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Naskar R, Ghosh A, Bhattacharya R, Chakraborty S. A critical appraisal of geroprotective activities of flavonoids in terms of their bio-accessibility and polypharmacology. Neurochem Int 2024; 180:105859. [PMID: 39265701 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Flavonoids, a commonly consumed natural product, elicit health-benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-allergic, hepatoprotective, anti-carcinogenic and neuroprotective activities. Several studies have reported the beneficial role of flavonoids in improving memory, learning, and cognition in clinical settings. Their mechanism of action is mediated through the modulation of multiple signalling cascades. This polypharmacology makes them an attractive natural scaffold for designing and developing new effective therapeutics for complex neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Flavonoids are shown to inhibit crucial targets related to neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), including acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, β-secretase, γ-secretase, α-synuclein, Aβ protein aggregation and neurofibrillary tangles formation. Conserved neuro-signalling pathways related to neurotransmitter biogenesis and inactivation, ease of genetic manipulation and tractability, cost-effectiveness, and their short lifespan make Caenorhabditis elegans one of the most frequently used models in neuroscience research and high-throughput drug screening for neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we critically appraise the neuroprotective activities of different flavonoids based on clinical trials and epidemiological data. This review provides critical insights into the absorption, metabolism, and tissue distribution of various classes of flavonoids, as well as detailed mechanisms of the observed neuroprotective activities at the molecular level, to rationalize the clinical data. We further extend the review to critically evaluate the scope of flavonoids in the disease management of neurodegenerative disorders and review the suitability of C. elegans as a model organism to study the neuroprotective efficacy of flavonoids and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roumi Naskar
- Center for Innovation in Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIMPS), Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Anirrban Ghosh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, 700135, India
| | - Raja Bhattacharya
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, 700135, India.
| | - Sandipan Chakraborty
- Center for Innovation in Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIMPS), Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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2
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Kasapoğlu KN, Sus N, Kruger J, Frank J, Özçelik B. Fabrication of phenolic loaded spray-dried nanoliposomes stabilized by chitosan and whey protein: Digestive stability, transepithelial transport and bioactivity retention of phenolics. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132676. [PMID: 38821805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Low bioavailability of phenolic compounds (phenolics) results in low in vivo bioactivity, thus their co-encapsulation could enhance potential health benefits. In this study, reconstitutable nanoliposomes loaded with phenolics varying in solubility were fabricated using spray drying after stabilized by chitosan (CH) or whey protein (WP). The physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, digestive fate, and bioactivity retention of phenolics in different forms were investigated. The surface charge of nanoliposomes (NL) shifted from -18.7 mV to positive due to conjugation with cationic CH (53.1 mV) and WP (14 mV) after spray drying while it was -26.6 mV for only spray-dried phenolics (SDP). Encapsulation efficiency of the tested phenolics ranged between 64.7 % and 95.1 %. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion/Caco-2 cell model was used to estimate the digestive fate of the phenolics yielding up to 3-fold higher bioaccessibility for encapsulated phenolics compared to their native form, combined or individually. However, the cellular uptake or transepithelial transport of phenolics did not differ significantly among formulations, except trans-resveratrol in WP-NL. On the contrary, the suppressive effect of phenolics on fatty acid induced hepatocellular lipid accumulation was strongly dependent on the encapsulation method, no activity was retained by SDP. These findings suggested that reconstitutable nanoliposomes can improve the absorption of phenolics by facilitating their bioaccessibility and thermal and/or processing stability during spray drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadriye Nur Kasapoğlu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Food Biofunctionality (140b), Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Nadine Sus
- Department of Food Biofunctionality (140b), Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Johanita Kruger
- Department of Food Biofunctionality (140b), Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jan Frank
- Department of Food Biofunctionality (140b), Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Beraat Özçelik
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey; BIOACTIVE Research & Innovation Food Manufacturing Industry Trade LTD Co, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
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3
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Brauwers B, Machado FVC, Beijers RJHCG, Spruit MA, Franssen FME. Combined Exercise Training and Nutritional Interventions or Pharmacological Treatments to Improve Exercise Capacity and Body Composition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5136. [PMID: 38140395 PMCID: PMC10747351 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease that is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The burden of respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation can translate to reduced physical activity, in turn contributing to poor exercise capacity, muscle dysfunction, and body composition abnormalities. These extrapulmonary features of the disease are targeted during pulmonary rehabilitation, which provides patients with tailored therapies to improve the physical and emotional status. Patients with COPD can be divided into metabolic phenotypes, including cachectic, sarcopenic, normal weight, obese, and sarcopenic with hidden obesity. To date, there have been many studies performed investigating the individual effects of exercise training programs as well as nutritional and pharmacological treatments to improve exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD. However, little research is available investigating the combined effect of exercise training with nutritional or pharmacological treatments on these outcomes. Therefore, this review focuses on exploring the potential additional beneficial effects of combinations of exercise training and nutritional or pharmacological treatments to target exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD with different metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Brauwers
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe V. C. Machado
- BIOMED (Biomedical Research Institute), REVAL (Rehabilitation Research Centre), Hasselt University, 3590 Hasselt, Belgium;
| | - Rosanne J. H. C. G. Beijers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Martijn A. Spruit
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Frits M. E. Franssen
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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4
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Lessard-Lord J, Roussel C, Guay V, Desjardins Y. Characterization of the Interindividual Variability Associated with the Microbial Metabolism of (-)-Epicatechin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13814-13827. [PMID: 37683128 PMCID: PMC10516121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the relationship between gut microbiota and flavan-3-ol metabolism differs greatly between individuals, the specific metabolic profiles, known as metabotypes, have not yet been clearly defined. In this study, fecal batch fermentations of 34 healthy donors inoculated with (-)-epicatechin were stratified into groups based on their conversion rate of (-)-epicatechin and their quali-quantitative metabolic profile. Fast and slow converters of (-)-epicatechin, high producers of 1-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2″,4″,6″-trihydroxyphenyl)-propan-2-ol (3-HPP-2-ol) and 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone (3,4-DHPVL) were identified. Fecal microbiota analysis revealed that fast conversion of (-)-epicatechin was associated with short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium spp. and Bacteroides spp., and higher levels of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate were observed for fast converters. Other bacteria were associated with the conversion of 1-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2″,4″,6″-trihydroxyphenyl)-propan-2-ol into 3-HPP-2-ol (Lachnospiraceae UCG-010 spp.) and 3,4-DHPVL (Adlercreutzia equolifaciens). Such stratification sheds light on the mechanisms of action underlying the high interindividual variability associated with the health benefits of flavan-3-ols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Lessard-Lord
- Institute
of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Faculty of Agriculture and
Food Sciences, Laval University, 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6
- Nutrition,
Health and Society Centre (NUTRISS), INAF, Laval University, 2440
Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6
- Department
of Plant Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University, 2425 Rue de l’Agriculture, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Charlène Roussel
- Institute
of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Faculty of Agriculture and
Food Sciences, Laval University, 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6
- Nutrition,
Health and Society Centre (NUTRISS), INAF, Laval University, 2440
Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6
- Canada
Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis
in Metabolic Health, Laval University, 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Valérie Guay
- Institute
of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Faculty of Agriculture and
Food Sciences, Laval University, 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6
- Nutrition,
Health and Society Centre (NUTRISS), INAF, Laval University, 2440
Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Yves Desjardins
- Institute
of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Faculty of Agriculture and
Food Sciences, Laval University, 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6
- Nutrition,
Health and Society Centre (NUTRISS), INAF, Laval University, 2440
Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6
- Department
of Plant Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University, 2425 Rue de l’Agriculture, Québec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6
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Ottaviani JI, Ensunsa JL, Fong RY, Kimball J, Medici V, Kuhnle GGC, Crozier A, Schroeter H, Kwik-Uribe C. Impact of polyphenol oxidase on the bioavailability of flavan-3-ols in fruit smoothies: a controlled, single blinded, cross-over study. Food Funct 2023; 14:8217-8228. [PMID: 37615673 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01599h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Flavan-3-ols are bioactive compounds found in a variety of fruits and vegetables (F&V) that have been linked to positive health benefits. Increasing habitual flavan-3-ol intake is challenged by the generally low consumption of F&V. While smoothies are a commonly endorsed, consumer-accepted means to increase the daily intake of these important foods, fruits used for smoothie preparation can have a high polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and thus potentially affect the content and bioavailability of flavan-3-ols. To assess whether or not consuming freshly prepared smoothies made with different PPO-containing fruit impacts the bioavailability of the flavan-3-ols, a controlled, single blinded and cross-over study was conducted in healthy men (n = 8) who consumed a flavan-3-ol-containing banana-based smoothie (high-PPO drink), a flavan-3-ol-containing mixed berry smoothie (low-PPO drink) and flavan-3-ols in a capsule format (control). The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of flavan-3-ol metabolites after capsule intake was 680 ± 78 nmol L-1, which was similar to the levels detected after the intake of the low PPO drink. In contrast, the intake of the high PPO drink resulted in a Cmax of 96 ± 47 nmol L-1, 84% lower than that obtained after capsule intake. In a subsequent study (n = 11), flavan-3-ols were co-ingested with a high-PPO banana drink but contact prior to intake was prevented. In this context, plasma flavan-3-ol levels were still reduced, suggesting an effect possibly related to post-ingestion PPO activity degrading flavan-3-ols in the stomach. There was a substantial range in the PPO activity detected in 18 different fruits, vegetables and plant-derived dietary products. In conclusion, bioavailability of flavan-3-ols, and most likely other dietary polyphenol bioactives, can be reduced substantially by the co-ingestion of high PPO-containing products, the implications of which are of importance for dietary advice and food preparation both at home and in industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jodi L Ensunsa
- Department of Nutrition, Meyer Hall, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Reedmond Y Fong
- Department of Nutrition, Meyer Hall, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jennifer Kimball
- Department of Nutrition, Meyer Hall, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Valentina Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 05817, USA
| | - Gunter G C Kuhnle
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG56 6DX, UK
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Nutrition, Meyer Hall, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Angelino D, Caffrey A, McNulty H, Gill CI, Mena P, Rosi A, Moore K, Hoey L, Clements M, Laird E, Boyd K, Mullen B, Pucci B, Jarrett H, Cunningham C, Ward M, Strain JJ, McCarroll K, Moore AJ, Molloy AM, Del Rio D. Association of dietary flavan-3-ol intakes with plasma phenyl-γ-valerolactones: analysis from the TUDA cohort of healthy older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:476-484. [PMID: 37307990 PMCID: PMC10493433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary polyphenols, including flavan-3-ols (F3O), are associated with better health outcomes. The relationship of plasma phenyl-γ-valerolactones (PVLs), the products of colonic bacterial metabolism of F3O, with dietary intakes is unclear. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether plasma PVLs are associated with self-reported intakes of total F3O and procyanidins+(epi)catechins. DESIGN We measured 9 PVLs by uHPLC-MS-MS in plasma from adults (>60y) in the Trinity-Ulster-Department of Agriculture (TUDA study (2008 to 2012; n=5186) and a follow-up subset (2014 to 2018) with corresponding dietary data (n=557). Dietary (poly)phenols collected by FFQ were analyzed using Phenol-Explorer. RESULTS Mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) intakes were estimated as 2283 (2213, 2352) mg/d for total (poly)phenols, 674 (648, 701) for total F3O, and 152 (146, 158) for procyanidins+(epi)catechins. Two PVL metabolites were detected in plasma from the majority of participants, 5-(hydroxyphenyl)-γ-VL-sulfate (PVL1) and 5-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-VL-3'-glucuronide (PVL2). The 7 other PVLs were detectable only in 1-32% of samples. Self-reported intakes (mg/d) of F3O (r = 0.113, P = 0.017) and procyanidin+(epi)catechin (r = 0.122, P = 0.010) showed statistically significant correlations with the sum of PVL1 and PVL 2 (PVL1+2). With increasing intake quartiles (Q1-Q4), mean (95% CI) PVL1+2 increased; from 28.3 (20.8, 35.9) nmol/L in Q1 to 45.2 (37.2, 53.2) nmol/L in Q4; P = 0.025, for dietary F3O, and from 27.4 (19.1, 35.8) nmol/L in Q1 to 46.5 (38.2, 54.9) nmol/L in Q4; P = 0.020, for procyanidins+(epi)catechins. CONCLUSIONS Of 9 PVL metabolites investigated, 2 were detected in most samples and were weakly associated with intakes of total F3O and procyanidins+(epi)catechins. Future controlled feeding studies are required to validate plasma PVLs as biomarkers of these dietary polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Angelino
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Aoife Caffrey
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Helene McNulty
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Chris Ir Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alice Rosi
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Katie Moore
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Leane Hoey
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Michelle Clements
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Eamon Laird
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kerrie Boyd
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian Mullen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bruna Pucci
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Harry Jarrett
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Conal Cunningham
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Ward
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - J J Strain
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Kevin McCarroll
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adrian J Moore
- School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Anne M Molloy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Patanè GT, Putaggio S, Tellone E, Barreca D, Ficarra S, Maffei C, Calderaro A, Laganà G. Catechins and Proanthocyanidins Involvement in Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119228. [PMID: 37298181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on natural antioxidant compounds have highlighted their potentiality against various pathological conditions. The present review aims to selectively evaluate the benefits of catechins and their polymeric structure on metabolic syndrome, a common disorder characterized by a cluster of three main risk factors: obesity, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. Patients with metabolic syndrome suffer chronic low inflammation state and oxidative stress both conditions effectively countered by flavanols and their polymers. The mechanism behind the activity of these molecules has been highlighted and correlated with the characteristic features present on their basic flavonoidic skelethon, as well as the efficient doses needed to perform their activity in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The amount of evidence provided in this review offers a starting point for flavanol dietary supplementation as a potential strategy to counteract several metabolic targets associated with metabolic syndrome and suggests a key role of albumin as flavanol-delivery system to the different target of action inside the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tancredi Patanè
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Stefano Putaggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Ester Tellone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Silvana Ficarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Carlo Maffei
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Calderaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Laganà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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8
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de Bruin CR, Hennebelle M, Vincken JP, de Bruijn WJC. Separation of flavonoid isomers by cyclic ion mobility mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1244:340774. [PMID: 36737151 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Analytical techniques, such as liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), are widely used for characterization of complex mixtures of (isomeric) proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and phytochemicals in food. Food can contain isomers that are challenging to separate, but can possess different reactivity and bioactivity. Catechins are the main phenolic compounds in tea; they can be present as various stereoisomers, which differ in their chemical properties. Currently, there is a lack of fast and direct methods to monitor interconversion and individual reactivity of these epimers (e.g. epicatechin (EC) and catechin (C)). In this study, cyclic ion mobility mass spectrometry (cIMS-MS) was explored as a potential tool for the separation of catechin epimers. Formation of sodium and lithium adducts enhanced IMS separation of catechin epimers, compared to deprotonation and protonation. Baseline separation of the sodium adducts of catechin epimers was achieved. Moreover, we developed a fast method for the identification and semi-quantification of cIMS-MS separated catechin epimers. With this method, it is possible to semi-quantify the ratio between EC and C (1:5 to 5:1, within 50-1200 ng mL-1) in food samples, such as tea. Finally, the newly developed approach for cIMS-MS separation of flavonoids was demonstrated to be successful in separation of two sets of positional isomers (i.e. morin, tricetin, and quercetin; and kaempferol, fisetin, luteolin, and scutellarein). To conclude, we showed that both epimers and positional isomers of flavonoids can be separated using cIMS-MS, and established the potential of this method for challenging flavonoid separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Roberto de Bruin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marie Hennebelle
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter J C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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9
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Revisiting the bioavailability of flavan-3-ols in humans: A systematic review and comprehensive data analysis. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 89:101146. [PMID: 36207170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review summarizes findings from human studies investigating the different routes of absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion (ADME) of dietary flavan-3-ols and their circulating metabolites in healthy subjects. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus and the Web of Science. Human intervention studies using single and/or multiple intake of flavan-3-ols from food, extracts, and pure compounds were included. Forty-nine human intervention studies met inclusion criteria. Up to 180 metabolites were quantified from blood and urine samples following intake of flavan-3-ols, mainly as phase 2 conjugates of microbial catabolites (n = 97), with phenyl-γ-valerolactones being the most representative ones (n = 34). Phase 2 conjugates of monomers and phenyl-γ-valerolactones, the main compounds in both plasma and urine, reached two peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 260 and 88 nmol/L at 1.8 and 5.3 h (Tmax) after flavan-3-ol intake. They contributed to the bioavailability of flavan-3-ols for over 20%. Mean bioavailability for flavan-3-ols was moderate (31 ± 23%, n bioavailability values = 20), and it seems to be scarcely affected by the amount of ingested compounds. While intra- and inter-source differences in flavan-3-ol bioavailability emerged, mean flavan-3-ol bioavailability was 82% (n = 1) and 63% (n = 2) after (-)-epicatechin and nut (hazelnuts, almonds) intake, respectively, followed by 25% after consumption of tea (n = 7), cocoa (n = 5), apples (n = 3) and grape (n = 2). This highlights the need to better clarify the metabolic yield with which monomer flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins are metabolized in humans. This work clarified in a comprehensive way for the first time the ADME of a (poly)phenol family, highlighting the pool of circulating compounds that might be determinants of the putative beneficial effects linked to flavan-3-ol intake. Lastly, methodological inputs for implementing well-designed human and experimental model studies were provided.
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Simpson EJ, Mendis B, Dunlop M, Schroeter H, Kwik-Uribe C, Macdonald IA. Cocoa Flavanol Supplementation and the Effect on Insulin Resistance in Females Who Are Overweight or Obese: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:565. [PMID: 36771271 PMCID: PMC9921219 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
There is interest in the impact that dietary interventions can have on preventing the transition from insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes, including a suggestion that the bioactive components of cocoa may enhance fasting insulin sensitivity. However, a role for cocoa flavanols (CF) in reducing insulin resistance in the insulin-stimulated state, an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is unresolved. This study investigated whether CF consumption improved whole-body insulin-mediated glucose uptake ('M') in females with overweight/obesity, using a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design. Thirty-two premenopausal females (19-49 years; 27-35 kg·m-2) with elevated HOMA-IR (HOMA-IR >1.5) supplemented their habitual diet with two servings/day of a high-flavanol cocoa drink (HFC; 609 mg CF/serving; n = 16) or low-flavanol cocoa drink (LFC; 13 mg CF/serving; n = 16) for 4 weeks. Assessment of HOMA-IR and 'M' during a 3-h, 60 mIU insulin·m-2·min-1 euglycemic clamp was performed before and after the intervention. Data are the mean (SD). Changes to HOMA-IR (HFC -0.003 (0.57); LFC -0.0402 (0.86)) and 'M' (HFC 0.99 (7.62); LFC -1.32 (4.88) µmol·kg-1·min-1) after the intervention were not different between groups. Four weeks' consumption of ~1.2 g CF/day did not improve indices of fasting insulin sensitivity or insulin-mediated glucose uptake. A recommendation for dietary supplementation with cocoa flavanols to improve glycemic control is therefore not established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Simpson
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Buddhike Mendis
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Mandy Dunlop
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Hagen Schroeter
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Avenue, 3150E Meyer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Ian A. Macdonald
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Li M, Luo J, Nawaz MA, Stockmann R, Buckow R, Barrow C, Dunshea F, Suleria HAR. Phytochemistry, Bioaccessibility, and Bioactivities of Sesame Seeds: An Overview. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2023.2168280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minhao Li
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jiani Luo
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Malik Adil Nawaz
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Agriculture and Food, Werribee, Australia
| | - Regine Stockmann
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Agriculture and Food, Werribee, Australia
| | - Roman Buckow
- Centre for Advanced Food Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, Australia
| | - Colin Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Frank Dunshea
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
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12
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Edwards SJ, Carter S, Nicholson T, Allen SL, Morgan PT, Jones SW, Rendeiro C, Breen L. (-)-Epicatechin and its colonic metabolite hippuric acid protect against dexamethasone-induced atrophy in skeletal muscle cells. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 110:109150. [PMID: 36049668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa flavanols have been shown to improve muscle function and may offer a novel approach to protect against muscle atrophy. Hippuric acid (HA) is a colonic metabolite of (-)-epicatechin (EPI), the primary bioactive compound of cocoa, and may be responsible for the associations between cocoa supplementation and muscle metabolic alterations. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of EPI and HA upon skeletal muscle morphology and metabolism within an in vitro model of muscle atrophy. Under atrophy-like conditions (24h 100μM dexamethasone (DEX)), C2C12 myotube diameter was significantly greater following co-incubation with either 25μM HA (11.19±0.39μm) or 25μM EPI (11.01±0.21μm) compared to the vehicle control (VC; 7.61±0.16μm, both P < .001). In basal and leucine-stimulated states, there was a significant reduction in myotube protein synthesis (MPS) rates following DEX treatment in VC (P = .024). Interestingly, co-incubation with EPI or HA abrogated the DEX-induced reductions in MPS rates, whereas no significant differences versus control treated myotubes (CTL) were noted. Furthermore, co-incubation with EPI or HA partially attenuated the increase in proteolysis seen in DEX-treated cells, preserving LC3 α/β II:I and caspase-3 protein expression in atrophy-like conditions. The protein content of PGC1α, ACC, and TFAM (regulators of mitochondrial function) were significantly lower in DEX-treated versus. CTL cells (all P < .050). However, co-incubation with EPI or HA was unable to prevent these DEX-induced alterations. For the first time we demonstrate that EPI and HA exert anti-atrophic effects on C2C12 myotubes, providing novel insight into the association between flavanol supplementation and favourable effects on muscle health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Edwards
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Steven Carter
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Thomas Nicholson
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sophie Louise Allen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul T Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Simon Wyn Jones
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Catarina Rendeiro
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Birmingham, UK.
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13
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Chocolate and Cocoa-Derived Biomolecules for Brain Cognition during Ageing. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071353. [PMID: 35883844 PMCID: PMC9311747 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline is a common problem in older individuals, often exacerbated by neurocognitive conditions, such as vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, which heavily affect people’s lives and exert a substantial toll on healthcare systems. Currently, no cure is available, and commonly used treatments are aimed at limiting the progressive loss of cognitive functions. The absence of effective pharmacological treatments for the cognitive decline has led to the search for lifestyle interventions, such as diet and the use of nutraceuticals that can prevent and limit the loss of cognition. Cocoa and chocolate are foods derived from cocoa beans, commonly used in the population and with good acceptability. The purpose of this review was to collect current experimental evidence regarding the neuroprotective effect of chocolate and cocoa (or derived molecules) in the elderly. From a systematic review of the literature, 9 observational studies and 10 interventional studies were selected, suggesting that the biomolecules contained in cocoa may offer promising tools for managing cognitive decline, if provided in adequate dosages and duration of treatment. However, the molecular mechanisms of cocoa action on the central nervous system are not completely understood.
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Chen Y, Wang J, Zou L, Cao H, Ni X, Xiao J. Dietary proanthocyanidins on gastrointestinal health and the interactions with gut microbiota. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6285-6308. [PMID: 35114875 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2030296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many epidemiological and experimental studies have consistently reported the beneficial effects of dietary proanthocyanidins (PAC) on improving gastrointestinal physiological functions. This review aims to present a comprehensive perspective by focusing on structural properties, interactions and gastrointestinal protection of PAC. In brief, the main findings of this review are summarized as follows: (1) Structural features are critical factors in determining the bioavailability and subsequent pharmacology of PAC; (2) PAC and/or their bacterial metabolites can play a direct role in the gastrointestinal tract through their antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative properties; (3) PAC can reduce the digestion, absorption, and bioavailability of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids by interacting with them or their according enzymes and transporters in the gastrointestinal tract; (4). PAC showed a prebiotic-like effect by interacting with the microflora in the intestinal tract, and the enhancement of PAC on a variety of probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. could be associated with potential benefits to human health. In conclusion, the potential effects of PAC in prevention and alleviation of gastrointestinal diseases are remarkable but clinical evidence is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Laboratory of Food Oral Processing, School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Xiaoling Ni
- Pancreatic Cancer Group, General Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Modulatory Properties of Food and Nutraceutical Components Targeting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030490. [PMID: 35276849 PMCID: PMC8840562 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are key intracellular multimeric proteins able to initiate the cellular inflammatory signaling pathway. NLRP3 inflammasome represents one of the main protein complexes involved in the development of inflammatory events, and its activity has been largely demonstrated to be connected with inflammatory or autoinflammatory disorders, including diabetes, gouty arthritis, liver fibrosis, Alzheimer’s disease, respiratory syndromes, atherosclerosis, and cancer initiation. In recent years, it has been demonstrated how dietary intake and nutritional status represent important environmental elements that can modulate metabolic inflammation, since food matrices are an important source of several bioactive compounds. In this review, an updated status of knowledge regarding food bioactive compounds as NLRP3 inflammasome modulators is discussed. Several chemical classes, namely polyphenols, organosulfurs, terpenes, fatty acids, proteins, amino acids, saponins, sterols, polysaccharides, carotenoids, vitamins, and probiotics, have been shown to possess NLRP3 inflammasome-modulating activity through in vitro and in vivo assays, mainly demonstrating an anti-NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Plant foods are particularly rich in important bioactive compounds, each of them can have different effects on the pathway of inflammatory response, confirming the importance of the nutritional pattern (food model) as a whole rather than any single nutrient or functional compound.
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16
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Al-Shuhaib MBS, Hashim HO, Al-Shuhaib JMB. Epicatechin is a promising novel inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 entry by disrupting interactions between angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 and the viral receptor binding domain: A computational/simulation study. Comput Biol Med 2021; 141:105155. [PMID: 34942397 PMCID: PMC8679518 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the first target of SARS-CoV-2 and a key functional host receptor through which this virus hooks into and infects human cells. The necessity to block this receptor is one of the essential means to prevent the outbreak of COVID-19. This study was conducted to determine the most eligible natural compound to suppress ACE2 to counterfeit its interaction with the viral infection. To do this, the most known compounds of sixty-six Iraqi medicinal plants were generated and retrieved from PubChem database. After preparing a library for Iraqi medicinal plants, 3663 unique ligands’ conformers were docked to ACE2 using the GLIDE tool. Results found that twenty-three compounds exhibited the highest binding affinity with ACE2. The druglikeness and toxicity potentials of these compounds were evaluated using SwissADME and Protox servers respectively. Out of these virtually screened twenty-three compounds, epicatechin and kempferol were predicted to exert the highest druglikeness and lowest toxicity potentials. Extended Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showed that ACE2-epicatechin complex exhibited a slightly higher binding stability than ACE2-kempferol complex. In addition to the well-known ACE2 inhibitors that were identified in previous studies, this study revealed for the first time that epicatechin from Hypericum perforatum provided a better static and dynamic inhibition for ACE2 with highly favourable pharmacokinetic properties than the other known ACE2 inhibiting compounds. This study entailed the ability of epicatechin to be used as a potent natural inhibitor that can be used to block or at least weaken the SARS-CoV-2 entry and its subsequent invasion. In vitro experiments are required to validate epicatechin effectiveness against the activity of the human ACE2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Baqur S Al-Shuhaib
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim, 51013, Babil, Iraq.
| | - Hayder O Hashim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Babil, 51001, Iraq.
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Soldado D, Bessa RJB, Jerónimo E. Condensed Tannins as Antioxidants in Ruminants-Effectiveness and Action Mechanisms to Improve Animal Antioxidant Status and Oxidative Stability of Products. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3243. [PMID: 34827975 PMCID: PMC8614414 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Condensed tannins (CTs) are widely distributed in plants, and due to their recognized antioxidant activity are considered as possible natural antioxidants for application in ruminant diets. A wide range of CT-rich sources has been tested in ruminant diets, and their effects on animal antioxidant status and oxidative stability of their products are reviewed in the present work. Possible mechanisms underlying the CT antioxidant effects in ruminants are also discussed, and the CT chemical structure is briefly presented. Utilization of CT-rich sources in ruminant feeding can improve the animals' antioxidant status and oxidative stability of their products. However, the results are still inconsistent. Although poorly understood, the evidence suggests that CTs can induce an antioxidant effect in living animals and in their products through direct and indirect mechanisms, which can occur by an integrated and synergic way involving: (i) absorption of CTs with low molecular weight or metabolites, despite CTs' poor bioavailability; (ii) antioxidant action on the gastrointestinal tract; and (iii) interaction with other antioxidant agents. Condensed tannins are alternative dietary antioxidants for ruminants, but further studies should be carried out to elucidate the mechanism underlying the antioxidant activity of each CT source to design effective antioxidant strategies based on the use of CTs in ruminant diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Soldado
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL), Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), 7801-908 Beja, Portugal;
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Rui J. B. Bessa
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eliana Jerónimo
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL), Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), 7801-908 Beja, Portugal;
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL), 7801-908 Beja, Portugal
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18
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Daussin FN, Cuillerier A, Touron J, Bensaid S, Melo B, Al Rewashdy A, Vasam G, Menzies KJ, Harper ME, Heyman E, Burelle Y. Dietary Cocoa Flavanols Enhance Mitochondrial Function in Skeletal Muscle and Modify Whole-Body Metabolism in Healthy Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103466. [PMID: 34684467 PMCID: PMC8538722 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is widely reported in various diseases and contributes to their pathogenesis. We assessed the effect of cocoa flavanols supplementation on mitochondrial function and whole metabolism, and we explored whether the mitochondrial deacetylase sirtuin-3 (Sirt3) is involved or not. We explored the effects of 15 days of CF supplementation in wild type and Sirt3-/- mice. Whole-body metabolism was assessed by indirect calorimetry, and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed to assess glucose metabolism. Mitochondrial respiratory function was assessed in permeabilised fibres and the pyridine nucleotides content (NAD+ and NADH) were quantified. In the wild type, CF supplementation significantly modified whole-body metabolism by promoting carbohydrate use and improved glucose tolerance. CF supplementation induced a significant increase of mitochondrial mass, while significant qualitative adaptation occurred to maintain H2O2 production and cellular oxidative stress. CF supplementation induced a significant increase in NAD+ and NADH content. All the effects mentioned above were blunted in Sirt3-/- mice. Collectively, CF supplementation boosted the NAD metabolism that stimulates sirtuins metabolism and improved mitochondrial function, which likely contributed to the observed whole-body metabolism adaptation, with a greater ability to use carbohydrates, at least partially through Sirt3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Nicolas Daussin
- ULR 7369—URePSSS—Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, University Lille, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d’Opale, F-59000 Lille, France; (S.B.); (E.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)3-20-00-73-69
| | - Alexane Cuillerier
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.C.); (A.A.R.); (G.V.); (K.J.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Julianne Touron
- INRAE, UMR1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), Équipe ASMS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Samir Bensaid
- ULR 7369—URePSSS—Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, University Lille, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d’Opale, F-59000 Lille, France; (S.B.); (E.H.)
| | - Bruno Melo
- Department of Physical Education, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Ali Al Rewashdy
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.C.); (A.A.R.); (G.V.); (K.J.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Goutham Vasam
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.C.); (A.A.R.); (G.V.); (K.J.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Keir J. Menzies
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.C.); (A.A.R.); (G.V.); (K.J.M.); (Y.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
| | - Elsa Heyman
- ULR 7369—URePSSS—Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, University Lille, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d’Opale, F-59000 Lille, France; (S.B.); (E.H.)
| | - Yan Burelle
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.C.); (A.A.R.); (G.V.); (K.J.M.); (Y.B.)
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Li Q, Van de Wiele T. Gut microbiota as a driver of the interindividual variability of cardiometabolic effects from tea polyphenols. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1500-1526. [PMID: 34515591 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1965536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tea polyphenols have been extensively studied for their preventive properties against cardiometabolic diseases. Nevertheless, the evidence of these effects from human intervention studies is not always consistent, mainly because of a large interindividual variability. The bioavailability of tea polyphenols is low, and metabolism of tea polyphenols highly depends on individual gut microbiota. The accompanying reciprocal relationship between tea polyphenols and gut microbiota may result in alterations in the cardiometabolic effects, however, the underlying mechanism of which is little explored. This review summarizes tea polyphenols-microbiota interaction and its contribution to interindividual variability in cardiometabolic effects. Currently, only a few bacteria that can biodegrade tea polyphenols have been identified and generated metabolites and their bioactivities in metabolic pathways are not fully elucidated. A deeper understanding of the role of complex interaction necessitates fully individualized data, the ntegration of multiple-omics platforms and development of polyphenol-centered databases. Knowledge of this microbial contribution will enable the functional stratification of individuals in the gut microbiota profile (metabotypes) to clarify interindividual variability in the health effects of tea polyphenols. This could be used to predict individual responses to tea polyphenols consumption, hence bringing us closer to personalized nutrition with optimal dose and additional supplementation of specific microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqiong Li
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Liu X, Le Bourvellec C, Guyot S, Renard CMGC. Reactivity of flavanols: Their fate in physical food processing and recent advances in their analysis by depolymerization. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4841-4880. [PMID: 34288366 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Flavanols, a subgroup of polyphenols, are secondary metabolites with antioxidant properties naturally produced in various plants (e.g., green tea, cocoa, grapes, and apples); they are a major polyphenol class in human foods and beverages, and have recognized effect on maintaining human health. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate their changes (i.e., oxidation, polymerization, degradation, and epimerization) during various physical processing (i.e., heating, drying, mechanical shearing, high-pressure, ultrasound, and radiation) to improve the nutritional value of food products. However, the roles of flavanols, in particular for their polymerized forms, are often underestimated, for a large part because of analytical challenges: they are difficult to extract quantitatively, and their quantification demands chemical reactions. This review examines the existing data on the effects of different physical processing techniques on the content of flavanols and highlights the changes in epimerization and degree of polymerization, as well as some of the latest acidolysis methods for proanthocyanidin characterization and quantification. More and more evidence show that physical processing can affect content but also modify the structure of flavanols by promoting a series of internal reactions. The most important reactivity of flavanols in processing includes oxidative coupling and rearrangements, chain cleavage, structural rearrangements (e.g., polymerization, degradation, and epimerization), and addition to other macromolecules, that is, proteins and polysaccharides. Some acidolysis methods for the analysis of polymeric proanthocyanidins have been updated, which has contributed to complete analysis of proanthocyanidin structures in particular regarding their proportion of A-type proanthocyanidins and their degree of polymerization in various plants. However, future research is also needed to better extract and characterize high-polymer proanthocyanidins, whether in their native or modified forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwei Liu
- INRAE, Avignon University, UMR408 SQPOV, Avignon, France
| | | | - Sylvain Guyot
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA, Team Polyphenol, Reactivity & Processing (PRP), Le Rheu, France
| | - Catherine M G C Renard
- INRAE, Avignon University, UMR408 SQPOV, Avignon, France.,INRAE, TRANSFORM, Nantes, France
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21
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Lee I. Regulation of Cytochrome c Oxidase by Natural Compounds Resveratrol, (-)-Epicatechin, and Betaine. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061346. [PMID: 34072396 PMCID: PMC8229178 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous naturally occurring molecules have been studied for their beneficial health effects. Many compounds have received considerable attention for their potential medical uses. Among them, several substances have been found to improve mitochondrial function. This review focuses on resveratrol, (–)-epicatechin, and betaine and summarizes the published data pertaining to their effects on cytochrome c oxidase (COX) which is the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is considered to play an important role in the regulation of mitochondrial respiration. In a variety of experimental model systems, these compounds have been shown to improve mitochondrial biogenesis in addition to increased COX amount and/or its enzymatic activity. Given that they are inexpensive, safe in a wide range of concentrations, and effectively improve mitochondrial and COX function, these compounds could be attractive enough for possible therapeutic or health improvement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icksoo Lee
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
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22
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is observed in a broad range of human diseases, including rare genetic disorders and complex acquired pathologies. For this reason, there is increasing interest in identifying safe and effective strategies to mitigate mitochondrial impairments. Natural compounds are widely used for multiple indications, and their broad healing properties suggest that several may improve mitochondrial function. This review focuses on (-)-epicatechin, a monomeric flavanol, and its effects on mitochondria. The review summarizes the available data on the effects of acute and chronic (-)-epicatechin supplementation on mitochondrial function, outlines the potential mechanisms involved in mitochondrial biogenesis induced by (-)-epicatechin supplementation and discusses some future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric N Daussin
- Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, Université de Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS-Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Lille, France
| | - Elsa Heyman
- Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, Université de Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS-Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Lille, France
| | - Yan Burelle
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Sallam IE, Abdelwareth A, Attia H, Aziz RK, Homsi MN, von Bergen M, Farag MA. Effect of Gut Microbiota Biotransformation on Dietary Tannins and Human Health Implications. Microorganisms 2021; 9:965. [PMID: 33947064 PMCID: PMC8145700 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannins represent a heterogeneous group of high-molecular-weight polyphenols that are ubiquitous among plant families, especially in cereals, as well as in many fruits and vegetables. Hydrolysable and condensed tannins, in addition to phlorotannins from marine algae, are the main classes of these bioactive compounds. Despite their low bioavailability, tannins have many beneficial pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and cardioprotective effects. Microbiota-mediated hydrolysis of tannins produces highly bioaccessible metabolites, which have been extensively studied and account for most of the health effects attributed to tannins. This review article summarises the effect of the human microbiota on the metabolism of different tannin groups and the expected health benefits that may be induced by such mutual interactions. Microbial metabolism of tannins yields highly bioaccessible microbial metabolites that account for most of the systemic effects of tannins. This article also uses explainable artificial intelligence to define the molecular signatures of gut-biotransformed tannin metabolites that are correlated with chemical and biological activity. An understanding of microbiota-tannin interactions, tannin metabolism-related phenotypes (metabotypes) and chemical tannin-metabolites motifs is of great importance for harnessing the biological effects of tannins for drug discovery and other health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim E. Sallam
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October City 12566, Egypt;
| | - Amr Abdelwareth
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Heba Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (H.A.); (R.K.A.)
| | - Ramy K. Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (H.A.); (R.K.A.)
- Microbiology and Immunology Research Program, Children’s Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo 11617, Egypt
| | - Masun Nabhan Homsi
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ GmbH, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ GmbH, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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24
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Dębski H, Wiczkowski W, Horbowicz M. Effect of Elicitation with Iron Chelate and Sodium Metasilicate on Phenolic Compounds in Legume Sprouts. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051345. [PMID: 33802449 PMCID: PMC7959454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven-day-old sprouts of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris L.), and alfalfa (Medicagosativa L.) were studied. The legume seeds and then sprouts were soaked each day for 30 min during 6 days with water (control) or mixture of Fe-EDTA and sodium silicate (Optysil), or sodium silicate (Na-Sil) alone. Germination and sprout growing was carried out at temperature 20 ± 2 °C in 16/8 h (day/night) conditions. Phenolic compounds (free, ester, and glycosides) content were determined by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS using a multiple reaction monitoring of selected ions. Flavonoids and phenolic acids were released from their esters after acid hydrolysis and from glycosides by alkaline hydrolysis. The presence and high content of (−)-epicatechin (EC) in fenugreek sprouts was demonstrated for the first time. Applied elicitors decreased the level of free EC in fenugreek and alfalfa sprouts but enhanced the content of its esters. Besides, elicitors decreased the content of quercetin glycosides in lentil and fenugreek sprouts but increased the content of quercetin and apigenin glycosides in alfalfa sprouts. The applied elicitors decreased the glycoside levels of most phenolic acids in lentil and p-hydroxybenzoic acid in fenugreek, while they increased the content of this acid in alfalfa. The mixture of iron chelate and sodium silicate had less effect on changes in flavonoid and phenolic acid content in legume sprouts than silicate alone. In general, the used elicitors increased the content of total phenolic compounds in fenugreek and alfalfa sprouts and decreased the content in lentil sprouts. Among the evaluated elicitors, Optysil seems to be worth recommending due to the presence of iron chelate, which can be used to enrich sprouts with this element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Dębski
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland;
| | - Wiesław Wiczkowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Marcin Horbowicz
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-25-643-1232
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25
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Feng S, Yi J, Li X, Wu X, Zhao Y, Ma Y, Bi J. Systematic Review of Phenolic Compounds in Apple Fruits: Compositions, Distribution, Absorption, Metabolism, and Processing Stability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7-27. [PMID: 33397106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As the most widely consumed fruit in the world, apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruits provide a high level of phenolics and have many beneficial effects on human health. The composition and content of phenolic compounds in natural apples differs according to the tissue types and cultivar varieties. The bioavailability of apple-derived phenolics, depending on the absorption and metabolism of phenolics during digestion, is the key determinant of their positive biological effects. Meanwhile, various processing technologies affect the composition and content of phenolic compounds in apple products, further affecting the bioavailability of apple phenolics. This review summarizes current understanding on the compositions, distribution, absorption, and metabolism of phenolic compounds in apple and their stability when subjected to common technologies during processing. We intend to provide an updated overview on apple phenolics and also suggest some perspectives for future research of apple phenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Feng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianyong Yi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinye Wu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Youchuan Ma
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinfeng Bi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
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26
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Rodriguez Lanzi C, Perdicaro DJ, Gambarte Tudela J, Muscia V, Fontana AR, Oteiza PI, Vazquez Prieto MA. Grape pomace extract supplementation activates FNDC5/irisin in muscle and promotes white adipose browning in rats fed a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2020; 11:1537-1546. [PMID: 31998896 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02463h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Irisin is a myokine regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) in the exercising skeletal muscle and released into the bloodstream after cleavage of FNDC5. Circulating irisin can up-regulate UCP-1 expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) promoting the formation of brown-like adipocytes. The aim of this study was to evaluate if supplementation with a grape pomace extract (GPE) could activate the FNDC5/irisin pathway via PGC-1α in rats fed a high fat diet (HFD). For this purpose we characterized the activation of: i. the FNDC5/irisin pathway and AMPK in skeletal muscle and ii. proteins involved in the formation of brown-like cells in epididymal WAT (eWAT). Consumption of the GPE activated the FNDC5/irisin pathway, increased AMPK phosphorylation in skeletal muscle and enhanced irisin plasma levels. In eWAT, the GPE increased the level of proteins involved in WAT browning, i.e. PGC-1α, PPARγ, PRDM16 and UCP-1. The GPE also prevented HFD-induced adipocyte hypertrophy and systemic insulin resistance. Consistently, in L6 myotubes, (-)-epicatechin (EC), a flavonoid abundant in the GPE, prevented palmitate-mediated downregulation of FNDC5/irisin protein expression and secretion, in part via PGC-1α activation. Consumption of the GPE, a winemaking residue rich in bioactive compounds, could be a beneficial strategy to counteract the adverse effects of Western style diets through the promotion of WAT browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rodriguez Lanzi
- Laboratorio de Nutrición y Fisiopatología de la Obesidad, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU)-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina.
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27
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Impact of Epicatechin on the Procoagulant Activities of Microparticles. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102935. [PMID: 32992756 PMCID: PMC7601556 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microparticles play a role in cardiovascular disease pathology. The flavanol-like epicatechin is increasingly considered due to its cardioprotective effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of epicatechin on microparticle generation, phenotype and procoagulant properties. Plasma samples from 15 healthy subjects were incubated with increasing concentrations of epicatechin (1 to 100 μM). Then, the expression of glycoprotein IIb, phosphatidylserine (PS), glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) and P-selectin was assessed by flow cytometry analysis after (or not) platelet stimulation. Microparticle procoagulant activity was determined using ZymuphenTM MP and ZymuphenTM MP-TF for phospholipid and tissue factor content, and with thrombin generation (TG) assays for procoagulant function. Platelet microparticles that express GPIb (/µL) decreased from 20,743 ± 24,985 (vehicle) to 14,939 ± 14,333 (p = 0.6), 21,366 ± 16,949 (p = 0.9) and 15,425 ± 9953 (p < 0.05) in samples incubated with 1, 10 and 100 µM epicatechin, respectively. Microparticle concentration (nM PS) decreased from 5.6 ± 2.0 (vehicle) to 5.1 ± 2.2 (p = 0.5), 4.5 ± 1.5 (p < 0.05) and 4.7 ± 2.0 (p < 0.05) in samples incubated with 1, 10 and 100µM epicatechin, respectively. Epicatechin had no impact on tissue factor-positive microparticle concentration. Epicatechin decreased TG (endogenous thrombin potential, nM.min) from 586 ± 302 to 509 ± 226 (p = 0.3), 512 ± 270 (p = 0.3) and 445 ± 283 (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that epicatechin affects microparticle release, phenotype and procoagulant properties.
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28
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Almannai M, El-Hattab AW, Ali M, Soler-Alfonso C, Scaglia F. Clinical trials in mitochondrial disorders, an update. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 131:1-13. [PMID: 33129691 PMCID: PMC7537630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders comprise a molecular and clinically diverse group of diseases that are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction leading to multi-organ disease. With recent advances in molecular technologies, the understanding of the pathomechanisms of a growing list of mitochondrial disorders has been greatly expanded. However, the therapeutic approaches for mitochondrial disorders have lagged behind with treatment options limited mainly to symptom specific therapies and supportive measures. There is an increasing number of clinical trials in mitochondrial disorders aiming for more specific and effective therapies. This review will cover different treatment modalities currently used in mitochondrial disorders, focusing on recent and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Almannai
- Section of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman W El-Hattab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - May Ali
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudia Soler-Alfonso
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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29
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Dias IHK, Milic I, Heiss C, Ademowo OS, Polidori MC, Devitt A, Griffiths HR. Inflammation, Lipid (Per)oxidation, and Redox Regulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:166-190. [PMID: 31989835 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Inflammation increases during the aging process. It is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Mitochondrial macromolecules are critical targets of oxidative damage; they contribute to respiratory uncoupling with increased ROS production, redox stress, and a cycle of senescence, cytokine production, and impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Targeting the formation or accumulation of oxidized biomolecules, particularly oxidized lipids, in immune cells and mitochondria could be beneficial for age-related inflammation and comorbidities. Recent Advances: Inflammation is central to age-related decline in health and exhibits a complex relationship with mitochondrial redox state and metabolic function. Improvements in mass spectrometric methods have led to the identification of families of oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs), cholesterols, and fatty acids that increase during inflammation and which modulate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), activator protein 1 (AP1), and NF-κB redox-sensitive transcription factor activity. Critical Issues: The kinetic and spatial resolution of the modified lipidome has profound and sometimes opposing effects on inflammation, promoting initiation at high concentration and resolution at low concentration of OxPLs. Future Directions: There is an emerging opportunity to prevent or delay age-related inflammation and vascular comorbidity through a resolving (oxy)lipidome that is dependent on improving mitochondrial quality control and restoring redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irundika H K Dias
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ivana Milic
- Aston Research Center for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Heiss
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Opeyemi S Ademowo
- Aston Research Center for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cristina Polidori
- Ageing Clinical Research, Department II of Internal Medicine and Cologne Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, and CECAD, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrew Devitt
- Aston Research Center for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R Griffiths
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Concise Synthesis of Catechin Metabolites 5-(3',4'-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactones (DHPV) in Optically Pure Form and Their Stereochemical Effects on Skin Wrinkle-Reducing Activities. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081970. [PMID: 32340245 PMCID: PMC7221625 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A concise and scalable synthetic route for optically pure (4S) and (4R)-5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactones (DHPVs), catechin metabolites, has been developed via the efficient construction of a γ-valerolactone moiety from hexenol. Noticeably, the different skin wrinkle-reducing activities of each metabolite were revealed via our unique syntheses of DHPVs in an enantiomerically pure form.
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31
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Acute (-)-Epicatechin Consumption: Effects on Local Vasodilation Following Resistance Exercise and High-Intensity Exercise Performance. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8020022. [PMID: 32075225 PMCID: PMC7076787 DOI: 10.3390/sports8020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(-)-Epicatechin is a polyphenol previously shown to enhance vascular health. The purposes of the current studies were to determine the effect of acute (-)-epicatechin supplementation on local vasodilation in conjunction with resistance exercise (study 1) and on high-intensity exercise performance (study 2). For study 1, 11 men participated in two resistance exercise sessions, where they performed three sets of barbell curls while consuming 200 mg of 98% pure (-)-epicatechin or placebo. Measurements of total serum nitrate/nitrite and brachial artery diameter were acquired at baseline (pre-supplement), 90 min after supplement consumption (post-supplement), immediately post-exercise (post-exercise), and 30 min post-exercise (30 min post-exercise). For serum nitric oxide metabolites, no significant interaction between supplement and time nor significant main effect of time was observed (p = 0.38 and p = 0.20; respectively). For brachial artery diameter, no significant interaction between supplement and time was observed (p = 0.24). A significant main effect of time was observed for brachial artery diameter (p < 0.01) with post-exercise brachial artery diameter significantly greater diameter than all other time points (all p < 0.01). For study 2, six women and five men completed the 15.5 CrossFit® Open Workout three times. A familiarization session was performed first where the workout was performed without the consumption of a supplement. In a randomized, balanced fashion, 100 mg of 98% pure (-)-epicatechin or cellulose (placebo) was consumed two times per day for two days before testing sessions two and three. On the day of testing sessions two and three, 60 to 90 min before completing the workout, 200 mg of the assigned supplement was ingested with water. No significant difference was observed for time to complete the workout between testing sessions (p = 0.49). In conclusion, under the conditions of the current studies, acute (-)-epicatechin supplementation did not augment vasodilation in combination with resistance exercise, nor did it increase exercise performance in humans.
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32
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Low Plasma Appearance of (+)-Catechin and (-)-Catechin Compared with Epicatechin after Consumption of Beverages Prepared from Nonalkalized or Alkalized Cocoa-A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010231. [PMID: 31963163 PMCID: PMC7020035 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavan-3-ols are claimed to be responsible for the cardioprotective effects of cocoa. Alkalized cocoa powder (ALC), commonly used for many non-confectionary products, including beverages, provides less (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, and procyanidins and more (−)-catechin than nonalkalized cocoa powder (NALC). This may affect the plasma appearance of monomeric flavan-3-ol stereoisomers after consumption of NALC vs. ALC. Within a randomized, crossover trial, 12 healthy nonsmokers ingested a milk-based cocoa beverage providing either NALC or ALC. Blood was collected before and within 6 h postconsumption. (+)-Catechin, (−)-catechin, and epicatechin were analyzed in plasma by HPLC as sum of free and glucuronidated metabolites. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by a one-compartment model with nonlinear regression methods. For epicatechin in plasma, total area under the curve within 6 h postconsumption (AUC0–6h) and incremental AUC0–6h were additionally calculated by using the linear trapezoidal method. After consumption of NALC and ALC, (+)-catechin and (−)-catechin were mostly not detectable in plasma, in contrast to epicatechin. For epicatechin, total AUC0–6h was different between both treatments, but not incremental AUC0–6h. Most kinetic parameters were similar for both treatments, but they varied strongly between individuals. Thus, epicatechin is the main monomeric flavan-3-ol in plasma after cocoa consumption. Whether NALC should be preferred against ALC due to its higher (−)-epicatechin content remains unclear with regard to the results on incremental AUC0–6h. Future studies should investigate epicatechin metabolites in plasma for a period up to 24 h in a larger sample size, taking into account genetic polymorphisms in epicatechin metabolism and should consider all metabolites to understand inter-individual differences after cocoa intake.
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33
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Thieltges DDS, Baumgarten KD, Michaelis CS, Czekelius C. Synthesis of B-ring-fluorinated (−)-epicatechin gallate derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4024-4028. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00686f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electronically modified, fluorinated catechins and epicatechins are enantioselectively synthesized in a short, convergent sequence via kinetic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. S. Thieltges
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Universität Düsseldorf
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Kai D. Baumgarten
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Universität Düsseldorf
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Carina S. Michaelis
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Universität Düsseldorf
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Constantin Czekelius
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Universität Düsseldorf
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
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Tuning of virgin coconut oil and propylene glycol ratios for maximizing the polyphenol recovery and in vitro bioactivities of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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(-)-Epicatechin metabolites promote vascular health through epigenetic reprogramming of endothelial-immune cell signaling and reversing systemic low-grade inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 173:113699. [PMID: 31756325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of (-)-epicatechin flavanols reverses endothelial dysfunction by increasing flow mediated dilation and by reducing vascular inflammation and oxidative stress, monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and transendothelial monocyte migration in vitro and in vivo. This involves multiple changes in gene expression and epigenetic DNA methylation by poorly understood mechanisms. By in silico docking and molecular modeling we demonstrate favorable binding of different glucuronidated, sulfated or methylated (-)-epicatechin metabolites to different DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1/DNMT3A). In favor of this model, genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of endothelial cells treated with TNF and different (-)-epicatechin metabolites revealed specific DNA methylation changes in gene networks controlling cell adhesion-extravasation endothelial hyperpermeability as well as gamma-aminobutyric acid, renin-angiotensin and nitric oxide hypertension pathways. Remarkably, blood epigenetic profiles of an 8 weeks intervention with monomeric and oligomeric flavanols (MOF) including (-)-epicatechin in male smokers revealed individual epigenetic gene changes targeting similar pathways as the in vitro exposure experiments in endothelial cells. Furthermore, epigenetic changes following MOF diet intervention oppose atherosclerosis associated epigenetic changes. In line with biological data, the individual epigenetic response to a MOF diet is associated with different vascular health parameters (glutathione peroxidase 1 and endothelin-1 expression, acetylcholine-mediated microvascular response), in part involving systemic shifts in blood immune cell types which reduce the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Altogether, our study suggests that different (-)-epicatechin metabolites promote vascular health in part via epigenetic reprogramming of endothelial-immune cell signaling and reversing systemic low-grade inflammation.
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Ottaviani JI, Fong R, Kimball J, Ensunsa JL, Gray N, Vogiatzoglou A, Britten A, Lucarelli D, Luben R, Grace PB, Mawson DH, Tym A, Wierzbicki A, Smith AD, Wareham NJ, Forouhi NG, Khaw KT, Schroeter H, Kuhnle GGC. Evaluation of (-)-epicatechin metabolites as recovery biomarker of dietary flavan-3-ol intake. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13108. [PMID: 31511603 PMCID: PMC6739331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from dietary intervention studies suggest that intake of (−)-epicatechin mediates beneficial vascular effects in humans. However, population-based investigations are required to evaluate associations between habitual intake and health and these studies rely on accurate estimates of intake, which nutritional biomarkers can provide. Here, we evaluate a series of structurally related (−)-epicatechin metabolites (SREM), particularly (−)-epicatechin-3′-glucuronide, (−)-epicatechin-3′-sulfate and 3′-O-methyl-(−)-epicatechin-5-sulfate (SREMB), as flavan-3-ol and (−)-epicatechin intake. SREMB in urine proved to be a specific indicator of (−)-epicatechin intake, showing also a strong correlation with the amount of (−)-epicatechin ingested (R2: 0.86 (95% CI 0.8l; 0.92). The median recovery of (−)-epicatechin as SREMB in 24 h urine was 10% (IQR 7–13%) and we found SREMB in the majority of participants of EPIC Norfolk (83% of 24,341) with a mean concentration of 2.4 ± 3.2 µmol/L. Our results show that SREMB are suitable as biomarker of (−)-epicatechin intake. According to evaluation criteria from IARC and the Institute of Medicine, the results obtained support use of SREMB as a recovery biomarker to estimate actual intake of (−)-epicatechin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Gray
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | - Abigail Britten
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Robert Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Amy Tym
- LGC, Newmarket Road, Fordham, UK
| | | | - A David Smith
- OPTIMA Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Gunter G C Kuhnle
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK. .,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Tao W, Zhang Y, Shen X, Cao Y, Shi J, Ye X, Chen S. Rethinking the Mechanism of the Health Benefits of Proanthocyanidins: Absorption, Metabolism, and Interaction with Gut Microbiota. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:971-985. [PMID: 33336996 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins, as the oligomers or polymers of flavan-3-ol, are widely discovered in plants such as fruits, vegetables, cereals, nuts, and leaves, presenting a major part of dietary polyphenols. Although proanthocyanidins exert several types of bioactivities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective activity, their exact mechanisms remain unclear. Due to the complexity of the structure of proanthocyanidins, such as their various monomers, different linkages and isomers, investigation of their bioavailability and metabolism is limited, which further hinders the explanation of their bioactivities. Since the large molecular weight and degree of polymerization limit the bioavailability of proanthocyanidins, the major effective site of proanthocyanidins is proposed to be in the gut. Many studies have revealed the effects of proanthocyanidins from different sources on changing the composition of gut microbiota based on in vitro and in vivo models and the bioactivities of their metabolites. However, the metabolic routes of proanthocyanidins by gut microbiota and their mutual interactions are still sparse. Thus, this review summarizes the chemistry, absorption, and metabolic pathways of proanthocyanidins ranging from monomers to polymers, as well as the mutual interactions between proanthocyanidins and gut microbiota, in order to better understand how proanthocyanidins exert their health-promoting functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyang Tao
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuemin Shen
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanping Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business Univ. (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - John Shi
- Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Xingqian Ye
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Mayorga-Gross AL, Esquivel P. Impact of Cocoa Products Intake on Plasma and Urine Metabolites: A Review of Targeted and Non-Targeted Studies in Humans. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1163. [PMID: 31137636 PMCID: PMC6566337 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa is continuously drawing attention due to growing scientific evidence suggesting its effects on health. Flavanols and methylxanthines are some of the most important bioactive compounds present in cocoa. Other important bioactives, such as phenolic acids and lactones, are derived from microbial metabolism. The identification of the metabolites produced after cocoa intake is a first step to understand the overall effect on human health. In general, after cocoa intake, methylxanthines show high absorption and elimination efficiencies. Catechins are transformed mainly into sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. Metabolism of procyanidins is highly influenced by the polymerization degree, which hinders their absorption. The polymerization degree over three units leads to biotransformation by the colonic microbiota, resulting in valerolactones and phenolic acids, with higher excretion times. Long term intervention studies, as well as untargeted metabolomic approaches, are scarce. Contradictory results have been reported concerning matrix effects and health impact, and there are still scientific gaps that have to be addresed to understand the influence of cocoa intake on health. This review addresses different cocoa clinical studies, summarizes the different methodologies employed as well as the metabolites that have been identified in plasma and urine after cocoa intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lucía Mayorga-Gross
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Patricia Esquivel
- Escuela de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
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Oracz J, Nebesny E, Zyzelewicz D, Budryn G, Luzak B. Bioavailability and metabolism of selected cocoa bioactive compounds: A comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1947-1985. [PMID: 31124371 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1619160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cocoa beans and their co-products are a rich source of beneficial compounds for health promotion, including polyphenols and methylxanthines. Knowledge of bioavailability and in vivo bioactivity of these phytochemicals is crucial to understand their role and function in human health. Therefore, many studies concerning bioavailability and bioactivity of cocoa bioactive compound have been done in both in vivo animal models and in humans. This critical review comprehensively summarizes the existing knowledge about the bioavailability and the major metabolic pathways of selected cocoa bioactive compounds (i.e. monomeric flavan-3-ols, procyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonols, phenolic acids, N-phenylpropenoyl-L-amino acids, stilbenes, and methylxanthines). The compiled results indicated that many of these compounds undergo extensive metabolism prior to absorption. Different factors have been suggested to influence the bioavailability of polyphenols and methylxanthines among them the role of gut microbiota, structure of these compounds, food matrix and occurrence of other substances were the most often considered. Aforementioned factors decided about the site where these bioactive compounds are digested and absorbed from the alimentary tract, as well as the pathway by which they are metabolized. These factors also determine of the type of transport through the intestine barrier (passive, involving specific enzymes or mediated by specific transporters) and their metabolic path and profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Oracz
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Nebesny
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dorota Zyzelewicz
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Grazyna Budryn
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Boguslawa Luzak
- Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Alañón ME, Castle SM, Serra G, Lévèques A, Poquet L, Actis-Goretta L, Spencer JPE. Acute study of dose-dependent effects of (-)-epicatechin on vascular function in healthy male volunteers: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:746-754. [PMID: 31014775 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There is convincing clinical evidence to suggest that flavanol-containing foods/beverages are capable of inducing improvements in human vascular function. However, whilst (-)-epicatechin has been tested for efficacy, a full dose-dependency has yet to be established, particularly at doses below 1 mg/kg BW. The current study examined the dose-dependent effects of (-)-epicatechin on human vascular function with concurrent measurement of plasma (-)-epicatechin metabolites and levels of circulating nitrite and nitrate species, NOx. METHODS An acute, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover intervention trial was conducted in 20 healthy males with 4 treatment arms: water-based (-)-epicatechin (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg BW) and a water only as control. Vascular function was assessed by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) measured at the brachial artery, laser Doppler imaging with iontophoresis (LDI) at the subcutaneous capillaries of the forearm (response to Ach and SNP) and peripheral blood pressure (BP) at baseline, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h post-intervention. Plasma analysis of epicatechin metabolites was conducted by LC-MS and circulating plasma of nitrite and nitrate species were performed using an HPLC-based system (ENO-30). RESULTS Significant increases in % FMD were found to occur at 1 and 2 h following intake of 1 mg/kg BW, and at 2 h for the 0.5 mg/kg BW intake. There were no significant changes in LDI or BP at any time-points or intake levels. Increases in FMD over the 6 h timeframe were closely paralleled by the appearance of total plasma (-)-epicatechin metabolites. Non-significant changes in circulating NOx was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our data add further evidence that (-)-epicatechin is a causal vasoactive molecule within flavanol-containing foods/beverages. In addition, we show for the first time that intake levels as low as 0.5 mg/kg BW are capable of inducing acute improvements in vascular function (FMD) in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Alañón
- Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research (IRICA), Area of Food Science and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avd. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, PO Box 226, RG2 6AP, Reading, United Kingdom.
| | - S M Castle
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, PO Box 226, RG2 6AP, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - G Serra
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, PO Box 226, RG2 6AP, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - A Lévèques
- Nestlé Research, 1026 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Poquet
- Nestlé Research, 1026 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - J P E Spencer
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, PO Box 226, RG2 6AP, Reading, United Kingdom
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Vengatesh G, Sundaravadivelu M. Synthesis, 1D and 2D NMR spectral assignments, and stereochemical studies of some 4,8,9,10-tetraaryl-1,3-diazaadamantan-6-one oximes. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Effect of Stereochemical Configuration on the Transport and Metabolism of Catechins from Green Tea across Caco-2 Monolayers. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061185. [PMID: 30917581 PMCID: PMC6470784 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcellular transport and metabolism of eight green tea catechins (GTCs) were studied in Caco-2 monolayers, with the aim of investigating the effect of cis–trans isomerism on the membrane permeability and biotransformation of GTCs. The results showed that the catechin stereochemistry significantly affects the efflux transport rather than the absorption transport in the Caco-2 monolayers. The trans catechins showed a better transcellular permeability than their corresponding cis (epi) catechins in the efflux transport, as the efflux amount of trans catechins were all significantly higher than that of the cis (epi) catechins at each concentration and each time point tested. Moreover, the relative contents of the (+)-catechin (C)-O-sulfate, (+)-gallocatechin (GC)-O-sulfate, (−)-catechin gallate (CG)-O-sulfate, and (−)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG)-O-sulfate in the efflux transport were 2.67, 16.08, 50.48, and 31.54 times higher than that of the (−)-epicatechin (EC)-O-sulfate, (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC)-O-sulfate, (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG)-O-sulfate, and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-O-sulfate, respectively. It indicated that more metabolites were observed after the transcellular efflux of trans catechins. Furthermore, after two hours of incubation, the GTCs could significantly increase the expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) and breast cancer-resistance protein (BCRP), and decrease the expression of P-glycoprotein in the Caco-2 cells. The regulation of GTCs on P-glycoprotein, MRP2, and BCRP could also be significantly influenced by the chemical and dimensional structure. In a conclusion, catechin stereochemistry significantly affects the transport and metabolism of GTCs when refluxed in the Caco-2 monolayers.
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Prakash M, Basavaraj B, Chidambara Murthy K. Biological functions of epicatechin: Plant cell to human cell health. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Schwarz NA, Blahnik ZJ, Prahadeeswaran S, McKinley-Barnard SK, Holden SL, Waldhelm A. (-)-Epicatechin Supplementation Inhibits Aerobic Adaptations to Cycling Exercise in Humans. Front Nutr 2018; 5:132. [PMID: 30622947 PMCID: PMC6308990 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine if cycling exercise combined with (–)-epicatechin supplementation was more effective at increasing training adaptations than cycling combined with a placebo. Blood and muscle samples were obtained at rest before and after training to determine the effects of (–)-epicatechin supplementation on total serum antioxidant capacity, skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein content, and skeletal muscle myostatin gene expression. Participants (n = 20) completed two testing sessions separated by 4 weeks of cycle training, with supplementation of 100 mg (200 mg total daily) of (–)-epicatechin or a placebo, twice daily. Data were analyzed using a two-way mixed model ANOVA for each variable and the alpha level was set at p ≤ 0.05. A significant increase was observed for time for relative peak anaerobic power (p < 0.01), relative anaerobic capacity (p < 0.01), and fatigue index (p < 0.01). A significant increase was observed for time for absolute peak VO2 (p < 0.01) and peak power output obtained during the peak VO2 test (p < 0.01). A significant interaction between group and time for relative peak VO2 was observed (p = 0.04). Relative peak VO2 significantly increased over time in the placebo group (p < 0.01), but not in the (–)-epicatechin group (p = 0.21). A significant increase was observed for time for total serum antioxidant capacity (p = 0.01). No interaction or main effect of time was observed for myostatin (p > 0.05). Likewise, no interaction or main effect of time was observed for cytochrome C or citrate synthase (p > 0.05). A significant interaction effect was observed for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH; p = 0.02). SDH content increased significantly for the placebo group (p = 0.03, partial η2 = 0.59), but not for the (–)-epicatechin group (p = 0.81). Further, whereas no difference existed between the groups for SDH at baseline (p = 0.23), SDH content was significantly greater in the placebo group at the post time point (p = 0.01). Results indicate that (–)-epicatechin supplementation does not affect myostatin gene expression or anaerobic training adaptations but inhibits aerobic and mitochondrial SDH adaptations to cycle exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Schwarz
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Zachary J Blahnik
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Srihari Prahadeeswaran
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Sarah K McKinley-Barnard
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Shelley L Holden
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Andy Waldhelm
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocoa flavanols (CFs) have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities and can improve vascular function. It has recently been suggested that CF intake may improve exercise performance and recovery. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the literature on the effects of CF intake on exercise performance and recovery and exercise-induced changes in vascular function, cognitive function, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic parameters. METHODS Two electronic databases (Pubmed and Web of Science) were searched for studies examining the combination of CF intake and exercise in humans (up to 28 March 2017). Articles were included if the exact amount of CFs was mentioned. The methodological quality and level of bias of the 13 included studies was assessed according to the checklist for randomized controlled trials from the Dutch Cochrane center. RESULTS Acute, sub-chronic (2 weeks) and chronic (3 months) CF intake reduced exercise-induced oxidative stress. Evidence on the effect of CF on exercise-induced inflammation and platelet activation was scarce. Acute CF intake reduced and tempered the exercise-induced increase in blood pressure in obese participants. Acute and sub-chronic CF intake altered fat and carbohydrate metabolism during exercise. Acute and sub-chronic CF intake did not have ergogenic effects in athletes, while chronic CF intake improved mitochondrial efficiency in untrained participants. While combining sub-chronic CF intake and exercise training improved cardiovascular risk factors and vascular function, evidence on the synergistic effects of CF and exercise training on oxidative stress, inflammation, and fat and glucose metabolism was lacking. CONCLUSION CF intake may improve vascular function, reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress, and alter fat and carbohydrate utilization during exercise, but without affecting exercise performance. There is a strong need for future studies examining the synergetic effect of chronic CF intake and exercise training.
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Biochemical and Functional Characterization of Anthocyanidin Reductase (ANR) from Mangifera indica L. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112876. [PMID: 30400564 PMCID: PMC6278290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is abundant in proanthocyanidins (PAs) that are important for human health and plant response to abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in PA biosynthesis still need to be elucidated. Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) catalyzes a key step in PA biosynthesis. In this study, three ANR cDNAs (MiANR1-1,1-2,1-3) were isolated from mango, and expressed in Escherichia coli. In vitro enzyme assay showed MiANR proteins convert cyanidin to their corresponding flavan-3-ols, such as (−)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin. Despite high amino acid similarity, the recombinant ANR proteins exhibited differences in enzyme kinetics and cosubstrate preference. MiANR1-2 and MiANR1-3 have the same optimum pH of 4.0 in citrate buffer, while the optimum pH for MiANR1-1 is pH 3.0 in phosphate buffer. MiANR1-1 does not use either NADPH or NADH as co-substrate while MiANR1-2/1-3 use only NADPH as co-substrate. MiANR1-2 has the highest Km and Vmax for cyanidin, followed by MiANR1-3 and MiANR1-1. The overexpression of MiANRs in ban mutant reconstructed the biosynthetic pathway of PAs in the seed coat. These data demonstrate MiANRs can form the ANR pathway, leading to the formation of two types of isomeric flavan-3-ols and PAs in mango.
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Davinelli S, Corbi G, Zarrelli A, Arisi M, Calzavara-Pinton P, Grassi D, De Vivo I, Scapagnini G. Short-term supplementation with flavanol-rich cocoa improves lipid profile, antioxidant status and positively influences the AA/EPA ratio in healthy subjects. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 61:33-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ottaviani JI, Fong RY, Borges G, Schroeter H, Crozier A. Use of LC-MS for the quantitative analysis of (poly)phenol metabolites does not necessarily yield accurate results: Implications for assessing existing data and conducting future research. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:97-103. [PMID: 29870748 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived, dietary (poly)phenols have potential effects on disease-risk reduction and primary disease prevention. The characterization of (poly)phenol absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) is recognized as crucial step to further advance nutritional and biomedical research of these compounds; and given that (poly)phenols are extensively metabolized after ingestion, accurate assessments of their in vivo metabolites is required. It has become common practice to use unmetabolized parent compounds as reference standards when quantifying (poly)phenol metabolites by LC-MS, although little is known about the accuracy of this approach. To investigate this situation with routinely used LC-MS conditions, the signal yielded by the flavan-3-ol (-)-epicatechin was compared to those of authentic standards of its phase II and microbiota-derived metabolites. The results obtained revealed underestimations up to 94% and overestimations up to 113% of individual epicatechin metabolites. Inaccurate quantitative estimates were also obtained when phase II metabolites of other (poly)phenols were quantified by reference to their unmetabolized parent compounds. This demonstrates the importance of using structurally-identical authentic metabolites as reference compounds when quantifying (poly)phenol metabolites by LC-MS. This is of importance, not just to the accuracy of ADME studies, but for the identification and validation of (poly)phenol metabolites as biomarkers of intake in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier I Ottaviani
- Mars Inc., McLean, VA 22101, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Reedmond Y Fong
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gina Borges
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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49
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Rodriguez Lanzi C, Perdicaro DJ, Antoniolli A, Piccoli P, Vazquez Prieto MA, Fontana A. Phenolic metabolites in plasma and tissues of rats fed with a grape pomace extract as assessed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 651:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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50
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Williamson G, Kay CD, Crozier A. The Bioavailability, Transport, and Bioactivity of Dietary Flavonoids: A Review from a Historical Perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1054-1112. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin D. Kay
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Inst. North Carolina State Univ. North Carolina Research Campus Kannapolis NC 28081 U.S.A
| | - Alan Crozier
- Dept. of Nutrition Univ. of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, Univ. Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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