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Alfei S, Schito GC, Schito AM, Zuccari G. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Mediated Antibacterial Oxidative Therapies: Available Methods to Generate ROS and a Novel Option Proposal. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7182. [PMID: 39000290 PMCID: PMC11241369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens causes difficult-to-treat infections with long-term hospitalizations and a high incidence of death, thus representing a global public health problem. To manage MDR bacteria bugs, new antimicrobial strategies are necessary, and their introduction in practice is a daily challenge for scientists in the field. An extensively studied approach to treating MDR infections consists of inducing high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by several methods. Although further clinical investigations are mandatory on the possible toxic effects of ROS on mammalian cells, clinical evaluations are extremely promising, and their topical use to treat infected wounds and ulcers, also in presence of biofilm, is already clinically approved. Biochar (BC) is a carbonaceous material obtained by pyrolysis of different vegetable and animal biomass feedstocks at 200-1000 °C in the limited presence of O2. Recently, it has been demonstrated that BC's capability of removing organic and inorganic xenobiotics is mainly due to the presence of persistent free radicals (PFRs), which can activate oxygen, H2O2, or persulfate in the presence or absence of transition metals by electron transfer, thus generating ROS, which in turn degrade pollutants by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this context, the antibacterial effects of BC-containing PFRs have been demonstrated by some authors against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, thus giving birth to our idea of the possible use of BC-derived PFRs as a novel method capable of inducing ROS generation for antimicrobial oxidative therapy. Here, the general aspects concerning ROS physiological and pathological production and regulation and the mechanism by which they could exert antimicrobial effects have been reviewed. The methods currently adopted to induce ROS production for antimicrobial oxidative therapy have been discussed. Finally, for the first time, BC-related PFRs have been proposed as a new source of ROS for antimicrobial therapy via AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Schito
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Schito
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Guendalina Zuccari
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy
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Rubilar-Huenchuman M, Ortega-Villanueva C, González IA, Palavecino CE. The Effect of Photodynamic Therapy on Enterococcus spp. and Its Application in Dentistry: A Scoping Review. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:825. [PMID: 38931945 PMCID: PMC11207625 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococci spp. are Gram-positive bacteria that cause mild to severe infections, many associated with the oral cavity, such as periapical infections and healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Many of these infections become serious diseases that are difficult to resolve, specifically when multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains cause them. In recent years, the number of MDR strains of Enterococcus spp. has increased significantly. This increased prevalence of MDR strains produces significant pressure to generate more antimicrobial therapies, but there is a decline in the production of new antibiotics, driving the development of complementary therapies, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT combines a photosensitizer agent (PS), light, and oxygen to cause photooxidative stress in bacterial cells. PDT can eradicate Enterococcus spp. contaminations, improve the classic cleaning processes, and eradicate the bacteria in dental pieces. PDT's effectiveness can be improved with nanoparticles that function as carriers. Our work aims to describe the advances in PDT against Enterococcus spp. as a complement to antibiotic therapy, focusing on infections by Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis, dental hygiene, and using nanoparticles to improve the antimicrobial effect. A systematic bibliographic search without a meta-analysis was conducted on various databases, using inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify the most relevant research. Of the 193 non-redundant articles found, 65 were selected for a systematic review, from which a summary table was created and a manual description was made. Photodynamic therapy for treating E. faecium and E. faecalis is a widely studied area, with promising results concerning bactericidal effectiveness and reductions in biofilm formation, particularly in regard to dental hygiene. Because most of the studies were conducted in vitro or ex vivo, the results indicated that there were not sufficient data to initiate clinical trials for safety and efficacy studies on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaignacia Rubilar-Huenchuman
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Lord Cochrane 418, Santiago 8330546, Chile; (M.R.-H.); (C.O.-V.)
| | - Camilo Ortega-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Lord Cochrane 418, Santiago 8330546, Chile; (M.R.-H.); (C.O.-V.)
| | - Iván A. González
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matemática y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Las Palmeras 3360, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| | - Christian Erick Palavecino
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Lord Cochrane 418, Santiago 8330546, Chile; (M.R.-H.); (C.O.-V.)
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3
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Meerovich GA, Akhlyustina EV, Romanishkin ID, Makarova EA, Tiganova IG, Zhukhovitsky VG, Kholina EG, Kovalenko IB, Romanova YM, Loschenov VB, Strakhovskaya MG. Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria: Why it is not enough to excite a photosensitizer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103853. [PMID: 37863377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in infectious agents is one of the most serious global problems facing humanity. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) shows encouraging results in the fight against MDR pathogens, including those in biofilms. METHODS Photosensitizers (PS), monocationic methylene blue, polycationic and polyanionic derivatives of phthalocyanines, electroneutral and polycationic derivatives of bacteriochlorin were used to study photodynamic inactivation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative planktonic bacteria and biofilms under LED irradiation. Zeta potential measurements, confocal fluorescence imaging, and coarse-grained modeling were used to evaluate the interactions of PS with bacteria. PS aggregation and photobleaching were studied using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. RESULTS The main approaches to ensure high efficiency of bacteria photosensitization are analyzed. CONCLUSIONS PS must maintain a delicate balance between binding to exocellular and external structures of bacterial cells and penetration through the cell wall so as not to get stuck on the way to photooxidation-sensitive structures of the bacterial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady A Meerovich
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Moscow 115409, Russia
| | | | - Igor D Romanishkin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | | | - Irina G Tiganova
- Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Zhukhovitsky
- Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia; Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education (RMANPO), Moscow 125993, Russia
| | | | - Ilya B Kovalenko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow 115682, Russia
| | - Yulia M Romanova
- Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Victor B Loschenov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Moscow 115409, Russia
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Aghili SS, Jahangirnia A, Alam M, Oskouei AB, Golkar M, Badkoobeh A, Abbasi K, Mohammadikhah M, Karami S, Soufdoost RS, Namanloo RA, Talebi S, Amookhteh S, Hemmat M, Sadeghi S. The effect of photodynamic therapy in controlling the oral biofilm: A comprehensive overview. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:1319-1347. [PMID: 37726220 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Several resistance mechanisms are involved in dental caries, including oral biofilms. An accumulation of bacteria on the surface of teeth is called plaque. Periodontitis and gingivitis are caused by dental plaque. In this review article, we aimed to review the studies associated with the application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to prevent and treat various microbial biofilm-caused oral diseases in recent decades. There are several studies published in PubMed that have described antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) effects on microorganisms. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the potential of APDT for treating endodontic, periodontal, and mucosal infections caused by bacteria as biofilms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are activated in the presence of oxygen by integrating a nontoxic photosensitizer (PS) with appropriate wavelength visible light. By causing irreversible damage to microorganisms, ROS induces some biological and photochemical events. Testing several wavelengths has been conducted to identify potential PS for APDT. A standard protocol is not yet available, and the current review summarizes findings from dental studies on APDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Sara Aghili
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mostafa Alam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asal Bagherzadeh Oskouei
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Golkar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Badkoobeh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Kamyar Abbasi
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Mohammadikhah
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Sahar Talebi
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samira Amookhteh
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hemmat
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sima Sadeghi
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Chen L, Zhao Y, Wu W, Zeng Q, Wang JJ. New trends in the development of photodynamic inactivation against planktonic microorganisms and their biofilms in food system. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3814-3846. [PMID: 37530552 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a novel and effective nonthermal inactivation technology. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the bactericidal ability of endogenous photosensitizers (PSs)-mediated and exogenous PSs-mediated PDI against planktonic bacteria and their biofilms, as well as fungi. In general, the PDI exhibited a broad-spectrum ability in inactivating planktonic bacteria and fungi, but its potency was usually weakened in vivo and for eradicating biofilms. On this basis, new strategies have been proposed to strengthen the PDI potency in food system, mainly including the physical and chemical modification of PSs, the combination of PDI with multiple adjuvants, adjusting the working conditions of PDI, improving the targeting ability of PSs, and the emerging aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens). Meanwhile, the mechanisms of PDI on eradicating mono-/mixed-species biofilms and preserving foods were also summarized. Notably, the PDI-mediated antimicrobial packaging film was proposed and introduced. This review gives a new insight to develop the potent PDI system to combat microbial contamination and hazard in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiliang Wu
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiaohui Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Foshan Research Center for Quality Safety of the Whole Industry Chain of Agricultural Products, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jing Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- National Technical Center (Foshan) for Quality Control of Famous and Special Agricultural Products, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Foshan Research Center for Quality Safety of the Whole Industry Chain of Agricultural Products, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Photodynamic inactivation of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto stainless steel or polyurethane surfaces. Food Microbiol 2023; 110:104174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Xu X, Yang M, Jiang Y, Tao N, Fu Y, Fan J, Xu X, Shi H, Lu Z, Shen C. A new acridine-based photosensitizer with ultra-low light requirement efficiently inactivates carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and degrades their antibiotic resistance genes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107839. [PMID: 36822004 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic resistant pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment poses a serious threat to public health. However, existing methods are difficult to effectively remove antibiotic resistant pathogens and ARGs from the environment. In this study, we synthesized a new acridine-based photosensitizer, 2,7-dibromo-9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium perchlorate (YM-3), by the heavy atom effect, which could photodynamically inactivate antibiotic resistant pathogens and reduce ARGs by generating singlet oxygen (1O2) in an aqueous environment. The 1O2 yield of YM-3 was 4.9 times that of its modified precursor. YM-3 could reduce the culturable number and even the viable counts of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii to 0 (inactivation rate > 99.99999%) after 2 and 8 h of low-intensity blue light (15 W/m2) irradiation, respectively. After 20 h of light exposure, the copy numbers of ARGs in both bacteria were reduced by 5.80 and 4.48 log, respectively, which might indicate that ARGs had been degraded. In addition, YM-3 still had an efficient bactericidal effect after five inactivation cycle. These characteristics of ultra-low light intensity requirement and efficient bactericidal ability make YM-3 have good application prospects for disinfection in indoor and sunlight environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yunhan Jiang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Ningyao Tao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yulong Fu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Huixiang Shi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Zhan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Chaofeng Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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9
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Bongaerts GPA, Williams RM, van der Wielen MWJ, Feiters MC. (Photo-)chemical roadmap to strategic antimicrobial photodynamic and photothermal therapies. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424622500493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Eckl DB, Landgraf N, Hoffmann AK, Eichner A, Huber H, Bäumler W. Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria in Ionic Environments Using the Photosensitizer SAPYR and the Chelator Citrate. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:716-731. [PMID: 36004389 DOI: 10.1111/php.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many studies show that photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a powerful tool for the fight against pathogenic, multi-resistant bacteria and the closing of hygiene gaps. However, PDI studies have been frequently performed under standardized in vitro conditions comprising artificial laboratory settings. Under real life conditions, however, PDI encounters substances like ions, proteins, amino acids, and fatty acids, potentially hampering the efficacy PDI to an unpredictable extent. Thus, we investigated PDI with the phenalene-1-one based photosensitizer SAPYR against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of calcium or magnesium ions, which are ubiquitous in potential fields of PDI applications like in tap water or on tissue surfaces. The addition of citrate should elucidate the potential as a chelator. The results indicate that PDI is clearly affected by such ubiquitous ions depending on its concentration and the type of bacteria. The application of citrate enhanced PDI especially for Gram-negative bacteria at certain ionic concentrations (e.g. CaCl2 or MgCl2 : 7.5 to 75 mmol l-1 ). Citrate also improved PDI efficacy in tap water (especially for Gram-negative bacteria) and synthetic sweat solution (especially for Gram-positive bacteria). In conclusion, the use of chelating agents like citrate may facilitate the application of PDI under real life conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Eckl
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg.,University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Dermatology, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Nicole Landgraf
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Anja K Hoffmann
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Anja Eichner
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Dermatology, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Harald Huber
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Dermatology, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg
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11
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Seung Lee J, Kim J, Ye YS, Kim TI. Materials and device design for advanced phototherapy systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114339. [PMID: 35568104 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phototherapy has recently emerged as a promising solution for cancer treatment due to its multifunctionality and minimal invasiveness. Notwithstanding the limited penetration depth of light through skin, the ability of photopharmaceutical device systems to deliver light to desired lesions is important. The device system deploys advanced biocompatible materials and fabrication technologies for electronics, and eventually enables more efficient phototherapy. In this review, we focus on diverse optical electronics to illuminate the lesion site with light. Then, moving on to the phototherapy, we highlight photo-thermal therapy with light absorbing materials, photo-activated chemotherapy with light sensitive materials, and photo-dynamic therapy using photosensitizers. Furthermore, we introduce a drug delivery system that can deliver these photopharmaceutical agents spatiotemporally to the tumor site. To this end, we provide a general overview of materials and devices for phototherapy and discuss critical issues and pending limitations of such phototherapy.
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12
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Mao X, Hiergeist A, Auer DL, Scholz KJ, Muehler D, Hiller KA, Maisch T, Buchalla W, Hellwig E, Gessner A, Al-Ahmad A, Cieplik F. Ecological Effects of Daily Antiseptic Treatment on Microbial Composition of Saliva-Grown Microcosm Biofilms and Selection of Resistant Phenotypes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:934525. [PMID: 35847089 PMCID: PMC9280182 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.934525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiseptics are widely used in dental practice and included in numerous over-the-counter oral care products. However, the effects of routine antiseptic use on microbial composition of oral biofilms and on the emergence of resistant phenotypes remain unclear. Microcosm biofilms were inoculated from saliva samples of four donors and cultured in the Amsterdam Active Attachment biofilm model for 3 days. Then, they were treated two times daily with chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) or cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) for a period of 7 days. Ecological changes upon these multiple antiseptic treatments were evaluated by semiconductor-based sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes and identification of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). Furthermore, culture-based approaches were used for colony-forming units (CFU) assay, identification of antiseptic-resistant phenotypes using an agar dilution method, and evaluation of their antibiotic susceptibilities. Both CHX and CPC showed only slight effects on CFU and could not inhibit biofilm growth despite the two times daily treatment for 7 days. Both antiseptics showed significant ecological effects on the microbial compositions of the surviving microbiota, whereby CHX led to enrichment of rather caries-associated saccharolytic taxa and CPC led to enrichment of rather gingivitis-associated proteolytic taxa. Antiseptic-resistant phenotypes were isolated on antiseptic-containing agar plates, which also exhibited phenotypic resistance to various antibiotics. Our results highlight the need for further research into potential detrimental effects of antiseptics on the microbial composition of oral biofilms and on the spread of antimicrobial resistance in the context of their frequent use in oral healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Mao
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiergeist
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David L. Auer
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin J. Scholz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Denise Muehler
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Fabian Cieplik,
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de Souza da Fonseca A, de Paoli F, Mencalha AL. Photodynamic therapy for treatment of infected burns. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102831. [PMID: 35341978 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Burns are among the most debilitating and devastating forms of trauma. Such injuries are influenced by infections, causing increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant infectious agents, efficient treatment of infections in burns is a challenging issue. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising approach to inactivate infectious agents, including multidrug-resistant. In this review, studies on PubMed were gathered, aiming to summarize the achievements regarding the applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for the treatment of infected burns. A literature search was carried out for aPDT published reports assessment on bacterial, fungal, and viral infections in burns. The collected data suggest that aPDT could be a promising new approach against multidrug-resistant infectious agents. However, despite important results being obtained against bacteria, experimental and clinical studies are necessary yet on the effectiveness of aPDT against fungal and viral infections in burns, which could reduce morbidity and mortality of burned patients, mainly those infected by multidrug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adenilson de Souza da Fonseca
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro, 87, Fundos, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro 20551030, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Frei Caneca, 94, Rio de Janeiro 20211040, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos, Avenida Alberto Torres, 111, Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro 25964004, Brazil.
| | - Flavia de Paoli
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Khelmer - s/n, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036900, Brazil
| | - Andre Luiz Mencalha
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro, 87, Fundos, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro 20551030, Brazil
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14
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Delcanale P, Abbruzzetti S, Viappiani C. Photodynamic treatment of pathogens. LA RIVISTA DEL NUOVO CIMENTO 2022; 45:407-459. [PMCID: PMC8921710 DOI: 10.1007/s40766-022-00031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The current viral pandemic has highlighted the compelling need for effective and versatile treatments, that can be quickly tuned to tackle new threats, and are robust against mutations. Development of such treatments is made even more urgent in view of the decreasing effectiveness of current antibiotics, that makes microbial infections the next emerging global threat. Photodynamic effect is one such method. It relies on physical processes proceeding from excited states of particular organic molecules, called photosensitizers, generated upon absorption of visible or near infrared light. The excited states of these molecules, tailored to undergo efficient intersystem crossing, interact with molecular oxygen and generate short lived reactive oxygen species (ROS), mostly singlet oxygen. These species are highly cytotoxic through non-specific oxidation reactions and constitute the basis of the treatment. In spite of the apparent simplicity of the principle, the method still has to face important challenges. For instance, the short lifetime of ROS means that the photosensitizer must reach the target within a few tens nanometers, which requires proper molecular engineering at the nanoscale level. Photoactive nanostructures thus engineered should ideally comprise a functionality that turns the system into a theranostic means, for instance, through introduction of fluorophores suitable for nanoscopy. We discuss the principles of the method and the current molecular strategies that have been and still are being explored in antimicrobial and antiviral photodynamic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Delcanale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Abbruzzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristiano Viappiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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15
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Recent Advances in Photodynamic Therapy against Fungal Keratitis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122011. [PMID: 34959293 PMCID: PMC8709008 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is a serious clinical infection on the cornea caused by fungi and is one of the leading causes of blindness in Asian countries. The treatment options are currently limited to a few antifungal agents. With the increasing incidence of drug-resistant infections, many patients fail to respond to antibiotics. Riboflavin-mediated corneal crosslinking (similar to photodynamic therapy (PDT)) for corneal ectasia was approved in the US in the early 2000s. Current evidence suggests that PDT could have the potential to inhibit fungal biofilm formation and overcome drug resistance by using riboflavin and rose bengal as photosensitizers. However, only a few clinical trials have been initiated in anti-fungal keratitis PDT treatment. Moreover, the removal of the corneal epithelium and repeated application of riboflavin and rose bengal are required to improve drug penetration before and during PDT. Thus, an improvement in trans-corneal drug delivery is mandatory for a successful and efficient treatment. In this article, we review the studies published to date using PDT against fungal keratitis and aim to enhance the understanding and awareness of this research area. The potential of modifying photosensitizers using nanotechnology to improve the efficacy of PDT on fungal keratitis is also briefly reviewed.
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16
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Aroso RT, Schaberle FA, Arnaut LG, Pereira MM. Photodynamic disinfection and its role in controlling infectious diseases. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1497-1545. [PMID: 34705261 PMCID: PMC8548867 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is witnessing a revival of its origins as a response to the rise of multi-drug resistant infections and the shortage of new classes of antibiotics. Photodynamic disinfection (PDDI) of microorganisms is making progresses in preclinical models and in clinical cases, and the perception of its role in the clinical armamentarium for the management of infectious diseases is changing. We review the positioning of PDDI from the perspective of its ability to respond to clinical needs. Emphasis is placed on the pipeline of photosensitizers that proved effective to inactivate biofilms, showed efficacy in animal models of infectious diseases or reached clinical trials. Novel opportunities resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic are briefly discussed. The molecular features of promising photosensitizers are emphasized and contrasted with those of photosensitizers used in the treatment of solid tumors. The development of photosensitizers has been accompanied by the fabrication of a variety of affordable and customizable light sources. We critically discuss the combination between photosensitizer and light source properties that may leverage PDDI and expand its applications to wider markets. The success of PDDI in the management of infectious diseases will ultimately depend on the efficacy of photosensitizers, affordability of the light sources, simplicity of the procedures, and availability of fast and efficient treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael T Aroso
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fábio A Schaberle
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís G Arnaut
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Mariette M Pereira
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
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17
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Martins Antunes de Melo WDC, Celiešiūtė-Germanienė R, Šimonis P, Stirkė A. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for biofilm treatments. Possible synergy between aPDT and pulsed electric fields. Virulence 2021; 12:2247-2272. [PMID: 34496717 PMCID: PMC8437467 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1960105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, microbial biofilms have been the cause of a wide variety of infections in the human body, reaching 80% of all bacterial and fungal infections. The biofilms present specific properties that increase the resistance to antimicrobial treatments. Thus, the development of new approaches is urgent, and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been shown as a promising candidate. aPDT involves a synergic association of a photosensitizer (PS), molecular oxygen and visible light, producing highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause the oxidation of several cellular components. This therapy attacks many components of the biofilm, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids present within the biofilm matrix; causing inhibition even in the cells that are inside the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Recent advances in designing new PSs to increase the production of ROS and the combination of aPDT with other therapies, especially pulsed electric fields (PEF), have contributed to enhanced biofilm inhibition. The PEF has proven to have antimicrobial effect once it is known that extensive chemical reactions occur when electric fields are applied. This type of treatment kills microorganisms not only due to membrane rupture but also due to the formation of reactive compounds including free oxygen, hydrogen, hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals. So, this review aims to show the progress of aPDT and PEF against the biofilms, suggesting that the association of both methods can potentiate their effects and overcome biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa de Cassia Martins Antunes de Melo
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Laboratory of Bioelectric, State Research Institute, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Raimonda Celiešiūtė-Germanienė
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Laboratory of Bioelectric, State Research Institute, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Povilas Šimonis
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Laboratory of Bioelectric, State Research Institute, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arūnas Stirkė
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Laboratory of Bioelectric, State Research Institute, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
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18
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Voit T, Cieplik F, Regensburger J, Hiller KA, Gollmer A, Buchalla W, Maisch T. Spatial Distribution of a Porphyrin-Based Photosensitizer Reveals Mechanism of Photodynamic Inactivation of Candida albicans. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:641244. [PMID: 34350191 PMCID: PMC8326406 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.641244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising approach for the control of microbial and especially fungal infections such as mucosal mycosis. TMPyP [5,10,15, 20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-porphyrin tetra p-toluenesulfonate] is an effective photosensitizer (PS) that is commonly used in aPDT. The aim of this study was to examine the localization of TMPyP in Candida albicans before and after irradiation with visible light to get information about the cellular mechanism of antifungal action of the photodynamic process using this PS. Immediately after incubation of C. albicans with TMPyP, fluorescence microscopy revealed an accumulation of the PS in the cell envelope. After irradiation with blue light the complete cell showed red fluorescence, which indicates, that aPDT is leading to a damage in the cell wall with following influx of PS into the cytosol. Incubation of C. albicans with Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) could confirm the cell wall as primary binding site of TMPyP. The finding that the porphyrin accumulates in the fungal cell wall and does not enter the interior of the cell before irradiation makes it unlikely that resistances can emerge upon aPDT. The results of this study may help in further development and modification of PS in order to increase efficacy against fungal infections such as those caused by C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Voit
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Private Practice, Kaufbeuren, Germany
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anita Gollmer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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19
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Eckl DB, Eben SS, Schottenhaml L, Eichner A, Vasold R, Späth A, Bäumler W, Huber H. Interplay of phosphate and carbonate ions with flavin photosensitizers in photodynamic inactivation of bacteria. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253212. [PMID: 34115813 PMCID: PMC8195418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of pathogenic bacteria is a promising technology in different applications. Thereby, a photosensitizer (PS) absorbs visible light and transfers the energy to oxygen yielding reactive oxygen species (ROS). The produced ROS are then capable of killing microorganisms via oxidative damage of cellular constituents. Among other PS, some flavins are capable of producing ROS and cationic flavins are already successfully applied in PDI. When PDI is used for example on tap water, PS like flavins will encounter various ions and other small organic molecules which might hamper the efficacy of PDI. Thus, the impact of carbonate and phosphate ions on PDI using two different cationic flavins (FLASH-02a, FLASH-06a) was investigated using Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as model organisms. Both were inactivated in vitro at a low light exposure of 0.72 J cm-2. Upon irradiation, FLASH-02a reacts to single substances in the presence of carbonate or phosphate, whereas the photochemical reaction for FLASH-06a was more unspecific. DPBF-assays indicated that carbonate and phosphate ions decreased the generation of singlet oxygen of both flavins. Both microorganisms could be easily inactivated by at least one PS with up to 6 log10 steps of cell counts in low ion concentrations. Using the constant radiation exposure of 0.72 J cm-2, the inactivation efficacy decreased somewhat at medium ion concentrations but reached almost zero for high ion concentrations. Depending on the application of PDI, the presence of carbonate and phosphate ions is unavoidable. Only upon light irradiation such ions may attack the PS molecule and reduce the efficacy of PDI. Our results indicate concentrations for carbonate and phosphate, in which PDI can still lead to efficient reduction of bacterial cells when using flavin based PS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Schottenhaml
- Department of Microbiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja Eichner
- Clinic and Polyclinic of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Vasold
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- Clinic and Polyclinic of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Harald Huber
- Department of Microbiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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20
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Godard J, Gibbons D, Leroy-Lhez S, Williams RM, Villandier N, Ouk TS, Brégier F, Sol V. Development of Phenalenone-Triazolium Salt Derivatives for aPDT: Synthesis and Antibacterial Screening. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060626. [PMID: 34074067 PMCID: PMC8225023 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of hospital-acquired infections demand the development of innovative antimicrobial treatments. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a versatile technique which relies on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by light-irradiated photosensitizers (PS) in the presence of oxygen (O2). 1H-Phenalen-1-one is a very efficient photosensitizer known for its high singlet oxygen quantum yield and its antimicrobial potential in aPDT when covalently bound to quaternary ammonium groups. Triazolium salts are stable aromatic quaternary ammonium salts that recently appeared as interesting moieties endowed with antimicrobial activities. The coupling between phenalenone and triazolium groups bearing various substituents was realized by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition followed by alkylation with methyl iodide or 2-(bromomethyl)-1H-phenalen-1-one. As expected, most of the compounds retained the initial singlet oxygen quantum yield, close to unity. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 14 new phenalenone-triazolium salt derivatives and 2 phenalenone-triazole derivatives were determined against 6 bacterial strains (Gram-negatives and Gram-positives species). Most of these PS showed significant photoinactivation activities, the strongest effects being observed against Gram-positive strains with as low as submicromolar MIC values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Godard
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, PEIRENE, EA 7500, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, CEDEX, 87060 Limoges, France; (J.G.); (D.G.); (S.L.-L.); (N.V.); (T.-S.O.); (F.B.)
| | - Dáire Gibbons
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, PEIRENE, EA 7500, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, CEDEX, 87060 Limoges, France; (J.G.); (D.G.); (S.L.-L.); (N.V.); (T.-S.O.); (F.B.)
- Molecular Photonics Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Stéphanie Leroy-Lhez
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, PEIRENE, EA 7500, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, CEDEX, 87060 Limoges, France; (J.G.); (D.G.); (S.L.-L.); (N.V.); (T.-S.O.); (F.B.)
| | - René M. Williams
- Molecular Photonics Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Nicolas Villandier
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, PEIRENE, EA 7500, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, CEDEX, 87060 Limoges, France; (J.G.); (D.G.); (S.L.-L.); (N.V.); (T.-S.O.); (F.B.)
| | - Tan-Sothéa Ouk
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, PEIRENE, EA 7500, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, CEDEX, 87060 Limoges, France; (J.G.); (D.G.); (S.L.-L.); (N.V.); (T.-S.O.); (F.B.)
| | - Frédérique Brégier
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, PEIRENE, EA 7500, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, CEDEX, 87060 Limoges, France; (J.G.); (D.G.); (S.L.-L.); (N.V.); (T.-S.O.); (F.B.)
| | - Vincent Sol
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, PEIRENE, EA 7500, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, CEDEX, 87060 Limoges, France; (J.G.); (D.G.); (S.L.-L.); (N.V.); (T.-S.O.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Abstract
Photodynamic Inactivation is an innovative technique used to combat bacterial and viral infections which involves the use of photosensitizing agents along with light to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species able to kill bacteria and viruses. In the first section of this minireview, porphyrin-based fluorophores are shown to be remarkable dye candidates for PDI (photodynamic inactivation) applications. The second section is dedicated to the description of porphyrin-based antimicrobial materials and their potentialities for industrial applications such as in food packaging or antimicrobial medical devices and hygiene. Finally, the failings and perspectives of PDI are analyzed to demonstrate how the PDI technique could be an efficient and ecologically friendly antimicrobial technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. Guilard
- PorphyChem SAS, Dijon 21000, France
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB, UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21078, France
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22
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Rapacka-Zdonczyk A, Wozniak A, Nakonieczna J, Grinholc M. Development of Antimicrobial Phototreatment Tolerance: Why the Methodology Matters. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2224. [PMID: 33672375 PMCID: PMC7926562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to rapidly growing antimicrobial resistance, there is an urgent need to develop alternative, non-antibiotic strategies. Recently, numerous light-based approaches, demonstrating killing efficacy regardless of microbial drug resistance, have gained wide attention and are considered some of the most promising antimicrobial modalities. These light-based therapies include five treatments for which high bactericidal activity was demonstrated using numerous in vitro and in vivo studies: antimicrobial blue light (aBL), antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI), pulsed light (PL), cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), and ultraviolet (UV) light. Based on their multitarget activity leading to deleterious effects to numerous cell structures-i.e., cell envelopes, proteins, lipids, and genetic material-light-based treatments are considered to have a low risk for the development of tolerance and/or resistance. Nevertheless, the most recent studies indicate that repetitive sublethal phototreatment may provoke tolerance development, but there is no standard methodology for the proper evaluation of this phenomenon. The statement concerning the lack of development of resistance to these modalities seem to be justified; however, the most significant motivation for this review paper was to critically discuss existing dogma concerning the lack of tolerance development, indicating that its assessment is more complex and requires better terminology and methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rapacka-Zdonczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (A.R.-Z.); (A.W.); (J.N.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, The Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Wozniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (A.R.-Z.); (A.W.); (J.N.)
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (A.R.-Z.); (A.W.); (J.N.)
| | - Mariusz Grinholc
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (A.R.-Z.); (A.W.); (J.N.)
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23
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Sułek A, Pucelik B, Kobielusz M, Barzowska A, Dąbrowski JM. Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria with Porphyrin Derivatives: Effect of Charge, Lipophilicity, ROS Generation, and Cellular Uptake on Their Biological Activity In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228716. [PMID: 33218103 PMCID: PMC7698881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics has led to research on various therapeutic strategies with different mechanisms of action, including photodynamic inactivation (PDI). In this work, we evaluated a cationic, neutral, and anionic meso-tetraphenylporphyrin derivative’s ability to inactivate the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in a planktonic suspension under blue light irradiation. The spectroscopic, physicochemical, redox properties, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capacity by a set of photosensitizers varying in lipophilicity were investigated. The theoretical calculations were performed to explain the distribution of the molecular charges in the evaluated compounds. Moreover, logP partition coefficients, cellular uptake, and phototoxicity of the photosensitizers towards bacteria were determined. The role of a specific microbial efflux pump inhibitor, verapamil hydrochloride, in PDI was also studied. The results showed that E. coli exhibited higher resistance to PDI than S. aureus (3–5 logs) with low light doses (1–10 J/cm2). In turn, the prolongation of irradiation (up to 100 J/cm2) remarkably improved the inactivation of pathogens (up to 7 logs) and revealed the importance of photosensitizer photostability. The PDI potentiation occurs after the addition of KI (more than 3 logs extra killing). Verapamil increased the uptake of photosensitizers (especially in E. coli) due to efflux pump inhibition. This effect suggests that PDI is mediated by ROS, the electrostatic charge interaction, and the efflux of photosensitizers (PSs) regulated by multidrug-resistance (MDR) systems. Thus, MDR inhibition combined with PDI gives opportunities to treat more resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Sułek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Barbara Pucelik
- Małopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (B.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Marcin Kobielusz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Agata Barzowska
- Małopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (B.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Janusz M. Dąbrowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.S.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-686-2488; Fax: +48-12-686-2750
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24
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In Vitro Destruction of Pathogenic Bacterial Biofilms by Bactericidal Metallic Nanoparticles via Laser-Induced Forward Transfer. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10112259. [PMID: 33203093 PMCID: PMC7697692 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel, successful method of bactericidal treatment of pathogenic bacterial biofilms in vitro by laser-induced forward transfer of metallic nanoparticles from a polyethylene terephthalate polymeric substrate was suggested. Transferred nanoparticles were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray and Raman spectroscopy. The antibacterial modality of the method was tested on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas Aeruginosa) bacterial biofilms in vitro, revealing their complete destruction. The proposed simple, cost-effective and potentially mobile biofilm treatment method demonstrated its high and broad bactericidal efficiency.
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25
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Klausen M, Ucuncu M, Bradley M. Design of Photosensitizing Agents for Targeted Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E5239. [PMID: 33182751 PMCID: PMC7696090 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms has gained substantial attention due to its unique mode of action, in which pathogens are unable to generate resistance, and due to the fact that it can be applied in a minimally invasive manner. In photodynamic therapy (PDT), a non-toxic photosensitizer (PS) is activated by a specific wavelength of light and generates highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide (O2-, type-I mechanism) or singlet oxygen (1O2*, type-II mechanism). Although it offers many advantages over conventional treatment methods, ROS-mediated microbial killing is often faced with the issues of accessibility, poor selectivity and off-target damage. Thus, several strategies have been employed to develop target-specific antimicrobial PDT (aPDT). This includes conjugation of known PS building-blocks to either non-specific cationic moieties or target-specific antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides, or combining them with targeting nanomaterials. In this review, we summarise these general strategies and related challenges, and highlight recent developments in targeted aPDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Klausen
- School of Chemistry and the EPSRC IRC Proteus, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK;
| | - Muhammed Ucuncu
- School of Chemistry and the EPSRC IRC Proteus, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK;
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir 35620, Turkey
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry and the EPSRC IRC Proteus, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK;
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Godard J, Brégier F, Arnoux P, Myrzakhmetov B, Champavier Y, Frochot C, Sol V. New Phenalenone Derivatives: Synthesis and Evaluation of Their Singlet Oxygen Quantum Yield. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:28264-28272. [PMID: 33163810 PMCID: PMC7643266 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
1H-Phenalen-1-one is a very efficient and easy-to-synthesize photosensitizer. Many substitutions have been previously described, but most of them significantly reduce the singlet oxygen quantum yield. The chloromethyl derivative described elsewhere is a good starting point for the synthesis of many useful derivatives because of the methylene bridge that saves its unique photosensitizing properties. Eighteen new phenalenone derivatives have been synthesized, bearing amine, carboxylic acid, alcohol, azide, and other major functional groups in organic chemistry. These reactions were carried out in good-to-excellent yields, and most of these new compounds retained the singlet oxygen quantum yield of the parent molecule. These new derivatives are very promising precursors for a number of applications such as the development of photosensitive antimicrobial agents or materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Godard
- Université
de Limoges, Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Frédérique Brégier
- Université
de Limoges, Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
- GDR CNRS 2067, “MAPYRO” Paris, France
| | - Philippe Arnoux
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génies
des Procédés, UMR 7274 CNRS, ENSIC, 1 Rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
- GDR CNRS 2067, “MAPYRO” Paris, France
| | - Bauyrzhan Myrzakhmetov
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génies
des Procédés, UMR 7274 CNRS, ENSIC, 1 Rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Yves Champavier
- BISCEm, FR3503 GEIST, Centre de Biologie et de Recherche en Santé
(CBRS), 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Céline Frochot
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Réactions et Génies
des Procédés, UMR 7274 CNRS, ENSIC, 1 Rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
- GDR CNRS 2067, “MAPYRO” Paris, France
| | - Vincent Sol
- Université
de Limoges, Laboratoire PEIRENE EA 7500, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
- GDR CNRS 2067, “MAPYRO” Paris, France
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Muehler D, Rupp CM, Keceli S, Brochhausen C, Siegmund H, Maisch T, Hiller KA, Buchalla W, Cieplik F. Insights Into Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Action Toward Biofilms Using Phenalen-1-One Derivatives as Photosensitizers. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:589364. [PMID: 33193252 PMCID: PMC7662152 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.589364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In view of increasing resistance against antibiotics and antiseptics, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) may be a promising approach for use in dentistry. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of aPDT with the phenalene-1-one derivatives SAPYR and SA-PN-05 as photosensitizers by evaluating bacterial ability to replicate, membrane integrity, metabolic activity, and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biofilms of Actinomyces naeslundii, Streptococcus mutans, and Escherichia coli. Materials and Methods Single-species biofilms (A. naeslundii, S. mutans, and E. coli) were cultured under aerobic conditions for 48 h followed by treatment with the photosensitizers SAPYR and SA-PN-05 at various concentrations (0, 50, 100, 500 μM) and different incubation periods of 5, 10, 20, and 30 min and subsequent irradiation for 10 min (Waldmann PIB 3000; λem = 360–600 nm; 50 mW/cm2; 30 J/cm2). Control samples were treated with dH2O and kept in dark for the same periods. Bacterial ability to replicate was evaluated by colony forming unit (CFU) assay. The cytoplasmic membrane integrity was investigated by flow cytometry using SYBR Green and propidium iodide and visualized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. For SAPYR, metabolic activity and formation of intracellular ROS after irradiation were evaluated via luminescence and fluorometric assays, respectively. Results SAPYR showed antimicrobial effects (>3 log10 CFU reduction) on S. mutans after 5 min and on A. naeslundii after 20 min incubation and light activation. For E. coli, CFU reduction was >2 log10 after 30 min of incubation. SA-PN-05 showed an antimicrobial effect after 5 min for all bacteria. Membrane damage upon aPDT with SAPYR was observed for E. coli, but not for S. mutans and A. naeslundii. Following treatment with SA-PN-05, irradiated samples and dark controls of all three species showed loss of membrane integrity. Luminescence and fluorometric assays showed a reduction in metabolic activity and an increase in formation of intracellular ROS in all three species upon aPDT treatment with SAPYR. Conclusion The observed loss in ability to replicate upon aPDT with SAPYR in single-species biofilms may be due to an increase in formation of intracellular ROS upon photodynamic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Muehler
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina M Rupp
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sercan Keceli
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Heiko Siegmund
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Simões JCS, Sarpaki S, Papadimitroulas P, Therrien B, Loudos G. Conjugated Photosensitizers for Imaging and PDT in Cancer Research. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14119-14150. [PMID: 32990442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Early cancer detection and perfect understanding of the disease are imperative toward efficient treatments. It is straightforward that, for choosing a specific cancer treatment methodology, diagnostic agents undertake a critical role. Imaging is an extremely intriguing tool since it assumes a follow up to treatments to survey the accomplishment of the treatment and to recognize any conceivable repeating injuries. It also permits analysis of the disease, as well as to pursue treatment and monitor the possible changes that happen on the tumor. Likewise, it allows screening the adequacy of treatment and visualizing the state of the tumor. Additionally, when the treatment is finished, observing the patient is imperative to evaluate the treatment methodology and adjust the treatment if necessary. The goal of this review is to present an overview of conjugated photosensitizers for imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C S Simões
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Neuchatel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.,BioEmission Technology Solutions, Alexandras Avenue 116, 11472 Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Sarpaki
- BioEmission Technology Solutions, Alexandras Avenue 116, 11472 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Bruno Therrien
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Neuchatel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - George Loudos
- BioEmission Technology Solutions, Alexandras Avenue 116, 11472 Athens, Greece
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29
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Jabeen S, Farag M, Malek B, Choudhury R, Greer A. A Singlet Oxygen Priming Mechanism: Disentangling of Photooxidative and Downstream Dark Effects. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12505-12513. [PMID: 32885660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Airborne singlet oxygen obtained from photosensitization of triplet dioxygen is shown to react with an alkene surfactant (8-methylnon-7-ene-1 sulfonate) leading to "ene" hydroperoxides that in the dark inactivate planktonic Escherichia coli (E. coli). The "ene" hydroperoxide photoproducts are not toxic on their own, but they become toxic after the bacteria are pretreated with singlet oxygen. The total quenching rate constant (kT) of singlet oxygen of the alkene surfactant was measured to be 1.1 × 106 M-1 s-1 at the air/liquid interface. Through a new mechanism called singlet oxygen priming (SOP), the singlet oxygen leads to hydroperoxides then to peroxyl radicals, tetraoxides, and decomposition products, which also promote disinfection, and therefore offer a "one-two" punch. This offers a strong secondary toxic effect in an otherwise indiscernible dark reaction. The results provide an insight into assisted killing by an exogenous alkene with dark toxicity effects following exposure to singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeela Jabeen
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Maria Farag
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Belaid Malek
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Rajib Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry, Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, Arkansas 72801, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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TIȘLER CE, BADEA ME, BUDURU S, KUI A, FLORIA M, POPESCU Ș, MITARIU M, NEGUCIOIU M. Biofilm Inactivation using Photodynamic Therapy in Dentistry: a review of literature. BALNEO RESEARCH JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.12680/balneo.2020.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapy involving light and a photosensitising chemical substance, used in conjunction with molecular oxygen in order to elicit cell death (photo-toxicity) and thus ability to kill microbial cells, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. Photodynamic therapy is an alternative method of biofilm disruption and it is considered a new way of microorganism inactivation. It is also an additional procedure to reduce the infection rate in patients, caused by the increasing antimicrobials resistance of bacteria. The aim of this literature review was to evaluate the specific effects and the antibacterial effectiveness of photodynamic therapy using different types of photosensitizers (Erythrosine, Rose Bengal, Toluidine blue, Methylene blue, Ozone, Riboflavin, Curcumin, Chlorhexidine, SAPYR) and a visible light of a specific wavelength for each photosensitizer and to reveal the applications of PDT in periodontics, endodontics, prosthodontics and dental caries. Methods: A research of literature was performed in an attempt to find all the articles published on this topic in the last 10 years. The articles was searched by using a certain combination of different keywords (photodynamic therapy ) and (diode laser ) and (teeth) in PubMed database. Results: A total number of 83 articles were found. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 35 articles were taken into consideration for our study and among them 4 were a manuscript, 3 was a review of literature, 1 was an in vivo evaluation and 27 were in vitro studies. Conclusion: Considering that none of the disinfection methods can completely remove the biofilm, PDT is a therapeutic tool complementary to conventional disinfection, with great applicability in dentistry. PDT showed significantly efficacy in reduction of biofilms. Exposure to light in the presence of a photosensitizing chemical substance helps in the reduction of microbes and the protocols could be recommended for clinical usage, but only together with ‘classic ‘ disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina-Elena TIȘLER
- 1. Prosthodontic Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mîndra-Eugenia BADEA
- 2. Prevention in Dentistry Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Smaranda BUDURU
- 1. Prosthodontic Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea KUI
- 1. Prosthodontic Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela FLORIA
- 1. Prosthodontic Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ștefan POPESCU
- 1. Prosthodontic Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai MITARIU
- 1. Prosthodontic Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marius NEGUCIOIU
- 1. Prosthodontic Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu“ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Li H. Evaluation of bioactivity of butternut squash ( Cucurbita moschata D.) seeds and skin. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:3252-3261. [PMID: 32724590 PMCID: PMC7382094 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Butternut squash is greatly consumed in United Kingdom and as by-products of its processing are produced large amounts of skin and seeds. However, little research has been reported on the antioxidant properties and bioactive peptides from butternut squash seeds and skin. This study focused on assessing the potential of these wastes as sources of beneficial and bioactive compounds. The results indicated that the squash skin phenolic extract showed higher values of antioxidant activity and phenolic content compared with the values of phenolic for the seed material (3.20 mg GAE/g, 1.82 mg GAE/g, respectively). Furthermore, both squash seed protein hydrolysate and skin phenolic extract inhibited α-amylase activity in a dose-dependent manner (5-20 mg/ml). Hydrolyzed peptides from squash seeds possess antihypertensive ability (which was significantly different from the control group p < .05). Therefore, it can be demonstrated that these squash residues are potentially good sources of bioactive compounds with health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxin Li
- College of Food ScienceGuizhou medical universityGuizhouChina
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32
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Vinagreiro CS, Zangirolami A, Schaberle FA, Nunes SCC, Blanco KC, Inada NM, da Silva GJ, Pais AACC, Bagnato VS, Arnaut LG, Pereira MM. Antibacterial Photodynamic Inactivation of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Biofilms with Nanomolar Photosensitizer Concentrations. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1517-1526. [PMID: 31913598 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria and bacteria in biofilms are very difficult to eradicate and are the most antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therapeutic alternatives less susceptible to mechanisms of resistance are urgently needed to respond to an alarming increase of resistant nosocomial infections. Antibacterial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) generates oxidative stress that triggers multiple cell death mechanisms that are more difficult to counteract by bacteria. We explore PDI of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains collected from patients and show how positive charge distribution in the photosensitizer drug impacts the efficacy of inactivation. We demonstrate the relevance of size for drug diffusion in biofilms. The designed meso-imidazolyl porphyrins of small size with positive charges surrounding the macrocycle enabled the inactivation of bacteria in biofilms by 6.9 log units at 5 nM photosensitizer concentration and 5 J cm-2, which offers new opportunities to treat biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Zangirolami
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kate C. Blanco
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia M. Inada
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Jorge da Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Vanderlei S. Bagnato
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis G. Arnaut
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Eckl DB, Huber H, Bäumler W. First Report on Photodynamic Inactivation of Archaea Including a Novel Method for High-Throughput Reduction Measurement. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:883-889. [PMID: 32073658 DOI: 10.1111/php.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Archaea are considered third, independent domain of living organisms besides eukaryotic and bacterial cells. To date, no report is available of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of any archaeal cells. Two commercially available photosensitizers (SAPYR and TMPyP) were used to investigate photodynamic inactivation of Halobacterium salinarum. In addition, a novel high-throughput method was tested to evaluate microbial reduction in vitro. Due to the high salt content of the culture medium, the physical and chemical properties of photosensitizers were analyzed via spectroscopy and fluorescence-based DPBF assays. Attachment or uptake of photosensitizers to or in archaeal cells was investigated. The photodynamic inactivation of Halobacterium salinarum was evaluated via growth curve method allowing a high throughput of samples. The presented results indicate that the photodynamic mechanisms are working even in high salt environments. Either photosensitizer inactivated the archaeal cells with a reduction of 99.9% at least. The growth curves provided a fast and precise measurement of cell viability. The results show for the first time that PDI can kill not only bacterial cells but also robust archaea. The novel method for generating high-throughput growth curves provides benefits for future research regarding antimicrobial substances in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Eckl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Harald Huber
- Department of Microbiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Maisch
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg Germany
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35
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Vollmer A, Al-Ahmad A, Argyropoulou A, Thurnheer T, Hellwig E, Attin T, Vach K, Wittmer A, Ferguson K, Skaltsounis AL, Karygianni L. Antimicrobial Photoinactivation Using Visible Light Plus Water-Filtered Infrared-A (VIS + wIRA) and Hypericum Perforatum Modifies In Situ Oral Biofilms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20325. [PMID: 31889168 PMCID: PMC6937260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to increasing antibiotic resistance, the application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is gaining increasing popularity in dentistry. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of aPDT using visible light (VIS) and water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) in combination with a Hypericum perforatum extract on in situ oral biofilms. The chemical composition of H. perforatum extract was analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). To obtain initial and mature oral biofilms in situ, intraoral devices with fixed bovine enamel slabs (BES) were carried by six healthy volunteers for two hours and three days, respectively. The ex situ exposure of biofilms to VIS + wIRA (200 mWcm-2) and H. perforatum (32 mg ml-1, non-rinsed or rinsed prior to aPDT after 2-min preincubation) lasted for five minutes. Biofilm treatment with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution (CHX) served as a positive control, while untreated biofilms served as a negative control. The colony-forming units (CFU) of the aPDT-treated biofilms were quantified, and the surviving microorganisms were identified using MALDI-TOF biochemical tests as well as 16 S rDNA-sequencing. We could show that the H. perforatum extract had significant photoactivation potential at a concentration of 32 mg ml-1. When aPDT was carried out in the presence of H. perforatum, all biofilms (100%) were completely eradicated (p = 0.0001). When H. perforatum was rinsed off prior to aPDT, more than 92% of the initial viable bacterial count and 13% of the mature oral biofilm were killed. Overall, the microbial composition in initial and mature biofilms was substantially altered after aPDT, inducing a shift in the synthesis of the microbial community. In conclusion, H. perforatum-mediated aPDT using VIS + wIRA interferes with oral biofilms, resulting in their elimination or the substantial alteration of microbial diversity and richness. The present results support the evaluation of H. perforatum-mediated aPDT for the adjunctive treatment of biofilm-associated oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Vollmer
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Argyropoulou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Thurnheer
- Clinic for Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Attin
- Clinic for Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Vach
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Center for Medical Biometry and Medical Informatics, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Wittmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kerry Ferguson
- Botanical Innovation, Unit 2, 390 Clergate Road, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia
| | - Alexios Leandros Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lamprini Karygianni
- Clinic for Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Antibacterial efficacy of cold atmospheric plasma against Enterococcus faecalis planktonic cultures and biofilms in vitro. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223925. [PMID: 31770390 PMCID: PMC6879142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial infections have become a serious threat in our times and are getting more difficult to handle due to increasing development of resistances in bacteria. In this light, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), which is known to effectively inactivate microorganisms, may be a promising alternative for application in the fields of dentistry and dermatology. CAPs are partly ionised gases, which operate at low temperature and are composed of electrons, ions, excited atoms and molecules, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. In this study, the effect of CAP generated from ambient air was investigated against Enterococcus faecalis, grown on agar plates or as biofilms cultured for up to 72 h. CAP reduced the colony forming units (CFU) on agar plates by > 7 log10 steps. Treatment of 24 h old biofilms of E. faecalis resulted in CFU-reductions by ≥ 3 log10 steps after CAP treatment for 5 min and by ≥ 5 log10 steps after CAP treatment for 10 min. In biofilm experiments, chlorhexidine (CHX) and UVC radiation served as positive controls and were only slightly more effective than CAP. There was no damage of cytoplasmic membranes upon CAP treatment as shown by spectrometric measurements for release of nucleic acids. Thus, membrane damage seems not to be the primary mechanism of action for CAP towards E. faecalis. Overall, CAP showed pronounced antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis on agar plates as well as in biofilms similar to positive controls CHX or UVC.
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BODIPYs in antitumoral and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: An integrating review. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Novel photodynamic coating reduces the bioburden on near-patient surfaces thereby reducing the risk for onward pathogen transmission: a field study in two hospitals. J Hosp Infect 2019; 104:85-91. [PMID: 31369806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Near-patient surfaces are recognized as a source for hospital-acquired infections. Such surfaces act as reservoirs for microbial contamination by which pathogens can be transmitted from colonized or infected patients to susceptible patients. Routine disinfection of surfaces only results in a temporal elimination of pathogens, and recontamination inevitably occurs shortly between disinfections. AIM A novel antimicrobial coating based on photodynamics was tested under laboratory conditions and subsequently in a field study in two hospitals under real-life conditions. METHODS Identical surfaces received a photodynamic or control coating. Bacterial counts [colony-forming units (cfu)/cm2) were assessed regularly for up to 6 months. FINDINGS The laboratory study revealed a mean reduction of several human pathogens of up to 4.0 ± 0.3 log10. The field study in near-patient environments demonstrated mean bacterial values of 6.1 ± 24.7 cfu/cm2 on all control coatings. Photodynamic coatings showed a significantly lower mean value of 1.9 ± 2.8 cfu/cm2 (P<0.001). When considering benchmarks of 2.5 cfu/cm2 or 5 cfu/cm2, the relative risk for high bacterial counts on surfaces was reduced by 48% (odds ratio 0.38, P<0.001) or 67% (odds ratio 0.27, P<0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION Photodynamic coatings provide a significant and lasting reduction of bacterial counts on near-patient surfaces, particularly for high bacterial loads, in addition to routine hygiene. The promising results of this proof-of-concept study highlight the need for further studies to determine how this novel technology is correlated with the frequency of hospital-acquired infections.
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Siewert B, Stuppner H. The photoactivity of natural products - An overlooked potential of phytomedicines? PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 60:152985. [PMID: 31257117 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photoactivity, though known for centuries, is only recently shifting back into focus as a treatment option against cancer and microbial infections. The external factor light is the ingenious key-component of this therapy: Since light activates the drug locally, a high level of selectivity is reached and side effects are avoided. The first reported photoactive medicines were plant extracts. Synthetic entities (so-called photosensitizers PSs), however, paved the route towards the clinical approval of the so-called photodynamic therapy (PDT), and thus natural PSs took a backseat in the past. HYPOTHESIS Many isolated bioactive phytochemicals hold a hidden photoactive potential, which is overlooked due to the reduced common awareness of photoactivity. METHODS A systematic review of reported natural PSs and their supposed medicinal application was conducted by employing PubMed, Scifinder, and Web of Science. The identified photoactive natural products were compiled including information about their natural sources, their photoyield, and their pharmacological application. Furthermore, the common chemical scaffolds of natural PS are shown to enable the reader to recognize potentially overlooked natural PSs. RESULTS The literature review revealed over 100 natural PS, excluding porphyrins. The PSs were classified according to their scaffold. Thereby it was shown that some PS-scaffolds were analyzed in a detailed way, while other classes were only scarcely investigated, which leaves space for future discoveries. In addition, the literature revealed that many PSs are phytoalexins, thus the selection of the starting material significantly matters in order to find new PSs. CONCLUSION Photoactive principles are ubiquitous and can be found in various plant extracts. With the increasing availability of light-irradiation setups for the identification of photoactive natural products, we anticipate the discovery of many new natural PSs in the near future. With the accumulation of chemically diverse PSs, PDT itself might finally reach its clinical breakthrough as a promising alternative treatment against multi-resistant microbes and cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Siewert
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria.
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria
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Porphyrinoid photosensitizers mediated photodynamic inactivation against bacteria. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 175:72-106. [PMID: 31096157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The multi-drug resistant bacteria have become a serious problem complicating therapies to such a degree that often the term "post-antibiotic era" is applied to describe the situation. The infections with methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant E. faecium, third generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli, third generation cephalosporin-resistant K. pneumoniae and carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa have become commonplace. Thus, the new strategies of infection treatment have been searched for, and one of the approaches is based on photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. Photodynamic protocols require the interaction of photosensitizer, molecular oxygen and light. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy by porphyrinoid photosensitizers. In the first part of the review information on the mechanism of photodynamic action and the mechanism of the bacteria resistance to the photodynamic technique were described. In the second one, it was described porphyrinoids photosensitizers like: porphyrins, chlorins and phthalocyanines useable in photodynamic bacteria inactivation.
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41
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Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance requires development of alternative therapeutic options. Multidrug-resistant strains of Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. are still the most commonly identified antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. These microorganisms are part of the so-called 'ESKAPE' pathogens to emphasize that they currently cause the majority of hospital acquired infections and effectively 'escape' the effects of antibacterial drugs. Thus, alternative, safer and more efficient antimicrobial strategies are urgently needed, especially against 'ESKAPE' superbugs. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation is a therapeutic option used in the treatment of infectious diseases. It is based on a combination of a photosensitizer, light and oxygen to remove highly metabolically active cells.
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Garcia-Sampedro A, Tabero A, Mahamed I, Acedo P. Multimodal use of the porphyrin TMPyP: From cancer therapy to antimicrobial applications. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cationic porphyrin meso-tetra(4-[Formula: see text]-methylpyridyl)porphine (TMPyP) has a high yield of singlet oxygen generation upon light activation and a strong affinity for DNA. These advantageous properties have turned it into a promising photosensitizer for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this review, we have summarized the current state-of-the-art applications of TMPyP for the treatment of cancer as well as its implementation in antimicrobial PDT. The most relevant studies reporting its pharmacokinetics, subcellular localization, mechanism of action, tissue biodistribution and dosimetry are discussed. Combination strategies using TMPyP-PDT together with other photosensitizers and chemotherapeutic agents to achieve synergistic anti-tumor effects and reduce resistance to therapy are also explored. Finally, we have addressed emerging applications of this porphyrin, including nanoparticle-mediated delivery, controlled drug release, biosensing and G-quadruplex stabilization for tumor growth inhibition. Altogether, this work highlights the great potential and versatility that TMPyP can offer in different fields of biomedicine such us cancer treatment or antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Garcia-Sampedro
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Pond Street, NW3 2PG, London, UK
| | - Andrea Tabero
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismahan Mahamed
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Pond Street, NW3 2PG, London, UK
| | - Pilar Acedo
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Pond Street, NW3 2PG, London, UK
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Hackbarth S, Islam W, Fang J, Šubr V, Röder B, Etrych T, Maeda H. Singlet oxygen phosphorescence detection in vivo identifies PDT-induced anoxia in solid tumors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1304-1314. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00570b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracorporeal measurements through the skin achieve sufficient SNR to analyze 1O2 kinetics and evaluate PDT efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Hackbarth
- Photobiophysics
- Institute of Physics
- Humboldt University of Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Waliul Islam
- Department of Microbiology
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8556
- Japan
| | - Jun Fang
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Oncology
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sojo University
- Kumamoto 860-0082
- Japan
| | - Vladimír Šubr
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16206 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Beate Röder
- Photobiophysics
- Institute of Physics
- Humboldt University of Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16206 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- BioDynamics Research Foundation
- Kumamoto 862-0954
- Japan
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Ghorbani J, Rahban D, Aghamiri S, Teymouri A, Bahador A. Photosensitizers in antibacterial photodynamic therapy: an overview. Laser Ther 2018; 27:293-302. [PMID: 31182904 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.27_18-ra-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial Photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a process utilizing light and light sensitive agents (named photosensitizer (PS)) and is usually applied in an oxygen-rich environment. The energy of the photons is absorbed by the photosensitizer and subsequently transferred to surrounding molecules. Consequently, reactive oxygen species and free radicals are formed. These oxidative molecules can damage bacterial macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids and may result in bacterial killing. Unlike antibiotics, APDT as a novel technique does not lead to the selection of mutant resistant strains, hence it has appealed to researchers in this field. The type of PS used in APDT is a major determinant regarding outcome. In this review, various types of PS that are used in antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy will be discussed. PSs are classified based on their chemical structure and origin. Synthetic dyes such as methylene blue and toluidine blue are the most commonly used photosensitizers in Antibacterial Photodynamic therapy (APDT). Other photosensitizers including natural PSs (e.g. curcumin and hypericin) and tetra-pyrrole structures like phthalocyanines and porphyrins have also been studied. Furthermore, nanostructures and their probable contribution to APDT will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Ghorbani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dariush Rahban
- Department of Nanomedicine, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Aghamiri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Teymouri
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Laser Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation of fungal biofilm using amino functionalized mesoporus silica-rose bengal nanoconjugate against Candida albicans. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2018.e00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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46
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Schreiner M, Bäumler W, Eckl D, Späth A, König B, Eichner A. Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria to decolonize meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
from human skin. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:1358-1367. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Schreiner
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Regensburg; Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - W. Bäumler
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Regensburg; Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - D.B. Eckl
- Institute of Microbiology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - A. Späth
- TriOptoTec GmbH; Am Biopark 13 Regensburg Germany
| | - B. König
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - A. Eichner
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Regensburg; Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11 93053 Regensburg Germany
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47
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Silva AF, Borges A, Giaouris E, Graton Mikcha JM, Simões M. Photodynamic inactivation as an emergent strategy against foodborne pathogenic bacteria in planktonic and sessile states. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:667-684. [PMID: 30318945 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1491528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne microbial diseases are still considered a growing public health problem worldwide despite the global continuous efforts to ensure food safety. The traditional chemical and thermal-based procedures applied for microbial growth control in the food industry can change the food matrix and lead to antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, currently applied disinfectants have limited efficiency against biofilms. Therefore, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become a novel alternative for controlling foodborne pathogenic bacteria in both planktonic and sessile states. The use of aPDT in the food sector is attractive as it is less likely to cause antimicrobial resistance and it does not promote undesirable nutritional and sensory changes in the food matrix. In this review, aspects on the antimicrobial photodynamic technology applied against foodborne pathogenic bacteria and studied in recent years are presented. The application of photodynamic inactivation as an antibiofilm strategy is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Fiori Silva
- a Postgraduate Program of Health Sciences , State University of Maringá , Maringá , Paraná , Brazil.,b LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Anabela Borges
- b LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- c Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment , University of the Aegean , Lemnos , Greece
| | | | - Manuel Simões
- b LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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48
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Hu X, Huang YY, Wang Y, Wang X, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy to Control Clinically Relevant Biofilm Infections. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1299. [PMID: 29997579 PMCID: PMC6030385 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm describes a microbially-derived sessile community in which microbial cells are firmly attached to the substratum and embedded in extracellular polymeric matrix. Microbial biofilms account for up to 80% of all bacterial and fungal infections in humans. Biofilm-associated pathogens are particularly resistant to antibiotic treatment, and thus novel antibiofilm approaches needed to be developed. Antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy (aPDT) had been recently proposed to combat clinically relevant biofilms such as dental biofilms, ventilator associated pneumonia, chronic wound infections, oral candidiasis, and chronic rhinosinusitis. aPDT uses non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS), which can be excited by harmless visible light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). aPDT is a multi-stage process including topical PS administration, light irradiation, and interaction of the excited state with ambient oxygen. Numerous in vitro and in vivo aPDT studies have demonstrated biofilm-eradication or substantial reduction. ROS are produced upon photo-activation and attack adjacent targets, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids present within the biofilm matrix, on the cell surface and inside the microbial cells. Damage to non-specific targets leads to the destruction of both planktonic cells and biofilms. The review aims to summarize the progress of aPDT in destroying biofilms and the mechanisms mediated by ROS. Finally, a brief section provides suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yuguang Wang
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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49
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Cieplik F, Deng D, Crielaard W, Buchalla W, Hellwig E, Al-Ahmad A, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy - what we know and what we don't. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:571-589. [PMID: 29749263 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1467876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Considering increasing number of pathogens resistant towards commonly used antibiotics as well as antiseptics, there is a pressing need for antimicrobial approaches that are capable of inactivating pathogens efficiently without the risk of inducing resistances. In this regard, an alternative approach is the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). The antimicrobial effect of aPDT is based on the principle that visible light activates a per se non-toxic molecule, the so-called photosensitizer (PS), resulting in generation of reactive oxygen species that kill bacteria unselectively via an oxidative burst. During the last 10-20 years, there has been extensive in vitro research on novel PS as well as light sources, which is now to be translated into clinics. In this review, we aim to provide an overview about the history of aPDT, its fundamental photochemical and photophysical mechanisms as well as photosensitizers and light sources that are currently applied for aPDT in vitro. Furthermore, the potential of resistances towards aPDT is extensively discussed and implications for proper comparison of in vitro studies regarding aPDT as well as for potential application fields in clinical practice are given. Overall, this review shall provide an outlook on future research directions needed for successful translation of promising in vitro results in aPDT towards clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cieplik
- a Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany.,b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- a Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- c Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine , Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- c Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine , Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- d Department of Dermatology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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50
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Cieplik F, Steinwachs VS, Muehler D, Hiller KA, Thurnheer T, Belibasakis GN, Buchalla W, Maisch T. Phenalen-1-one-Mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Antimicrobial Efficacy in a Periodontal Biofilm Model and Flow Cytometric Evaluation of Cytoplasmic Membrane Damage. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:688. [PMID: 29681899 PMCID: PMC5897782 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of increasing resistance toward conventional antibiotics and antiseptics, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) may be a valuable alternative, especially for use in dentistry. In this regard, photosensitizers (PS) based on a phenalen-1-one structure seem to be especially favorable due to their high singlet oxygen quantum yield. However, the actual target structures of phenalen-1-one-mediated aPDT are still unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of aPDT mediated by phenalen-1-one derivatives SAPYR and SAGUA for inactivation of a polymicrobial biofilm consisting of three putative periodontal pathogens in vitro and to get first insights in the mechanism of action of phenalen-1-one-mediated aPDT by assessing damage of cytoplasmic membranes. aPDT with SAPYR exhibited identical antimicrobial efficacy as compared to chlorhexidine (CHX) [4.4-6.1 log10 reduction of colony forming units (CFUs) depending on bacterial species] while aPDT with SAGUA was less effective (2.0-2.8 log10). Flow cytometric analysis combined with propidium iodide (PI) staining revealed no damage of cytoplasmic membranes after aPDT with both phenalen-1-one derivatives, which was confirmed by spectroscopic measurements for release of nucleic acids after treatment. Spectrophotometric PS-uptake measurements showed no uptake of SAPYR by bacterial cells. Despite the inability to pinpoint the actual target of phenalen-1-one-mediated aPDT, this study shows the high antimicrobial potential of phenalen-1-on mediated aPDT (especially when using SAPYR) and represents a first step for getting insights in the mechanism and damage patterns of aPDT with this class of PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria-Sophia Steinwachs
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Denise Muehler
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Thurnheer
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georgios N Belibasakis
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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