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Wang Y, Zhou A, Yu B, Sun X. Recent Advances in Non-Contact Food Decontamination Technologies for Removing Mycotoxins and Fungal Contaminants. Foods 2024; 13:2244. [PMID: 39063328 PMCID: PMC11276063 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Agricultural food commodities are highly susceptible to contamination by fungi and mycotoxins, which cause great economic losses and threaten public health. New technologies such as gamma ray irradiation, ultraviolet radiation, electron beam irradiation, microwave irradiation, pulsed light, pulsed electric fields, plasma, ozone, etc. can solve the problem of fungal and mycotoxin contamination which cannot be effectively solved by traditional food processing methods. This paper summarizes recent advancements in emerging food decontamination technologies used to control various fungi and their associated toxin contamination in food. It discusses the problems and challenges faced by the various methods currently used to control mycotoxins, looks forward to the new trends in the development of mycotoxin degradation methods in the future food industry, and proposes new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (A.Z.)
| | - Aiyun Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (A.Z.)
| | - Bei Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (A.Z.)
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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2
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Ji J, Wang D, Wang Y, Hou J. Relevant mycotoxins in oil crops, vegetable oils, de-oiled cake and meals: Occurrence, control, and recent advances in elimination. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:45-70. [PMID: 38133731 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins in agricultural commodities have always been a concern due to their negative impacts on human and livestock health. Issues associated with quality control, hot and humid climate, improper storage, and inappropriate production can support the development of fungus, causing oil crops to suffer from mycotoxin contamination, which in turn migrates to the resulting oil, de-oiled cake and meals during the oil processing. Related research which supports the development of multi-mycotoxin prevention programs has resulted in satisfactory mitigation effects, mainly in the pre-harvest stage. Nevertheless, preventive actions are unlikely to avoid the occurrence of mycotoxins completely, so removal strategies may still be necessary to protect consumers. Elimination of mycotoxin has been achieved broadly through the physical, biological, or chemical course. In view of the steadily increasing volume of scientific literature regarding mycotoxins, there is a need for ongoing integrated knowledge systems. This work revisited the knowledge of mycotoxins affecting oilseeds, food oils, cake, and meals, focusing more on their varieties, toxicity, and preventive strategies, including the methods adopted in the decontamination, which supplement the available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Ji
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
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3
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Peng Z, Zhang Y, Ai Z, Pandiselvam R, Guo J, Kothakota A, Liu Y. Current physical techniques for the degradation of aflatoxins in food and feed: Safety evaluation methods, degradation mechanisms and products. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:4030-4052. [PMID: 37306549 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are the most toxic natural mycotoxins discovered so far, posing a serious menace to the food safety and trading economy of the world, especially developing countries. How to effectively detoxify has persistently occupied a place on the list of "global hot-point" concerns. Among the developed detoxification methods, physical methods, as the authoritative techniques for aflatoxins degradation, could rapidly induce irreversible denaturation of aflatoxins. This review presents a brief overview of aflatoxins detection and degradation product structure identification methods. Four main safety evaluation methods for aflatoxins and degradation product toxicity assessment are highlighted combined with an update on research of aflatoxins decontamination in the last decade. Furthermore, the latest applications, degradation mechanisms and products of physical aflatoxin decontamination techniques including microwave heating, irradiation, pulsed light, cold plasma and ultrasound are discussed in detail. Regulatory issues related to "detoxification" are also explained. Finally, we put forward the challenges and future work in studying aflatoxin degradation based on the existing research. The purpose of supplying this information is to help researchers have a deeper understanding on the degradation of aflatoxins, break through the existing bottleneck, and further improve and innovate the detoxification methods of aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekang Peng
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziping Ai
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ravi Pandiselvam
- Division of Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
| | - Jiale Guo
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Anjineyulu Kothakota
- Agro-Processing & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Yanhong Liu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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4
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Hojjati M, Shahbazi S, Askari H, Makari M. Use of X-Irradiations in Reducing the Waste of Aflatoxin-Contaminated Pistachios and Evaluation of the Physicochemical Properties of the Irradiated Product. Foods 2023; 12:3040. [PMID: 37628039 PMCID: PMC10453287 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of electron beam irradiation (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 kGy) on Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and the physicochemical properties of pistachios. The findings suggested that e-beam significantly reduced the spore population of A. flavus and the concentration of AFB1 at doses of 4 and 6 kGy. Three AFB1 degradation products were detected via LC-MS analysis and their structures were presented. Total phenolic content was improved at a dose of 2 kGy, while antioxidant activity was decreased in all treatments in both DPPH and ABTS assays. The chlorophyll and carotenoid content declined and the color indices changed, leading to a darker color. E-beam at a dose of 2 kGy raised the soluble protein levels and changed the intensity and pattern of protein bands. Irradiation doses of up to 6 kGy enhanced the content of malondialdehyde and total saturated fatty acids while leading to a decline in unsaturated fatty acids. The quality features were adversely affected at doses > 4 kGy. The findings suggest that as an alternative method, e-beam at doses ≥ 2 kGy can effectively decrease fungal load and aflatoxin B1 contamination, and e-beam application at doses ≤ 2 kGy can maintain the physicochemical attributes of pistachios to an acceptable extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hojjati
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Ahvaz 63417-73637, Iran
| | - Samira Shahbazi
- Nuclear Agriculture School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI), Karaj P.O. Box 31485-498, Iran
| | - Hamed Askari
- Nuclear Agriculture School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI), Karaj P.O. Box 31485-498, Iran
| | - Mina Makari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Ahvaz 63417-73637, Iran
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5
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Xu Y, Zhao R, Liu C. Degradation of Aflatoxin B1 in Moldy Maize by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Safety Evaluation of the Degradation Products. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061217. [PMID: 36981146 PMCID: PMC10048033 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most harmful mycotoxin commonly found in food and feed. Pollution from AFB1 causes serious economic and health issues worldwide because it causes strong mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in humans and animals. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used to degrade AFB1 in moldy maize, and the safety of this biological method was investigated using genotoxicity and cytotoxicity tests. Using response surface methodology, we established the optimal conditions for degrading AFB1 by the fermentation supernatant of P. aeruginosa. Under these conditions, the degradation rate of AFB1 reached 99.67%. Furthermore, the Ames mutagenicity test showed that AFB1 treated with P. aeruginosa fermentation supernatant for 72 h was not mutagenic. CCK-8 cell assay showed that AFB1 cytotoxicity was significantly reduced after degradation. Overall, our findings show that the fermentation supernatant of P. aeruginosa may be a good candidate for biodegradation of AFB1.
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6
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Li S, Li X, Liu X, Zhang Q, Fang J, Li X, Yin X. Stability Evaluation of Aflatoxin B 1 Solution Certified Reference Material via Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40548-40557. [PMID: 36385854 PMCID: PMC9647931 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) solution certified reference materials (CRMs) have been widely utilized in the measurements of AFB1 contaminations in foods and agricultural products. It is of great importance to evaluate the stability of AFB1 solution CRMs in different matrices for their practical applications. In this study, the stability of AFB1 solution CRM was investigated and its degradation products under various conditions were elucidated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry for the first time. Exposure to high temperatures and UV light irradiation accelerated the degradation of AFB1 solution significantly, and the degradation products were largely dependent on the solvents. Two degradation pathways were proposed based on the degradation products. The addition reaction, oxidation reaction, and modification of the methoxy group are the major processes involved in the degradation of the AFB1 solution. The results of this study indicate that the property value of the acetonitrile solution of AFB1 can be well retained when it is stored at temperatures lower than 60 °C, and the exposure to UV light irradiation is avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqing Li
- Food
Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical
Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on
Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Food
Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical
Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on
Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing100029, P. R. China
| | - Xuehui Liu
- College
of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, P. R. China
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Food
Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical
Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on
Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Fang
- College
of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiuqin Li
- Food
Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical
Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on
Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiong Yin
- College
of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, P. R. China
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7
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Mohamed AB, Chavez RA, Wagacha MJ, Mutegi CK, Muthomi JW, Pillai SD, Stasiewicz MJ. Efficacy of electron beam irradiation in reduction of mycotoxin-producing fungi, aflatoxin, and fumonisin, in naturally contaminated maize slurry. Toxicon X 2022; 16:100141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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8
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Song C, Yang J, Wang Y, Ding G, Guo L, Qin J. Mechanisms and transformed products of aflatoxin B1 degradation under multiple treatments: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2263-2275. [PMID: 36102160 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2121910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, including aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, and M2, are one of the major types of mycotoxins that endangers food safety, human health, and contribute to the immeasurable loss of food and agricultural production in the world yearly. In addition, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mainly produced by Aspergilus sp. is the most potent of these compounds and has been well documented to cause the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans and animals. This paper reviewed the detoxification and degradation of AFB1, including analysis and summary of the major technologies in physics, chemistry, and biology in recent years. The chemical structure and toxicity of the transformed products, and the degradation mechanisms of AFB1 are overviewed and discussed in this presented review. In addition to the traditional techniques, we also provide a prospective study on the use of emerging detoxification methods such as natural products and photocatalysis. The purpose of this work is to provide reference for AFB1 control and detoxification, and to promote the development of follow-up research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Song
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yanduo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Gang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianchun Qin
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
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9
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Li Q, Zhao Y, Zuo X, Guo F, Li Y, Xie Y. Paeonol inhibits Aspergillus flavus via disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis, redox metabolism, and aflatoxin biosynthesis on rice. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Drishya C, Yoha K, Perumal AB, Moses JA, Anandharamakrishnan C, Balasubramaniam VM. Impact of nonthermal food processing techniques on mycotoxins and their producing fungi. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Drishya
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management ‐ Thanjavur, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India Thanjavur 613005 India
| | - K.S. Yoha
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management ‐ Thanjavur, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India Thanjavur 613005 India
| | - Anand Babu Perumal
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management ‐ Thanjavur, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India Thanjavur 613005 India
| | - Jeyan A Moses
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management ‐ Thanjavur, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India Thanjavur 613005 India
| | - C. Anandharamakrishnan
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management ‐ Thanjavur, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India Thanjavur 613005 India
| | - V. M. Balasubramaniam
- Department of Food Science and Technology & Department of Food Agricultural and Biological Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
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11
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Raesi S, Mohammadi R, Khammar Z, Paimard G, Abdalbeygi S, Sarlak Z, Rouhi M. Photocatalytic detoxification of aflatoxin B1 in an aqueous solution and soymilk using nano metal oxides under UV light: Kinetic and isotherm models. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Degradation of aflatoxin B1 by water-assisted microwave irradiation: Kinetics, products, and pathways. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Application of Novel Non-Thermal Physical Technologies to Degrade Mycotoxins. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050395. [PMID: 34069444 PMCID: PMC8159112 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins cause adverse effects on human health. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to confront them, particularly in agriculture and food systems. Non-thermal plasma, electron beam radiation, and pulsed light are possible novel non-thermal technologies offering promising results in degrading mycotoxins with potential for practical applications. In this paper, the available publications are reviewed-some of them report efficiency of more than 90%, sometimes almost 100%. The mechanisms of action, advantages, efficacy, limitations, and undesirable effects are reviewed and discussed. The first foretastes of plasma and electron beam application in the industry are in the developing stages, while pulsed light has not been employed in large-scale application yet.
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14
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Hojnik N, Modic M, Walsh JL, Žigon D, Javornik U, Plavec J, Žegura B, Filipič M, Cvelbar U. Unravelling the pathways of air plasma induced aflatoxin B 1 degradation and detoxification. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123593. [PMID: 33264852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are considered to be a critical dietary risk factor for humans, with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) identified by the WHO as one of the most potent natural group 1 carcinogen. Despite this, more than half of the world's population is chronically exposed, resulting in up to 170,000 annual cases of human hepatocellular carcinoma cancer. Here we report an easily implemented approach using non-equilibrium plasma for targeted degradation of AFB1. Apart from reaching the 100 % decontamination in less than 120 s of treatment, this is the first study that combines hypersensitive analytical methods such as high-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to provide a detailed description of CAP mediated AFB1 degradation. We identify rapid scission of the vinyl bond between 8- and 9-position on the terminal furan ring of AFB1 as being of paramount importance for the suppression of toxic potential, which is confirmed by the examination of both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The plasma reactive species mediated degradation pathways are elucidated, and it is demonstrated that the approach not only renders AFB1 harmless but does so in order of magnitude less time than UV irradiation as one of the other non-thermal methods currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Hojnik
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - James L Walsh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Uroš Javornik
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Filipič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Cvelbar
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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15
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Mohammadi X, Matinfar G, Khaneghah AM, Singh A, Pratap-Singh A. Emergence of cold plasma and electron beam irradiation as novel technologies to counter mycotoxins in food products. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Today, mycotoxins are considered a serious risk for human health and the economy around the world. Hence, dealing with them in such a way as to minimise damage to food and plant materials has become an important issue. Cold atmospheric plasma and electron beam irradiation are updated and non-thermal technologies, which are recently used in detoxification of mycotoxins. Both of these technologies have several unique features that turn them into efficient methods for degrading mycotoxins. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is exhibiting the detoxification power of these methods and parameters affecting their activity. Besides, their advantages, generating systems, activity mechanism, and the toxicity of degradation products are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Mohammadi
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - G. Matinfar
- Department of Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - A. Singh
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A. Pratap-Singh
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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16
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Preventive Measures and Control of Mycotoxins. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60659-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Guo Y, Zhao L, Ma Q, Ji C. Novel strategies for degradation of aflatoxins in food and feed: A review. Food Res Int 2020; 140:109878. [PMID: 33648196 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites mainly produced by Aspergillus fungi, posing high carcinogenic potency in humans and animals. Dietary exposure to aflatoxins is a global problem in both developed and developing countries especially where there is poor regulation of their levels in food and feed. Thus, academics have been striving over the decades to develop effective strategies for degrading aflatoxins in food and feed. These strategies are technologically diverse and based on physical, chemical, or biological principles. This review summarizes the recent progress on novel aflatoxin degradation strategies including irradiation, cold plasma, ozone, electrolyzed oxidizing water, organic acids, natural plant extracts, microorganisms and enzymes. A clear understanding of the detoxification efficiency, mechanism of action, degradation products, application potential and current limitations of these methods is presented. In addition, the development and future perspective of nanozymes in aflatoxins degradation are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Cheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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18
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The challenges of global occurrence of aflatoxin M1 contamination and the reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk over the past decade. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Mousavi Khaneghah A, Hashemi Moosavi M, Oliveira CA, Vanin F, Sant'Ana AS. Electron beam irradiation to reduce the mycotoxin and microbial contaminations of cereal-based products: An overview. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 143:111557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Roohi R, Hashemi SMB, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Kinetics and thermodynamic modelling of the aflatoxins decontamination: a review. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Roohi
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering Fasa University Fasa Iran
| | | | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Department of Food Science University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
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21
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A comparative adsorption study of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin G1 in almond butter fermented by Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Yang K, Li K, Pan L, Luo X, Xing J, Wang J, Wang L, Wang R, Zhai Y, Chen Z. Effect of Ozone and Electron Beam Irradiation on Degradation of Zearalenone and Ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020138. [PMID: 32102304 PMCID: PMC7076874 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are key concerns of the food industry because of their toxicity and pollution scope. This study investigated the effects of ozone and electron beam irradiation (EBI) on the degradation of ZEN and OTA. Results demonstrated that 2 mL of 50 μg/mL ZEN was completely degraded after 10 s of treatment by 2.0 mg/L ozone. The degradation rate of 1 μg/mL ZEN by 16 kGy EBI was 92.76%. Methanol was superior to acetonitrile in terms of degrading ZEN when the irradiation dose was higher than 6 kGy. The degradation rate of 2 mL of 5 μg/mL OTA by 50 mg/L ozone at 180 s was 34%, and that of 1 μg/mL OTA by 16 kGy EBI exceeded 90%. Moreover, OTA degraded more rapidly in acetonitrile. Ozone performed better in the degradation of ZEN, whereas EBI was better for OTA. The conclusions provide theoretical and practical bases for the degradation of different fungal toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.Y.); (K.L.); (L.P.); (L.W.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ke Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.Y.); (K.L.); (L.P.); (L.W.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Lihong Pan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.Y.); (K.L.); (L.P.); (L.W.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaohu Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.Y.); (K.L.); (L.P.); (L.W.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China;
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China
- Research Institute of Gang Yagou Healthy Food and Biotechnology, Ningbo 315205, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Jiali Xing
- Ningbo Institute for Food Control, Ningbo 315048, China;
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Li Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.Y.); (K.L.); (L.P.); (L.W.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ren Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.Y.); (K.L.); (L.P.); (L.W.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuheng Zhai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.Y.); (K.L.); (L.P.); (L.W.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhengxing Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.Y.); (K.L.); (L.P.); (L.W.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Z.C.)
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23
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Liu Y, Li M, Liu Y, Bian K. Structures of Reaction Products and Degradation Pathways of Aflatoxin B 1 by Ultrasound Treatment. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090526. [PMID: 31547265 PMCID: PMC6784252 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound is an emerging decontamination technology with potential use in the global food processing industry. In the present study, we explored power ultrasound for processing aqueous aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). AFB1 was degraded by 85.1% after 80 min of ultrasound exposure. The reaction products of AFB1 were identified and their molecular formulae elucidated by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Eight main reaction products were found, and their structures were clarified by parental ion fragmentation. Two degradation pathways were proposed according to the degradation product structures: One involved the addition of H• and OH• radicals, whereas the other involved H2O2 epoxidation and H•, OH•, and H2O2 oxidation of AFB1. Ultrasound treatment significantly reduced AFB1 bioactivity and toxicity by disrupting the C8=C9 double bond in the furan ring and modifying the lactone ring and methoxy group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou 450044, China.
| | - Mengmeng Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yuanxiao Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Ke Bian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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24
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Zhang Y, Luo M, Song H, Ma L, Gu J, Xu G, Xu D. Degradation of prednisone in aqueous solutions by electron beam irradiation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-5962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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25
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Liu R, Lu M, Wang R, Wang S, Chang M, Jin Q, Wang X. Degradation of aflatoxin B1 in peanut meal by electron beam irradiation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1466321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Liu
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Control of Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety at Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Mengyao Lu
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Control of Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety at Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Peanut oil and Protein deep processing technology, Shandong Luhua Group Co., Laiyang, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Ming Chang
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Control of Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety at Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Control of Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety at Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Control of Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety at Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
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26
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Pankaj S, Shi H, Keener KM. A review of novel physical and chemical decontamination technologies for aflatoxin in food. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Effects of Electron Beam Irradiation on Zearalenone and Ochratoxin A in Naturally Contaminated Corn and Corn Quality Parameters. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9030084. [PMID: 28264463 PMCID: PMC5371839 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are secondary toxic metabolites widely present in grains and grain products. In this study, the effects of electron beam irradiation (EBI) on ZEN and OTA in corn and the quality of irradiated corn were investigated. Results indicated that EBI significantly affected ZEN and OTA. The degradation rates of ZEN and OTA at 10 kGy in solution were 65.6% and 75.2%, respectively. The initial amounts significantly affected the degradation rate. ZEN and OTA in corn were decreased by the irradiation dose, and their degradation rates at 50 kGy were 71.1% and 67.9%, respectively. ZEN and OTA were more easily degraded in corn kernel than in corn flour. Moisture content (MC) played a vital role in ZEN and OTA degradation. High MC was attributed to high ZEN and OTA degradation. The quality of irradiated corn was evaluated on the basis of irradiation dose. L* value changed, but this change was not significant (p > 0.05). By contrast, a* and b* decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with irradiation dose. The fatty acid value increased significantly. The pasting properties, including peak, trough, breakdown, and final and setback viscosities, were also reduced significantly (p < 0.05) by irradiation. Our study verified that EBI could effectively degrade ZEN and OTA in corn. Irradiation could also affect corn quality.
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