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Johnson AR, Rao K, Zhang BB, Mullet S, Goetzman E, Gelhaus S, Tejero J, Shiva S. Myoglobin inhibits breast cancer cell fatty acid oxidation and migration via heme-dependent oxidant production and not fatty acid binding. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 225:208-220. [PMID: 39368517 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.10.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
The monomeric heme protein myoglobin (Mb) is aberrantly expressed in approximately 40 % of breast tumors. Mb expression is associated with better patient prognosis, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect are unclear. In muscle, Mb's heme moiety confers oxygen storage and delivery. However, prior studies demonstrate that low levels of Mb in cancer cells preclude this function. Several studies propose a fatty acid binding function for Mb via lysine residue K46. Because cancer cells can upregulate fatty acid oxidation (FAO) to fuel cell migration, we tested whether Mb-mediated fatty acid binding modulates FAO and migration. We demonstrate that stable expression of human Mb in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells decreases cell migration and FAO. Site-directed mutagenesis of Mb K46 disrupted fatty acid binding but did not improve FAO or migration. Conversely, cells expressing Apo-Mb (with disrupted heme binding) did not show impaired FAO or migration rates, suggesting Mb attenuates FAO and migration via a heme-dependent mechanism rather than through fatty acid binding. Mb's heme-dependent oxidant generation dysregulates migratory gene expression, which is reversed by catalase treatment. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Mb's heme-dependent oxidant production decreases breast cancer cell migration, prompting therapeutic strategies to modulate oxidant production and Mb in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Johnson
- Heart, Lung, Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Krithika Rao
- Heart, Lung, Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Bob B Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Steven Mullet
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Eric Goetzman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Stacy Gelhaus
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Jesus Tejero
- Heart, Lung, Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Heart, Lung, Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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Alfaro E, Díaz-García E, García-Tovar S, Galera R, Casitas R, Torres-Vargas M, López-Fernández C, Añón JM, García-Río F, Cubillos-Zapata C. Endothelial dysfunction and persistent inflammation in severe post-COVID-19 patients: implications for gas exchange. BMC Med 2024; 22:242. [PMID: 38867241 PMCID: PMC11170912 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the enduring respiratory consequences of severe COVID-19 is crucial for comprehensive patient care. This study aims to evaluate the impact of post-COVID conditions on respiratory sequelae of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). METHODS We examined 88 survivors of COVID-19-associated severe ARDS six months post-intensive care unit (ICU) discharge. Assessments included clinical and functional evaluation as well as plasma biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and viral response. Additionally, an in vitro model using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) explored the direct impact of post-COVID plasma on endothelial function. RESULTS Post-COVID patients with impaired gas exchange demonstrated persistent endothelial inflammation marked by elevated ICAM-1, IL-8, CCL-2, and ET-1 plasma levels. Concurrently, systemic inflammation, evidenced by NLRP3 overexpression and elevated levels of IL-6, sCD40-L, and C-reactive protein, was associated with endothelial dysfunction biomarkers and increased in post-COVID patients with impaired gas exchange. T-cell activation, reflected in CD69 expression, and persistently elevated levels of interferon-β (IFN-β) further contributed to sustained inflammation. The in vitro model confirmed that patient plasma, with altered levels of sCD40-L and IFN-β proteins, has the capacity to alter endothelial function. CONCLUSIONS Six months post-ICU discharge, survivors of COVID-19-associated ARDS exhibited sustained elevation in endothelial dysfunction biomarkers, correlating with the severity of impaired gas exchange. NLRP3 inflammasome activity and persistent T-cell activation indicate on going inflammation contributing to persistent endothelial dysfunction, potentially intensified by sustained viral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Alfaro
- Respiratory Diseases Group, Respiratory Service, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre On Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Díaz-García
- Respiratory Diseases Group, Respiratory Service, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre On Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara García-Tovar
- Respiratory Diseases Group, Respiratory Service, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Galera
- Respiratory Diseases Group, Respiratory Service, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre On Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Casitas
- Respiratory Diseases Group, Respiratory Service, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre On Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Torres-Vargas
- Respiratory Diseases Group, Respiratory Service, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre On Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina López-Fernández
- Respiratory Diseases Group, Respiratory Service, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre On Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Añón
- Department of Intensive Medicine, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Río
- Respiratory Diseases Group, Respiratory Service, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre On Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carolina Cubillos-Zapata
- Respiratory Diseases Group, Respiratory Service, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Paseo de La Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre On Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
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Ding M, Bao Y, Liang H, Zhang X, Li B, Yang R, Zeng N. Potential mechanisms of formononetin against inflammation and oxidative stress: a review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1368765. [PMID: 38799172 PMCID: PMC11116718 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1368765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Formononetin (FMNT) is a secondary metabolite of flavonoids abundant in legumes and graminaceous plants such as Astragalus mongholicus Bunge [Fabaceae; Astragali radix] and Avena sativa L. [Poaceae]. Astragalus is traditionally used in Asia countries such as China, Korea and Mongolia to treat inflammatory diseases, immune disorders and cancers. In recent years, inflammation and oxidative stress have been found to be associated with many diseases. A large number of pharmacological studies have shown that FMNT, an important bioactive metabolite of Astragalus, has a profoundly anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. This review focuses on providing comprehensive and up-to-date findings on the efficacy of the molecular targets and mechanisms involve of FMNT and its derivatives against inflammation and oxidative stress in both in vitro and in vivo. Relevant literature on FMNT against inflammation and oxidative stress between 2013 and 2023 were analyzed. FMNT has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential and shows mild or no toxicity in various diseases. Moreover, in the medical field, FMNT has shown potential in the prevention and treatment of cancers, neurological diseases, fibrotic diseases, allergic diseases, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases and autoimmune diseases. Thus, it is expected to be utilized in more products in the medical, food and cosmetic industries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiwen Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiongwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruocong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Johnson AR, Rao K, Zhang BB, Mullet S, Goetzman E, Gelhaus S, Tejero J, Shiva U. Myoglobin Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Fatty Acid Oxidation and Migration via Heme-dependent Oxidant Production and Not Fatty Acid Binding. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.30.591659. [PMID: 38746370 PMCID: PMC11092581 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.30.591659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The monomeric heme protein myoglobin (Mb), traditionally thought to be expressed exclusively in cardiac and skeletal muscle, is now known to be expressed in approximately 40% of breast tumors. While Mb expression is associated with better patient prognosis, the molecular mechanisms by which Mb limits cancer progression are unclear. In muscle, Mb's predominant function is oxygen storage and delivery, which is dependent on the protein's heme moiety. However, prior studies demonstrate that the low levels of Mb expressed in cancer cells preclude this function. Recent studies propose a novel fatty acid binding function for Mb via a lysine residue (K46) in the heme pocket. Given that cancer cells can upregulate fatty acid oxidation (FAO) to maintain energy production for cytoskeletal remodeling during cell migration, we tested whether Mb-mediated fatty acid binding modulates FAO to decrease breast cancer cell migration. We demonstrate that the stable expression of human Mb in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells decreases cell migration and FAO. Site-directed mutagenesis of Mb to disrupt Mb fatty acid binding did not reverse Mb-mediated attenuation of FAO or cell migration in these cells. In contrast, cells expressing Apo-Mb, in which heme incorporation was disrupted, showed a reversal of Mb-mediated attenuation of FAO and cell migration, suggesting that Mb attenuates FAO and migration via a heme-dependent mechanism rather than through fatty acid binding. To this end, we show that Mb's heme-dependent oxidant generation propagates dysregulated gene expression of migratory genes, and this is reversed by catalase treatment. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Mb decreases breast cancer cell migration, and this effect is due to heme-mediated oxidant production rather than fatty acid binding. The implication of these results will be discussed in the context of therapeutic strategies to modulate oxidant production and Mb in tumors. Highlights Myoglobin (Mb) expression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells slows migration.Mb expression decreases mitochondrial respiration and fatty acid oxidation.Mb-dependent fatty acid binding does not regulate cell migration or respiration.Mb-dependent oxidant generation decreases mitochondrial metabolism and migration.Mb-derived oxidants dysregulate migratory gene expression.
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Saleem Raheem S, Falah Hasan H, Hashim Abid Ali A, Mansour Jasim A. Effectiveness of Histopathological Changes of Induced Thin Layer Endometrium by Pentoxifylline and Pentoxifylline-Loaded Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid on Female Rats. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2023; 78:1762-1770. [PMID: 38828173 PMCID: PMC11139385 DOI: 10.32592/ari.2023.78.6.1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Pentoxifylline (PTXF) is a vasoactive agent that plays a significant role in the treatment of thin-layer endometrium cases. The PTXF, also identified as oxpentifylline, is a member of xanthine derivatives and a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor leading to the elevation of intracellular cAMP, inhibition of tumor necrosis factor and leukotriene synthesis, activation of protein kinase A, and reduction of inflammation and innate immunity. Moreover, it is used as an agent to relieve muscle pain in people with peripheral artery disease (vascular irregularities). It is also an acceptable choice for the treatment of radiation-induced fibrosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the advantageous impact of PTXF and PTXF-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) on female rats after being exposed to ethanol to create a thin layer of the endometrium. For this purpose, 50 female rats were selected and divided into five groups (G1: negative normal control, G2: positive control, G3: PLGA only, G4: preference PTXF, and G5: PLGA-PTXF groups) for a 20-day treatment period. In this study, the histopathological section revealed a perfect improvement in the tissues of the uterine horn of female rats that induced endometria and were treated with PLGA-PTXF. In this group of rats, clear healing was achieved and there was an increase in the thickness of endometrium and myometrium, compared to the ordinary PTXF-treated group which had the lowest recovery characteristics. However, the positive control group underwent a significant decrease in terms of endometrium and myometrium thickness as well as vascular and glandular density. This study showed that the PTXF-loaded PLGA had the capacity to heal the thin layer of the endometrium by improving the levels of histopathological changes, especially regarding the thickness of the endometrium and myometrium more than the ordinary PTXF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saleem Raheem
- Department of Community Health, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al_FuratAl_Awsat Technical University, 31003 Al-Kufa, Iraq
| | - H Falah Hasan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine/University of Baghdad/Iraq
| | - A Hashim Abid Ali
- Department of Medical laboratory, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al_FuratAl_Awsat Technical University, 31003 Al-Kufa, Iraq
- Southern Federal University, st. B. Sadovaya, 105/42, 344006 Rostov-on-Don, Russian
| | - A Mansour Jasim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine/Al-Qasim Green University
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Cinakova A, Krenek P, Klimas J, Kralova E. Adding SGLT2 Cotransporter Inhibitor to PPARγ Activator Does Not Provide an Additive Effect in the Management of Diabetes-Induced Vascular Dysfunction. Pharmacology 2023; 108:565-575. [PMID: 37844554 DOI: 10.1159/000533592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. In monotherapy, dapagliflozin (Dapa) as well as pioglitazone (Pio) prevent the progression of target organ damage in both type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes. We investigated whether the simultaneous PPAR-γ activation and SGLT2 cotransporter inhibition significantly alleviate ED-related pathological processes and thus normalize vascular response in experimental T1DM. METHODS Experimental diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ; 55 mg/kg, i.p.) in Wistar rats. Dapa (10 mg/kg), Pio (12 mg/kg), or their combination were administrated to the STZ rats orally. Six weeks after STZ administration, the aorta was excised for functional studies and real-time qPCR analysis. RESULTS In the aorta of diabetic rats, impaired endothelium-dependent and independent relaxation were accompanied by the imbalance between vasoactive factors (eNos, Et1) and overexpression of inflammation (Tnfα, Il1b, Il6, Icam, Vcam) and oxidative stress (Cybb) markers. Pio monotherapy normalized response to vasoactive substances and restored balance between Et1-eNos expression, while Dapa treatment was ineffective. Nevertheless, Dapa and Pio monotherapy significantly reverted inflammation and oxidative stress markers to normal values. The combination treatment exhibited an additive effect in modulating Il6 expression, reaching the effect of Pio monotherapy in other measured parameters. CONCLUSION Particularly, Pio exerts a vasoprotective character when used in monotherapy. When combined with Dapa, it does not exhibit an expected additive effect within modulating vasoreactivity or oxidative stress, though having a significant influence on IL6 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Cinakova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Krenek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Kralova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Miao M, Wang X, Liu T, Li YJ, Yu WQ, Yang TM, Guo SD. Targeting PPARs for therapy of atherosclerosis: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125008. [PMID: 37217063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chief pathogenic factor of cardiovascular disease, is associated with many factors including inflammation, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors and are widely expressed with tissue- and cell-specificity. They control multiple genes that are involved in lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, and redox homeostasis. Given the diverse biological functions of PPARs, they have been extensively studied since their discovery in 1990s. Although controversies exist, accumulating evidence have demonstrated that PPAR activation attenuates atherosclerosis. Recent advances are valuable for understanding the mechanisms of action of PPAR activation. This article reviews the recent findings, mainly from the year of 2018 to present, including endogenous molecules in regulation of PPARs, roles of PPARs in atherosclerosis by focusing on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress, and synthesized PPAR modulators. This article provides information valuable for researchers in the field of basic cardiovascular research, for pharmacologists that are interested in developing novel PPAR agonists and antagonists with lower side effects as well as for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Miao
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yan-Jie Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Wen-Qian Yu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Tong-Mei Yang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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Paoli A, Cerullo G. Investigating the Link between Ketogenic Diet, NAFLD, Mitochondria, and Oxidative Stress: A Narrative Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051065. [PMID: 37237931 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Together with the global rise in obesity and metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of individuals who suffer from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has risen dramatically. NAFLD is currently the most common chronic liver disease and includes a continuum of liver disorders from initial fat accumulation to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), considered the more severe forms, which can evolve in, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Common features of NAFLD includes altered lipid metabolism mainly linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, which, as a vicious cycle, aggravates oxidative stress and promotes inflammation and, as a consequence, the progressive death of hepatocytes and the severe form of NAFLD. A ketogenic diet (KD), i.e., a diet very low in carbohydrates (<30 g/die) that induces "physiological ketosis", has been demonstrated to alleviate oxidative stress and restore mitochondrial function. Based on this, the aim of the present review is to analyze the body of evidence regarding the potential therapeutic role of KD in NAFLD, focusing on the interplay between mitochondria and the liver, the effects of ketosis on oxidative stress pathways, and the impact of KD on liver and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Cerullo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Wei JY, Hu MY, Chen XQ, Lei FY, Wei JS, Chen J, Qin XK, Qin YH. Rosiglitazone attenuates hypoxia-induced renal cell apoptosis by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway in a PPARγ-dependent manner. Ren Fail 2022; 44:2056-2065. [DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2022.2148539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yu Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Miao-Yue Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Feng-Ying Lei
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jin-Shuang Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xuan-Kai Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuan-Han Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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10
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Curcumin supplementation contributes to relieving anthropometric and glycemic indices, as an adjunct therapy: A meta-research review of meta-analyses. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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11
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Chen Z, Jin ZX, Cai J, Li R, Deng KQ, Ji YX, Lei F, Li HP, Lu Z, Li H. Energy substrate metabolism and oxidative stress in metabolic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1721-1739. [PMID: 36396746 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic cardiomyopathy is an emerging cause of heart failure in patients with obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. It is characterized by impaired myocardial metabolic flexibility, intramyocardial triglyceride accumulation, and lipotoxic damage in association with structural and functional alterations of the heart, unrelated to hypertension, coronary artery disease, and other cardiovascular diseases. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development and progression of metabolic cardiomyopathy. Mitochondria are the most significant sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiomyocytes. Disturbances in myocardial substrate metabolism induce mitochondrial adaptation and dysfunction, manifested as a mismatch between mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and the electron transport chain (ETC) activity, which facilitates ROS production within the ETC components. In addition, non-ETC sources of mitochondrial ROS, such as β-oxidation of fatty acids, may also produce a considerable quantity of ROS in metabolic cardiomyopathy. Augmented ROS production in cardiomyocytes can induce a variety of effects, including the programming of myocardial energy substrate metabolism, modulation of metabolic inflammation, redox modification of ion channels and transporters, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, ultimately leading to the structural and functional alterations of the heart. Based on the above mechanistic views, the present review summarizes the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying metabolic cardiomyopathy, focusing on the role of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao-Xia Jin
- Department of Cardiovascular, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, China
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiology, Central South University, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Ruyan Li
- Northfield Mount Hermon School, Gill, MA, 01354, USA
| | - Ke-Qiong Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Xiao Ji
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Lei
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huo-Ping Li
- Department of Cardiovascular, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, China.
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang, China.
| | - Zhibing Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hongliang Li
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang, China.
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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12
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Jones IC, Dass CR. Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: causative factors and possible interventions. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:1677-1688. [PMID: 35994421 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Doxorubicin (Dox) belongs to the anthracycline drug classification and is a widely administered chemotherapeutic. However, Dox use in therapy is limited by its cardiotoxicity, representing a significant drawback of Dox treatment applicability. A large amount of current research is on reducing Dox-induced cardiotoxicity by developing targeted delivery systems and investigating cardiotoxicity mechanisms. Recently, discrepancies have challenged the traditional understanding of Dox metabolism, mechanisms of action and cardiotoxicity drivers. This review summarises the current knowledge around Dox's metabolism, mechanisms of anticancer activity, and delivery systems and offers a unique perspective on the relationships between several proposed mechanisms of Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. KEY FINDINGS While there is a strong understanding of Dox's pharmacokinetic properties, it is unclear which enzymes contribute to Dox metabolism and how Dox induces its cytotoxic effect in neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells. Evidence suggests that there are several potentially synergistic mechanisms involved in Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. SUMMARY It has become clear that Dox operates in a multifactorial fashion dependent on cellular context. Accumulation of oxidative stress appears to be a common factor in cardiotoxicity mechanisms, highlighting the importance of novel delivery systems and antioxidant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C Jones
- Curtin Medical School, Bentley 6102, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Bentley 6102, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
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13
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Targeting NRF2 in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and depression: Efficacy of natural and synthetic compounds. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 925:174993. [PMID: 35513015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Evidence supports a strong bidirectional association between depression and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The harmful impact of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation on the development of both disorders is widely accepted. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a pertinent target in disease management owing to its reputation as the master regulator of antioxidant responses. NRF2 influences the expression of various cytoprotective phase 2 antioxidant genes, which is hampered in both depression and T2DM. Through interaction and crosstalk with several signaling pathways, NRF2 endeavors to contain the widespread oxidative damage and persistent inflammation involved in the pathophysiology of depression and T2DM. NRF2 promotes the neuroprotective and insulin-sensitizing properties of its upstream and downstream targets, thereby interrupting and preventing disease advancement. Standard antidepressant and antidiabetic drugs may be powerful against these disorders, but unfortunately, they come bearing distressing side effects. Therefore, exploiting the therapeutic potential of NRF2 activators presents an exciting opportunity to manage such bidirectional and comorbid conditions.
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14
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Inflammation and Nitro-oxidative Stress as Drivers of Endocannabinoid System Aberrations in Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3485-3503. [PMID: 35347586 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is composed of the endocannabinoid ligands anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylgycerol (2-AG), their target cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) and the enzymes involved in their synthesis and metabolism (N-acyltransferase and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in the case of AEA and diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) in the case of 2-AG). The origins of ECS dysfunction in major neuropsychiatric disorders remain to be determined, and this paper explores the possibility that they may be associated with chronically increased nitro-oxidative stress and activated immune-inflammatory pathways, and it examines the mechanisms which might be involved. Inflammation and nitro-oxidative stress are associated with both increased CB1 expression, via increased activity of the NADPH oxidases NOX4 and NOX1, and increased CNR1 expression and DNA methylation; and CB2 upregulation via increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, binding of the transcription factor Nrf2 to an antioxidant response element in the CNR2 promoter region and the action of miR-139. CB1 and CB2 have antagonistic effects on redox signalling, which may result from a miRNA-enabled negative feedback loop. The effects of inflammation and oxidative stress are detailed in respect of AEA and 2-AG levels, via effects on calcium homeostasis and phospholipase A2 activity; on FAAH activity, via nitrosylation/nitration of functional cysteine and/or tyrosine residues; and on 2-AG activity via effects on MGLL expression and MAGL. Finally, based on these detailed molecular neurobiological mechanisms, it is suggested that cannabidiol and dimethyl fumarate may have therapeutic potential for major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
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15
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miR-573 rescues endothelial dysfunction during dengue infection under PPARγ regulation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0199621. [PMID: 35108097 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01996-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early prognosis of abnormal vasculopathy is essential for effective clinical management of severe dengue patients. An exaggerated interferon (IFN) response and release of vasoactive factors from endothelial cells cause vasculopathy. This study shows that dengue 2 (DENV2) infection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) results in differentially regulated miRNAs important for endothelial function. miR-573 was significantly down-regulated in DENV2-infected HUVEC due to decreased Peroxisome Proliferator Activator Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) activity. Restoring miR-573 expression decreased endothelial permeability by suppressing the expression of vasoactive angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2). We also found that miR-573 suppressed the proinflammatory IFN response through direct downregulation of toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression. Our study provides a novel insight into miR-573 mediated regulation of endothelial function during DENV2 infection which can be further translated into a potential therapeutic and prognostic agent for severe dengue patients. IMPORTANCE: We need to identify molecular factors which can predict the onset of endothelial dysfunction in dengue patients. Increase in endothelial permeability during severe dengue infections is poorly understood. In this study we focus on factors which regulate endothelial function and are dysregulated during DENV2 infection. We show that miR-573 rescues endothelial permeability and is downregulated during DENV2 infection in endothelial cells. This finding can have diagnostic as well as therapeutic applications.
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16
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PPARγ Regulates Triclosan Induced Placental Dysfunction. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010086. [PMID: 35011648 PMCID: PMC8750171 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to the antibacterial agent triclosan (TCS) is associated with abnormal placenta growth and fetal development during pregnancy. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is crucial in placenta development. However, the mechanism of PPARγ in placenta injury induced by TCS remains unknown. Herein, we demonstrated that PPARγ worked as a protector against TCS-induced toxicity. TCS inhibited cell viability, migration, and angiogenesis dose-dependently in HTR-8/SVneo and JEG-3 cells. Furthermore, TCS downregulated expression of PPARγ and its downstream viability, migration, angiogenesis-related genes HMOX1, ANGPTL4, VEGFA, MMP-2, MMP-9, and upregulated inflammatory genes p65, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in vitro and in vivo. Further investigation showed that overexpression or activation (rosiglitazone) alleviated cell viability, migration, angiogenesis inhibition, and inflammatory response caused by TCS, while knockdown or inhibition (GW9662) of PPARγ had the opposite effect. Moreover, TCS caused placenta dysfunction characterized by the significant decrease in weight and size of the placenta and fetus, while PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone alleviated this damage in mice. Taken together, our results illustrated that TCS-induced placenta dysfunction, which was mediated by the PPARγ pathway. Our findings reveal that activation of PPARγ might be a promising strategy against the adverse effects of TCS exposure on the placenta and fetus.
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17
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Noise-Induced Cochlear Damage Involves PPAR Down-Regulation through the Interplay between Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081188. [PMID: 34439436 PMCID: PMC8388985 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-talk between oxidative stress and inflammation seems to play a key role in noise-induced hearing loss. Several studies have addressed the role of PPAR receptors in mediating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and, although its protective activity has been demonstrated in several tissues, less is known about how PPARs could be involved in cochlear dysfunction induced by noise exposure. In this study, we used an in vivo model of noise-induced hearing loss to investigate how oxidative stress and inflammation participate in cochlear dysfunction through PPAR signaling pathways. Specifically, we found a progressive decrease in PPAR expression in the cochlea after acoustic trauma, paralleled by an increase in oxidative stress and inflammation. By comparing an antioxidant (Q-ter) and an anti-inflammatory (Anakinra) treatment, we demonstrated that oxidative stress is the primary element of damage in noise-induced cochlear injury and that increased inflammation can be considered a consequence of PPAR down-regulation induced by ROS production. Indeed, by decreasing oxidative stress, PPARs returned to control values, reactivating the negative control on inflammation in a feedback loop.
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18
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Mohammadi E, Behnam B, Mohammadinejad R, Guest PC, Simental-Mendía LE, Sahebkar A. Antidiabetic Properties of Curcumin: Insights on New Mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1291:151-164. [PMID: 34331689 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-56153-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant extracts have been used to treat a wide range of human diseases. Curcumin, a bioactive polyphenol derived from Curcuma longa L., exhibits therapeutic effects against diabetes while only negligible adverse effects have been observed. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin are the main and well-recognized pharmacological effects that might explain its antidiabetic effects. Additionally, curcumin may regulate novel signaling molecules and enzymes involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes, including glucagon-like peptide-1, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, glucose transporters, alpha-glycosidase, alpha-amylase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Recent findings from in vitro and in vivo studies on novel signaling pathways involved in the potential beneficial effects of curcumin for the treatment of diabetes are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Behzad Behnam
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. .,Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. .,Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Paul C Guest
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland. .,Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Ali AS, Chen R, Raju R, Kshirsagar R, Gilbert A, Zang L, Karger BL, Ivanov AR. Multi-Omics Reveals Impact of Cysteine Feed Concentration and Resulting Redox Imbalance on Cellular Energy Metabolism and Specific Productivity in CHO Cell Bioprocessing. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900565. [PMID: 32170810 PMCID: PMC7880547 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are currently the primary host cell lines used in biotherapeutic manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other biopharmaceuticals. Cellular energy metabolism and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are known to greatly impact cell growth, viability, and specific productivity of a biotherapeutic; but the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. The authors previously employed multi-omics profiling to investigate the impact of a reduction in cysteine (Cys) feed concentration in a fed-batch process and found that disruption of the redox balance led to a substantial decline in cell viability and titer. Here, the multi-omics findings are expanded, and the impact redox imbalance has on ER stress, mitochondrial homeostasis, and lipid metabolism is explored. The reduced Cys feed activates the amino acid response (AAR), increases mitochondrial stress, and initiates gluconeogenesis. Multi-omics analysis reveals that together, ER stress and AAR signaling shift the cellular energy metabolism to rely primarily on anaplerotic reactions, consuming amino acids and producing lactate, to maintain energy generation. Furthermore, the pathways are demonstrated in which this shift in metabolism leads to a substantial decline in specific productivity and altered mAb glycosylation. Through this work, meaningful bioprocess markers and targets for genetic engineering are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr S Ali
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Rachel Chen
- Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ravali Raju
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Alan Gilbert
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Li Zang
- Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Barry L Karger
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alexander R Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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20
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Jackson MJ, Stretton C, McArdle A. Hydrogen peroxide as a signal for skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise: What do concentrations tell us about potential mechanisms? Redox Biol 2020; 35:101484. [PMID: 32184060 PMCID: PMC7284923 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide appears to be the key reactive oxygen species involved in redox signalling, but comparisons of the low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide that are calculated to exist within cells with those previously shown to activate common signalling events in vitro indicate that direct oxidation of key thiol groups on "redox-sensitive" signalling proteins is unlikely to occur. A number of potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain how cells overcome this block to hydrogen peroxide-stimulated redox signalling and these will be discussed in the context of the redox-stimulation of specific adaptations of skeletal muscle to contractile activity and exercise. It is argued that current data implicate a role for currently unidentified effector molecules (likely to be highly reactive peroxidases) in propagation of the redox signal from sites of hydrogen peroxide generation to common adaptive signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J Jackson
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L87TX, UK.
| | - Clare Stretton
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L87TX, UK
| | - Anne McArdle
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L87TX, UK
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21
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Chen Z, Tian R, She Z, Cai J, Li H. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:116-141. [PMID: 32156524 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and is strongly associated with the presence of oxidative stress. Disturbances in lipid metabolism lead to hepatic lipid accumulation, which affects different reactive oxygen species (ROS) generators, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and NADPH oxidase. Mitochondrial function adapts to NAFLD mainly through the downregulation of the electron transport chain (ETC) and the preserved or enhanced capacity of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, which stimulates ROS overproduction within different ETC components upstream of cytochrome c oxidase. However, non-ETC sources of ROS, in particular, fatty acid β-oxidation, appear to produce more ROS in hepatic metabolic diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and NADPH oxidase alterations are also associated with NAFLD, but the degree of their contribution to oxidative stress in NAFLD remains unclear. Increased ROS generation induces changes in insulin sensitivity and in the expression and activity of key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Moreover, the interaction between redox signaling and innate immune signaling forms a complex network that regulates inflammatory responses. Based on the mechanistic view described above, this review summarizes the mechanisms that may account for the excessive production of ROS, the potential mechanistic roles of ROS that drive NAFLD progression, and therapeutic interventions that are related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Ruifeng Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Zhigang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China.
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22
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Wieczfinska J, Sitarek P, Skała E, Kowalczyk T, Pawliczak R. Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Decreases Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines in A549 Cells. Inflammation 2020; 42:2205-2214. [PMID: 31612365 PMCID: PMC6856491 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Various experimental models strongly support the hypothesis that airway inflammation can be caused by oxidative stress. Inflammatory airway diseases like asthma and COPD are characterized by higher levels of ROS and inflammatory cytokines. One of the sources of ROS is NADPH oxidase. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate influence of NADPH oxidase inhibition on the expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF, TSLP, CD59, and PPAR-γ in vitro. A549 cells were incubated with apocynin in three concentrations (0.5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, and 3 mg/ml). Cells were trypsinized and RNA isolated after 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h of apocynin incubation at each concentration. Afterwards, reverse transcription was performed to evaluate mRNA expression using real-time PCR. The time-response and dose-response study showed that apocynin significantly influenced the relative expression of chosen genes (IL-6, IL-8, TNF, PPAR-γ, TSLP, and CD59). Apocynin decreased the mRNA expression of TNF-α at all concentrations used, and of IL-6 at concentrations of 1 and 3 mg/ml (p < 0.05). TSLP mRNA expression was also reduced by apocynin after 1 h and 2 h, and CD59 mRNA after 1 h, but only at the highest concentration. The expression of PPAR-γ was reduced after apocynin in the highest concentrations only (p < 0.05). The results might suggest that proinflammatory agents’ expression levels are strongly connected to the presence of oxidative stress generated by NADPH oxidase and this might be at least partially eliminated by anti-oxidative action. Apocynin, as an effective inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, seems to be useful in potential anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wieczfinska
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, 7/9 Zeligowskiego, Bldg 2, Rm 122, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Skała
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, 7/9 Zeligowskiego, Bldg 2, Rm 122, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
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23
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Gui F, You Z, Fu S, Wu H, Zhang Y. Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591. [PMID: 33013692 PMCID: PMC7499433 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a diabetic complication which affects retinal function and results in severe loss of vision and relevant retinal diseases. Retinal vascular dysfunction caused by multifactors, such as advanced glycosylation end products and receptors, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, proliferator-activated receptor-γ disruption, growth factors, oxidative stress, and microRNA. These factors promote retinal endothelial dysfunction, which results in the development of DR. In this review, we summarize the contributors in the pathophysiology of DR for a better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanism in the development of DR with a special emphasis on retinal endothelial dysfunction.
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24
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Tseng V, Sutliff RL, Hart CM. Redox Biology of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ in Pulmonary Hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:874-897. [PMID: 30582337 PMCID: PMC6751396 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) maintains pulmonary vascular health through coordination of antioxidant defense systems, inflammation, and cellular metabolism. Insufficient PPARγ contributes to pulmonary hypertension (PH) pathogenesis, whereas therapeutic restoration of PPARγ activity attenuates PH in preclinical models. Recent Advances: Numerous studies in the past decade have elucidated the complex mechanisms by which PPARγ in the pulmonary vasculature and right ventricle (RV) protects against PH. The scope of PPARγ-interconnected pathways continues to expand and includes induction of antioxidant genes, transrepression of inflammatory signaling, regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and bioenergetic integrity, control of cell cycle and proliferation, and regulation of vascular tone through interactions with nitric oxide and endogenous vasoactive molecules. Furthermore, PPARγ interacts with an extensive regulatory network of transcription factors and microRNAs leading to broad impact on cell signaling. Critical Issues: Abundant evidence suggests that targeting PPARγ exerts diverse salutary effects in PH and represents a novel and potentially translatable therapeutic strategy. However, progress has been slowed by an incomplete understanding of how specific PPARγ pathways are critically disrupted across PH disease subtypes and lack of optimal pharmacological ligands. Future Directions: Recent studies indicate that ligand-induced post-translational modifications of the PPARγ receptor differentially induce therapeutic benefits versus adverse side effects of PPARγ receptor activation. Strategies to selectively target PPARγ activity in diseased cells of pulmonary circulation and RV, coupled with development of ligands designed to specifically regulate post-translational PPARγ modifications, may unlock the full therapeutic potential of this versatile master transcriptional and metabolic regulator in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tseng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - C Michael Hart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
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25
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Wei L, Qin Y, Jiang L, Yu X, Xi Z. PPARγ and mitophagy are involved in hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced renal tubular epithelial cells injury. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2019; 39:235-242. [PMID: 31538845 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1660894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Renal tubular epithelial cell (RTEC) injury is the main cause and common pathological process of various renal diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction (MtD) is a pathological process after renal injury. Mitophagy is vital for mitochondrial function. Hypoxia is a common cause of RTEC injury. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation. Previous studies have shown that the low expression of PPARγ might be involved in hypoxia-induced RTEC injury. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between PPARγ and mitophagy in damaged RTEC in the hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR) model. The results showed that HR inhibited the expression of PPARγ, but increased the expression of LC3II, Atg5, SQSTM1/P62, and PINK1 in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) copy number, mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) levels, ATP content, and cell viability were decreased in hypoxic RTECs, the expression of SQSTM1/P62 and PINK1, the release of cytochrome c (cyt C), and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased. Mitochondrial-containing autophagosomes (APs) were detected using transmission election microscope (TEM) and laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). Furthermore, PPARγ protein expression was negatively correlated with that of LC3II, PINK1, and the positive rate of RTEC-containing mitochondrial-containing APs (all p < .05), but positively correlated with cell viability, MMP level, and ATP content (all p < .05). These data suggested that PPARγ and mitophagy are involved in the RTEC injury process. Thus, a close association could be detected between PPARγ and mitophagy in HR-induced RTEC injury, albeit additional investigation is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luming Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital , Nanning 530021 , China
| | - Yuanhan Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital , Nanning 530021 , China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital , Nanning 530021 , China
| | - Xueyun Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital , Nanning 530021 , China
| | - Zhiyang Xi
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangxi Medical University First Affiliated Hospital , Nanning 530021 , China
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Daneva Z, Laubach VE, Sonkusare SK. Novel Regulators and Targets of Redox Signaling in Pulmonary Vasculature. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 9:87-93. [PMID: 31406951 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated redox signaling in pulmonary vasculature is central to the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and lung injury. Modulators of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and downstream signaling targets are critical for mediating the physiological or pathological effects of ROS. Understanding the complex interactions between the modulators and signaling targets of ROS is essential for developing novel strategies to prevent or attenuate lung pathologies. In this review, we discuss recent studies on the modulators and targets of ROS in pulmonary endothelial and smooth muscle cells, their cellular effects, and the disease conditions associated with dysregulated redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdravka Daneva
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Victor E Laubach
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Swapnil K Sonkusare
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
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27
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Reddy AT, Lakshmi SP, Banno A, Reddy RC. Role of GPx3 in PPARγ-induced protection against COPD-associated oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 126:350-357. [PMID: 30118830 PMCID: PMC6368849 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke, a source of numerous oxidants, produces oxidative stress and exaggerated inflammatory responses that lead to irreversible lung tissue damage. It is the single, most significant risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although an intrinsic defense system that includes both enzymatic and non-enzymatic modulators exists to protect lung tissues against oxidative stress, impairment of these protective mechanisms has been demonstrated in smokers and COPD patients. The antioxidant enzyme GSH peroxidase (GPx) is an important part of this intrinsic defense system. Although cigarette smoke has been shown to downregulate its expression and activity, the underlying mechanism is not known. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear hormone receptor with antioxidant effects. PPARγ activation has demonstrated protective effects against cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Molecular mechanisms for PPARγ's antioxidant function likewise remain to be elucidated. This study explored the link between PPARγ and GPx3 and found a positive association in cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-exposed human bronchial epithelial cells. Moreover, we provide evidence that identifies GPx3 as a PPARγ transcriptional target. Attenuation of antioxidant effects in the absence of GPx3 highlights the antioxidant's prominent role in mediating PPARγ's function. We also demonstrate that ligand-mediated PPARγ activation blocks CSE-induced reactive oxygen species and hydrogen peroxide production via upregulation of GPx3. In summary, our findings describing the molecular mechanisms involving GPx3 and PPARγ in CSE-induced oxidative stress and inflammation may provide valuable information for the development of more effective therapeutics for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind T Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Sowmya P Lakshmi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Asoka Banno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Raju C Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
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28
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Onyango AN. Cellular Stresses and Stress Responses in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4321714. [PMID: 30116482 PMCID: PMC6079365 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4321714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR), a key component of the metabolic syndrome, precedes the development of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Its etiological pathways are not well defined, although many contributory mechanisms have been established. This article summarizes such mechanisms into the hypothesis that factors like nutrient overload, physical inactivity, hypoxia, psychological stress, and environmental pollutants induce a network of cellular stresses, stress responses, and stress response dysregulations that jointly inhibit insulin signaling in insulin target cells including endothelial cells, hepatocytes, myocytes, hypothalamic neurons, and adipocytes. The insulin resistance-inducing cellular stresses include oxidative, nitrosative, carbonyl/electrophilic, genotoxic, and endoplasmic reticulum stresses; the stress responses include the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, the DNA damage response, the unfolded protein response, apoptosis, inflammasome activation, and pyroptosis, while the dysregulated responses include the heat shock response, autophagy, and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 signaling. Insulin target cells also produce metabolites that exacerbate cellular stress generation both locally and systemically, partly through recruitment and activation of myeloid cells which sustain a state of chronic inflammation. Thus, insulin resistance may be prevented or attenuated by multiple approaches targeting the different cellular stresses and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold N. Onyango
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
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29
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Yoshida T, Akiba J, Matsui T, Nakamura K, Hisamoto T, Abe M, Ikezono Y, Wada F, Iwamoto H, Nakamura T, Koga H, Yamagishi SI, Torimura T. Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) Prevents Hepatic Fat Storage, Inflammation, and Fibrosis in Dietary Steatohepatitis of Mice. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:1527-1536. [PMID: 28365916 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of inflammation through its anti-oxidative property. Since oxidative response is considered to play the pivotal role of the development and progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), it is conceivable that PEDF may play a protective role against NASH. In this study, we examined whether administration of PEDF slowed the progression of NASH in mice models. METHODS Mice were fed methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet with or without intramuscular administration of adenovirus-expressing PEDF (Ad-PEDF). Effects of PEDF administration on NASH were histologically and biochemically evaluated. RESULTS Administration of Ad-PEDF significantly decreased hepatic fat storage as well as serum levels of ALT in MCD diet-fed mice. Dihydroethidium staining showed that MCD diet-triggered oxidative stress was reduced in the liver of Ad-PEDF-administered mice compared to that of PBS- or Ad-LacZ-administered mice. Activation of Kupffer cells and hepatic fibrosis was also inhibited by Ad-PEDF administration. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that MCD diet up-regulated expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β, collagen-1, and collagen-3 mRNA, which were also attenuated with Ad-PEDF administration, whereas MCD diet-induced down-regulation of expressions of PPAR-γ mRNA was restored with Ad-PEDF administration. Furthermore, immunoblotting analysis showed that MCD diet-induced up-regulation of NADPH oxidase components was significantly decreased in Ad-PEDF-administered mice. CONCLUSIONS The present results demonstrated for the first time that PEDF could slow the development and progression of steatohepatitis through the suppression of steatosis and inflammatory response in MCD diet-fed mice. Our study suggests that PEDF supplementation may be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. .,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume Clinical Pharmacology Clinic, 67 Asahi-Machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan.
| | - Jun Akiba
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsui
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | | | - Takao Hisamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume Clinical Pharmacology Clinic, 67 Asahi-Machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Abe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume Clinical Pharmacology Clinic, 67 Asahi-Machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yu Ikezono
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume Clinical Pharmacology Clinic, 67 Asahi-Machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Wada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume Clinical Pharmacology Clinic, 67 Asahi-Machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hideki Iwamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume Clinical Pharmacology Clinic, 67 Asahi-Machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Toru Nakamura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume Clinical Pharmacology Clinic, 67 Asahi-Machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Hironori Koga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume Clinical Pharmacology Clinic, 67 Asahi-Machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Sho-Ichi Yamagishi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takuji Torimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Liver Cancer Research Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume Clinical Pharmacology Clinic, 67 Asahi-Machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
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Li JL, Li W, Sun XT, Xia J, Li XN, Lin J, Zhang C, Sun XC, Xu SW. Selenophosphate synthetase 1 (SPS1) is required for the development and selenium homeostasis of central nervous system in chicken (Gallus gallus). Oncotarget 2017; 8:35919-35932. [PMID: 28415800 PMCID: PMC5482627 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenophosphate synthetase (SPS) is essential for selenoprotein biosynthesis. In two SPS paralogues, SPS1 was only cloned from a cDNA library prepared from avian organ. However, the biological function of SPS1 in chicken central nervous system (CNS) remains largely unclear. To investigate the role of avian SPS1 in the development and selenium (Se) homeostasis of CNS, fertile eggs, chicken embryos, embryo neurons and chicks were employed in this study. The response of SPS1 transcription to the development and Se levels of CNS tissues was analyzed using qRT-PCR. SPS1 gene exists extensively in the development of chicken CNS. The wide expression of avian SPS1 can be controlled by the Se content levels, which suggests that SPS1 is important in the regulation of Se homeostasis. The fundamental mechanism of these effects is that Se alters the half-life and stability of SPS1 mRNA. Therefore, SPS1 exerts an irreplaceable biological function in chicken CNS and Se homeostasis is closely related to the expression of SPS1. These results suggested that SPS1 was required for the development and Se homeostasis of CNS in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Tong Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Nan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - Jia Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Chen Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Wen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
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31
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Maekawa R, Taketani T, Mihara Y, Sato S, Okada M, Tamura I, Jozaki K, Kajimura T, Asada H, Tamura H, Takasaki A, Sugino N. Thin endometrium transcriptome analysis reveals a potential mechanism of implantation failure. Reprod Med Biol 2017; 16:206-227. [PMID: 29259471 PMCID: PMC5661823 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Although a thin endometrium has been well recognized as a critical factor in implantation failure, little information is available regarding the molecular mechanisms. The present study investigated these mechanisms by using genome‐wide mRNA expression analysis. Methods Thin and normal endometrial tissue was obtained from a total of six women during the mid‐luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The transcriptomes were analyzed with a microarray. Differentially expressed genes were classified according to Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Results The study identified 318 up‐regulated genes and 322 down‐regulated genes in the thin endometrium, compared to the control endometrium. The GO and KEGG pathway analyses indicated that the thin endometrium possessed aberrantly activated immunity and natural killer cell cytotoxicity that was accompanied by an increased number of inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN‐γ. Various genes that were related to metabolism and anti‐oxidative stress were down‐regulated in the thin endometrium. Conclusion Implantation failure in the thin endometrium appears to be associated with an aberrantly activated inflammatory environment and aberrantly decreased response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Maekawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Japan
| | - Toshiaki Taketani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Japan
| | - Yumiko Mihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Japan
| | - Shun Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Japan
| | - Maki Okada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Japan
| | - Isao Tamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Japan
| | - Kosuke Jozaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Japan
| | - Takuya Kajimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Japan
| | - Hiromi Asada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Japan
| | - Akihisa Takasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Saiseikai Shimonoseki General Hospital Shimonoseki Japan
| | - Norihiro Sugino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Ube Japan
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PPAR γ and Its Role in Cardiovascular Diseases. PPAR Res 2017; 2017:6404638. [PMID: 28243251 PMCID: PMC5294387 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6404638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Gamma (PPARγ), a ligand-activated transcription factor, has a role in various cellular functions as well as glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and prevention of oxidative stress. The activators of PPARγ are already widely used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The cardioprotective effect of PPARγ activation has been studied extensively over the years making them potential therapeutic targets in diseases associated with cardiovascular disorders. However, they are also associated with adverse cardiovascular events such as congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction. This review aims to discuss the role of PPARγ in the various cardiovascular diseases and summarize the current knowledge on PPARγ agonists from multiple clinical trials. Finally, we also review the new PPARγ agonists under development as potential therapeutics with reduced or no adverse effects.
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Li Y, Tian YG, Li JS, Dong YQ, Wang MH, Feng SX, Li LL, Mao J, Wang LL, Luo S. Bufei Yishen granules combined with acupoint sticking therapy suppress oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease rats: Via regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma signaling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 193:354-361. [PMID: 27562320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is clinically used under the guidance of its unique theory system. Bufei Yishen (BY) granules, an oral Chinese herbal formula, is confirmed effective for treating the syndrome of lung-kidney qi deficiency in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Shu-Fei Tie ointment is another prescription for acupoint sticking (AS) therapy based on the theory of treating an internal disease by external treatment on proper acupoints. The beneficial effects of BY granules combined with Shu-Fei Tie have been proved in previous clinical trials. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present study was initiated to explore the antioxidative mechanism of the integrated therapy of BY granules and acupoint sticking via regulating by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) signaling in a cigarette-smoke/bacterial exposure induced COPD rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were randomized into Control, Model, BY, AS, BY+AS and aminophylline (APL) groups. COPD rats were induced by cigarette-smoke and bacterial exposures, and were administrated with normal saline, BY granules, AS, BY+AS or aminophylline from week 9 and sacrificed at week 20. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and levels of methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined by hydroxylamine and thiobarbituric acid methods. The gene and protein expressions of PPARγ in the lung tissues were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot. RESULTS Serum and BALF SOD decreased significantly in Model group (P<0.01), while MDA increased (P<0.01). Compared to COPD rats, serum SOD was higher in all treatment groups (P<0.01), and BALF SOD was higher in BY and BY+AS groups (P<0.01); serum and BALF MDA was lower in all treatment groups (P<0.01). Serum and BALF SOD was higher in BY+AS group than in AS group, while MDA was lower (P<0.05). BALF SOD increased in BY+AS group compared with APL group, while MDA decreased (P<0.05). PPARγ mRNA and protein and the phosphorylation of PPARγ (p-PPARγ) decreased in COPD rats (P<0.01), and increased in all treatment groups (P<0.01). PPARγ mRNA was higher in BY+AS group than in AS group (P<0.05), PPARγ and p-PPARγ were higher in BY+AS group than in AS and APL groups (P<0.05, P<0.01); PPARγ protein was higher in BY group than in APL group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Bufei Yishen granules, Shu-Fei Tie and their combination have beneficial effects in stable COPD, and can attenuate the oxidative stress, and the activation of PPARγ signaling might be involved in the underlying mechanisms, but there are no obvious synergistic effect of Bufei Yishen granules and Shu-Fei Tie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Institute for Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China; Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Diseases Diagnostics, Treatment and New Drug Research and Development in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
| | - Yan-Ge Tian
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Diseases Diagnostics, Treatment and New Drug Research and Development in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Institute for Geriatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
| | - Jian-Sheng Li
- Institute for Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Diseases Diagnostics, Treatment and New Drug Research and Development in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Institute for Geriatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
| | - Yu-Qiong Dong
- Institute for Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
| | - Ming-Hang Wang
- Institute for Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Diseases Diagnostics, Treatment and New Drug Research and Development in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
| | - Su-Xiang Feng
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Diseases Diagnostics, Treatment and New Drug Research and Development in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
| | - Lin-Lin Li
- Institute for Geriatrics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
| | - Jing Mao
- Institute for Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
| | - Li-Li Wang
- Institute for Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
| | - Shan Luo
- Institute for Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
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Dutartre P. Inflammasomes and Natural Ingredients towards New Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111492. [PMID: 27834826 PMCID: PMC6273057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are a family of proteins in charge of the initiation of inflammatory process during innate immune response. They are now considered major actors in many chronic inflammatory diseases. However, no major drug focusing on this target is currently on the market. Among the various approaches aiming to control this major metabolic pathway, compounds aiming to modify the intracellular antioxidant profile appear to be promising. This can be obtained by “light” antioxidants able to induce natural antioxidant response of the cell itself. This review will give an overview of the current available information on this promising pharmacology approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Dutartre
- Laboratory BioperoxIL, Faculty of Sciences SVTE, University of Bourgogne Franche Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel F-21000 Dijon, France.
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35
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Bijli KM, Kang BY, Sutliff RL, Hart CM. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 downregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma to promote hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation. Pulm Circ 2016; 6:202-10. [PMID: 27252847 DOI: 10.1086/686012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia stimulates pulmonary hypertension (PH), in part by increasing the proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) via sustained activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB); elevated expression of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4); and downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) levels. However, the upstream mediators that control these responses remain largely unknown. We hypothesized that proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) plays a critical role in the mechanism of hypoxia-induced HPASMC proliferation. To test this hypothesis, HPASMCs were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia (1% O2) for 72 hours. Hypoxia activated Pyk2 (detected as Tyr402 phosphorylation), and inhibition of Pyk2 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) or tyrphostin A9 attenuated hypoxia-induced HPASMC proliferation. Pyk2 inhibition attenuated ERK 1/2 activation as early as 24 hours after the onset of hypoxia, suggesting a proximal role for Pyk2 in this response. Pyk2 inhibition also attenuated hypoxia-induced NF-κB activation, reduced HPASMC PPARγ messenger RNA levels and activity, and increased NF-κB-mediated Nox4 levels. The siRNA-mediated PPARγ knockdown enhanced Pyk2 activation, whereas PPARγ overexpression reduced Pyk2 activation in HPASMCs, confirming a reciprocal relationship between Pyk2 and PPARγ. Pyk2 depletion also attenuated hypoxia-induced NF-κB p65 activation and reduced PPARγ protein levels in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. These in vitro findings suggest that Pyk2 plays a central role in the proliferative phenotype of pulmonary vascular wall cells under hypoxic conditions. Coupled with recent reports that hypoxia-induced PH is attenuated in Pyk2 knockout mice, these findings suggest that Pyk2 may represent a novel therapeutic target in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiser M Bijli
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - C Michael Hart
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Zhang L, Ma C, Zhang C, Ma M, Zhang F, Zhang L, Chen Y, Cao F, Li S, Zhu D. Reactive oxygen species effect PASMCs apoptosis via regulation of dynamin-related protein 1 in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:71-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Li Y, Liu J, Gao D, Wei J, Yuan H, Niu X, Zhang Q. Age-related changes in hypertensive brain damage in the hippocampi of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2552-60. [PMID: 26846626 PMCID: PMC4768967 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the age-related alterations in hypertensive brain damage in the hippocampi of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and the underlying mechanisms. Aging resulted in a significant increase in the number of activated astrocytes and apoptotic cells in the SHR group, which was accompanied by increased expression of oxidative stress markers (iNOS and gp47phox) and apoptotic regulatory proteins (Bax and caspase-3). In addition, the expression of PPAR-γ and Bcl-2 were progressively reduced with increasing age in the SHR group. The 32 and 64-week-old SHRs exhibited significantly increased numbers of apoptotic cells, oxidative stress markers and pro-apoptotic proteins compared with age-matched WKY rats, which was accompanied by reduced expression of PPAR-γ. Compared with the 16 and 32-week-old WKY group, the 64-week-old WKY rats exhibited increased oxidative stress and pro-apoptotic markers, and increased levels apoptotic cells. In conclusion, the present study indicated that both aging and hypertension enhanced brain damage and oxidative stress injury in the hippocampi of SHRs, indicated by an increased presence of apoptotic cells and astrocytes. In addition, reduced expression of PPAR-γ may contribute to the age-related brain damage in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Dengfeng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Yuan
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Niu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Qiaojun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Guo S, Long M, Li X, Zhu S, Zhang M, Yang Z. Curcumin activates autophagy and attenuates oxidative damage in EA.hy926 cells via the Akt/mTOR pathway. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2187-93. [PMID: 26781771 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, which is the effective component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), has previously been shown to exert potent antioxidant, antitumor and anti‑inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanism underlying the protective effects of curcumin against oxidative damage in endothelial cells remains unclear. The present study aimed to examine the effects of curcumin on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‑induced apoptosis and autophagy in EA.hy926 cells, and to determine the underlying molecular mechanism. Cultured EA.hy926 cells were treated with curcumin (5‑20 µmol/l) 4 h prior to and for 4 h during exposure to H2O2 (200 µmol/l). Oxidative stress resulted in a significant increase in the rate of cell apoptosis, which was accompanied by an increase in the expression levels of caspase‑3 and B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2)‑associated X protein (Bax), and a decrease in the expression levels of Bcl‑2. Treatment with curcumin (5 or 20 µmol/l) significantly inhibited apoptosis, and reversed the alterations in caspase‑3, Bcl‑2 and Bax expression. Furthermore, curcumin induced autophagy and microtubule‑associated protein 1A/1B‑light chain 3‑Ⅱ expression, and suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). These results indicated that curcumin may protect cells against oxidative stress‑induced damage through inhibiting apoptosis and inducing autophagy via the Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyu Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhi Long
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Xiuzhen Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Shushu Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Mwangi SM, Peng S, Nezami BG, Thorn N, Farris AB, Jain S, Laroui H, Merlin D, Anania F, Srinivasan S. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor protects against high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis by suppressing hepatic PPAR-γ expression. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G103-16. [PMID: 26564715 PMCID: PMC4719063 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00196.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) protects against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis in mice, however, the mechanisms involved are not known. In this study we investigated the effects of GDNF overexpression and nanoparticle delivery of GDNF in mice on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis and the expression of genes involved in the regulation of hepatic lipid uptake and de novo lipogenesis. Transgenic overexpression of GDNF in liver and other metabolically active tissues was protective against HFD-induced hepatic steatosis. Mice overexpressing GDNF had significantly reduced P62/sequestosome 1 protein levels suggestive of accelerated autophagic clearance. They also had significantly reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and CD36 gene expression and protein levels, and lower expression of mRNA coding for enzymes involved in de novo lipogenesis. GDNF-loaded nanoparticles were protective against short-term HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and attenuated liver fibrosis in mice with long-standing HFD-induced hepatic steatosis. They also suppressed the liver expression of steatosis-associated genes. In vitro, GDNF suppressed triglyceride accumulation in Hep G2 cells through enhanced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling and inhibition of PPAR-γ gene promoter activity. These results show that GDNF acts directly in the liver to protect against HFD-induced cellular stress and that GDNF may have a role in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Musyoka Mwangi
- 1Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; ,2Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia;
| | - Sophia Peng
- 1Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia;
| | - Behtash Ghazi Nezami
- 1Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; ,2Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia;
| | - Natalie Thorn
- 1Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; ,2Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia;
| | - Alton B. Farris
- 3Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;
| | - Sanjay Jain
- 5Internal Medicine (Renal Division), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hamed Laroui
- 4Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Didier Merlin
- 2Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia; ,4Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Frank Anania
- 1Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; ,2Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia;
| | - Shanthi Srinivasan
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia;
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Wang W, Degroote J, Van Ginneken C, Van Poucke M, Vergauwen H, Dam TMT, Vanrompay D, Peelman LJ, De Smet S, Michiels J. Intrauterine growth restriction in neonatal piglets affects small intestinal mucosal permeability and mRNA expression of redox-sensitive genes. FASEB J 2015; 30:863-73. [PMID: 26514167 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-274779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neonates with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) show lower efficiency of nutrient utilization compared to normal birth weight (NBW) newborns. This study was conducted using neonatal piglets as a model to test the hypothesis that IUGR affects the intestinal barrier function, intestinal structure, and antioxidant system development during the suckling period. The small intestinal mucosae were obtained from IUGR and NBW littermates in the suckling period (d 0, 3, 8, and 19 postnatal). The epithelial barrier function was assessed by FITC-dextran 4 (FD4) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) fluxes across the epithelium, histomorphologic measurements, and expression of tight-junction proteins. Redox status represented by the glutathione disulfide/glutathione ratio and malondialdehyde concentrations was determined, whereas mRNA expressions of some redox-sensitive proteins were quantified. Results showed that IUGR piglets exhibited a 2-fold higher intestinal permeability in the proximal small intestine on d 0 (P < 0.05), and this difference between IUGR and NBW piglets was widened to 3 and 4 times for FD4 and HRP, respectively (P < 0.05), on d 3. In accordance, expression of occludin was down-regulated at the transcriptional level in IUGR piglets at d 0 and 19 (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the transcription of heme oxygenase 1, catalase, and thioredoxin reductase genes was down-regulated in IUGR piglets, mainly on postnatal d 0 and 19 (P < 0.01). It appears that IUGR subjects have a lower capacity to mount an antioxidant response in the early postnatal period. Collectively, these results add to our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for intestinal dysfunction in IUGR neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- *Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium; Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, and Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; and Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Degroote
- *Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium; Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, and Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; and Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- *Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium; Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, and Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; and Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mario Van Poucke
- *Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium; Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, and Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; and Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans Vergauwen
- *Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium; Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, and Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; and Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Thi Minh Tho Dam
- *Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium; Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, and Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; and Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- *Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium; Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, and Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; and Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc J Peelman
- *Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium; Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, and Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; and Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smet
- *Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium; Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, and Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; and Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Joris Michiels
- *Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium; Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, and Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; and Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Adesina SE, Kang BY, Bijli KM, Ma J, Cheng J, Murphy TC, Michael Hart C, Sutliff RL. Targeting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species to modulate hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 87:36-47. [PMID: 26073127 PMCID: PMC4615392 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by increased pulmonary vascular remodeling, resistance, and pressures. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to PH-associated vascular dysfunction. NADPH oxidases (Nox) and mitochondria are major sources of superoxide (O(2)(•-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in pulmonary vascular cells. Hypoxia, a common stimulus of PH, increases Nox expression and mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production. The interactions between these two sources of ROS generation continue to be defined. We hypothesized that mitochondria-derived O(2)(•-) (mtO(2)(•-)) and H(2)O(2) (mtH(2)O(2)) increase Nox expression to promote PH pathogenesis and that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants can reduce mtROS, Nox expression, and hypoxia-induced PH. Exposure of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells to hypoxia for 72 h increased mtO(2)(•-) and mtH(2)O(2). To assess the contribution of mtO(2)(•-) and mtH(2)O(2) to hypoxia-induced PH, mice that overexpress superoxide dismutase 2 (Tg(hSOD2)) or mitochondria-targeted catalase (MCAT) were exposed to normoxia (21% O(2)) or hypoxia (10% O(2)) for three weeks. Compared with hypoxic control mice, MCAT mice developed smaller hypoxia-induced increases in RVSP, α-SMA staining, extracellular H(2)O(2) (Amplex Red), Nox2 and Nox4 (qRT-PCR and Western blot), or cyclinD1 and PCNA (Western blot). In contrast, Tg(hSOD2) mice experienced exacerbated responses to hypoxia. These studies demonstrate that hypoxia increases mtO(2)(•-) and mtH(2)O(2). Targeting mtH(2)O(2) attenuates PH pathogenesis, whereas targeting mtO(2)(•-) exacerbates PH. These differences in PH pathogenesis were mirrored by RVSP, vessel muscularization, levels of Nox2 and Nox4, proliferation, and H(2)O(2) release. These studies suggest that targeted reductions in mtH(2)O(2) generation may be particularly effective in preventing hypoxia-induced PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry E Adesina
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Kaiser M Bijli
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Juan Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Tamara C Murphy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - C Michael Hart
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.
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Zoppi N, Chiarelli N, Cinquina V, Ritelli M, Colombi M. GLUT10 deficiency leads to oxidative stress and non-canonical αvβ3 integrin-mediated TGFβ signalling associated with extracellular matrix disarray in arterial tortuosity syndrome skin fibroblasts. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6769-87. [PMID: 26376865 PMCID: PMC4634379 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS) is an autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in SLC2A10, which encodes facilitative glucose transporter 10 (GLUT10). The role of GLUT10 in ATS pathogenesis remains an enigma, and the transported metabolite(s), i.e. glucose and/or dehydroascorbic acid, have not been clearly elucidated. To discern the molecular mechanisms underlying the ATS aetiology, we performed gene expression profiling and biochemical studies on skin fibroblasts. Transcriptome analyses revealed the dysregulation of several genes involved in TGFβ signalling and extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis as well as the perturbation of specific pathways that control both the cell energy balance and the oxidative stress response. Biochemical and functional studies showed a marked increase in ROS-induced lipid peroxidation sustained by altered PPARγ function, which contributes to the redox imbalance and the compensatory antioxidant activity of ALDH1A1. ATS fibroblasts also showed activation of a non-canonical TGFβ signalling due to TGFBRI disorganization, the upregulation of TGFBRII and connective tissue growth factor, and the activation of the αvβ3 integrin transduction pathway, which involves p125FAK, p60Src and p38 MAPK. Stable GLUT10 expression in patients' fibroblasts normalized redox homeostasis and PPARγ activity, rescued canonical TGFβ signalling and induced partial ECM re-organization. These data add new insights into the ATS dysregulated biological pathways and definition of the pathomechanisms involved in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Zoppi
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Chiarelli
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valeria Cinquina
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Ritelli
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Colombi
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Activation of PPAR-γ by pioglitazone attenuates oxidative stress in aging rat cerebral arteries through upregulating UCP2. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 64:497-506. [PMID: 25490415 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing amounts of evidence implicate oxidative stress as having a pivotal role in age-related cerebrovascular dysfunction, which is an important risk factor for the development of cerebrovascular disease. Previous studies have shown that the activation of the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) in vascular endothelial cells results in an improvement of vascular function. Pioglitazone, a well-known PPAR-γ agonist, protects against oxidative stress in the rostral ventrolateral medulla by the upregulation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2). In this study, we sought to explore the effects and the underlying mechanisms of pioglitazone on age-related oxidative stress elevation and cerebrovascular dysfunction in aging rat cerebral arteries. A natural aging model was constructed and used in these experiments. One-month oral administration of pioglitazone (20 mg·kg·d) ameliorated the production of reactive oxygen species, promoted endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation and increased the nitric oxide available, thus improving endothelium-dependent relaxation in aging rat cerebral arteries. One-month pioglitazone administration also restored PPAR-γ expression and increased the levels of UCP2 in aging rat cerebral arteries. Using in vitro studies, we demonstrated that pioglitazone attenuated reactive oxygen species levels in aging human umbilical vein endothelial cells through PPAR-γ activation. Furthermore, we found that this occurs in an UCP2-dependent manner. Our study demonstrated that the activation of PPAR-γ by pioglitazone protected against oxidative stress damage in aging cerebral arteries by upregulating UCP2. PPAR-γ may be a new target in treating age-related cerebrovascular dysfunction.
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44
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Bijli KM, Kleinhenz JM, Murphy TC, Kang BY, Adesina SE, Sutliff RL, Hart CM. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma depletion stimulates Nox4 expression and human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 80:111-20. [PMID: 25557278 PMCID: PMC4355175 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia stimulates pulmonary hypertension (PH) in part by increasing the proliferation of pulmonary vascular wall cells. Recent evidence suggests that signaling events involved in hypoxia-induced cell proliferation include sustained nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation, increased NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) expression, and downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) levels. To further understand the role of reduced PPARγ levels associated with PH pathobiology, siRNA was employed to reduce PPARγ levels in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMC) in vitro under normoxic conditions. PPARγ protein levels were reduced to levels comparable to those observed under hypoxic conditions. Depletion of PPARγ for 24-72 h activated mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK 1/2, and NF-κB. Inhibition of ERK 1/2 prevented NF-κB activation caused by PPARγ depletion, indicating that ERK 1/2 lies upstream of NF-κB activation. Depletion of PPARγ for 72 h increased NF-κB-dependent Nox4 expression and H2O2 production. Inhibition of NF-κB or Nox4 attenuated PPARγ depletion-induced HPASMC proliferation. Degradation of PPARγ depletion-induced H2O2 by PEG-catalase prevented HPASMC proliferation and also ERK 1/2 and NF-κB activation and Nox4 expression, indicating that H2O2 participates in feed-forward activation of the above signaling events. Contrary to the effects of PPARγ depletion, HPASMC PPARγ overexpression reduced ERK 1/2 and NF-κB activation, Nox4 expression, and cell proliferation. Taken together these findings provide novel evidence that PPARγ plays a central role in the regulation of the ERK1/2-NF-κB-Nox4-H2O2 signaling axis in HPASMC. These results indicate that reductions in PPARγ caused by pathophysiological stimuli such as prolonged hypoxia exposure are sufficient to promote the proliferation of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells observed in PH pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiser M Bijli
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Jennifer M Kleinhenz
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Tamara C Murphy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Sherry E Adesina
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - C Michael Hart
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.
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Carrillo-Sepulveda MA, Keen HL, Davis DR, Grobe JL, Sigmund CD. Role of vascular smooth muscle PPARγ in regulating AT1 receptor signaling and angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103786. [PMID: 25122005 PMCID: PMC4133177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) has been reported to play a protective role in the vasculature; however, the underlying mechanisms involved are not entirely known. We previously showed that vascular smooth muscle-specific overexpression of a dominant negative human PPARγ mutation in mice (S-P467L) leads to enhanced myogenic tone and increased angiotensin-II-dependent vasoconstriction. S-P467L mice also exhibit increased arterial blood pressure. Here we tested the hypotheses that a) mesenteric smooth muscle cells isolated from S-P467L mice exhibit enhanced angiotensin-II AT1 receptor signaling, and b) the increased arterial pressure of S-P467L mice is angiotensin-II AT1 receptor dependent. Phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) was robustly increased in mesenteric artery smooth muscle cell cultures from S-P467L in response to angiotensin-II. The increase in ERK1/2 activation by angiotensin-II was blocked by losartan, a blocker of AT1 receptors. Angiotensin-II-induced ERK1/2 activation was also blocked by Tempol, a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, and correlated with increased Nox4 protein expression. To investigate whether endogenous renin-angiotensin system activity contributes to the elevated arterial pressure in S-P467L, non-transgenic and S-P467L mice were treated with the AT1 receptor blocker, losartan (30 mg/kg per day), for 14-days and arterial pressure was assessed by radiotelemetry. At baseline S-P467L mice showed a significant increase of systolic arterial pressure (142.0±10.2 vs 129.1±3.0 mmHg, p<0.05). Treatment with losartan lowered systolic arterial pressure in S-P467L (132.2±6.9 mmHg) to a level similar to untreated non-transgenic mice. Losartan also lowered arterial pressure in non-transgenic (113.0±3.9 mmHg) mice, such that there was no difference in the losartan-induced depressor response between groups (−13.53±1.39 in S-P467L vs −16.16±3.14 mmHg in non-transgenic). Our results suggest that interference with PPARγ in smooth muscle: a) causes enhanced angiotensin-II AT1 receptor-mediated ERK1/2 activation in resistance vessels, b) and may elevate arterial pressure through both angiotensin-II AT1 receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Animals
- Arterial Pressure/drug effects
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypertension/drug therapy
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Losartan/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alicia Carrillo-Sepulveda
- Department of Pharmacology and Roy J. and A. Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Henry L. Keen
- Department of Pharmacology and Roy J. and A. Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Deborah R. Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Roy J. and A. Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Justin L. Grobe
- Department of Pharmacology and Roy J. and A. Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Curt D. Sigmund
- Department of Pharmacology and Roy J. and A. Lucille Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pei Z, Meng R, Zhuang Z, Zhao Y, Liu F, Zhu MZ, Li R. Cardiac peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ expression is modulated by oxidative stress in acutely infrasound-exposed cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2014; 13:307-15. [PMID: 23632742 PMCID: PMC3834180 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-013-9211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of acute infrasound exposure on oxidative damage and investigate the underlying mechanisms in rat cardiomyocytes. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were cultured and exposed to infrasound for several days. In the study, the expression of CAT, GPx, SOD1, and SOD2 and their activities in rat cardiomyocytes in infrasound exposure groups were significantly decreased compared to those in the various time controls, along with significantly higher levels of O2− and H2O2. Decreased cardiac cell viability was not observed in various time controls. A significant reduction in cardiac cell viability was observed in the infrasound group compared to the control, while significantly increased cardiac cell viability was observed in the infrasound exposure and rosiglitazone pretreatment group. Compared to the control, rosiglitazone significantly upregulated CAT, GPx, SOD1, and SOD2 expression and their activities in rat cardiomyocytes exposed to infrasound, while the levels of O2− or H2O2 were significantly decreased. A potential link between a significant downregulation of PPAR-γ expression in rat cardiomyocytes in the infrasound group was compared to the control and infrasound-induced oxidative stress. These findings indicate that infrasound can induce oxidative damage in rat cardiomyocytes by inactivating PPAR-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Pei
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, 330009, Jiangxi, China,
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Corneal epithelial wound healing promoted by verbascoside-based liposomal eyedrops. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:471642. [PMID: 25165705 PMCID: PMC4140135 DOI: 10.1155/2014/471642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Different liposomal formulations were prepared to identify those capable of forming eyedrops for corneal diseases. Liposomes with neutral or slightly positive surface charge interact very well with the cornea. Then these formulations were loaded with verbascoside to heal a burn of corneal epithelium induced by alkali. The cornea surface affected involved in wound was monitored as a function of time. Experimental results were modeled by balance equation between the rate of healing, due to the flow of phenylpropanoid, and growth of the wound. The results indicate a latency time of only three hours and furthermore the corneal epithelium heals in 48 hours. Thus, the topical administration of verbascoside appears to reduce the action time of cells, as verified by histochemical and immunofluorescence assays.
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Lakshmi SP, Reddy AT, Zhang Y, Sciurba FC, Mallampalli RK, Duncan SR, Reddy RC. Down-regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in lung epithelial cells promotes a PPARγ agonist-reversible proinflammatory phenotype in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). J Biol Chem 2013; 289:6383-6393. [PMID: 24368768 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.536805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive inflammatory condition and a leading cause of death, with no available cure. We assessed the actions in pulmonary epithelial cells of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a nuclear hormone receptor with anti-inflammatory effects, whose role in COPD is largely unknown. We found that PPARγ was down-regulated in lung tissue and epithelial cells of COPD patients, via both reduced expression and phosphorylation-mediated inhibition, whereas pro-inflammatory nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity was increased. Cigarette smoking is the main risk factor for COPD, and exposing airway epithelial cells to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) likewise down-regulated PPARγ and activated NF-κB. CSE also down-regulated and post-translationally inhibited the glucocorticoid receptor (GR-α) and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), a corepressor important for glucocorticoid action and whose down-regulation is thought to cause glucocorticoid insensitivity in COPD. Treating epithelial cells with synthetic (rosiglitazone) or endogenous (10-nitro-oleic acid) PPARγ agonists strongly up-regulated PPARγ expression and activity, suppressed CSE-induced production and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and reversed its activation of NF-κB by inhibiting the IκB kinase pathway and by promoting direct inhibitory binding of PPARγ to NF-κB. In contrast, PPARγ knockdown via siRNA augmented CSE-induced chemokine release and decreases in HDAC activity, suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory role of endogenous PPARγ. The results imply that down-regulation of pulmonary epithelial PPARγ by cigarette smoke promotes inflammatory pathways and diminishes glucocorticoid responsiveness, thereby contributing to COPD pathogenesis, and further suggest that PPARγ agonists may be useful for COPD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya P Lakshmi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240
| | - Aravind T Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Frank C Sciurba
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240
| | - Steven R Duncan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Raju C Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240.
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Serviddio G, Bellanti F, Vendemiale G. Free radical biology for medicine: learning from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:952-968. [PMID: 23994574 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species, when released under controlled conditions and limited amounts, contribute to cellular proliferation, senescence, and survival by acting as signaling intermediates. In past decades there has been an epidemic diffusion of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that represents the result of the impairment of lipid metabolism, redox imbalance, and insulin resistance in the liver. To date, most studies and reviews have been focused on the molecular mechanisms by which fatty liver progresses to steatohepatitis, but the processes leading toward the development of hepatic steatosis in NAFLD are not fully understood yet. Several nuclear receptors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α/γ/δ, PPARγ coactivators 1α and 1β, sterol-regulatory element-binding proteins, AMP-activated protein kinase, liver-X-receptors, and farnesoid-X-receptor, play key roles in the regulation of lipid homeostasis during the pathogenesis of NAFLD. These nuclear receptors may act as redox sensors and may modulate various metabolic pathways in response to specific molecules that act as ligands. It is conceivable that a redox-dependent modulation of lipid metabolism, nuclear receptor-mediated, could cause the development of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Thus, this network may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of hepatic steatosis and its progression to steatohepatitis. This review summarizes the redox-dependent factors that contribute to metabolism alterations in fatty liver with a focus on the redox control of nuclear receptors in normal liver as well as in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Serviddio
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bellanti
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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50
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Lu X, Bijli KM, Ramirez A, Murphy TC, Kleinhenz J, Hart CM. Hypoxia downregulates PPARγ via an ERK1/2-NF-κB-Nox4-dependent mechanism in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:151-60. [PMID: 23684777 PMCID: PMC3729594 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ligand-activated transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) regulates metabolism, cell proliferation, and inflammation. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with reduced PPARγ expression, and hypoxia exposure regimens that cause PH reduce PPARγ expression. This study examines mechanisms of hypoxia-induced PPARγ downregulation in vitro and in vivo. Hypoxia reduced PPARγ mRNA and protein levels, PPARγ activity, and the expression of PPARγ-regulated genes in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) exposed to 1% oxygen for 72 h. Similarly, exposure of mice to hypoxia (10% O₂) for 3 weeks reduced PPARγ mRNA and protein in mouse lung. Inhibiting ERK1/2 with PD98059 or treatment with siRNA directed against either NF-κB p65 or Nox4 attenuated hypoxic reductions in PPARγ expression and activity. Furthermore, degradation of H₂O₂ using PEG-catalase prevented hypoxia-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and Nox4 expression, suggesting sustained ERK1/2-mediated signaling and Nox4 expression in this response. Mammalian two-hybrid assays demonstrated that PPARγ and p65 bind directly to each other in a mutually repressive fashion. We conclude from these results that hypoxic regimens that promote PH pathogenesis and HPASMC proliferation reduce PPARγ expression and activity through ERK1/2-, p65-, and Nox4-dependent pathways. These findings provide novel insights into mechanisms by which pathophysiological stimuli such as hypoxia cause loss of PPARγ activity and pulmonary vascular cell proliferation, pulmonary vascular remodeling, and PH. These results also indicate that restoration of PPARγ activity with pharmacological ligands may provide a novel therapeutic approach in selected forms of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghuai Lu
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
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