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Carr J, Hurst J, Broussard LA. Illegal Drug Use or Not-The Role of the Laboratory in Helping to Interpret Drug Test Results. J Appl Lab Med 2024; 9:855-859. [PMID: 38527111 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Carr
- Clinical Laboratory Consultant, Hattiesburg, MS 38672, United States
| | - Jeffrey Hurst
- Encore Health Group, Spectrum Pain Clinics, Nashville, TN 37217, United States
| | - Larry A Broussard
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, LSUHSC, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
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2
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Reisfield GM, Teitelbaum SA, Jones JT, Mathias K, Lewis B. Urine and hair drug test results associated with daily consumption of codeine-predominant poppy seed food products. J Anal Toxicol 2024; 48:27-36. [PMID: 37987376 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the urine and hair opiate profiles associated with the daily consumption of presumptive codeine-predominant poppy seed food products. Ten participants consumed one of five food products at breakfast for 10 consecutive days. Baseline urine and hair samples were collected on Day 1. The urine samples were collected 4, 8 and 12 h following poppy seed consumption on Days 1 and 10, and the first morning void urine samples were collected on Days 2-10. A second hair specimen was collected on Day 20 ± 2. Urine drug test results: Three of the food products were associated with opiate-negative urine drug test results at all time points at a 300 ng/mL cut-off. Two of the food products were associated with opiate-positive drug test results at all non-baseline time points at a 300 ng/mL cut-off. Of these, all samples (n = 60) were codeine-positive, and 27 (45%) were morphine-positive. Codeine concentrations exceeded morphine concentrations in every sample and always by multiples. Thirty-nine of the 60 samples (65%) were codeine-positive at a 2,000 ng/mL cut-off, while none of these samples were morphine-positive at this cut-off. None of the 60 samples reached an opiate threshold of 15,000 ng/mL, although one participant produced a maximum codeine concentration of 13,161 ng/mL (13,854 ng/mg creatinine). There was no clear trend toward increasing urinary opiate concentrations over the course of the study. Hair drug test results: The hair samples of two participants produced quantifiable codeine (41 pg/mg and 51 pg/mg), but no sample reached a common reporting threshold of 200 pg/mg for codeine or morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Reisfield
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, UF Health Springhill 1, 4037 NW 86th Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32606, USA
| | - Scott A Teitelbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Florida Recovery Center, 4001 SW 13th Street, Gainesville, FL 32065, USA
| | - Joseph T Jones
- United States Drug Testing Laboratories, Inc., 1700 S. Mt. Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018, USA
| | - Kent Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Florida Recovery Center, 4001 SW 13th Street, Gainesville, FL 32065, USA
| | - Ben Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Florida Recovery Center, 4001 SW 13th Street, Gainesville, FL 32065, USA
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Flaisher-Grinberg S. Poppy Seed Consumption and Oral Fluid Opioids Detection: A Classroom Demonstration of Psychopharmacological Concepts. JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE NEUROSCIENCE EDUCATION : JUNE : A PUBLICATION OF FUN, FACULTY FOR UNDERGRADUATE NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 22:A37-A44. [PMID: 38322397 PMCID: PMC10768820 DOI: 10.59390/jwnq5957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Psychopharmacological concepts such as pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug interactions can be difficult to illustrate within the college classroom. In this demonstration, students consume poppy seed-containing food items, assess opioid content in their oral fluid using commercial drug test kits, and relate the findings to learned materials, its real-life applications, and relevant societal implications. This demonstration can clarify processes such as drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), broaden the review of information relevant to opioids mechanisms of action, and facilitate the discussion of topics such as drug abuse, dependence, and addiction, as well as drug development, testing, policy, and enforcement. Instructors can employ different experimental designs, create dose-dependent/timeline detection plots, or allow students to construct their own experiments, assessing possible mediators of opioid detection. The demonstration can also be utilized to discuss scientific myths, truths, data misinterpretation and misrepresentation. Several optional protocols are provided, required materials are indicated, and discussion points are suggested.
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4
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Shao XT, Wang YS, Gong ZF, Li YY, Tan DQ, Lin JG, Pei W, Wang DG. Surveillance of COVID-19 and influenza A(H1N1) prevalence in China via medicine-based wastewater biomarkers. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120783. [PMID: 37924682 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous monitoring of individual or multiple diseases can be achieved by selecting therapeutic medicines used to treat the primary symptoms of the condition as biomarkers in wastewater. This study proposes a novel approach to monitor the prevalence of COVID-19 and influenza A (H1N1) by selecting nine medicines to serve as biomarkers, including three antipyretics, three antivirals, and three cough suppressants. To verify our approach, wastewater samples were collected from seventeen urban and five rural wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in a Chinese city over a period of one year. The use of antipyretics increased notably during the COVID-19 pandemic, while the consumption of antivirals for influenza A (H1N1) rose in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period, indicating a minor spike in the occurrence of influenza A (H1N1) after the COVID-19 pandemic. Fever is a significant symptom of COVID-19 and can serve as a reliable indicator of disease prevalence. Our research found that the prevalence of COVID-19 in urban areas was significantly higher (at 78.5 %, 95 % CI: 73.4 % - 83.9 %) than in rural areas (with a prevalence of 48.1 %, 95 % CI: 42.4 % - 53.8 %). The prevalence of COVID-19 in urban areas in this study was consistent with the data reported by the Chinese center for Disease Control and Prevention (82.4 %). Continuous monitoring of WWTPs in urban areas with fluctuating populations and complex demographics can provide early disease warning. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of evaluating community disease prevalence by selecting major therapeutic medicines as biomarkers in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ting Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Yan-Song Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Zhen-Fang Gong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Yan-Ying Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Dong-Qin Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Jian-Guo Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - Wei Pei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026
| | - De-Gao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, China, 116026.
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5
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De Monnin K, Schalk D, Lewis J, Wilson M. Poppy Seeds Signal Limitations of Urine Drug Testing Protocols. Pain Manag Nurs 2023; 24:e81-e83. [PMID: 37414698 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate care for patients with chronic pain is complex, requiring a thoughtful and holistic approach to pharmacologic intervention, as well as appropriate monitoring when opioids are employed as part of a multimodal regimen. The urine drug test has become an expected standard when longterm opioids are prescribed, but it should be remembered that this test is not intended to be punitive. It is ordered to promote patient safety (Dowell et al., 2022). Recent literature and events surrounding the effect of poppy seeds on urine drug test results have drawn attention to the risks of misinterpreting this test (Bloch, 2023; Lewis et al., 2021; Reisfield et al., 2023; Temple, 2023). Misinterpretation of urine drug tests creates a potential for unfounded accusations from health care workers toward patients, thus, undermining therapeutic relationships and intensifying stigma. Such circumstances may also preclude chances to offer patients needed interventions. Therefore, a valuable opportunity exists for nurses to mitigate untoward consequences by developing a robust understanding of urine drug testing, destigmatizing chronic pain and opioid use, advocating for patients, and enacting change at both an individual and a systems-level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlee De Monnin
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Jamie Lewis
- Northwest Spine and Pain Medicine, Spokane, Washington; Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington.
| | - Marian Wilson
- College of Nursing, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
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6
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Reisfield GM, Teitelbaum SA, Jones JT. Poppy Seed Consumption May Be Associated with Codeine-Only Urine Drug Test Results. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:107-113. [PMID: 36181466 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of poppy seed-containing food products can result in opiate-positive urine drug test results and may pose challenges in distinguishing poppy seed consumption from opiate administration. In this context, guidance has suggested that codeine concentrations exceeding 300 ng/mL coupled with morphine-to-codeine ratios <2 are indicative of codeine consumption and, therefore, exclude poppy seed consumption as a legitimate explanation for the test result. In recent years, we performed independent medical examinations of three individuals who produced codeine-positive/morphine-negative (300 ng/mL) forensic urine drug test results but denied codeine administration, attributing their test results to the consumption of specific poppy seed-containing food products. In the present study, 11 participants consumed one of the 10 unique poppy seed-containing food products, including the three implicated food products. Six of 33 non-baseline urine samples (18%)-representing three food products-were positive for codeine and negative for morphine at 300 ng/mL cut-offs (and therefore featured morphine-to-codeine ratios <2). This study adds to a small literature indicating that consumption of poppy seed-containing food products cannot reliably be distinguished from codeine administration based on previously published urinary opiate concentrations and ratios. An important caveat is that in none of these cases did maximum urinary codeine concentrations exceed 1,300 µg/g creatinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Reisfield
- University of Florida College of Medicine, UF Health Springhill 1, 4037 NW 86th Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32606, USA
| | - Scott A Teitelbaum
- Florida Recovery Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, 4001 SW 13th Street, Gainesville, FL 32065, USA
| | - Joseph T Jones
- United States Drug Testing Laboratories, Inc., 1700 S. Mt. Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018, USA
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Ognjanović M, Nikolić K, Bošković M, Pastor F, Popov N, Marciuš M, Krehula S, Antić B, Stanković DM. Electrochemical Determination of Morphine in Urine Samples by Tailoring FeWO 4/CPE Sensor. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:932. [PMID: 36354441 PMCID: PMC9688003 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Morphine (MORPH) is natural alkaloid and mainly used as a pain reliever. Its monitoring in human body fluids is crucial for modern medicine. In this paper, we have developed an electrochemical sensor for submicromolar detection of MORPH. The sensor is based on modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) by investigating the FexW1-xO4 ratio in iron tungstate (FeWO4), as well as the ratio of this material in CPE. For the first time, the effect of the iron-tungsten ratio in terms of achieving the best possible electrochemical characteristics for the detection of an important molecule for humans was examined. Morphological and electrochemical characteristics of materials were studied. The best results were obtained using Fe1W3 and 7.5% of modifier in CPE. For MORPH detection, square wave voltammetry (SWV) was optimized. Under the optimized conditions, Fe1W3@CPE resulted in limit of detection (LOD) of the method of 0.58 µM and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.94 µM. The linear operating range between 5 and 85 µM of MORPH in the Britton-Robinson buffer solution (BRBS) at pH 8 as supporting electrolyte was obtained. The Fe1W3@CPE sensor resulted in good selectivity and excellent repeatability with relative standard deviation (RSD) and was applied in real-world samples of human urine. Application for direct MORPH detection, without tedious sample pretreatment procedures, suggests that developed electrochemical sensor has appeared to be a suitable competitor for efficient, precise, and accurate monitoring of the MORPH in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Ognjanović
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Nikolić
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Bošković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ferenc Pastor
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nina Popov
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Marciuš
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stjepko Krehula
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bratislav Antić
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dalibor M. Stanković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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8
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Mousaabadi KZ, Ensafi AA, Rezaei B. Simultaneous determination of some opioid drugs using Cu-hemin MOF@MWCNTs as an electrochemical sensor. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135149. [PMID: 35660395 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to its toxicological and pharmacological activity, the misuse and overuse of morphine (MO), codeine (CO), and heroine have attracted attention in the medical and forensic toxicology fields. This study proposed a new electrochemical sensor with an acceptable detection limit, linear range, and selectivity for simultaneous determination of MO and CO. This sensor is based on Cu-Hemin metal-organic framework (CHM) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). First, a facile chemical method was chosen to synthesize CHM and then composite it with MWCNTs. Afterward, the structure of CHM@MWCNTs was verified by XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis, ICP-OES, FE-SEM, EDX, and elemental mapping. In the next step, under optimal conditions, this electrochemical sensor can sensitive simultaneous determination of MO and CO, showing a dynamic concentration range from 0.09 to 30 μM for both species and a low detection limit of 9.2 nM and 11.2 nM for MO and CO, respectively. Moreover, the applicability in real samples was confirmed by the simultaneous determination of MO and CO in human urine and MO injection. This work reveals a trustable sensor based on MOF and MWCNTs to simultaneously determine opioid drugs in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zarean Mousaabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Ali A Ensafi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran; Adjunct Professor, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Behzad Rezaei
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
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9
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Rates of substance and polysubstance use through universal maternal testing at the time of delivery. J Perinatol 2022; 42:1026-1031. [PMID: 35177791 PMCID: PMC9356969 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-022-01335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report substance and polysubstance use at the time of delivery. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study was performed on mothers consented for universal drug testing (99%) during hospital admission at six delivery hospitals in Cincinnati, Ohio. Mass spectrometry urinalysis detected positivity rates of 46 substances. Rates of positive drug tests for individual and common co-occurring substances measured were reported. RESULTS 2531 maternal samples were tested (88%) and 33% contained cotinine, 11.3% THC, 7.2% opioids, 3.8% cocaine, and 1.9% methamphetamines. Polysubstance use prevalence was as high as 15%. Among mothers testing positive for methadone or buprenorphine, 93% also tested positive for cotinine and 39% tested positive for a third substance in addition to cotinine. CONCLUSIONS Substance use at delivery is more prevalent than previously reported. Many mothers testing positive for opioids also test positive for other substances, which may increase overdose risk and exacerbate neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS).
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10
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Bollini SM, Banks JF, Hobbs GA. Urine Thebaine Determination by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry After Poppy Seed Consumption. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1539-1546. [PMID: 35478494 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Laboratories are challenged to distinguish whether a positive urine morphine result is due to heroin use or possible poppy seed consumption. Thebaine is an opium alkaloid that has been shown to be present in the urine of individuals who have consumed poppy seeds, as well as those who have used opium. It is not present in heroin. We present a sensitive, specific liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay for thebaine. We show that thebaine is detectable after consumption of two different poppy seed-containing products for up to 72 hours in urine. We discuss limitations of the assay and suggest how the test might best be used.
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11
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Casado-Hidalgo G, Morante-Zarcero S, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Sierra I. Opium alkaloids in food products: Current and future perspectives. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Bishop-Freeman SC, Fox L, Winecker RE, Hudson JS. Death from Poppy Tea Consumption. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:734-740. [PMID: 33043985 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The historical practice of brewing poppy tea for its opioid-like effects is reoccurring with modern-day substance users. We present four postmortem cases with toxicology results that serve as case studies for the potential hazards of poppy tea ingestion. There is limited information regarding the risks of this practice due to the variability of the morphine content of the opium exuded from the plant. While internet tea recipes offer guidance, differences in poppy cultivation, washing, and infusing time are some of the reasons why the beverage may contain inconsistent and clinically significant alkaloid concentrations for each preparation. Variability in opioid tolerance along with additional drugs taken will impact the overall degree of toxicity experienced from the opiates in the tea. Advancements in the genetic modification of the poppy plant could greatly alter the ratio of alkaloids seen in biological fluids and will be highly dependent on the source of the poppy product. The blood concentrations of free morphine and free codeine in cases 1-3 where the toxicity from the tea was considered the primary cause of death were 0.94 and 0.11 mg/L, 0.62 and 0.034 mg/L, and 0.16 and 0.010 mg/L, respectively. The urine concentrations of morphine and codeine were 13 and 0.94 mg/L in case 1 and 16 and 1.6 mg/L in case 2, respectively. The opium alkaloids thebaine and laudanosine were identified qualitatively by our routine organic base/neutral drug detection procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Bishop-Freeman
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 4312 District Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,UNC Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 160 Medical Dr., Chapel Hill, NC, 27559, USA
| | - Lauren Fox
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 4312 District Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Ruth E Winecker
- Center for Forensic Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jason S Hudson
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 4312 District Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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13
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Carlin MG, Dean JR, Ames JM. Opium Alkaloids in Harvested and Thermally Processed Poppy Seeds. Front Chem 2020; 8:737. [PMID: 33195013 PMCID: PMC7482649 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, and papaverine) have been detected on poppy seeds; they are widely used by the food industry for decoration and flavor but can introduce opium alkaloids into the food chain. Of the opium alkaloids found on poppy seeds, morphine, and codeine are the most pharmacologically active and have been detected in biological matrices collected in workplace and roadside drug testing resulting in positive opiate results. The European Food Safety Authority introduced an acute reference dose of 10 μg morphine/kg of body weight as a safe level for morphine in food products. In this work, it was found that in harvested poppy seeds, and thermally processed poppy seeds (with and without a food matrix), if used in normal levels would not exceed the recommended acute reference dose. It was also shown that the levels of all alkaloids reduce when thermally processed, in comparison with harvested, untreated seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Carlin
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John R Dean
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer M Ames
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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14
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Kapur BM, Aleksa K. What the lab can and cannot do: clinical interpretation of drug testing results. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020; 57:548-585. [PMID: 32609540 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2020.1774493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Urine drug testing is one of the objective tools available to assess adherence. To monitor adherence, quantitative urinary results can assist in differentiating "new" drug use from "previous" (historical) drug use. "Spikes" in urinary concentration can assist in identifying patterns of drug use. Coupled chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods are capable of identifying very small amounts of analyte and can make clinical interpretation rather challenging, specifically for drugs that have a longer half-life. Polypharmacy is common in treatment and rehabilitation programs because of co-morbidities. Medications prescribed for comorbidities can cause drug-drug interaction and phenoconversion of genotypic extensive metabolizers into phenotypic poor metabolizers of the treatment drug. This can have significant impact on both pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic properties of the treatment drug. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) coupled with PKs can assist in interpreting the effects of phenoconversion. TDM-PKs reflects the cumulative effects of pathophysiological changes in the patient as well as drug-drug interactions and should be considered for treatment medications/drugs used to manage pain and treat substance abuse. Since only a few enzyme immunoassays for TDM are available, this is a unique opportunity for clinical laboratory scientists to develop TDM-PK protocols that can have a significant impact on patient care and personalized medicine. Interpretation of drug screening results should be done with caution while considering pharmacological properties and the presence or absence of the parent drug and its metabolites. The objective of this manuscript is to review and address the variables that influence interpretation of different drugs analyzed from a rehabilitation and treatment programs perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan M Kapur
- Clini Tox Inc., Oakville, Canada.,Seroclinix Corporation, Mississauga, Canada
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15
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Yen YT, Chang YJ, Lai PJ, Chang CL, Chen TY, Chyueh SC. A Study of Opiate, Opiate Metabolites and Antihistamines in Urine after Consumption of Cold Syrups by LC-MS/MS. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25040972. [PMID: 32098143 PMCID: PMC7070706 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studying the origin of opiate and/or opiate metabolites in individual urine specimens after consumption of cold syrups is vital for patients, doctors, and law enforcement. A rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method using "dilute-and-shoot" analysis without the need for extraction, hydrolysis and/or derivatization has been developed and validated. The approach provides linear ranges of 2.5-1000 ng mL-1 for 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, chlorpheniramine, and carbinoxamine, 2.5-800 ng mL-1 for morphine and morphine-3-β-d-glucuronide, and 2.5-600 ng mL-1 for morphine-6-β-d-glucuronide and codeine-6-β-d-glucuronide, with excellent correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.995) and matrix effects (< 5%). Urine samples collected from the ten participants orally administered cold syrups were analyzed. The results concluded that participants consuming codeine-containing cold syrups did not routinely pass urine tests for opiates, and their morphine-codeine concentration ratios (M/C) were not always < 1. In addition, the distribution map of the clinical total concentration of the sum of morphine and codeine against the antihistamines (chlorpheniramine or carbinoxamine) were plotted for discrimination of people who used cold syrups. The 15 real cases have been studied by using M/C rule, cutoff value, and distribution map, further revealing a potential approach to determine opiate metabolite in urine originating from cold syrups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Te Yen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2911-2241 (ext. 3714)
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WITHDRAWN: Ratio of Morphine and Codeine over Antihistamines in Urine by LC-MS/MS for Determining Opiate Metabolites from Cold Syrups. Forensic Sci Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Krasowski MD, McMillin GA, Melanson SEF, Dizon A, Magnani B, Snozek CLH. Interpretation and Utility of Drug of Abuse Screening Immunoassays: Insights From Laboratory Drug Testing Proficiency Surveys. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 144:177-184. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2018-0562-cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Context.—
Urine drug testing is frequently ordered by health care providers. Immunoassays are widely used for drug testing, yet have potential limitations, including variable cross-reactivity. The last decade has seen worsening of a prescription drug abuse epidemic.
Objective.—
To use data from a College of American Pathologists proficiency testing survey, Urine Drug Testing, Screening, to determine and summarize the characteristics, performance, and limitations of immunoassays.
Design.—
Seven years of proficiency surveys were reviewed (2011–2017).
Results.—
Rapid growth was seen in participant volumes for specific immunoassays for synthetic opioids (eg, buprenorphine, fentanyl, oxycodone) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy”). Participant volumes remained high for immunoassays targeting less commonly abused drugs such as barbiturates and phencyclidine. For opiate immunoassays, the number of laboratories using a 2000 ng/mL positive cutoff remained stable, and an increasing number adopted a 100 ng/mL cutoff. Opiate and amphetamine immunoassays showed high variability in cross-reactivity for drugs other than the assay calibrator. Assays targeting a single drug or metabolite generally performed well on drug challenges.
Conclusions.—
Survey results indicate strong clinical interest in urine drug testing and some adoption of new assays. However, urine drug testing availability does not parallel prevailing patterns of drug prescribing and abuse patterns. In particular, specific immunoassays for synthetic opioids and a lower positive cutoff for opiate immunoassays may be underused, whereas immunoassays for barbiturates, methadone, propoxyphene, and phencyclidine may be overused. Laboratories are encouraged to review their test menu, cutoffs, and assay performance and adjust their test offerings based on clinical needs and technical capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Krasowski
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (Dr Krasowski); the Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City (Dr McMillin); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Melanson); the Proficiency Testing Division, College of American Pathol
| | - Gwendolyn A. McMillin
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (Dr Krasowski); the Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City (Dr McMillin); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Melanson); the Proficiency Testing Division, College of American Pathol
| | - Stacy E. F. Melanson
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (Dr Krasowski); the Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City (Dr McMillin); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Melanson); the Proficiency Testing Division, College of American Pathol
| | - Annabel Dizon
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (Dr Krasowski); the Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City (Dr McMillin); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Melanson); the Proficiency Testing Division, College of American Pathol
| | - Barbarajean Magnani
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (Dr Krasowski); the Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City (Dr McMillin); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Melanson); the Proficiency Testing Division, College of American Pathol
| | - Christine L. H. Snozek
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City (Dr Krasowski); the Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City (Dr McMillin); the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Melanson); the Proficiency Testing Division, College of American Pathol
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Profiling of morphine and codeine in urine after the ingestion of curry containing poppy seed as an evidence for opiates defence in Malaysia. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 302:109865. [PMID: 31279278 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of curry containing poppy seeds has raised an issue concerning the opiate content in the urine that might exceed the cut-off value (300ng/mL). The main objective of this study was to examine the morphine and codeine contents in the urine of the consumers after partaking poppy seed-enriched curry in. The volunteers were asked to partake: (a) a single meal and their urines were collected within 24h, or (b) Two meals a day for three consecutive days and their urines were collected within 72h. Two different dosages were also tested in this study: (a) low dosage: 1g/100ml curry (containing 138μg of morphine and 66μg of codeine) and (b) high dosage: 5g/100ml curry (containing 690μg of morphine and 330μg of codeine). The subjects were randomised into the groups using the method of stratified randomization with age and gender groups as covariates. A total of 6 subjects was allocated for each group and placebos were used as control. Results showed that all subjects who consumed low dosage of poppy seeds either in single meal or multiple meals experiment were found negative. However, 1 out of 6high dosage subjects was confirmed positive at a period of 3-6h after the consumption of curry in the single meal study. This outlier maybe due to the lack of water consumption after consuming the curry, thus the low volume of urine was collected and the opiate was concentrated in the urine. On the other hand, 5 out of 6high dosage subjects in the multiple meals experiment were found positive. Majority of these subjects were found positive on the second and third day of the experiment after the second curry meal was consumed. The outlier (negative) in this group might be due to the high consumption of water throughout the experiment and the subject's urine volumes and frequency of urine collection were much higher compared to other subjects. From the result of this study, it can be concluded that partaking high dosages of poppy seed in curry could give a positive response (>300ng/ml+uncertainty of measurement) in the urine, and the water consumption after partaking curry has significant influence for the opiate contents in the urine.
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Opium poisoning in modern times. An overview. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 302:109848. [PMID: 31336283 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Opium is a substance extracted from Papaver somniferum L that is chronically abused specially in the traditional production regions. Reports on opium poisoning has largely disappeared from the occidental literature on drug problems but recent scientific articles show cases of death related to opium in industrialized countries. This fact led us to consider the interest of knowing the state of the art of acute opium intoxication in modern times. This work shows a compilation of these uncommon cases occurred in different settings and circumstances. Data were obtained by a computer assisted search of the literature using the key words "opium poisoning", "poppy", "poppy seeds", and "papaver somniferum" in PubMed, accompanied by a hand search of the reference lists of all articles for any relevant studies not included in the database. In addition, Google Scholar, government reports, and cases adequately documented on websites were reviewed. Type 1 cases, Accidental opium intoxications when it is used as a recreational drug: Reported cases came mainly from industrialized countries. They were mostly male with a range age of 17-64 years. Many had antecedents of alcoholism or drug abuse and opium tea was used as a substitute of heroin. Rachacha has caused poisonings in France and has been detected in a stash in Spain. Toxicological analysis was documented in forensic cases. The danger of this renewed interest in opium is exemplified in that many of the poisoning cases resulted in fatalities. Type 2 cases, Accidental opium intoxications in children or adults when it used as folk remedy: Pediatric intoxication after the use of opium as folk remedy are mainly published in traditional opium-producing areas with a long history of use or ethnic communities in England or USA. Addiction to opium was common among relatives. Type 3 cases, Opium intoxications with poppy seeds consumed as food: Due to excessive consumption of opium seeds as food, sporadic cases of mild toxicity had been reported and morphine contents were documented. Type 4 cases: Accidental opium intoxications when using the abdominal or pelvic cavity for concealing the drug: Accidental opium body packer intoxications are seen in patients who traveled from illegal opium areas of production. Type 5 cases: Suicides by opium: Opium was a prevalent agent among cases of suicides in Iran but data are scarce.
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20
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Özbunar E, Aydoğdu M, Döğer R, Bostancı Hİ, Koruyucu M, Akgür SA. Morphine Concentrations in Human Urine Following Poppy Seed Paste Consumption. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 295:121-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Metabolism and metabolomics of opiates: A long way of forensic implications to unravel. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 61:128-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Liu J, Hu X, Cao F, Zhang Y, Lu J, Zeng L. A lateral flow strip based on gold nanoparticles to detect 6-monoacetylmorphine in oral fluid. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180288. [PMID: 30110425 PMCID: PMC6030262 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We used lateral flow strips based on gold nanoparticles to detect 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM; heroin's unique metabolite) in oral fluid samples. In this competitive lateral chromatographic immunoassay, the 6-MAM was chemically synthesized and conjugated to bovine serum albumin. The results were qualitatively detected via the colour change of the test line. By using a proper sample pad, a suitable nitrocellulose membrane and a customized sponge device adsorbed the oral fluid directly from the mouth; the total test time was 3 min. The sensitivity of the assay was 4.0 ng ml-1 without any cross-reactivity with 10 normal drugs, which are widely subject to abuse, including morphine and codeine. This test could be easily used on site to detect heroin in oral fluid, and it could be a promising product in the future including for driving under the influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200437, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangqi Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, People's Republic of China
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Guo BB, Zhang YQ, Wang SF, Ding JS, Zhou WH. The Pharmacokinetics of Morphine and Codeine in Human Plasma and Urine after Oral Administration of Qiangli Pipa Syrup. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:1221-1228. [PMID: 29148050 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Papaveris pericarpium, a natural source of morphine and codeine, is the principal active component in many antitussive traditional Chinese medicines. We herein report the first PK study of papaveris pericarpium in human plasma and urine following oral administration of single (15, 30, 60 mL) and multiple dose (15 mL) of Qiangli Pipa Syrup (MOR 0.1 mg/mL, COD 0.028 mg/mL) by monitoring morphine and codeine using a HPLC-MS/MS method. Their Tmax and t1/2 values are independent of dosages, while the AUC0-t linearly increased with higher dosages, indicating linear PK characteristics. AUC0-t increased obviously after multiple doses, indicating possible risk of accumulative toxicity. Urine studies suggested risks of positive opiate drug tests with a cutoff of 300 ng/mL, which lasted 6-14 h at different doses. These results provide important information for clinical safety, efficacy and rational drug use of Qiangli Pipa Syrup and also guide the related judicial expertise of its administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Guo
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Yu-Qiao Zhang
- West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Sheng-Feng Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.,Department of Pharmacy, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Jin-Song Ding
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Wen-Hu Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
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24
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Powers D, Erickson S, Swortwood MJ. Quantification of Morphine, Codeine, and Thebaine in Home-Brewed Poppy Seed Tea by LC-MS/MS. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:1229-1235. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Powers
- Department of Forensic Science; Sam Houston State University, Chemistry & Forensic Science Bldg, Rm 224, 1003 Bowers. Blvd, Box 2525; Huntsville TX 77341
| | - Stephen Erickson
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Arkansas State Crime Lab, 3 Natural Resources Dr.; Little Rock AR 72215
| | - Madeleine J. Swortwood
- Department of Forensic Science; Sam Houston State University, Chemistry & Forensic Science Bldg, Rm 224, 1003 Bowers. Blvd, Box 2525; Huntsville TX 77341
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25
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Carlin MG, Dean JR, Bookham JL, Perry JJB. Investigation of the acid/base behaviour of the opium alkaloid thebaine in LC-ESI-MS mobile phase by NMR spectroscopy. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170715. [PMID: 29134077 PMCID: PMC5666260 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As part of a research programme to establish an analytical method for the simultaneous detection of the five major opium alkaloids in poppy seeds by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) it was discovered that the inclusion of thebaine produced two peaks for the same compound. This was in contrast to the effective simultaneous detection, by LC-ESI-MS, of morphine, codeine, papaverine and noscapine. The presence of these two peaks for thebaine was investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with deuterated solvents to emulate the mobile phase conditions experienced. It was found that the presence of 80%, or higher ratios of, water caused two epimeric forms of thebaine to be formed; this explained the presence of two peaks on the chromatogram. In contrast, when a lower water content was used with 1% acetic acid, one stable form of thebaine could be analysed and resulted in a single peak visible in the subsequent chromatography.
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26
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Maas A, Madea B, Hess C. Confirmation of recent heroin abuse: Accepting the challenge. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:54-71. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Maas
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; University Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine; Bonn Germany
| | - Burkhard Madea
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; University Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine; Bonn Germany
| | - Cornelius Hess
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; University Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine; Bonn Germany
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Lotfi A, Karimi S, Hassanzadeh J. Preconcentration of codeine in pharmaceutical and human urine samples by multi-walled carbon nanotubes and its spectrophotometric determination. CAN J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2016-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient solid phase extraction method was established for the preconcentration of codeine prior to its simple determination by spectrophotometry. The extraction process is based on the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) containing –COOH functional groups. These CNTs showed a great affinity for the low quantities of codeine in certain condition. Various extraction factors including buffer type, concentration and its pH, ionic buffer, incubation time, and eluent were optimized to achieve high sensitivity. The calibration graph was linear in the codeine concentration range of 0.001–4 mg·L−1, with a detection limit (3s) of 0.4 μg·L−1. The relative standard deviation (RSD %) for the repetitive determination of 0.01, 0.5, and 2 mg·L−1 codeine (n = 5) were 1.56%, 2.01%, and 1.63%, respectively. Furthermore, comparison with other reported methods showed that the presented method has suitable characteristics. Finally the method was successfully used to accurately determine codeine in pharmaceutical and human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Lotfi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Karimi
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin (Pishva) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
| | - Javad Hassanzadeh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
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29
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Hao DC, Yang L. Drug metabolism and disposition diversity of Ranunculales phytometabolites: a systems perspective. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:1047-65. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1201068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Da Cheng Hao
- Biotechnology Institute, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Pharmaceutical resource discovery, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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30
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Pearson ACS, Eldrige JS, Hooten WM. Interpreting Urine Drug Screen Results in the Context of Poppy Seed Use. Mayo Clin Proc 2015; 90:1734-5. [PMID: 26653302 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Samano KL, Clouette RE, Rowland BJ, Sample RHB. Concentrations of Morphine and Codeine in Paired Oral Fluid and Urine Specimens Following Ingestion of a Poppy Seed Roll and Raw Poppy Seeds. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:655-61. [PMID: 26378141 PMCID: PMC4570939 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpretation of opiate drug test results can be challenging due to casual dietary consumption of poppy seeds, which may contain variable opiate content. Opiate concentrations in paired oral fluid (OF), collected with the Oral-Eze(®) Oral Fluid Collection System, and urine were analyzed after ingestion of poppy seeds from the same source, consumed raw or contained in a roll. In Part 1, 12 individuals consumed equal portions of a poppy seed roll. For Part 2, the same individuals consumed an equivalent quantity of raw poppy seeds, containing ∼3.2 mg of morphine and 0.6 mg of codeine. Specimens were analyzed both by enzyme immunoassay (opiates) and by GC-MS (morphine/codeine). Urinary morphine was between 155-1,408 (roll) and 294-4,213 ng/mL (raw), measured at 2, 4, 6 and 20 h post-ingestion. Urinary codeine concentrations between 140-194 (roll) and 121-664 ng/mL (raw) were observed up to 6 h post-ingestion. Following consumption of raw poppy seeds, OF specimens were positive, above LOQ, from 0.25 to 3.0 h with morphine ranging from 7 to 600 ng/mL and codeine from 8 to 112 ng/mL. After poppy seed roll consumption, morphine concentrations of 7-143 ng/mL were observed up to 1.5 h with codeine detected in only 5.5% of OF specimens and ranging from 8 to 28 ng/mL. Combined with the existing poppy seed literature, these results support previous findings and provide guidance for interpretation of OF opiate testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Samano
- Quest Diagnostics Incorporated, Employer Solutions, 10101 Renner Boulevard, Lenexa, KS 66219, USA
| | - Randal E Clouette
- Quest Diagnostics Incorporated, Employer Solutions, 10101 Renner Boulevard, Lenexa, KS 66219, USA
| | - Barbara J Rowland
- Quest Diagnostics Incorporated, Employer Solutions, 10101 Renner Boulevard, Lenexa, KS 66219, USA
| | - R H Barry Sample
- Quest Diagnostics Incorporated, Employer Solutions, 10101 Renner Boulevard, Lenexa, KS 66219, USA
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32
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Concheiro M, Newmeyer MN, da Costa JL, Flegel R, Gorelick DA, Huestis MA. Morphine and codeine in oral fluid after controlled poppy seed administration. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:586-91. [PMID: 25345619 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Opiates are an important drug class in drug testing programmes. Ingestion of poppy seeds containing morphine and codeine can yield positive opiate tests and mislead result interpretation in forensic and clinical settings. Multiple publications evaluated urine opiate concentrations following poppy seed ingestion, but only two addressed oral fluid (OF) results; neither provided the ingested morphine and codeine dosage. We administered two 45 g raw poppy seed doses, each containing 15.7 mg morphine and 3.1 mg codeine, 8 h apart to 17 healthy adults. All OF specimens were screened by on-site OF immunoassay Draeger DrugTest 5000, and confirmed with OF collected with Oral-Eze® device and quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (1 µg/L morphine and codeine limits of quantification). Specimens (n = 459) were collected before and up to 32 h after the first dose. All specimens screened positive 0.5 h after dosing and remained positive for 0.5-13 h at Draeger 20 µg/L morphine cut-off. Maximum OF morphine and codeine concentrations (Cmax ) were 177 and 32.6 µg/L, with times to Cmax (Tmax ) of 0.5-1 h and 0.5-2.5 h post-dose, respectively. Windows of detection after the second dose extended at least 24 h for morphine and to 18 h for codeine. After both doses, the last morphine positive OF result was 1 h with 40 µg/L 2004 proposed US Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration cut-off, and 0.5 h with 95 µg/L cut-off, recently recommended by the Driving under the Influence of Drugs and Medicines project. Positive OF morphine results are possible 0.5-1 h after ingestion of 15.7 mg of morphine in raw poppy seeds, depending on the cut-off employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Concheiro
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew N Newmeyer
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jose Luiz da Costa
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry Laboratory, Criminalistics Institute of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ron Flegel
- Division of Workplace Programs, Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - David A Gorelick
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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