assessing the General Microbial Risk Posed From Consuming Norovirus Contaminated Shellfish. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:608888. [PMID: 33679634 PMCID: PMC7933002 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.608888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fecal indicator organism (FIO) Escherichia coli is frequently used as a general indicator of sewage contamination and for evaluating the success of shellfish cleaning (depuration) processes. To evaluate the robustness of this approach, the accumulation, retention, and depuration of non-pathogenic E. coli, pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 and norovirus GII (NoV GII) RNA were evaluated using a combination of culture-based (E. coli) and molecular methods (E. coli, NoV GII) after exposure of mussels (Mytilus edulis) to water contaminated with human feces. We simulated water contamination after a point-source release from a combined sewer overflow (CSO) where untreated wastewater is released directly into the coastal zone. All three microbiological indicators accumulated rapidly in the mussels, reaching close to maximum concentration within 3 h of exposure, demonstrating that short CSO discharges pose an immediate threat to shellfish harvesting areas. Depuration (72 h) in clean water proved partially successful at removing both pathogenic and non-pathogenic E. coli from shellfish tissue, but failed to eradicate NoV GII RNA. We conclude that current EU standards for evaluating microbiological risk in shellfish are inadequate for protecting consumers against exposure to human norovirus GII found in polluted marine waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine H Sharp
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Clements
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom.,School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Mallory Diggens
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - James E McDonald
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom.,UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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12
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13
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Pereira C, Costa P, Duarte J, Balcão VM, Almeida A. Phage therapy as a potential approach in the biocontrol of pathogenic bacteria associated with shellfish consumption. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 338:108995. [PMID: 33316593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious human diseases acquired from bivalve shellfish consumption constitute a public health threat. These health threats are largely related to the filter-feeding phenomenon, by which bivalve organisms retain and concentrate pathogenic bacteria from their surrounding waters. Even after depuration, bivalve shellfish are still involved in outbreaks caused by pathogenic bacteria, which increases the demand for new and efficient strategies to control transmission of shellfish infection. Bacteriophage (or phage) therapy represents a promising, tailor-made approach to control human pathogens in bivalves, but its success depends on a deep understanding of several factors that include the bacterial communities present in the harvesting waters, the appropriate selection of phage particles, the multiplicity of infection that produces the best bacterial inactivation, chemical and physical factors, the emergence of phage-resistant bacterial mutants and the life cycle of bivalves. This review discusses the need to advance phage therapy research for bivalve decontamination, highlighting their efficiency as an antimicrobial strategy and identifying critical aspects to successfully apply this therapy to control human pathogens associated with bivalve consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pereira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Costa
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Duarte
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Victor M Balcão
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; PhageLab-Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, 18023-000 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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14
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Habibi-Yangjeh A, Asadzadeh-Khaneghah S, Feizpoor S, Rouhi A. Review on heterogeneous photocatalytic disinfection of waterborne, airborne, and foodborne viruses: Can we win against pathogenic viruses? J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 580:503-514. [PMID: 32711201 PMCID: PMC7361121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial pathogenic contaminations have world widely represented a serious health hazard to humans. Viruses, as a member of microbial contaminants, seriously threaten human health due to their high environmental resistance, having small sizes, and causing an extensive range of diseases. Therefore, selecting an appropriate technology to remove viral contaminants from the air, water, and foods is of prominent significance. Traditional methods for viral disinfection have not proven to be highly practical and effective because they need high energy resources and operational expenses. In recent years, semiconductor-based photocatalysis has attracted more attention in the field of microorganism inactivation due to its outstanding performance and mild reaction conditions. Therefore, this review primarily concentrates on the recent development in viral inactivation/disinfection by heterogeneous photocatalysts. Moreover, the photocatalytic viral inactivation of waterborne, airborne, and foodborne viruses is discussed. Given the appealing merits of heterogeneous photocatalytic disinfection of viruses, there is no doubt that this technology will be an impressively active research field and a source of comfort and confidence to humans in battling against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Habibi-Yangjeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran; Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Group, Mineral and Drinking Waters Research Group, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
| | | | - Solmaz Feizpoor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Afsar Rouhi
- Department of English Language, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
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15
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Suffredini E, Le Q, Di Pasquale S, Pham T, Vicenza T, Losardo M, To K, De Medici D. Occurrence and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in bivalve shellfish marketed in Vietnam. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Martinez-Albores A, Lopez-Santamarina A, Rodriguez JA, Ibarra IS, Mondragón ADC, Miranda JM, Lamas A, Cepeda A. Complementary Methods to Improve the Depuration of Bivalves: A Review. Foods 2020; 9:E129. [PMID: 31991702 PMCID: PMC7074382 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bivalves are filter feeders that can accumulate and concentrate waterborne contaminants present in the water in which they live. Biotoxins, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and heavy metals present in the aquaculture environment constitute the main hazards for human health. The most common method employed for combating waterborne pollutants in bivalves is depuration with purified seawater. Although this method is effective at increasing the microbiological quality of bivalves, in most cases, it is ineffective at eliminating other risks, such as, for example, viruses or heavy metals. Biological (bacteriocins and bacteriophages), physical (UV light, ozone, and gamma-irradiation), chemical (metallothioneins and chitosan), and other industrial processing methods have been found to be useful for eliminating some contaminants from seawater. The aim of this work was to provide a review of academic articles concerning the use of treatments complementary to conventional depuration, aiming to improve depuration process efficiency by reducing depuration times and decreasing the levels of the most difficult-to-erase contaminants. We conclude that there are different lab-tested strategies that can reduce depuration times and increase the food safety of bivalve produce, with possible short- and long-term industrial applications that could improve the competitivity of the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antía Martinez-Albores
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos. Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.M.-A.); (A.L.-S.); (A.d.C.M.); (J.M.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Aroa Lopez-Santamarina
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos. Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.M.-A.); (A.L.-S.); (A.d.C.M.); (J.M.M.); (A.L.)
| | - José Antonio Rodriguez
- Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5, 42076 Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico; (J.A.R.); (I.S.I.)
| | - Israel Samuel Ibarra
- Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5, 42076 Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico; (J.A.R.); (I.S.I.)
| | - Alicia del Carmen Mondragón
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos. Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.M.-A.); (A.L.-S.); (A.d.C.M.); (J.M.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Jose Manuel Miranda
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos. Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.M.-A.); (A.L.-S.); (A.d.C.M.); (J.M.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Alexandre Lamas
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos. Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.M.-A.); (A.L.-S.); (A.d.C.M.); (J.M.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Alberto Cepeda
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos. Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.M.-A.); (A.L.-S.); (A.d.C.M.); (J.M.M.); (A.L.)
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17
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El Moqri N, El Mellouli F, Hassou N, Benhafid M, Abouchoaib N, Etahiri S. Norovirus Detection at Oualidia Lagoon, a Moroccan Shellfish Harvesting Area, by Reverse Transcription PCR Analysis. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:268-273. [PMID: 30982112 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in the world. These outbreaks are frequently associated with bivalve shellfish consumption, particularly because these products are often eaten raw or only slightly cooked. In Morocco, regulations concerning the acceptable levels of enteric bacteria indicator organisms in these products have been put in place. However, these regulations do not take into account the risk of viral contamination, and many gastroenteritis outbreaks have been linked to the ingestion of bivalve shellfish from areas that comply with the current food safety criteria. The aim of this study was to investigate NoV presence in shellfish samples (n = 104) collected at four sites owcff Oualidia lagoon (Moroccan Atlantic coast) from November 2015 to February 2017. Samples were analysed using real-time RT-PCR in accordance with the ISO 15216-2 method. NoVs of the genogroup II were detected in 7% of samples that were all collected during the winter months. Moreover, 71% of NoV-positive samples were harvested at sites upstream of the lagoon. These results highlight the need of regularly monitoring viral contamination in bivalve shellfish to limit the risk of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- N El Moqri
- Marine Biotechnology and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco.
| | - F El Mellouli
- Casablanca Regional Research and Analysis Laboratory of National Office of Sanitary Safety and Food Products (ONSSA), Casablanca, Nouaceur, Morocco
| | - N Hassou
- Marine Biotechnology and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - M Benhafid
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - N Abouchoaib
- Casablanca Regional Research and Analysis Laboratory of National Office of Sanitary Safety and Food Products (ONSSA), Casablanca, Nouaceur, Morocco
| | - S Etahiri
- Marine Biotechnology and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco
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18
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Fiorito F, Amoroso MG, Lambiase S, Serpe FP, Bruno T, Scaramuzzo A, Maglio P, Fusco G, Esposito M. A relationship between environmental pollutants and enteric viruses in mussels(Mytilus galloprovincialis). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:156-162. [PMID: 30458351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mussels can be affected by environmental contaminants, as non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and cadmium (Cd). Moreover, mussels may concentrate human enteric viruses, like noroviruses (NoVGI/GII), astrovirus (AsV) and rotavirus (RV). Herein, to establish a relationship between environmental and viral contamination, with the aim to ensure human food safety, both chemical and microbiological analysis were carried out in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis, farmed in Campania region (Italy). Chemical analysis revealed ranges below the European maximum limits, and were: ∑6 NDL-PCBs (28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) 0.579-16.857 ng g-1 wet weight (ww); BaP LOQ (<0.2 µg kg-1)- 2.9 µg kg-1 ww, and ∑4 PAHs (BaA, CHR, BbFA, BaP) 0.7-23.7 µg kg-1 ww; Cd LOQ (<0.005 mg kg-1)- 0.078 mg kg-1 ww. In addition, mussels exhibited a prevalence of NoVGI (18%), NoVGII (43%), AsV (40%), RV (30%) and the presence of more than one viruses resulted in about 35%. Overall, a simultaneous contamination, both chemical and viral, was found in 62% of samples. Interestingly, virus-positive mussels showed levels of chemicals higher than negative ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Fiorito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, via Salute 2, Portici, NA, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, via Salute 2, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Sara Lambiase
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, via Salute 2, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Serpe
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, via Salute 2, Portici, NA, Italy.
| | - Teresa Bruno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, via Salute 2, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Alfredo Scaramuzzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, via Salute 2, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Pasquale Maglio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, via Salute 2, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, via Salute 2, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Mauro Esposito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, via Salute 2, Portici, NA, Italy
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19
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Cho K, Lee C, Park S, Kim JH, Choi YS, Kim MS, Koo ES, Yoon HJ, Kang JH, Jeong YS, Choi JD, Ko G. Use of coliphages to investigate norovirus contamination in a shellfish growing area in Republic of Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30044-30055. [PMID: 30076551 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2857-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A number of severe norovirus outbreaks due to the consumption of contaminated shellfish have been reported recently. In this study, we evaluated the distribution of coliphage densities to determine their efficacy as fecal indicators of enteric viruses, including noroviruses, in water samples collected from a shellfish growing area in Republic of Korea over a period of approximately 1 year. Male-specific and somatic coliphages in water samples were analyzed using the single agar layer method, and norovirus genogroups I and II, which infect mainly humans, were analyzed using duplex reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Male-specific and somatic coliphages were detected widely throughout the study area. Several environmental parameters, including salinity, precipitation, temperature, and wind speed were significantly correlated with coliphage concentrations (P < 0.05). Moreover, the concentrations of male-specific coliphages were positively correlated with the presence of human noroviruses (r = 0.443; P < 0.01). The geospatial analysis with coliphage concentrations using a geographic information system revealed that densely populated residential areas were the major source of fecal contamination. Our results indicate that coliphage monitoring in water could be a useful approach to prevent norovirus contamination in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuseon Cho
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheonghoon Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - SungJun Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- N-Bio, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwi Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University, 1 Pildong-ro, Jung-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seon Choi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Su Kim
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung Seo Koo
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Yoon
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-gil, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyon Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University, 1 Pildong-ro, Jung-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Jeong
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Duck Choi
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-gil, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- N-Bio, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Rupnik A, Keaveney S, Devilly L, Butler F, Doré W. The Impact of Winter Relocation and Depuration on Norovirus Concentrations in Pacific Oysters Harvested from a Commercial Production Site. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:288-296. [PMID: 29725931 PMCID: PMC6096948 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-018-9345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Oysters contaminated with norovirus present a significant public health risk when consumed raw. In this study, norovirus genome copy concentrations were determined in Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas) harvested from a sewage-impacted production site and then subjected to site-specific management procedures. These procedures consisted of relocation of oysters to an alternative production area during the norovirus high-risk winter periods (November to March) followed by an extended depuration (self-purification) under controlled temperature conditions. Significant differences in norovirus RNA concentrations were demonstrated at each point in the management process. Thirty-one percent of oyster samples from the main harvest area (Site 1) contained norovirus concentrations > 500 genome copies/g and 29% contained norovirus concentrations < 100 genome copies/g. By contrast, no oyster sample from the alternative harvest area (Site 2) or following depuration contained norovirus concentrations > 500 genome copies/g. In addition, 60 and 88% of oysters samples contained norovirus concentrations < 100 genome copies/g in oysters sampled from Site 2 and following depuration, respectively. These data demonstrate that site-specific management processes, supported by norovirus monitoring, can be an effective strategy to reduce, but not eliminate, consumer exposure to norovirus genome copies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francis Butler
- Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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McMenemy P, Kleczkowski A, Lees DN, Lowther J, Taylor N. A model for estimating pathogen variability in shellfish and predicting minimum depuration times. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29513747 PMCID: PMC5841822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis, with shellfish consumption being identified as one potential norovirus entry point into the human population. Minimising shellfish norovirus levels is therefore important for both the consumer’s protection and the shellfish industry’s reputation. One method used to reduce microbiological risks in shellfish is depuration; however, this process also presents additional costs to industry. Providing a mechanism to estimate norovirus levels during depuration would therefore be useful to stakeholders. This paper presents a mathematical model of the depuration process and its impact on norovirus levels found in shellfish. Two fundamental stages of norovirus depuration are considered: (i) the initial distribution of norovirus loads within a shellfish population and (ii) the way in which the initial norovirus loads evolve during depuration. Realistic assumptions are made about the dynamics of norovirus during depuration, and mathematical descriptions of both stages are derived and combined into a single model. Parameters to describe the depuration effect and norovirus load values are derived from existing norovirus data obtained from U.K. harvest sites. However, obtaining population estimates of norovirus variability is time-consuming and expensive; this model addresses the issue by assuming a ‘worst case scenario’ for variability of pathogens, which is independent of mean pathogen levels. The model is then used to predict minimum depuration times required to achieve norovirus levels which fall within possible risk management levels, as well as predictions of minimum depuration times for other water-borne pathogens found in shellfish. Times for Escherichia coli predicted by the model all fall within the minimum 42 hours required for class B harvest sites, whereas minimum depuration times for norovirus and FRNA+ bacteriophage are substantially longer. Thus this study provides relevant information and tools to assist norovirus risk managers with future control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul McMenemy
- Computing Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, United Kingdom
- Epidemiology Team, CEFAS, Weymouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Adam Kleczkowski
- Computing Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Nick Taylor
- Epidemiology Team, CEFAS, Weymouth, United Kingdom
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Torok V, Hodgson K, McLeod C, Tan J, Malhi N, Turnbull A. National survey of foodborne viruses in Australian oysters at production. Food Microbiol 2018; 69:196-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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A preliminary study on a novel sea water disinfection process by a peroxy-acid compound to complement and improve the microbial depuration of clams (Ruditapes philippinarum). Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Hodgson KR, Torok VA, Turnbull AR. Bacteriophages as enteric viral indicators in bivalve mollusc management. Food Microbiol 2017; 65:284-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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McLeod C, Polo D, Le Saux JC, Le Guyader FS. Depuration and Relaying: A Review on Potential Removal of Norovirus from Oysters. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:692-706. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine McLeod
- Seafood Safety Assessment Ltd.; Hillcrest Isle of Skye IV44 8RG Scotland
| | - David Polo
- Ifremer, Laboratoire de Microbiologie; LSEM/SG2M; 44300 Nantes France
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Hassard F, Sharp JH, Taft H, LeVay L, Harris JP, McDonald JE, Tuson K, Wilson J, Jones DL, Malham SK. Critical Review on the Public Health Impact of Norovirus Contamination in Shellfish and the Environment: A UK Perspective. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:123-141. [PMID: 28176295 PMCID: PMC5429388 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We review the risk of norovirus (NoV) infection to the human population from consumption of contaminated shellfish. From a UK perspective, risk is apportioned for different vectors of NoV infection within the population. NoV spreads mainly by person-to-person contact or via unsanitary food handling. NoV also enters the coastal zone via wastewater discharges resulting in contamination of shellfish waters. Typically, NoV persists in the marine environment for several days, with its presence strongly linked to human population density, wastewater discharge rate, and efficacy of wastewater treatment. Shellfish bioaccumulate NoV and current post-harvest depuration is inefficient in its removal. While NoV can be inactivated by cooking (e.g. mussels), consumption of contaminated raw shellfish (e.g. oysters) represents a risk to human health. Consumption of contaminated food accounts for 3-11% of NoV cases in the UK (~74,000 cases/year), of which 16% are attributable to oyster consumption (11,800 cases/year). However, environmental and human factors influencing NoV infectivity remain poorly understood. Lack of standard methods for accurate quantification of infective and non-infective (damaged) NoV particles represent a major barrier, hampering identification of an appropriate lower NoV contamination limit for shellfish. Future management strategies may include shellfish quality assessment (at point of harvest or at point of supply) or harvesting controls. However, poor understanding of NoV inactivation in shellfish and the environment currently limits accurate apportionment and risk assessment for NoV and hence the identification of appropriate shellfish or environmental quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Hassard
- Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
| | | | - Helen Taft
- School of Environment, Natural Resources & Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Lewis LeVay
- Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
| | - John P Harris
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK
| | - James E McDonald
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Karen Tuson
- Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
| | - James Wilson
- Bangor Mussel Producers Ltd., Victoria House, Plas Llwyd Terrace, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 1UB, UK
| | - David L Jones
- School of Environment, Natural Resources & Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK.
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27
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Fusco G, Di Bartolo I, Cioffi B, Ianiro G, Palermo P, Monini M, Amoroso MG. Prevalence of Foodborne Viruses in Mussels in Southern Italy. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:187-194. [PMID: 28054332 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the prevalence of various enteric viruses in Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel) belonging to class A and class B mollusc-harvesting areas in the Campania region in southern Italy was evaluated. One hundred and eight mussels were analysed using real-time reverse transcription PCR during a 2-year collection period (2014-2015) to detect the following viruses: human norovirus (genogroups I and II), rotavirus, astrovirus, sapovirus, aichivirus, hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus. Overall, 50.93% of mussels were contaminated by at least one of the tested viruses. Of these virus-positive mussels, 63.63% were contaminated by two or more viruses. In 2014, only three of the eight investigated viruses were detected: astrovirus, sapovirus and aichivirus, whereas in 2015, seven of the eight viruses were detected (only hepatitis E virus was not identified). Astrovirus was the most frequently detected virus in both sampling periods. In 2014, sapovirus was detected at the same frequency as astrovirus (16.00%), followed by aichivirus (8%). In 2015, astrovirus (32.53%) was most frequently detected, followed by norovirus GII (26.50%), sapovirus (18.07%), hepatitis A virus (16.87%), rotavirus (16.87%), aichivirus (13.25%) and norovirus GI (12.05%).This study describes, for the first time, the presence of aichivirus and sapovirus in mussels in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Fusco
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vial Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Cioffi
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ianiro
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vial Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Palermo
- Veterinarian Epidemiological Surveillance Center, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Marina Monini
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vial Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
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28
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Le Mennec C, Parnaudeau S, Rumebe M, Le Saux JC, Piquet JC, Le Guyader SF. Follow-Up of Norovirus Contamination in an Oyster Production Area Linked to Repeated Outbreaks. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:54-61. [PMID: 27613529 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A production area repeatedly implicated in oyster-related gastroenteritis in France was studied for several months over 2 years. Outbreaks and field samples were analyzed by undertaking triplicate extractions, followed by norovirus (NoV) detection using triplicate wells for genomic amplification. This approach allowed us to demonstrate that some variabilities can be observed for samples with a low level of contamination, but most samples analyzed gave reproducible results. At the first outbreak, implicated oysters were collected at the beginning of the contamination event, which was reflected by the higher NoV levels during the first month of the study. During the second year, NoV concentrations in samples implicated in outbreaks and collected from the production area were similar, confirming the failure of the shellfish depuration process. Contamination was detected mainly during winter-spring months, and a high prevalence of NoV GI contamination was observed. A half-life of 18 days was calculated from NoV concentrations detected in oysters during this study, showing a very slow decrease of the contamination in the production area. Preventing the contamination of coastal waters should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Le Mennec
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M-RBE, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Sylvain Parnaudeau
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M-RBE, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Myriam Rumebe
- Laboratoire Environnement Ressources, ODE, Ifremer, Arcachon, France
| | - Jean-Claude Le Saux
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M-RBE, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Jean-Côme Piquet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M-RBE, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - S Françoise Le Guyader
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M-RBE, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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29
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Kim SH, Shahbaz HM, Park D, Chun S, Lee W, Oh JW, Lee DU, Park J. A combined treatment of UV-assisted TiO2 photocatalysis and high hydrostatic pressure to inactivate internalized murine norovirus. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Winterbourn JB, Clements K, Lowther JA, Malham SK, McDonald JE, Jones DL. Use of Mytilus edulis biosentinels to investigate spatial patterns of norovirus and faecal indicator organism contamination around coastal sewage discharges. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 105:241-250. [PMID: 27619500 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve shellfish have the capacity to accumulate norovirus (NoV) from waters contaminated with human sewage. Consequently, shellfish represent a major vector for NoV entry into the human food chain, leading to gastrointestinal illness. Identification of areas suitable for the safe cultivation of shellfish requires an understanding of NoV behaviour upon discharge of municipal-derived sewage into coastal waters. This study exploited the potential of edible mussels (Mytilus edulis) to accumulate NoV and employed the ISO method for quantification of NoV within mussel digestive tissues. To evaluate the spatial spread of NoV from an offshore sewage discharge pipe, mesh cages of mussels were suspended from moorings deployed in a 9 km2 grid array around the outfall. Caged mussels were retrieved after 30 days and NoV (GI and GII), total coliforms and E. coli enumerated. The experimentally-derived levels of NoV GI and GII in mussels were similar with total NoV levels ranging from 7 × 101 to 1.6 × 104 genome copies g-1 shellfish digestive gland (ΣGI + GII). NoV spread from the outfall showed a distinct plume which matched very closely to predictions from the tidally-driven effluent dispersal model MIKE21. A contrasting spatial pattern was observed for coliforms (range 1.7 × 102 to 2.1 × 104 CFU 100 g-1 shellfish tissue) and E. coli (range 0-1.2 × 103 CFU 100 g-1 shellfish tissue). These data demonstrate that hydrodynamic models may help inform effective exclusion zones for bivalve harvesting, whilst coliform/E. coli concentrations do not accurately reflect viral dispersal in marine waters and contamination of shellfish by sewage-derived viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Winterbourn
- School of Environment, Natural Resources & Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Katie Clements
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL59 5AB, UK
| | - James A Lowther
- CEFAS, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL59 5AB, UK
| | - James E McDonald
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Environment, Natural Resources & Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
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31
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Bioaccumulation and persistence of faecal bacterial and viral indicators in Mytilus edulis and Crassostrea gigas. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:592-598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Cook N, Knight A, Richards GP. Persistence and Elimination of Human Norovirus in Food and on Food Contact Surfaces: A Critical Review. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1273-94. [PMID: 27357051 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This critical review addresses the persistence of human norovirus (NoV) in water, shellfish, and processed meats; on berries, herbs, vegetables, fruits, and salads; and on food contact surfaces. The review focuses on studies using NoV; information from studies involving only surrogates is not included. It also addresses NoV elimination or inactivation by various chemical, physical, or processing treatments. In most studies, persistence or elimination was determined by detection and quantification of the viral genome, although improved methods for determining infectivity have been proposed. NoV persisted for 60 to 728 days in water, depending on water source. It also persisted on berries, vegetables, and fruit, often showing <1-log reduction within 1 to 2 weeks. NoV was resilient on carpets, Formica, stainless steel, polyvinyl chloride, and ceramic surfaces; during shellfish depuration; and to repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Copper alloy surfaces may inactivate NoV by damaging viral capsids. Disinfection was achieved for some foods or food contact surfaces using chlorine, calcium or sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, high hydrostatic pressure, high temperatures, pH values >8.0, freeze-drying, and UV radiation. Ineffective disinfectants included hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, most ethanol-based disinfectants, and antiseptics at normally used concentrations. Thorough washing of herbs and produce was effective in reducing, but not eliminating, NoV in most products. Washing hands with soap generally reduced NoV by <2 log. Recommendations for future research needs are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Cook
- Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Angus Knight
- Leatherhead Food Research, Leatherhead, Surrey, KT22 7RY, UK
| | - Gary P Richards
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Dover, Delaware 19901, USA.
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Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Human Sapoviruses in Shellfish from Commercial Production Areas in Galicia, Spain. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:1167-1172. [PMID: 26655761 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02578-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of human forms of Sapovirus, an emerging pathogen of human gastroenteritis, was investigated in an 18-month survey from class B mollusc-harvesting areas in two Galician rias (northwest Spain). The detection and quantification of Sapovirus was performed by reverse transcription-real-time PCR, according to the recently developed standard method ISO/TS 15216-1:2013, and genotyping by reverse transcription-nested PCR. The bivalve species studied were wild and cultured mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), clams (Venerupis philippinarum and Venerupis decussata), and cockles (Cerastoderma edule). Sapovirus was detected in 30 out of 168 samples (17.9%), with cockles being the species with the highest prevalence of positives (28.1%), followed by clams (22.6%), wild mussels (14.3%), and cultured mussels (12.9%). The estuary in the south of the region demonstrated a higher percentage of positive samples (21.8%) than the one in the north (14.4%). Viral contamination levels for the positive samples ranged between 1.9 × 10(3) and 1.4 × 10(5) RNA copies/g of digestive tissue. Thirteen Sapovirus sequences could be obtained based on partial capsid gene sequence and were classified into four genotypes: GI.1 (2 samples), GI.2 (8 samples), GIV.1 (2 samples), and GV.1 (1 sample).
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34
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Bozkurt H, D'Souza DH, Davidson PM. Thermal inactivation kinetics of hepatitis A virus in homogenized clam meat (Mercenaria mercenaria). J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:834-44. [PMID: 26184406 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Epidemiological evidence suggests that hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most common pathogen transmitted by bivalve molluscs such as clams, cockles, mussels and oysters. This study aimed to generate thermal inactivation kinetics for HAV as a first step to design adequate thermal processes to control clam-associated HAV outbreaks. METHODS AND RESULTS Survivor curves and thermal death curves were generated for different treatment times (0-6 min) at different temperatures (50-72°C) and Weibull and first-order models were compared. D-values for HAV ranged from 47·37 ± 1·23 to 1·55 ± 0·12 min for the first-order model and 64·43 ± 3·47 to 1·25 ± 0·45 min for the Weibull model at temperatures from 50 to 72°C. z-Values for HAV in clams were 12·97 ± 0·59°C and 14·83 ± 0·0·28°C using the Weibull and first-order model respectively. The calculated activation energies for the first-order and Weibull model were 145 and 170 kJ mole(-1) respectively. CONCLUSION The Weibull model described the thermal inactivation behaviour of HAV better than the first-order model. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides novel and precise information on thermal inactivation kinetics of HAV in homogenized clams. This will enable reliable thermal process calculations for HAV inactivation in clams and closely related seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bozkurt
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - D H D'Souza
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - P M Davidson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
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35
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Drouaz N, Schaeffer J, Farkas T, Le Pendu J, Le Guyader FS. Tulane Virus as a Potential Surrogate To Mimic Norovirus Behavior in Oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5249-56. [PMID: 26025893 PMCID: PMC4495214 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01067-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oyster contamination by noroviruses is an important health and economic problem. The present study aimed to compare the behaviors of Norwalk virus (the prototype genogroup I norovirus) and two culturable viruses: Tulane virus and mengovirus. After bioaccumulation, tissue distributions were quite similar for Norwalk virus and Tulane virus, with the majority of viral particles detected in digestive tissues, while mengovirus was detected in large amounts in the gills and mantle as well as in digestive tissues. The levels of persistence of all three viruses over 8 days were comparable, but clear differences were observed over longer periods, with Norwalk and Tulane viruses displaying rather similar half-lives, unlike mengovirus, which was cleared more rapidly. These results indicate that Tulane virus may be a good surrogate for studying norovirus behavior in oysters, and they confirm the prolonged persistence of Norwalk virus in oyster tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Drouaz
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, Nantes, France
| | - Julien Schaeffer
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, Nantes, France
| | - Tibor Farkas
- Laboratory of Specialized Clinical Studies, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jacques Le Pendu
- INSERM, U892, CNRS, UMR6299, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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36
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Campos CJA, Avant J, Gustar N, Lowther J, Powell A, Stockley L, Lees DN. Fate of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish and Water Impacted by Frequent Sewage Pollution Events. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:8377-85. [PMID: 26125679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the fate of human noroviruses (NoV) in the marine environment is key to better controlling shellfish-related NoV gastroenteritis. We quantified NoV and Escherichia coli in sewage from storm tank discharges and treated effluent processed by a UV-disinfection plant following activated sludge treatment and studied the fate of these microorganisms in an oyster harvesting area impacted by frequent stormwater discharges and infrequent freshwater discharges. Oyster monitoring sites were positioned at intervals downstream from the wastewater treatment works (WwTW) outfall impacting the harvesting area. The decay rates of NoV in oysters as a function of the distance from the outfall were less rapid than those for E. coli that had concentrations of NoV of the same order of magnitude and were over 7 km away from the outfall. Levels of E. coli in oysters from more tidally influenced areas of the estuary were higher around high water than around low water, whereas tidal flows had no influence on NoV contamination in the oysters. The study provides comparative data on the contamination profiles and loadings of NoV and E. coli in a commercial oyster fishery impacted by a WwTW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J A Campos
- Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Dorset DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - Justin Avant
- Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Dorset DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - Nicole Gustar
- Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Dorset DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - James Lowther
- Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Dorset DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - Andy Powell
- Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Dorset DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - Louise Stockley
- Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Dorset DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - David N Lees
- Weymouth Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Dorset DT4 8UB, U.K
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37
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Detection and quantification of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in Spanish authorized shellfish harvesting areas. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 193:43-50. [PMID: 25462922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An 18-month survey was conducted in ten class "B" harvesting areas from two Galician Rias (NW of Spain), the most important bivalve production area in Europe, to determine the prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human norovirus (NoV), including genogroups I (GI) and II (GII). Quantification was performed by reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), according to the recently developed standard method ISO/TS 15216-1:2013. Four bivalve species were studied, including wild and cultured mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), clams (Venerupis philippinarum and Venerupis decussata) and cockles (Cerastoderma edule). Overall, 55.4% of samples were contaminated by at least one of the studied viruses, being detected the simultaneous presence of two or three viruses in 11.3% of the cases. NoV GI was the most prevalent virus (32.1%), followed by NoV GII (25.6%) and HAV (10.1%). Cultured mussels showed the highest percentage of positive samples (61.4%), followed by cockles (59.4%), wild mussels (54.3%) and clams (38.7%). Viral contamination levels for most of the positive samples ranged from 10(2) to 10(3) RNA copies/g of digestive tissue (RNAc/g DT). The presence of viral contamination was statistically higher (P<0.0001) in warm months (April to September) than in cold months (October to March). The data presented here may contribute to the development of more representative sampling strategies, in monitoring and management of shellfish growing areas as well as being useful in a future scenario in which viral critical values are adopted in legislation.
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