1
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Carvajal A, Kramer M, Argüello H. Salmonella Control in Swine: A Thoughtful Discussion of the Pre- and Post-Harvest Control Approaches in Industrialized Countries. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1035. [PMID: 38612274 PMCID: PMC11010990 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pork is among the major sources of human salmonellosis in developed countries. Since the 1990s, different surveys and cross-sectional studies, both national and international (i.e., the baseline studies performed in the European Union), have revealed and confirmed the widespread non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes in pigs. A number of countries have implemented control programs with different approaches and degrees of success. The efforts could be implemented either at farms, in post-harvest stages, or both. The current review revises the current state of the art in Salmonella in swine, the control programs ongoing or conducted in the past, and their strengths and failures, with particular attention to the weight of pre- and post-harvest control and the implications that both have for the success of interventions or mitigation after outbreaks. This review provides a novel perspective on Salmonella control in swine, a matter that still includes uncertainties and room for improvement as a question of public health and One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Vegazana, 2007 Leon, Spain;
| | - Melvin Kramer
- EHA Consulting Group, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33306, USA;
| | - Héctor Argüello
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Vegazana, 2007 Leon, Spain;
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2
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Viltrop A, Niine T, Tobias T, Sassu EL, Bartolo ID, Pavoni E, Alborali GL, Burow E, Smith RP. A Review of Slaughter Practices and Their Effectiveness to Control Microbial - esp. Salmonella spp. - Contamination of Pig Carcasses. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100171. [PMID: 37778508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The BIOPIGEE project (part of the One Health European Joint Programme under Horizon 2020) aimed to identify relevant measures to effectively control Salmonella, and another zoonotic pathogen, hepatitis E virus (HEV) within the pig meat food chain. The aim of this study was to identify biosecurity measures or management practices that are relevant for limiting Salmonella and/or HEV occurrence and spread within pig slaughterhouses. This was with the final goal of compiling a list of biosecurity measures for different processes and operations along the slaughter line with evidence of their effectiveness. To achieve this, a literature review was conducted on studies estimating the effectiveness of measures applied in slaughterhouses to reduce the microbial contamination of pig carcasses. Results of this literature search are discussed and presented in summary tables that could be used as a source of information for the pig slaughter industry to further develop their guidelines on hygienic slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvo Viltrop
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51006, Estonia.
| | - Tarmo Niine
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51006, Estonia.
| | - Tijs Tobias
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Farm Animal Health Unit, Yalelaan 7, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Royal GD (Animal Health Service), P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
| | - Elena Lucia Sassu
- Institute of Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Mödling, Austria.
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Dept. of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Enrico Pavoni
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Elke Burow
- German Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Biological Safety, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Richard Piers Smith
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency - Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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3
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Álvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Argüello‐Rodríguez H, Dohmen W, Magistrali CF, Padalino B, Tenhagen B, Threlfall J, García‐Fierro R, Guerra B, Liébana E, Stella P, Peixe L. Transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during animal transport. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07586. [PMID: 36304831 PMCID: PMC9593722 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) between food-producing animals (poultry, cattle and pigs) during short journeys (< 8 h) and long journeys (> 8 h) directed to other farms or to the slaughterhouse lairage (directly or with intermediate stops at assembly centres or control posts, mainly transported by road) was assessed. Among the identified risk factors contributing to the probability of transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), the ones considered more important are the resistance status (presence of ARB/ARGs) of the animals pre-transport, increased faecal shedding, hygiene of the areas and vehicles, exposure to other animals carrying and/or shedding ARB/ARGs (especially between animals of different AMR loads and/or ARB/ARG types), exposure to contaminated lairage areas and duration of transport. There are nevertheless no data whereby differences between journeys shorter or longer than 8 h can be assessed. Strategies that would reduce the probability of AMR transmission, for all animal categories include minimising the duration of transport, proper cleaning and disinfection, appropriate transport planning, organising the transport in relation to AMR criteria (transport logistics), improving animal health and welfare and/or biosecurity immediately prior to and during transport, ensuring the thermal comfort of the animals and animal segregation. Most of the aforementioned measures have similar validity if applied at lairage, assembly centres and control posts. Data gaps relating to the risk factors and the effectiveness of mitigation measures have been identified, with consequent research needs in both the short and longer term listed. Quantification of the impact of animal transportation compared to the contribution of other stages of the food-production chain, and the interplay of duration with all risk factors on the transmission of ARB/ARGs during transport and journey breaks, were identified as urgent research needs.
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4
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Zdolec N, Kotsiri A, Houf K, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Blagojevic B, Karabasil N, Salines M, Antic D. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Interventions Applied during Primary Processing to Reduce Microbial Contamination on Pig Carcasses. Foods 2022; 11:2110. [PMID: 35885353 PMCID: PMC9315615 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventions from lairage to the chilling stage of the pig slaughter process are important to reduce microbial contamination of carcasses. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effectiveness of abattoir interventions in reducing aerobic colony count (ACC), Enterobacteriaceae, generic Escherichia coli, and Yersinia spp. on pig carcasses. The database searches spanned a 30 year period from 1990 to 2021. Following a structured, predefined protocol, 22 articles, which were judged as having a low risk of bias, were used for detailed data extraction and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis included data on lairage interventions for live pigs, standard processing procedures for pig carcasses, prechilling interventions, multiple carcass interventions, and carcass chilling. Risk ratios (RRs) for prevalence studies and mean log differences (MDs) for concentration outcomes were calculated using random effects models. The meta-analysis found that scalding under commercial abattoir conditions effectively reduced the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae (RR: 0.05, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.12, I2 = 87%) and ACC (MD: -2.84, 95% CI: -3.50 to -2.18, I2 = 99%) on pig carcasses. Similarly, significant reductions of these two groups of bacteria on carcasses were also found after singeing (RR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.44, I2 = 90% and MD: -1.95, 95% CI: -2.40 to -1.50, I2 = 96%, respectively). Rectum sealing effectively reduces the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica on pig carcasses (RR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.41 to 0.89, I2 = 0%). Under commercial abattoir conditions, hot water washing significantly reduced ACC (MD: -1.32, 95% CI: -1.93 to -0.71, I2 = 93%) and generic E. coli counts (MD: -1.23, 95% CI: -1.89 to -0.57, I2 = 61%) on pig carcasses. Conventional dry chilling reduced Enterobacteriaceae prevalence on pig carcasses (RR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.48, I2 = 81%). Multiple carcass interventions significantly reduced Enterobacteriaceae prevalence (RR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.23, I2 = 94%) and ACC on carcasses (MD: -2.85, 95% CI: -3.33 to -2.37, I2 = 97%). The results clearly show that standard processing procedures of scalding and singeing and the hazard-based intervention of hot water washing are effective in reducing indicator bacteria on pig carcasses. The prevalence of Y. enterocolitica on pig carcasses was effectively reduced by the standard procedure of rectum sealing; nevertheless, this was the only intervention for Yersinia investigated under commercial conditions. High heterogeneity among studies and trials investigating interventions and overall lack of large, controlled trials conducted under commercial conditions suggest that more in-depth research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevijo Zdolec
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Aurelia Kotsiri
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK;
| | - Kurt Houf
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Avelino Alvarez-Ordóñez
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, 24004 León, Spain;
| | - Bojan Blagojevic
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Nedjeljko Karabasil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Morgane Salines
- French Ministry of Agriculture, Office for Slaughterhouses and Cutting Plants, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Dragan Antic
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK;
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5
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Costa M, Cardo M, Cara d'Anjo M, Leite A. Assessing antimicrobial resistance occurrence in the Portuguese food system: Poultry, pigs and derived food, 2014-2018. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:312-324. [PMID: 35132763 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) spread in the food system is a major threat to public and animal health. We describe AMR trends in zoonotic bacteria and identify risk factors associated with AMR occurrence in animals and derived food in Portugal. Data from the Portuguese AMR surveillance programme on food-producing animals, 2014-2018, were used. AMR frequencies were calculated for Escherichia coli, Campylobacter and Salmonella in broilers, turkeys, pig populations and their derived food products. AMR-associated factors were studied for Salmonella isolates: population, sampling stage (farm, slaughterhouse and processing plant), sample type (environmental, carcase and food), sampler (HACCP, industry, official and official and industry), sample context (control and eradication programmes and monitoring), year (2014-2018) and season. Logistic regression was applied to estimate crude odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The final models were obtained using a backward stepwise method. This study included 2,157 Escherichia coli, 561 Campylobacter and 1,071 Salmonella isolates. The highest prevalence estimates amongst tested antimicrobials for each bacterial species in 2014-2018 had the following ranges: (i) (fluoro)quinolones: E. coli: 84%-93%, Campylobacter: 94%-98%; (ii) tetracyclines: E. coli: 68%-91%, Campylobacter: 87%-91%, Salmonella: 72%; (iii) penicillins: E. coli: 82%-100%; (iv) sulphonamides: E. coli: 68%-82%. Compared with the reference categories for host (broiler), year (2014), season (winter) and sampler (HACCP own checks), resistance to at least one antimicrobial in Salmonella was significantly less likely in laying hens (aOR 0.28; 95% CI: 0.18-0.42), 2016 (aOR 0.56; 95% CI: 0.33-0.93), 2017 (aOR 0.29; 95% CI: 0.17-0.51) and 2018 (aOR 0.35; 95% CI: 0.20-0.61), autumn (aOR 0.63; 95% CI: 0.40-0.97) and more likely to occur in broiler products (aOR 5.14; 95% CI: 2.61-10.54), pork products (aOR 6.84; 95% CI: 3.74-12.98) and official and industry combined sampling (aOR 2.16; 95% CI: 1.06-4.47). This study reveals a high prevalence of Salmonella resistance, especially during the summer and in post-farm stages of the Portuguese food system to nearly all antimicrobials and in the summer in farms to (fluoro)quinolones. Measures to tackle resistance are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Costa
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Cardo
- Directorate-General of Food and Veterinary, Veterinary Public Health Department, Lisbon, Portugal.,CIISA - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Cara d'Anjo
- Directorate-General of Food and Veterinary, Veterinary Public Health Department, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Leite
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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6
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Bellido-Carreras N, Argüello H, Zaldívar-López S, Jiménez-Marín Á, Martins RP, Arce C, Morera L, Carvajal A, Garrido JJ. Salmonella Typhimurium Infection Along the Porcine Gastrointestinal Tract and Associated Lymphoid Tissues. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:681-690. [PMID: 31106677 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819843682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen and pork is one of the main sources of human salmonellosis. Understanding the pathogenesis and progression of the infection within the host is of interest to establish potential approaches to control the disease in pigs. The present study evaluates factors such as intestinal colonization, fecal shedding, and pathogen persistence by 2 studies using experimental challenge with Salmonella Typhimurium in weaned pigs and euthanasia at different time points (1, 2, and 6 and 2, 14, and 30 days postinfection [dpi], respectively). Histopathology of intestine at early time points (1 dpi and 2 dpi) showed severe damage to the epithelium together with an increase in polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages (P < .001), particularly in jejunum and ileum. Large quantities of Salmonella were detected within the contents of the ileum, cecum, and colon in early infection. Salmonella could also be observed in the medulla of tonsils and mesenteric lymph nodes. From 6 dpi onward, signs of recovery were observed, with progressive restoration of the epithelium, reduction of the inflammatory infiltrate, and elimination of Salmonella from the mucosa. Concentration of Salmonella in feces and ileum content decreased, but shedding did not cease even at 4 weeks after infection. Persistence of the bacteria in mesenteric lymph nodes was identified within the connective tissue at 14 and 30 dpi. Our results demonstrate a recovery of the disease after an initial acute phase but also show persistence within the lumen and surrounding lymphoid tissue. These findings are relevant to developing effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad Bellido-Carreras
- 1 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Héctor Argüello
- 1 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sara Zaldívar-López
- 1 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jiménez-Marín
- 1 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rodrigo P Martins
- 1 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,2 Cibles Thérapeutiques, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1162, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Louis, Paris, France
| | - Cristina Arce
- 3 Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis Morera
- 1 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- 4 Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Juan J Garrido
- 1 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Morales-Partera A, Cardoso-Toset F, Luque I, Astorga R, Maldonado A, Herrera-León S, Hernández M, Gómez-Laguna J, Tarradas C. Prevalence and diversity of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Listeria monocytogenes in two free-range pig slaughterhouses. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Argüello H, Guerra B, Rodríguez I, Rubio P, Carvajal A. Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants and Class 1 and Class 2 Integrons in Salmonella enterica spp., Multidrug-Resistant Isolates from Pigs. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E256. [PMID: 29772742 PMCID: PMC5977196 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and Salmonella spp., are primary concerns in public health. The present study characterizes the AMR determinants of 62 multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica spp., isolates from swine, which were obtained between 2004⁻2006, a major source of human salmonellosis. The AMR determinants were investigated by PCR, checking the presence of class 1 and class 2 integrons and 29 resistance genes. Genes sul1, blaTEM1-like, aadA2, tet(A), and dfrA12 were more prevalent (p < 0.05) within the determinants that were checked for each of these antimicrobials. Co-existence of different genes conferring resistance to the same antimicrobial was common. No differences in AMR determinants prevalence were observed between Salmonella Typhimurium and other serovars from the study. Class 1 integrons were detected in 48 of 62 isolates, again with no differences being linked to any serovar. Nine different variable regions were observed, 1000 bp/aadA2-1200 bp/blaPSE-1 (13 isolates) and blaOXA-like/aadA1 (eight isolates) were the most common. Four isolates, including S. Typhimurium (2), Salmonella Bredeney (1), and Salmonella Kapemba (1) harboured a class 2 integron 2300 bp estX-sat2-aadA1. Results from the study highlight the importance of class 1 integrons and certain genes in MDR swine Salmonella isolates. The information is of relevance for monitoring in the forthcoming scope of reduction of antibiotic usage in swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Argüello
- Group of Genomics and Animal breeding, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24007 León, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Guerra
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
- European Food Safety Authority, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Irene Rodríguez
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Pedro Rubio
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24007 León, Spain.
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24007 León, Spain.
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Herrera-Uribe J, Zaldívar-López S, Aguilar C, Luque C, Bautista R, Carvajal A, Claros MG, Garrido JJ. Regulatory role of microRNA in mesenteric lymph nodes after Salmonella Typhimurium infection. Vet Res 2018; 49:9. [PMID: 29391047 PMCID: PMC5796392 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a gastrointestinal disease caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars such as Salmonella Typhimurium. This pathology is a zoonosis, and food animals with subclinical infection constitute a vast reservoir for disease. After intestinal colonization, Salmonella Typhimurium reaches mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), where infection is controlled avoiding systemic spread. Although the molecular basis of this infection has been extensively studied, little is known about how microRNA (miRNA) regulate the expression of proteins involved in the Salmonella-host interaction. Using small RNA-seq, we examined expression profiles of MLN 2 days after infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, and we found 110 dysregulated miRNA. Among them, we found upregulated miR-21, miR-155, miR-150, and miR-221, as well as downregulated miR-143 and miR-125, all of them previously linked to other bacterial infections. Integration with proteomic data revealed 30 miRNA potentially regulating the expression of 15 proteins involved in biological functions such as cell death and survival, inflammatory response and antigenic presentation. The inflammatory response was found increased via upregulation of miRNA such as miR-21 and miR-155. Downregulation of miR-125a/b, miR-148 and miR-1 were identified as potential regulators of MHC-class I components PSMB8, HSP90B1 and PDIA3, respectively. Furthermore, we confirmed that miR-125a is a direct target of immunoproteasome component PSMB8. Since we also found miR-130 downregulation, which is associated with upregulation of HSPA8, we suggest induction of both MHC-I and MHC-II antigen presentation pathways. In conclusion, our study identifies miRNA that could regulate critical networks for antigenic presentation, inflammatory response and cytoskeletal rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juber Herrera-Uribe
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sara Zaldívar-López
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain.,Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Luque
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rocío Bautista
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Universidad de Málaga, 29590, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - M Gonzalo Claros
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Universidad de Málaga, 29590, Málaga, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan J Garrido
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain
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10
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Interventions to reduce non-typhoidal Salmonella in pigs during transport to slaughter and lairage: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and research synthesis based infection models in support of assessment of effectiveness. Prev Vet Med 2017; 145:133-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Effect of strategic administration of an encapsulated blend of formic acid, citric acid, and essential oils on Salmonella carriage, seroprevalence, and growth of finishing pigs. Prev Vet Med 2016; 137:28-35. [PMID: 28107878 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Controlling Salmonella at farm level can act as the first line of defence in reducing salmonellosis from pork. This study investigated the efficacy of an encapsulated blend of formic acid, citric acid, and essential oils (FormaXOL™) administered to finisher pigs for 28days prior to slaughter in controlling Salmonella shedding on a commercial farm with a history of high Salmonella seroprevalence. Fourteen pens of 8-10 pigs/pen were randomly assigned to a control (finisher diet without additive) or a treatment group (the same diet with 4kg/t of FormaXOL™) for 28 days. Faeces were collected from each pig on days 0, 14, and 28, while on day 29 blood, caecal digesta and ileocaecal-mesenteric lymph nodes were collected at slaughter. Pigs were weighed at the start and end of the trial, feed intake was recorded, and carcass quality parameters were recorded at slaughter. On day 14, Salmonella shedding was reduced in the treatment compared to the control group (27.9% versus 51.7% probability of detecting Salmonella in faeces, respectively; p=0.001). However, on day 28, no reduction was observed (20.6% versus 35.9% probability of detecting Salmonella in faeces, respectively; p=0.07). Interestingly, Salmonella shedding rates in the treated pigs remained stable throughout the trial compared to the control group. This suggests that the feed additive prevented additional pigs from acquiring the Salmonella infection. A lower Salmonella seroprevalence was detected at slaughter in the treatment compared to the control group using the 40% optical density cut-off (64.5% versus 88.5%, respectively; p=0.01). However, no significant differences in Salmonella recovery rates were observed in the caecal digesta or lymph nodes between treated and control groups. Treated pigs had a lower feed intake than pigs fed the control diet (p=0.001); however, average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency were not affected by treatment (p=0.45 and 0.55, respectively). Consequently, supplementing the diet with FormaXOL™ for 28days increased the feed cost per kg of live-weight gain by €0.08. Overall, results suggest that strategic administration of an encapsulated blend of formic acid, citric acid, and essential oils, to finishing pigs for 28days prior to slaughter has potential to prevent increased Salmonella shedding at certain time points as well as seroprevalence. However, this additive did not lower intestinal carriage, nor did it reduce seroprevalence to below the cut-off used for the high Salmonella risk category in Ireland (50%) or improve growth performance.
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Salmonella occurrence and Enterobacteriaceae counts in pig feed ingredients and compound feed from feed mills in Ireland. Prev Vet Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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